Edward S. Herman and Noam Chomsky MANUFACTURING CONSENT The Political Economy of the Mass Media TE! AYTIKHE MAKEAONIAE NAPAPTHMA KAZTOPIAE BIBAIOGHKH V VINTAGEThe Iran-contra scandals were blamed on the President’s easygoing habits, though the people had every opportunity to know this was his way of doing things or not doing before they put him in the White House, not once but twice. James Reston They who have put out the People’s eyes, reproach them of their blindness. John MiltonContents Preface xi A Propaganda Model 1 Worthy and Unworthy Victims 37 Legitimizing versus Meaningless Third World Elections: El Salvador, Guatemala, and Nicaragua 87 The KGB-Bulgarian Plot to Kill the Pope: Free-Market Disinformation as ‘“‘News” 143 The Indochina Wars (I): Vietnam 169