The　Japan

The Forest
Japan　Forest 　Engineering
Engineering 　Sooiety
Society

森 利 学 誌 18 （
2 ）2003 75　一
一　84

論 　文

Workload and Work E 幵iciencyof Manual Log Transportation

　 　 　 in Java 　 　 　 　 　 　

　　　　　　　 − Factorslnfluencing Transporting− （英 文 ） 　 　

YDshihiko TAiqMoTo 　
＊
and 　Efi YuliatiYovi
　 　
＊＊

ー ー
瀧 本 義 彦 ・ヨ ブ イ 　 ユ リ ア テ ィ 　 エ フ イ ： ジ ャ ワ 島 で の 人 力 丸 太 運 材 の 作 業 能 率 と作
業 負 担 一運 搬 に 影 響 す る 諸 因 子 に つ い て 一， 森 利 学誌 18 （ 2 ） ： 75 〜 84 ，2003 ． チ ー ク
材（ Tectona　grandis f）の 人 力 運 材 時 の 作 業 能 率 と 作 業 負 担 の 現 状 を 調 査 し，運 搬 に 影 響 す
　L ．

る 因子 を 把 握 し 作 業 負 担 の 改 善 に つ な が る 可 能 性 を検 討 し た
， 調査は イ ン ドネシ アの 東 。

ジ ャ ワ の 貯 木 場 で ，2002年 に 2 名 の 作 業 者 に つ い て 行 っ た 変 数 は ， 1997年 の 調 査 を 参 考 。

に して ，運搬 距 離 （ 3種 類 ） ：D 工（＜ 10m）， 　D2（10−20m），　D3（ 20m ＜ ）と丸 太 の 寸 法 （ 3種類 ） ：

L1 （1 人 で 1 本 運 搬 ：直 径 15cm ，重 量 35kg ）， 　 L2 （2 人 で 1 本 運 搬 ： 直 径 30cm ， 重 量

95kg），　 L3 8 人 で 1 本 運 搬 ： 直 径 60cm 重 量 450kg） を 組 み 合 わ せ て 調 査 した 作 業 能 率

（ ， 。

の 結 果 は 平 均 ，D1 ：0 ． 593，　 D2 ：0212 ，　 D3 ：0．121（m 1m ！

hr！man ）
’
で あっ た 作 業能 率で は 運搬 。

距 離 と 運 搬 時 間 が 比 例 し た 。 そ し て ，運 搬 距 離 と 作 業 能 率 は 反 比 例 で ，運 搬 時 間 と作 業能
率 も同 じで あ っ た 丸 太 の 寸 法 は 作 業 能 率 に 影 響 が あ っ た が ，丸 太 の 寸 法 と 作 業 能 率 の 間
。

に は 特 定 の 関係 が な か っ た 運 搬 時 の エ ネ ル ギ ー消 費 量 （ 。 EETr ），エ ネ ル ギ ー代 謝 率 （ RMR ）

と 1 凵 作業 時 の
の エ ル ー
ネ ギ 消費量 （ EEWT ）か ら 作業負担 分 析 を 行 た 。作 業 負 担 の 結
の っ

果 は ： EETr（ L1 ：0．0797　 L2 ：0． 07／1 　 L3 ：0．0707 （kca！！kg ！min ）　 RMRU ．

， ，
1 ： 3．
2 　 L2 ： 2．
7 　 L3 ： ， ， ，

2，7）と EEWT （ L1 ： 1356　 L2 ： 1216　 L3 ： 1222kcal！day）で あ っ た 作 業 負 担 の 場 合 丸 太 の 寸

， ， 。 ，

法 と の 傾 向 は 見 ら れ な い が ，L1 の 作 業 負 担 は L2 よ り 高 か っ た 。 　 L2 の 運 材 方 法 を L1 に 適 用

す れ ば L1 の 作 業 負 担 と 作 業 能 率 が 良 くな る と思 わ れ る 。
キ ーワ ー ド ：人 力 丸 太 運 材 ，作 業 能 率 ，作 業 負 担 ，エ ネ ル ギ ー消 費 量 ，RMR

Yoshihiko　TAK 亅MoTo 　and 　Efi　Yuliati　YovI ；Workload 　and 　Work 　Efficiency 　of 　Manual 　Log
Transportation 　in　Java −Factors　Influencing　Transporting − J ． 　 Jpn ． 　 For ． 　 Eng ． 　 Soc ． ：

18 （2 ）： 75 〜 84 2003 ．In　order 　to　estimate 　work 　efficie1ユcy （

，
WE ）and 　workload 　of 　manua ！log
transportation （ logspecies ； Tectona．
　 arandis L．f），factors of logtransportationwere grasped ，
　 　 　 　 　and 　 　 　

then the possibilityof

　 　 　 　reducing 　in　 w rkload ・
as 　examined
〔， ．　 The 　 research
、、 　was 　 carried ut 　on 　2 〔
，

’
workers 　at 　Banjarejo 　Log 　Yard 　East　 Java 　Indonesia
，
in　2002． 　 Parameters
，
　chosen 　based　Qn 　1997 s
　
，

research 　were 　transporting 　distallce

， ［D1 （ ＜ 10 　n1 ） 　D2
， （10 −20 　m ） 　D3
， 20 　m ＜ ）
（ ］　and 　log
，
classificatiQn ［Ll （ l　log，1worker ；log　weight 　35　kg， 　diameter 　15　cln ） 　L2 （
， 110g，2workers ；log
wcight 　95　kg 　dia eter 　30　cm ）
，
皿 　L3 （ 110g 8w ，rkers ；Iog　weight 　450　kg 　diameter　60   ）
， ，
〔 ．
］　 Average ，

WE was D1 ：0．
　 　 593，D2： 0． 　 212，and D3： 0． 121 m ！m ！hr！man ．There　was 　a 　strong 　linear
　 　 　 ：
（positive
　
）
relationship between
　 transporting distance
　 and carrying time，
　 and strong exponential
　 　 〔negative ）
　 　 　 　

relationships 　between 　transporting 　distance 　and 　WE 　 ancl 　also 　between　carrying　time　and 　WE ． 　 WE

at 　L2　was 　higher 　than 　at 　L1 ． 　 The 　average 　results 　of 　workload 　to　energy 　expenditure 　during

transportatiQrl （EETr ）were L ／： 0． 0797，L2 ： 0．

　 0711，and L3 ： 0707 kca1／kg ！min ；RelativeMetabolic
　 　 　 　 　

Rate （ RMR ）was 　L1 3． 2，

　L2 2．
： 7，　and 　L3 2 ，
： 7； alld 　total　energy 　expended
： 　during
’
　a 　day s 　work

（EEWT ）was 　L1 ： 1356， 　L2 ：1216， 　and 　L3 ：1222　kcal ！day． 　 Workload　was 　heavier 　at 　LI 　than　at 　L2 ．

According 　to theseresults ，

　 　 　it　is　highly 　probable　that 　transporting ，
　L2　sNill 　result 　in 　higher 　WE ， 　but

also 　in　a 　lightcr　workload 　than 　that　of 　L ／ ，　 Therefore 　the　method

， 　applied 　to　transporting　L2　is

strongly 　recommended 　for　transporting　L1 ．

Keywords ：manual 　log亡ransportation ， 　work 　efficiency 　workload 　energy 　expenditure 　RMR

，
， ，

Fac． 　and 　Environmellta［Science

　of 　Life 　Shimane
， ，
　Lrniv　Matsue 　69D−8504 　 島根 大 学 生 物 資 源 科 学 部
，
＊

” Fac．
　
　of Forestry
　 ，Bog  r Agric，
　 　Univ．
　 　Bogor
， 　／6001　lndonesia　ボ ゴ ル 農 業 大 学林 学部

一
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1. Introduction logyards,
As the lastterminal of logsirornharvestingsites, just In the case of workload, there are twe parameters
beforedistributed
to the market <industry),
logyarclscan (oxygenconsumption and heart rate), which are

be considered as important
facjlities
inwood harvesting recegnized as the common factQrs
used formeasurement
operations. There are various log handling activities of physical werkload. (2 )wrote thatheavy
KRoEpt,ER
performedin logyards,involvingunloading, scaling and work is an activity that calls forgreat physical exertion

grading,transporting,loading,
etc. and characterized by high-energyconsumption and by
Forestmachines are frequentlyapplied to support log- severe stresses on the heartand lungs, Heartrate has a
handling activities inIndonesia.
HoweiTcr, inJavaIsland, positivecorrelation with workload.
most of these activities have beendone with manual WIcKENs (9 )mentioned that heartrate, the number of
systems, which iswell recogriized as muscular work. heartbeats per minute, usually increasesas workload
SinceIndonesiastraddles the equator line,ithas a and energy demand increase.Itreflects the increased

tropical climate, which ishot,humidand more moderate demand forthe cardiovascuiar system to transport more

in highlands.Dailytemperatureruns between25 to oxygen to the working muscles and remove more waste
35 ℃ ,
with humidity around 75% to 95%. This productsirom them, He also argued that heartrate isnot
environmental condition provides serious burdenfor as reliable as oxygen censumption as a measure oi

workers, as the body requires energy to support the energy expenditure becausemany factors
influence.
muscles and at the same time to protect the body from However,becauseof theconvenience of measuring heart
the environmental heat. rate and itsrelative accuracy in reflecting workload,

Combination of these heavy work and work heartrate isconsidered to be a verv "
useful indexin
environmental factors
often influences
the forest
workers' physicalwork evaluation.
physical factors,which result in over capacity of In order to check the relationship betweenheartrate
workload and lo-'productivity(loss of perferrnance), and energy expencliture simultaneously, TAKiMoTo (5, 6 )
Log transporting
workers inlogyards are paid basedon applied the StepTest method. Steptest was done by
m3 of transported logs,which means that the higherthe changing the frequencyof step up and dewn at every
work effieiency (skilliulness
in avoiding wasted timeand minute (change
the step rate), in the same heightof bench
effort during working), the higher their work (in
order to change the workload; heightof bench was set

productivity isand the more money they can earn. In the at 40 cm formen, and 35 cm forwomen).
case of workloacl, minimizing workload will save MATsuBARA (3)wrotethat heartrates are linear]y
workers from muscular problems and will decreaserisk related to oxygen consumption. The equation that was
of work accidents, thus helpingto maintain the physical obtained through his research shows a strong linear
healthof werkers. relationship between heart rate and oxygen uptake

In order to estimate work eiiiciency and workload of (coefficient

correlation is0.993).

manual leg transportation <log

species: 7)eclona
grandis WICKENs (9)wrote that in ergonomic jobevaluatien,
L.f),factorsof logtransportationwere grasped,and thell the energy cost of different jobscan be measured and

the possibilityof improvement in workload was compared with iorOccupational

the NationalInstitute
examined. This research was carried out on 2 workers at Safetyand Health (NIOSH)recommendation, to
BanjarejoLog Yard,EastJava,
Indonesiain 2002, determinewhether a jobcan be performed by the work

forceand whether itneeds to be redesigned to lower

2. Literature
review required energy expenditure rate to make itacceptable to
Werk efficiency is significantly iniluenced by the intendedwork force.WATANABE(8)provides the
transporting distance(Yovl,
JO ).Further,
itisalso standarcl of workload forJapaneseusing RrXCRindicators.
recogriized that transporting distanceshould be another Meanwhile NuMA.lml (4 )uses work capacity (total
factorto be well considered indesigning
the layout of energy expenditure duringwurking per day)forthe

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standard of workload forJapanese, Table1Combination of parameters

HUANG (1) proved that manual working (log Logclassifieation Distance
transporting) resulted in heavier workload than log
Dl D2 D3
transportation done by combination of manpower and
LlL2L3 LIDIL2DlL3Dl
LID2L2D2L3D2LID3L2D3L3D3
machine.

Work in hot temperature will resu]t in an increased

rate of heartbeat,KRoEMER(2)wrote thatthereis a
doubleburden on the heartand circulatory system,
becausetbeheartand circulatory system haste perform
two functions, they are: transportingenergy to the
heatenerg}r
muscles, and at the same time, transporting

from the interiorof the body to the skin (inorder to

eliminate excess heat).WIcKENs (9 )mentioned that
when environmental heat stress is presentin a work

place, such as working in a hot climate or near heat

sources, workers may need to take frequentrest even

when the energy expenditure rate required for

performing the physical taskisnot high.Dissipation
of
PhetographlCarrying movements of Ll (1small size
logtransportedby 1 worker)
metabolic heatcan be difficult
in a working environment

inwhieh high racliant heat and high humidity exist, or

there isa lackef adequate airfluw.

3. Methods
The research was conducted for2 weeks from13 ptCay
2003,3 days of which were used forthe study of work

efficiency and workload, at BanjarejoLog yard, Ngawi

EastJavaProvince,Indonesia.Based on
ForestDistrict,
Schmidtand Ferguson classification, the research area
hasa tropicalclimate of C type. Usually, itwill be a
rainy season duringOctober"April and a dry season

duringMay-September.The average temperature is Photograph2Carrying movements of L2 (1medium

between 20-30 ℃ withareund 60-80% humidity. size logtransported by 2 worl{ers)
,

Speciesof logsused TlactonagrandisL.f Uava

was

teak>. Specific
grravityof Ll (smallsize log,around 15
years) was 0.68-O,78,L2 (medium size log,around 35
years)was O.60-O.71, and for L3 (big
size log,50 or 60
-O,75
years) was O,54 (WAHylJDI,7).
3.1 Data collection
The experimental designapplied was a Complete]y
Randomized Design (CRD),with two way factorial
distance
parameters: transporting and Iogclassification,
each inthreerepetitions (see
Table 1). t t･t.t･
wt.
., ./ .the .../.'/
.･ ･tit. -bigslze

The firstparameter distance,

transportingwas which
Photograph
3 Carryingmovements oi L3 (1
was dividedinte3 categories :Dl (<10m), D2 (10J20 m), logtransportedby 8 workers)

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and (20m<).
D3 The second parameter was log parameters with carrying time and WE foreach diagram
classification foasecl
on logsize logvolunie,as well as could be obtained.
and transport.ing methods) which was divided into3 3,3 Workload
categories: Ll (1small size logwas transportedby 1 Workload was analyzed through three indicators:
worker, see Photograph 1),L2 (1medium size logwas EETr, RMR and EEWT. The primary data forthese
transported by 2 workers, see Photograph 2),and L3 (1 indicutors
was heartrate (HR).The instrumentapplied
big size log was transported by 8 workers, see to record HR was a Takei Heart Rate Memory (THIVut)
Photograph3), Parameters and categories used in this and the instrumentapplied to read data from the HR
research were chosen basedon Yovl(1O ). memory was an interface,The THRM records HR at

Among 10 workers in a working group, with various every 10 seconds during the step test,and every 30
age and working experience, two workers were selected. seconds during working, which then are converted inte
These two workers represent two categories of workers thenumber of HR per second. In thisresearch, HR was

based on age (young

and old) and working experience (an used inbeatsperminute. Sinceevery worker hasspecific
experienced worker and a very experienced worker), physicalcharacteristics, which infiuence
conversion rate

Worker A is 51 years old with 38 years' working from HR intoEETr, the StepTest was applied. EE at
experience, meanwhile worker B is3e years old with 13 each rate of step up and down was calculated by the
years'working experience (see
Table 2). fu'
11owing
formula by HuANG (1 ):
postulated
3.2 Work efficiency (WE) EE O.O157× W × H × N+ER/VV (2)
One cycle of log transportatien
was dividedinto5 EE ::::energy expenditure ikcaVkg/min)
movements: preparing, lifting,
carTying, unloading, and W weight ikg)
replacing, Besidesworking time,thedatatakenwere log H heightof bench (m)
volume, distance,
transporting physicaldataof workers N rate of step up and down per minute

(weight,
height),ancl other supporting datasuch as age, (5,
10,15,20,25)
working experiences, etc. Transporting
clistancewas ER : energy expenditure during resting

measured by measuring tape. For time study analysis, ikcal/kgfrnin)

all of the activities were recorded by video camera, IIowever,forcalculation of energy expenditure during
Work efficiency is calculated as a functionof volume, resting (ER)and basal metabolism (BM),the formula
distance,
and working time, postulated by WATANABE (8 )was applied,
WE {V!Dfwn × 3600 (1) ER =
BMXI.2 (3)
WE ::I:work (m3fnh)
efficiency ER : energy expenditure during resting

V volume of log(m") lkcalfkgfmin)

t
D (m)
transporting distance BMBM -.:::::
basalrnetabolism lkcalfkgfmin)
ew working time(second) b × Wn"4 × BH Oitc"× 88.83× 10-d(4)
By transformingthe data intoscatter diagrams,
the BM basalmetabolism ikcaYkg!min)
appropriate regression of relationship between W weight (kg)
BU height(cm)

Table2Physicalconditions ofworker A and worker B b basal metabolism per skin square

(kcallm2fmin)
Data A B The laststep is to listvalues of HR at every rate o'f
Age 51 yrs 30 yrs
step up and down per minute and energy expenditure in
Weight 42.5kg159.5cm 50.5kg1615
HeightW6rk cm
a scatter diagram.Thenregression equations (equations
exp. 38 yrs I3 yrs 7 and 8)could be obtained. These regression equations

Gender Male Male were applied to convert HR intoEETr,

WorkersareIndonesian InvRas one of theindicator$

of workload iscalculated

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by the followingforrnula
postulated by WATANABE (8 ): Table 5 shows distance
thattransporting significantly

RMR=(EETr-1.2BrvD1BM (5> influences

theresult of WE. And itcan be seen thatlog
However, EEWT as the indicator of workload is c]assification foased
on Iogsize as well as log volume,
by thefollowing
calculated formula: and transporting
methods) also significantly influences
EEWT EETrXWXTX60
=
(6) the result of WE. Type of relationship with WE is
EEWT : energy expenditure during working different
between transporting distance and log
a{callday) classification. In the case of transporting distance,
the
EETr : energy expenditure during relationship is linearor exponential, Hewever, in the
transporting(kcal/kg/min) case of logc}assification, the relationship followsneither
wT :: weight (kg> the linear
nor the exponential regression.

working hours(hr) Figure 1 shows that there is a strong relationship

between transporting distanceCXLaxis)

and carrying time

4. Resultsanddiscussion (YLaxis),
indicatedby values of coefficient deterrnination
4.1 Work efficiency (WE) (O.9213,
O.7659and O,6142forLl,L2 and L3 respectively).
Dimensions
of logs,
volume, and transporting distance The positive,
relationship was
which means the farther
are shown in Table 3 and Table 4. Meanwhile an thetransporting
djstance,
thelenger thecarrying time,
ANOVA summary tableforWE of bothworker A and The trendsho-rn inFigure1 issame as the results of

worker B isshown inTabre 5, theresearch cenducted by Yovl(1O)as shown inFigure

Table 3Log dlmenslon

CELtegory Length(crn) Diameter(cm) Tbtal"leight(kg) Wbight/man(kg)

Meanpalin-Max 253.2203,O-355,O 15.011,8-18,6 28.922.1-52.8 28.922,1-52.8
Ll forA
sa 52.7 2.7 9.5 9.5
Meanps{in-Max 255.9203.0-370.0 14.1IL5-18.0 32.321.4-417 32.321.4-4L7
Ll ferB
sa 54.2 2.2 6.7 6.7
MeanMin-Max 241.1184.0-303.0 27.723,4-29.8 96.156.9-114.9 48.l27.5-55.0
L2
sa 35.2 2.5 2L9 10.3
MeanMin-Max 2N.4260.0-273.5 58.949,8-70,3 470,2326,1-664.1 58.840.8-83.0
L3
sw 3.9 6.3 100.6 12.6

Table4Log volume distance

and transporting Table5 ANOVAsummarytableforWE

Category Vblurneperman(mi)Distance(m) Sourees ssDFll4S F

Mean O.045O,033-O,072 18.18-28,5 MainEffect
of D O.2281,126O,090O,314
22418Ol14O.563O.023O.O17
6.516*32.236*
Ll lvlin-]vlax rvIa{n
Effectof I.
sw O.Oll 8.2 L × DInteractien 1.296
Mcan O.068eo43-o.os3 18.18-30.0 Error
L2 Min-Max lbtal 1,75826
su O,O14 8.5 DF= degrees of freedom,
SS=sum ef square, ilrs==mean square

signifieant difference O.05

'very
Mean O.087 16.96-26.0 at a =

I.3 M{n-Max O.062-O.Ol14

sa O.O15 7.9

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2. The equations of linearregression of relationship between transporting distanceand XVE. Carryingtime

between transporting distanceCXLaxis)
and carrying time covers more than 40% Qf the total working time (see
(YLaxis)
obtained by Yovl (10 ) forall logclassifieations Table 7).
is provided in Table 6. The strong relationship is The relationship between transporting distanceand
indicatedby values of coefficient (O.7131,WE
determination was strong but negative, which means that the
O.9227and e.7437forLl,L2 and L3 respectively), furtherthe transporting distanceisand the longerthe
The strong relationship between transporting distance carrying time is,the lower the rate of WE. WE at Dl
and carrying time influenced
the trend of relationship increased 280% over WE at D2 for Ll, L2 and L3,
Meanwhile,WE at D2 increasedaround 180?'6over WE.
at D3 forLl,L2 and L3 (see
Figure3).Re-calculated
data
80
fromYol( (laalso shows thatthereisa negative strong

:. 60e'i. relationship between the transporting

distanceand WE.
o Ll The value of WE at Dl increased
up to300% over WE at
L2
L!･ D2, and the value WE D2 increased
up to2009･'o'
o
40g8' of at over
A L3

i Ll WE at D3.
2o 1,
----L2 There is also a betweencarrying tinie
iL--L3 l relationship and

oo WE. The relationship betweencarrying time and WE

10 20 30 40
was negative, which means that the longerthe carrying
Transporting distance (m)
time is,the lower the rate of WE. For the both
Figurel Trend of relationship betweentransporting relationships, the equations were in exponential

distanceand carrying time forLl, L2 and L3 regression because WE was a function of three
(2002)Ll: independentfactors:
leg volume, transporting distance,
(T2 O.9213)
Y= 1.0667X+ 9,6328 =

L2:Y O.9864X+ 9,1913

=
(,2 O.7659) = and totalworking time (see
Figure4).
L3: Y =
1.8463X+ 3.0491(,2 O.6142) =
In contrary, logclassification did not show any linear
or exponential relationship with carrying time or WE as

80ng shown by transporting

distance. This islargelybecause
thecarrying timeand WE at Ll, L2 and L3 do not show ,

6o,.E.-,y any continuity as shown by transporting distance.

TransportingL2 needed shorter working time (with
401･8

2o Table6Relationshipbetweentransportingdistance
and carrying time

o Category EquationandCoefficientDetermination
o 10 20 30 40
LlL2I.3 Y=1,1295X+5.3959 rZ=O,7131
Transportingdistance(m)
Y;1.6307X-1.3754 ra=O.9227

Figure2 Trend of relationship betweentransporting Y=2.5945X+13.]35 rE=-O.7437

distance
and carrying timeforL2 CYovi,
1O ) Yovl (IO)

Table 7Percentage of working tirneat each niovement in2002

Preparing Lifting Carrying Unloading Replacing Others'Tbtal Tinie(sec)

LlI2L3 1701,S9%26(,4 5%4962% 49%62%42% 2%3%1% 15%9%19% 13%13%9% 594381

'
Walking,
standing forreplacing and stop while carrying

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almost the same carrying time) than that of Ll (even by substituting HR forX variable, the value of energy
cornpared with Ll,volume per man at L2 was higher,
see expenditure duringtransportation can becalculated,

Table 4). This means that transporting with 2 workers 4.2.2EETr (Energy expenditure during transportation)
(andhave assistance from others duringlifting),
will Inthe case of worker A, transporting distance infiuenced
cempress working time forpreparing, lifting,
unloading EETr at cr O.1(see Table8),Meanwhileinthe case of
=

and replacing, which will result inhigherWE, as shown werker B, the transporting distance and log classification

in Figure3, factorsdidnot infiuence EETr (see Table9).

4.2 Workload Values of EETr forthe two workers are provided in
4.2.1Step test result HR of the lastthree minutes at Table 10,and values oi HR for worker A and B are

each step rate isshown in Figure5.

The relationship between HR and EE in linear
O.20
regresslon equatlons ls:

WorkerA Y=O.OOIZ\-O.1064 r2=O.9714 (7) 2,o,lsx.x> O WorkerA

WorkerB Y=O.O024X-O,1379 r2=O.9715 (8) O WorkerB
O.10"osw
Y-axis is EE Ckcalfkgfmin)
and X-axis is HR Worker A
- -
Cbeats!min),
Both worker A and workcr B, indicatedby o.05w
Worker B

values of coefficient determination,

show a very close and

strong correlation betweenHR and EE. This means that o.oo60

BO 100 120 140 160 180
HR (beatslmin)
1.0O.8
Figure5 Relationship
betweenHR and EE (worker
A
?raE>[iExmEWwl and worker B)
EE =O.OO17 × HR - O.1064i r2 = O.9714
O.6O.4 +Ll-O-L2+L3
(worker
A)
EE =O.O024 × HR - O,13791 rZ =
O.9715
(worker
B)
O.2o.o

Table 8 ANOVA summary table forEETr of worker A

Dl D2 D3
Transportingd;stanee
Sources ss on us F

Figure3 WE at Ll,L2 and L3 (2002) ]vlain

Effect
oi D 1.89E-03 224189.43E-04 3.414ko.le7O.3
NlainEffect
of L 5.91E-05 2,95E-e5
L × D Interaction 4.03E-04 1,OIE--04
1.21,OO.8O,6O.4O.2o.o Error 4.97E-03 2.76E-04
Tbtal 7.32E-0326
A[tuE><eElll " Ll
o
L2
Dl7=.degr'ees
of freedom,
SS=sum of square, MS=mean square
oAcr ae"x,
A L3
'significant
difference
at a =O.1

Ll
N
.s.es L2----L3
-s--'s-..--...".--. Table9ANOVA summary table forEETr of worker B

Sources
ss DF us F
o 20 40 60 80
MainEffect of D 3.42E-04 22418 1,71E-04 1.113e.sog1,509
Figure4 Trend of relationship between carrying time
]V{ain
Effectof T. 2A8E-04 1,24E-04
and WE C2002)
LXDInteractien 9,26E-04 2.32E-04
Ll:Y= 104.8X-i･9"5 (,2O.8504) = Error 2.76E-03 1,54E-04
L2: Y= 16.53X-LiUan (r2 O.5564) =
'rotal
428E-0326
L3: Y= 35.71X (i2 O.7834) i-5i5T =
PF=degrees of freedom,SS=surn of square, ns=mean square

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providedinTable 11. distancewas 35 m, research subjects (6persons)were
For worker A, itisgenerally cons{dered that workload university students (20-23
years old), and weight of log

to transport Ll was the highestamong all L categories, per man was 13.7kg (mean),Manual transportation
and workload to transport I.3was the lowest
among all L inl09.8beats/min
resulted of HR and O.0857
kcaVkgfmin
categories. Meanwhile,forworker B itisconsidered that {mean)of EETr.
the workload to transport L3 was the highestamong all L Meanwhile, in the 2002 result, the research subjects

categories, and workload to transportL2 was thelowest were forest

workers (51and
30 yearsold> and had more
among all L categories, than 13 yearsof working experiences. Weight of logper
8 workers were needed duringtransportation
of 1 big man was 4L5 kg (threetimes of 1994'sweight). The
size log oi L3. However, during the preparationwork result was 95.4beatsfminof HR and O.e738l<callkg/min

there was an opportunity forany worker not to actively of EETr. Itseems thatEETr inthe 2002results was
participate in the work accerding to the observation of slightly lowerthan EETr in the 1994results, but ithas to
the video-taped activities of theworkers. This condition be underlined thatthe weight ol logat 2002 research is
couldbe the reason why workload forL3 forworker A threetimesheavier thanthe1994research,
was lower thanLl or L2 (eventhough L3 logwas heavier The factthatthe two subjects in 2002 research were

thanLl er L2 log). real workers (whohadbeendoingmanual transportation

Reviewing Table 10,it is also considered forboth work iormore than 13 years),meanwhile the subjects in
worker A and worker B that transporting L2 resulted in 1994 research were students (without
such a kind of hard
Iowervalues of EETr than that of Ll (even
though L2 log working experiences), could be considered as the main
was heavierthan thatof Ll). In relation to transporting reason. In other words, theworkers' bodieshad already
distance,itsinfluence on EETr was not observed adjusted to this hard work, but not the students' bodies.
regardless of the amount of the distance.
It also can be Ifthe subjects in the 1994 research transported the same
seen that at all parameters,workload of worker B was weight of log (whichwas transported in the 2002
higher
than worker A. research), then there would be a highprebabilitythat
HuANG (1 )calculated workload for manual log EETr jsfar higherthan EETr of the subjects inthe2002
transportation (see
Table 12),Two workers transported results.

without any assistance during lifting,Transporting 4.2.3RelativeMetabolicRate(RAaR} SinceRNR and

EEWT calculations were derivedfrom EETr, the results
'1"able ef both calculations showed sarne trends as in EETr.
10 EEI"r (kcaYkglmin)
of worker A and worker B
Becausea standard of workload forIndonesianshasnot
Dl D2 D3 Mean been scaled there are similarities in body
yet, and since

ABABABAB
Ll O,0659O,0991O,0694O,0961O,0576O,0903O,0643O,0952
L2 O.0499O,0819O,0501O,0835O,e591O.1019O,0530O,0891 Table12 HR and workload during manual log
L3 O.0403O,(}893
O,0474
(],1030
O.0439O.1003
O,0439O,0975 transportatlon
Mean O.0520O,e901O,0556O,0942O,0535O.0975O,0537O.C)939
Subject
No. HR(beats/min)EE[Il/(kcaVkgfmin)
91011121314 ]l6.3127,6106.198,885.6124,4
O.I027O,1144O.0968O.0
Table 11 HR of worker A and
(beatslmin) worker B
Dl D2 D3 Mean
ABABABAB
Ll
101.4 98,8 103.4 97,5 96.5 95.1 100.4 97.1
L2
91.9 91,6 92.l 92,3 97.4 99.9 93.8 94.6 Mean 109,8 O,0857
L3 86.3 94.7 g).5 100.4 88.4 99.3 88,4 98.1 so l6.1 O.0295
Mean 93.2 95.0 95.3 96.7 94,1 98,1 94,2 96.6 datafrom H[IANG (1)
Recalcu]ated

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Indonesians Japanese, is usually done on basisand the

"contract"

sizes of and we applied to activity a

Indonesians the standard of workloacl forJapanese

as worker isnot paid by daily wage. Since theyare not paid
already scaled by WATANABE (8 )forRMR and NuMAJIRI by daily wage, they do not haveany fixed working time.
(4 )forwork capacity, So,in order to compare the workload of log transporting

Comparedwith the standard of Japanese RMR (see with Japanesestandard (seeTable13), 8 working hours
Figure 6 and Table 13),in the case of worker A, per day (6hours'work, 2 hours'rest) was assumed for
LID2 with thehighest
transporting value of R)iR (2.6)
is each worker as their working hours.
classified as norrnal work, and transporting
L3Dl with As can be seen in Table 14,with 8 working hours per
the lowestvalue of 1{MR (1.0) isclassified as light
work. day (6hours'work, 2 hours'resO, EEWT of worker A for
Meanwhile in the case of worker B, transporting L3D2 transporting I.1,
I.2and L3 are 981,812 and 671kcaYday
with thehighest (4.4)
value of RrvlR isclassified as a high respectively. Comparedwith the workload standard, this
levelof EEWT, and transporting L2Dl with thelowest is considered to liebelow normal Ievelof workload.
value of RMR (3.3)
isc]assiiied as a medium work, However EEWT of worker B iortransporting Ll,L2 and
Among all combinations of parameters, RMR of worker I.3are 1730,1620 and 1773 kcaYday respectively, which
B was farhigher
thanthatof A. worker isconsidered to liein betweenhard and verv " hard levels.
4,2,4EEWT (Total E.Eduringworking per day) This means that workload of worker B is heavierthan
EEWT as the total energy expenditure duringa working that of worl<er A as indicated
bv- EETr and arso RJYIR,
day (seeTable 14)also indicatesthe level of worklead,

whether itisin a lightlevel,

normal level,
hard level,
or 5. Conciusions and recommendations

very hard level.InBanjarejo

Log yard, logtransporting (1)Transporting distanceinfluencesWE by positive
exponential regression, It can be concluded thatthe
shorter the transporting distanceis,the shorter the
Table13 Criteria
of work capacity and RMR basedon carrying time,thenthe higher
theWE. Therefore,
design
Japanesestandard of a log yard layout basedon transporting
distanceis

Criteria
Ckcallday)
Work Capacity'
RINR**
recommended (strongly
recommended to use short

A B transporting distancefora log yard Iay out designin

Verv hard 19421"2942642 7.0-
2038l5381038 up4.0 orderto increase
WE).
Hard - 6.92.0
- 3.91.0
(2)WE is also influenced by log classification (log
Normal
volume as well as logweight and transporting method).
Light 738 - 1.9
WE of Ll isconsidered lowerthan that of WE of L2,
'CalcLilated
(4)
based on NUTL･IAJIRI
i`Scale
of WrmNABE (8) (3)Workload is not influencedby log classificatiun
factors.However, workload of Ll isconsidered heavier
than workload of L2,
5.0
4.5 (4)Accordingto conclusion point2 and point 3,and also

4.0 +ALI the observation of the video-taped activities of the

3.5cr --o-AL2
3.0E
+AL3
2.5cr
2.0
x･BLI Table 14 Resultof EEWT <keallday)
of worker A and

1.5
x BL2 worker B
o BL3
1.0
a.s Dl D2 D3 Mean
o.o ABABABAB
Dl D2 D3
Ll 1001 1801 1062 1747 881 1641 981 1730
TranspertingdistanGe
L2 764 U88 767 1519 905 1852 812 1620

Figure6 RMR of worker A and worker B at D], D2 L3 616 1623 725 1872 671 1824 671 1773
and D3 Mean 794 1638 851 1713 819 1772 821 1708

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workers, it is recommended to apply transporting Kyoto PrefectureUniversity,
NaturalScience& Living
methods as isapplied in I.2transporting (get
assistance Science41/ 67-72.
ftomother workers duringlifting)
to L] t'ransporting, (4 )NIJMAJIRI,K. (1980)The energy expenditure of

workers. Japan.

6. Acknowledgements J.and M,･xTsuBiNRA,

(5 )TAKiMo'ro,Y.,IIu,,xNG, C.(1994)
We would liketo thank PT. Perhutani for their The research of measuring forest
method of
werk the

permissionto do thisresearch intheirfieldarea. intensity. of the Faculty

Bulletin of Agricu]ture
Shimane
Some partof this paper isalready presentedas poster Universitv
- 28: I25-130.
presentatien in IUFRO Seminar on New Roles of C.and YApt･fAMoTo,
(6) TAKIMoTo, Y.,)vlA'rSuBARA, T.
Plantation
Forestiry
RequiringAppropriateTending and <1990)
A computerizcd method of measuring energy

HarvestingOperations,
September29-October 5,2002, expenditure inthe forest
work pruning and weeding.
Tokyo,Japan. Proceeding P3.03 Ergonomics 19 World Congress
Some partof this paper jsalready
presentedalso at ItJFRO,Montreal,
Canada.
JapanForestEngineeringSociety
Seminar,
November 29, (7) WAHyuDI, I.(2000)Studieson grewth and wood

2002,Kyoto,Japan. species. Dissertation.

of tropicalplantation
qualities
(8 )WATANABE, A. (]988)Handbook of Occupational
Literature
cited Health (Seconcl iorScienceof
Edition).The Institute
(1 )HuANG,J,"994)The research of physiological Labor:1258-1266.
estimation of the forestwork. Measuring method of the (9)WICKENS,C. D., GoRDoN, S. E., LIu,Y, (1997)
work intensity,
ShimaneUniversity
Master thesis, An introduction
to human factors
engineering, Addison-
(2 )KRoEMER, K.H,E,and E, (1997)
GRi!NDJEtxN, Fitting Wesley EducationalPublishers
Inc.UnitedStates.
the task to the human. A textbook of occupational (1O )Yovl,E. Y. (1997)
The etficiency of logallocation in
ergonomics, Fifthedition,Cornwall,
GreatBritain. Banjarejc log yard, Ngawi, Perhutani, East Java
(3)MATsuBARA, C. and TAKIMoTo, Y, (1990)
Work lndonesia,Bogor Agricultural
University
Undergraduate
intensityand operational efficiency of pruning by thesis.
unskilled forestworkers. The Scientific
Reportsof the (2003
fiii H 29 H eeve)

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