1. A.

The change that occurs on the magnesium electrode and silver cathode rods are due to a
process called electrolysis.
At the magnesium electrode: The magnesium electrode will begin to dissolve (Mg is oxidized to
Mg2+) and is the anode and will be released to the MgSO4 solution hence magnesium becoming
thinner.
At the Silver electrode: Ag2+ ions from the electrolyte AgSO4 are deposited on the silver rod due
to silver rod being flowed electrons from the magnesium electrode hence silver rod becoming
thicker. (reduction)

Equation at Anode:
Mg(s) → Mg2+(aq) + 2e-

Equation at Cathode:
Ag2+(aq) + 2e- → Cu(s)

Anode is Magnesium because it gives away electrons to the silver rod.

And Silver rod is the Cathode because it is the receiver of electrons.

B.
C.
D. Salt bridge KNO3 is used to complete the circuit of electron flow and to ensure the reaction of
electrolysis does not occur too fast.
2. A. Calcium exists in the ground as calcium rich stones. When rain seeps into the ground,
carbonic acid extracts calcium from the stones and form hydrogen carbonate (Ca(HcO3)2) and
then becomes a part of the water.

B. When CO2 dissolves into water it forms Carbonic acid.

H2O + CO2 = H2CO3

C. Because carbonic acid is a weak acid, it can form two products; carbonates or bicarbonates.
Ex: carbonic acid causes limestone to dissolve, producing calcium bicarbonate.

D. Calcium Carbonate is a product from the following reaction:

Ca(OH)2 + CO2 = CaCO3 + H2O

Carbon Hydroxide + Carbon Dioxide = Calcium Carbonate + Water

E. Method of UV-Vis Spectroscopy

1. Prepare a solution sample and place it between the exit slit.
2. The light source will shine a light through an entrance slit and light will become dispersed
and divided into different light frequency waves.
3. The exit slit will only let out the desired wavelength (in this case, calcium’s wavelength)
which will shine through the sample and then finally to a detector.
4. The detector will detect the intensity of the wavelength of the light and record it.

How to read data:

To measure how much calcium there is quantitavely, we use the Beer-Lambert Law:

A = log10 (Io/I) = εcL

Io = Intensity of light at a given wavelength

I = Instensity of light at a given wavelength after going through sample

ε= constant

c = concentration of sample

L = the path length of the spectroscopy