BIOCHEMISTRY DEPARTMENT

Self-preparing questions for the

examination for 2002-2003
 Protein structure, functions and 17. Ca2+ - binding proteins – Examples. Medical initiation stage
assay calmodulin, Ca2+-ATP- utility. (formation of
ase etc – peculiarities of 35. Polyenzyme complexes replication forks).
1. Subject of biochemistry. amino acid composition – types of organization 15. Replication –
Biochemistry importance and structure. and examples. biosynthesis of the
for medicine. The greatest 18. Immunoglobulins – 36. Enzyme's classification. leading strand and
discoveries achieved in peculiarities of the Brief characteristic of lagging strand.
biochemistry in the XXth structure. each class. 16. Repair of DNA –
century. 19. Functions of proteins. 37. Methods of enzyme enzymes,
2. Peculiarities of the alive Selective interaction separation and mechanism and
matter. Levels and methods with the ligands. purification. Affinity importance.
of its study. Ligand's recognition. chromatography. 17. RNA biosynthesis or
3. Protein primary structure. 20. Chemical nature and 38. Enzyme's activity assay. transcription –
The peptide bond. Genetic function of the enzymes. Units of enzyme notion, structure of
changes of amino acids Similarities and activity the operon and
sequence. Hereditary differences with non- 39. The use of enzyme transcription, role of
proteinopathies - sickle-cell biological catalysts. assay in diagnosis. each component.
anemia etc. 21. Function of the enzyme Enzyme of diagnostic 18. RNA biosynthesis –
4. Methods for the 22. Enzyme structure. interest, examples. substrates, enzyme,
determination of the amino Active and allosteric 40. Biochemical adaptation. mechanism and
acid sequence of proteins. sites-nature and role. Enzyme induction and stages.
5. Secondary and tertiary Notions of substrate and repression. Inductive 19. Post-transcriptional
structures of proteins. allosteric modulator and constitutive modification of
Covalent and non-covalent (effector). enzymes. RNA molecules
bonds specific for them. 23. Simple and conjugated 20. RNA replication –
Conformation – function enzymes. Notions of Nucleic acids mechanism and
correlation’s. cofactor, coenzyme and significance
6. Quaternary structure of prosthetic group. 1. Nucleic acids – types, 21. Inhibitors of nucleic
proteins. Co-operative 24. Water-soluble vitamins function and cell acids biosynthesis –
movement of protomers (on as coenzymes. Structure distribution. examples,
the example of and metabolic function 2. Components of nucleic mechanism of action
hemoglobin). Protein of vit. B1, B2, B6, PP, C, acids – nitrogenous and medical utility.
folding. biotin, folic and bases, sugars and 22. Protein biosynthesis
7. Protein conformation. Bond pantothenic acids. phosphate. Major and or translation –
that stabilized proteins. 25. Fat-soluble vitamins as minor nitrogenous stages and their brief
Conformational changes coenzymes. Structure bases. characteristic.
correlated to protein and metabolic function 3. Nucleosides, 23. Translation.
activity. Notion of of vit. A, E, D and K. nucleotides: structure, Activation of amino
“domain”. 26. Provitamins and nomenclature and acids. Aminoacyl –
8. Methods for the antivitamins – notion, functions. Cyclic tRNA synthetases –
determination of the examples and role. nucleotides: cAMP, properties and
secondary, tertiary and Hypovitaminose and cGMP – structure and functions. The
quaternary structures of hypervitaminose – role. adapter role of
protein. notions, repercussions 4. DNA – primary and tRNA
9. Protein's solubility. Factors and examples. secondary structures. 24. Initiation stage of
that influence it. Protein 27. Enzymes mechanism of Chargaff's, Watson's a translation –
colloidal solution. action. Crick’s conceptions composition of the
Properties and factors of 28. Enzyme kinetics. about DNA composition initiation complex,
stability. Influence of and structure. the steps of its
10. Amphoteric and electro- temperature, pH, 5. DNA – tertiary formation, protein
chemical properties of substrate and enzyme structure. Nucleosomes. factors that are
proteins. ISO-electric state concentrations, on the Chromatin involved and their
and point. reaction rate 6. Conformation of the role.
11. Proteins molecular mass. 29. Regulation of enzyme DNA double helix. 25. Characteristic of the
Methods for it activity. Inhibition and 7. Denaturation, elongation and
determination. activation types – brief renaturation and termination stages of
12. Protein’s classification. characteristic. hybridization of DNA. translation. Enzymes
Simple and conjugated 30. Competitive, Practical utility. and protein factors
proteins. Brief noncompetitive and 8. Structure of RNA – that are involved
characteristic. allosteric inhibition. primary, secondary and 26. Post-translational
13. Protein's classification. Medical utility of tertiary. modifications of
Simple proteins: histones, competitive inhibition. 9. tRNA – structure and protein molecules
albumin and globulin – 31. Enzymes activity role in protein 27. Inhibitors of protein
physicochemical properties regulation by biosynthesis synthesis. practical
and functions. phosphorylation and 10. mRNA – structure and utility in medicine
14. Protein's classification. dephosphorylation – role in protein 28. The central dogma
Conjugated proteins: role, examples. biosynthesis of genetics. The
phospho-, glico- and 32. Enzyme activation by 11. rRNA – structure and genetic code –
lipoproteins – brief partial – proteolysis, role in protein characteristics and
characteristics. quaternary auto-folding biosynthesis properties.
15. Protein's classification. and allosteric 12. Ribosome – structures 29. Mutations. Physical
Conjugated proteins: mechanism. and functions. and chemical
nucleo-, cromo- and 33. Enzymes specificity – Polysomes or mutagenes. Kinds of
metaloproteins – brief types, brief polyribosomes mutations.
characteristics. characteristics and 13. DNA – biosynthesis: Consequences of
16. Collagen – peculiarities of examples. Fisher's and substrates, enzymes, mutations. Genetic
amino acid composition, Coshland's theories. mechanism diseases – notion
structure and properties. 34. Genetic diversity of 14. Replication – and examples
enzymes. ISO-enzymes. characteristic of the
30. Regulation of gene ATP biosynthesis and 23. Energetic output of the phosphorylation and
expression in prokaryotes utilization. ATP as a acetyl-CoA oxidation in phosphorylation
and eukaryotes. The operon universal energy carrier tricarboxylic acid cycle. inhibitors – role,
model of Jacob and Monod. between catabolic and 24. Explain why Krebs examples and
Positive and negative anabolic pathways. cycle is an aerobic consequences of
control of operons. 9. Low – energy, high – process? their
Hormone involvement in energy and super high- 25. The substrate – level influencemechanism
gene expression regulation. energy phosphate phosphorylation of formation and
31. Reverse transcription: compounds – structure, reaction of the Krebs toxicity. Lipid
enzymes, mechanism and role and correlation’s cycle – mechanism, peroxidation.
practical utility. Genetic between them. enzyme and Antioxidant system
engineering. 10. Energetic state of the significance – enzymes and non-
32. Incomplete DNA replication cell. Indicia and role in 26. Mitochondria electron enzymatic
(Olovnikov's theory). metabolism regulation. transport chain (ETC) – compounds
Thelomere and thelomerase 11. The fundamental localization, structure 37. Substrate – level
33. Structure, function and thermodynamic and functions. phosphorylation –
modulators of thelomerase concepts. Enthalpy, 27. Sources of protons and definition, examples
activity entropy and free energy electrons. and role
34. Mortality and eternity at – notions, their changes, Dehydrogenation 38. Write down the
cellular level. Thelomere – a correlation and standard reactions the main structure of vitamins
promising indicator of state. energy sources in and vitamin-like
cancer cell eternity 12. Free energy, standard human cells. NAD- and compounds from the
35. Write the structure of 5' – free energy, standard FAD-linked ETC. What's their
ATCG – 3' and 5' – CUGA – free energy change of a dehydrogenases and common property?
3'. Show the similarities and reaction. Exergonic and their connection with 39. Describe the
differences endergonic reactions. the ETC. chemical structure
36. Which are the similarities Coupled reactions 28. The glicerol-3- of cytochromes.
and differences of DNA and 13. Oxidation – reduction phosphate and malate – What's the
RNA biosynthesis? reactions. Oxidation – aspartate shuttle peculiarity of cyt.a3?
37. Enumerate all type of bonds reduction (redox) systems – role, cell Its significance.
that can be find in DNA potential. Standard location, reactions, 40. The mitochondria
molecules. redox potential and its enzymes and structure and
38. The greatest discoveries correlation with connection with ETC. properties.
achieved in nucleic acid standard free energy. 29. Organization of the Translocation across
studies in the XXth century. 14. Oxidative ETC. structure of its the inner
Scientist that made this decarboxylation of components. Their mitochondria
discoveries. pyruvate: location, oxidized and reduced membrane. Role of
1. Histones – peculiarities of multienzyme complex, state. translocases and
composition and physic- reactions, stoichiometry 30. Organization of the shuttle systems.
chemical properties. DNA – and control. ETC. the respiratory
histones association – bonds 15. Oxidative chain complexes – Chemical structure and
structure and decarboxylation of composition, role and metabolism of
2. Microsomal electron pyruvate – reactions, mechanism of action. carbohydrates
transport chain: structure, products and connection 31. Mechanism of proton
functions and tissue location with tricarboxylic acid and electron transport in 1. Carbohydrates –
39. Oxygen toxicity. Oxygen cycle. the ETC. energy change definition, functions,
free radicals: 16. Oxidative during the classification and
representatives, functions of decarboxylation of proton/electron nomenclature
nucleosomes. pyruvate – reactions, transport and ATP 2. Structure and
40. What are the differences in products and connection formation functions of mono-
polynucleotide with the respiratory 32. Redox potential and saccharides and their
phosphorylase and DNA chain. free energy changes in derivatives (sugar
polymerize action? 17. Pyruvate dehydrogenase the ETC that can acids, phosphoric
enzyme complex – support ATP formation. acid esters and
enzymes and Sites of phosphorylation amino sugars)
Introduction to metabolism. coenzymes. Structure The P/O ratio 3. Structure and
Bioenergetics. and role of the vitamins 33. Long, media and short functions of
in PDC. ways of electron disaccharide –
3. Metabolism. Definition. 18. Energetic output of transport: sources of maltose, sucrose and
Functions. Catabolism and complete oxidation of electrons point of entry lactose.
anabolism. Final common pyruvate. to ETC and ATP 4. Structure and
pathway of metabolism 19. The tricarboxylic acid formation. functions of
4. Metabolic pathways: central cycle (Krebs cycle) – 34. Oxidative polysaccharides –
and specific, cyclic and functions, location and phosphorylation – amylose,
linear, amphibolic. reactions. coupling of amylopectin, starch,
Examples 20. The Krebs cycle – phosphorylation to glycogen and
5. Metabolism – methods of reactions and correlation respiration. ATP – cellulose
study. with respiratory chain. synthase – structure and 5. Glycoproteins and
6. Stages of the catabolism and 21. The citric acid cycle – function. proteoglycanes –
anabolism. The common reactions, enzymes, 35. Mechanisms of functions and
pathway of catabolism and their class and oxidative structure of the
anabolism, its role. modulators. Cycle phosphorylation – oligosaccharide
7. Catabolism and anabolism – regulation. chemical, component
notion, functions and 22. Stoichiometry of the conformational and 6. Glicozaminoglicane
connections. Krebs cycle. chemiosmotic coupling s: hialuronic acid,
8. High-energy phosphate Anaplerotic reactions – hypothesis chondroitin –
compounds – structure, role and examples. 36. Inhibitors of electron sulfates, heparin –
properties and function. The transport, uncouples of functions and
ATP cycle. The ways of oxidative structure.
7. Digestion and absorption of cycle – description and 5. Dietary lipids: daily 24. De novo
carbohydrates. Diseases biologic role. requirements, digestion biosynthesis of
associated with digestion 26. Control of the blood and absorption. Bile's phosphoglycerides –
and absorption of glucose concentration in role. Bile acids – reactions, regulation
carbohydrates – lactose health: insulin, structure role and and lipotropic
intolerance. glucagon, and metabolism. factors.
8. Glycogen synthesis glucocorticoid 6. Resynthesis of lipids in 25. Salvage pathway
(glycogenesis) – role, major influence. intestine and blood synthesis of
tissue sites, reactions, 27. Blood glucose transport. Lipoprotein phosphoglycerides –
enzymes, coenzymes and concentration in disease. metabolism. reactions, regulation
regulation Hypo-, hyperglycemia 7. Disorders of lipid and lipotropic
9. Glycogen utilization and glucosuria. The digestion and factors.
(glycogenolysis) – role, glucose tolerance test absorption – causes and 26. Sphingomyelin
reactions, enzymes and 28. The pentose phosphate consequences. metabolism.
regulation. pathway-tissue location, 8. Biosynthesis and Disorders of
10. Genetic defects in glycogen functions, stages partial oxidation of TAG in sphingomyelin
metabolism – Von Gierke's reactions of the first adipocytes – pathways, metabolism
disease, Pompe's disease, stage. regulation and (Niemann-Pick
Forbes - Cori's disease etc. 29. The pentose phosphate functions. disease)
11. General description of pathway – partial 9. Fatty acid oxidation (- 27. Glycosphingolipids
glycolysis (Embden reactions of pentose oxidation) of fatty acids metabolism.
Meyerhof) – definition formation, regulation with an even number of Disorders of
anaerobic and aerobic 30. The glucuronic acid carbon atoms. sphingomyelin
pathways, stages, role, pathway – functional Reactions, regulation metabolism
stoichiometry. significance, reactions and role. (Gaucherie’s
12. The enzymatic reactions of 31. The metabolism of 10. Energetic yield of fatty disease, Fabry's
glycolysis anaerobic fructose in muscles. acids -oxidation. disease, ’ disease
pathways. Stoichiometry. 32. The metabolism of Connection of - etc)
13. The aerobic pathway of fructose in liver oxidation with Krebs 28. Cholesterol.
glycolysis – partial reaction 33. Hereditary disorders of cycle and electron Structure.
up to pyruvate, final fructose's metabolism transport chain. Biosynthesis,
products, stoichiometry. 34. The galactos 11. -Oxidation of fatty utilization and
14. Energetic output of metabolism. Hereditary acids with an odd elimination from
anaerobic glycolysis. disorders of galactose's number of carbon organism
Lactate metabolism. The metabolism. atoms. Propionyl CoA 29. Cholesterol and
Cori cycle. Major tissue 35. The biosynthesis of oxidation. cholesterol ester –
sites of anaerobic lactose – pathway, 12. Oxidation of structure,
glycolysis. Lactic acidosis. control and functional unsaturated fatty acids mechanism and
15. Energetic output of aerobic significance 13. Alternative pathways enzyme of
glycolysis. Mechanisms for 36. Alcohol fermentation – for fatty acid oxidation esterification, role
translocation of H+/ē) from reactions, energetic – oxidation in and regulation
cytosol into mitochondria output, significance peroxisomes. 30. Connections
matrix: -glycerophosphate 37. Diabetes mellitus – 14. Stoichiometry of between
and malate-aspartate shuttle types metabolic palmitate oxidation to cholesterol’s and
systems. disorders and acetyl CoA and to CO2 plasma lipoprotein
16. Glycolytic reactions of consequences. and H2O metabolisms.
dehydrogenation. Their link 38. Mechanism of 15. Oxidation of Disorders of
with the ETC hyperglycemia, arachidonic acid cholesterol
17. Glycolytic reactions of glucosuria, ketonemia 16. Biosynthesis of fatty metabolism –
substrate – level and ketonuria in acids – characteristic of hypercholesterolemi
phosphorylation, their diabetes mellitus polyenzymatic complex a, cholelithiases
importance. 39. Biochemical 17. Biosynthesis of (Gallstones
18. Regulation of glycolysis mechanisms of diabetic saturated fatty acid – formation) and
(enzymatic control). coma. source of acetyl CoA atherosclerosis
19. Gluconeogenesis – 40. Energetic output of and NADPH, activation 31. Acetyl-CoA –
definition, functions, sucrose and lactose of acetyl CoA and formation and
precursors, tissue location, oxidation Lynen cycle utilization.
partial reactions, energetic 18. Elongation and 32. Ketone bodies –
expenses Chemical structure and desaturation of fatty nature, biosynthesis
20. Gluconeogenesis from metabolism of lipids acids and oxidation
pyruvate – full description 19. Biosynthesis of 33. Ketone bodies –
(reactions, enzymes, 1. Lipids – functions and saturated fatty acids oxidation, energy
regulation, stoichiometry) classification and with an odd number of yield from oxidation
21. Gluconeogenesis from properties carbon atoms 34. Ketone bodies –
amino acids - substrates, 2. Triacylglycerols – 20. Biosynthesis of fatty structure,
reactions, importance chemical structure; fatty acids – partial reactions biosynthesis,
22. Gluconeogenesis from acids in their and regulation. Rate regulation and
oxaloacetate – reactions, composition – structure dependence on nutrition disorders
energetic expenses, and properties. rhythm and composition (ketoacidosis)
regulation 3. Phosphoglycerides – 21. Acetyl-CoA shuttle 35. Fat-soluble
23. Correlated regulation of classes, structure, system (citrate shuttle) vitamins, D, E and
glycolysis and properties and and NADPH formation. K – structure,
gluconeogenesis functions. Regulation and functions and
24. Stoichiometry of anaerobic 4. Sphingolipids and importance. disorders caused by
glycolysis and glycosphingolipids – 22. Butyric acid their deficiency.
gluconeogenesis classes, chemical biosynthesis 36. Connections of
25. The glucose – lactate cycle structure, properties and 23. Arachidonic acid carbohydrate and
(Cori) and glucose – alanin biological role. biosynthesis lipids metabolism.
Schematic show the
 pathway of lipid formation 10. Alanine and aspartate 27. Amino acids as
from glucose. Pentose transamination – precursors of Hormones. Functional
phosphate shuttle's role in reactions, enzymes, Co- biologically important biochemistry of
lipid biosynthesis. enzymes, importance. compounds – blood
37. Hormonal regulation of Medical utility of AST catecholamines,
lipid metabolism – and ALT activity assay. melanin and creatine. 1. The hierarchy of the
influence of insulin, 11. Transdeamination of 28. Diseases associated regulatory systems.
glucagon and adrenaline amino acids. Stages, with abnormal amino Hormone’s place in
(epinephrine) mechanism, enzymes acid metabolism - the hierarchy of
38. Biological membranes – and significance. Hartnup's diseases, regulation of
functions, composition, 12. Indirect deamination of phenylketonuria, metabolism and
structure and properties of alanine tyrosinemia, physiological
membrane lipids. 13. Ammonia formation and alkaptonuria, maple functions.
39. Biological membranes: removal. The urea cycle syrup urine disease etc. Hormone's
carbohydrates and proteins – reactions, regulation 29. Digestion and classifications.
in membranes – location, and importance. absorption of nucleo Central regulation of
properties and functions. 14. In urea cycle – overall proteins. Enzymes. the hormone
Fluid – mosaic theory of stoichiometry, energetic Final products and their functions – role of
membrane structure. expenses and fate. hypothalamus and
40. Membrane properties – interrelations with 30. Catabolism of purine adenohypophysis
movement, fluidity, tricarboxylic acid cycle. nucleotides – reactions, 2. Mechanisms of
selective permeability, 15. The urea cycle – enzymes, final product action of hormones.
transport trough membrane. reactions, and its fate. Uric acid 3. Hormones –
compartmentalization of daily excretion. definition, overview
Metabolism of simple and the enzymes and its 31. De novo synthesis of chemical nature.
conjugated proteins. significance. purine nucleotides – Mechanism of
16. The urea cycle – reactions, enzymes and action of protein
1. The amino acid pool. Inputs reactions and regulation -peptide hormones
and outputs to the amino significance. Daily urea 32. Purine salvages 4. Hormones –
acid pool. Nitrogen balance. excretion of urea. pathway – reactions, definition, overview,
Nutritional requirements in Hyperammonemia – enzymes, significance. chemical nature.
protein. Biological value of causes and 33. Diseases associated Mechanism of
dietary proteins. Essential consequences. with defects of purine action of steroid
amino acids. 17. Glutamine and metabolism – gout hormones.
2. Protein digestion. Endo- and asparagine – structure (causes, consequences 5. The hormone –
exopeptidases, specificity. and involvement in and principle of receptor interaction.
Regulation of enzyme ammonia transport treatment) The receptor –
secretion. (reactions, enzymes and 34. Catabolism of adenylate cyclase
3. Protein digestion – HCL energetic expenses). pyrimidine nucleotides. complex. Cyclic
role, mechanism of 18. Ammonia removal by 35. Biosynthesis of AMP function.
secretion and its regulation. ammonium salt's pyrimidine nucleotides: Cyclic AMP-
Gastric's juice acidity assay. formation. Mechanism. substrates, reactions, dependent protein
Hypochlorhydria and Interrelations with acid- enzymes, regulation and kinaze and
hyperchlorhydria base equilibrium. intracellular location of phosphorylation of
4. Absorption of amino acids 19. The fate of the amino the reactions. cellular proteins role
from small intestine – Na- acid's carbon skeletons. 36. Deoxyribonucleotide in the transfer of the
simport mechanism and - Glycogenic and formation – reaction, information. cAMP
glutamate cycle. ketogenic amino acids. role of the redoxin and phosphodiesterase
5. Putrefaction of amino acids 20. The fate of the amino NADPH. Synthesis of activity.
in intestine formation of acid's carbon skeletons deoxythymidine 6. Diacylglycerol and
indol, scatol, cresol and (C3 and C4) nucleotide. inositol-1,4,5
indicane. Their inactivation 21. Essential and 37. Hemoproteins structure triphosphate –
in liver. Mechanisms of nonessential amino (on the example of second messengers
conjugation. acids. Biosynthesis of hemoglobin). in the action of the
6. Outputs from the amino nonessential amino Hemoglobin's evolutive hormones. Role of
acid pool. acids: nitrogen sources, types and their role. protein kinasic and
7. Decarboxylation of amino mechanism and 38. Digestion and Ca2+ in their
acids. Enzymes. Final enzymes. Glutamine absorption of function.
products – their biological synthetase. hemoproteins. Iron Calmodulin –
activity and inactivation 22. Folic acid and vit. B13 – metabolism – role of structure and role.
(serotonine, histamine, chemical nature and role transferrin and ferritin. 7. Adenohypophisis
dopamine and - in amino acid's 39. Hemoglobin hormones –
aminobutyric acid) metabolism. biosynthesis – reactions chemical nature,
8. The disposal of amino acid 23. Metabolism of glycine, up to porphobilinogen mechanism of
nitrogen – oxidative serine, treonine and (further without action, regulation of
deamination. Enzymes and alanine. formulas) and secretion, biological
coenzymes. Oxidative 24. Metabolism of cysteine regulation. Abnormal effects.
deamination of glutamic and methionine. porphyrin biosynthesis 8. Neurohypophisis
acid, glutamate 25. Metabolism of (overview). hormones –
dehydrogenase, phenylalanine, tyrosine 40. Catabolism of chemical nature,
characteristic of the and tryptophan. hemoglobin – bilirubin mechanism of
reaction, enzyme and their Hereditary disorders of formation and action, regulation of
biologic role. their metabolism. excretion. Disorders of secretion, biological
9. Transamination of amino 26. Metabolism of hemoglobin's effects. Disorders of
acids – role, enzyme, decarboxylic amino catabolism – icteric neurohypophisis
coenzymes and mechanism acids. Their role in the syndrome (types, functions.
of the reaction. Medical integration of causes, disorders of 9. Thyroid hormones:
utility of aminotransferase's metabolism. bilirubin excretion and T3 and T4 –
activity assay. laboratory diagnosis) biosynthesis and
 release: their regulation; 24. Functions chemical coagulagulation factors
mechanism of action; composition and (brief characteristic).
metabolic effects; disorders physico-chemical Extrinsec mechanism of
of thyroid function. properties of plasma clotting – causes timing
10. Parathyroid hormone and 25. The major proteins of and cascade.
calcitonine: chemical plasma brief 40. Fibrinolitic and
nature, regulation of characteristic, methods anticoagulant
secretion, mechanism of of separation and assay. mechanism. Vit. K role
action, metabolic effects, 26. Plasma proteins – in blood clotting.
correlation’s with other diagnostic value. Hypo-, Medical utility of
compounds that regulate hyper-, dis- and para- antivitamines K
calcium and phosphate proteinemias – notion,
metabolism. Disorders of causes and examples.
parathyroid functions. 27. Blood enzymes –
11. Regulation of calcium and classification, examples
phosphate metabolism. Vit. and practical utility in
D: structure, metabolism, diagnostic
and function. Role of 1,25- 28. Enzymes of diagnostic
dihydroxycholecalciferol. interest – organ specific
Causes and consequences of enzymes in liver
hypocalciemia and diseases
hypercalcemia. 29. Enzymes of diagnostic
12. Pancreatic hormones: interest – organ specific
insulin – chemical nature; enzymes in heart
biosynthesis, secretion an d diseases
their regulation; mechanism 30. Indicator blood
of action; metabolic effects. enzymes. Mechanism of
13. Pancreatic hormones: serum level increasing
glucagone – chemical 31. Plasma non-proteic
nature; biosynthesis, nitrogen compounds.
secretion an d their Examples. Role.
regulation; mechanism of Ammonia and urea –
action; metabolic effects content and sources.
14. Disorders of pancreas Hyperammonemia and
functions – diabetes hyperuremia – causes
mellitus – causes, types, and and consequences.
metabolic changes. 32. Mineral compounds of
15. Adrenal medulla's plasma: macro-, oligo-,
hormones: norepinephrine and microelements –
and epinephrine – structure, examples and role.
biosynthesis, functions and 33. Oxygen and carbon
cellular responses. dioxide transport –
16. Hormones control of water biochemical
– mineral metabolism: mechanisms of
vasopressin and aldosterone respiration function of
– structure, regulation of blood.
secretion, metabolic effects; 34. Functional requirements
diabetes insipid and renal to hemoglobin and
hypertension cooperative binding of
17. Glucocorticoid hormones: oxygen. Role of 2,3-
structure, biosynthesis, diphophoglycerate
release and their regulation, 35. Disorders of oxygen
mechanism of action, transport – hypoxia –
metabolic effects and types, causes and
dysfunction. consequences.
18. Female sexual hormones – 36. Acid-base equilibrium –
structure regulation and buffer systems and
rhythm of secretion, physiological
mechanism of action and mechanisms of
effects. buffering
19. Male sexual hormones – 37. Disorders of acid-base
structure mechanism of equilibrium – acidosis
action and biological and alkaloses – causes,
effects. Steroid anabolic diagnostic and
20. Prostaglandin and related mechanisms of
compounds – nomenclature, buffering.
structure, biosynthesis and 38. Biochemical
functions. mechanisms of blood
21. Blood – functions and clotting – plasmatic and
chemical composition platelets
(overview) coagulagulation factors
22. Erythrocytes (red cells) - (brief characteristic).
functions, peculiarities of Intrinsic mechanism of
chemical composition and clotting – causes timing
metabolism and cascade.
23. Leycocytes and platelets - 39. Biochemical
functions, peculiarities of mechanisms of blood
chemical composition and clotting – plasmatic and
metabolism platelets