Appendix A: WORKING WITH NUMBERS Significant Figures Addition and Subtraction: When adding or subtracting numbers, your answer cannot have more significant figures after the decimal than the smallest number of significant figures after the decimal in any of the numbers ‘used to obtain the answer. For example: 25.678 + 3.45 + 67.2= 96.3 Only 3 significant figures Multiplication and Division: When multiplying or dividing numbers, your answer cannot have more total significant figures than the smallest total number of significant figures in any of the numbers used to obtain the answer. For example: (26.4 N)(1.2m) =32N-+m Only two significant figures ‘These rules are fairly easy to follow until you begin introducing zeros into your equations. Below are some examples using zeros. 700 has only one significant figure (the 7). 700.0 has 4 significant figures (all 4 numbers). 0.0700 has 3 significant figures (the 7 and the two zeros to the right of the 7). 0.007 has only 1 significant figure (the number 7). 7.007 has 4 significant figures (all 4 numbers). Scientific notation may come in handy when working with significant figures. The number 7000, which has only 1 significant figure, can be written as 7.00 X 10° in order to be written with three significant figures. You may also make zeros significant by placing a decimal point at the end. For example, 700 has only one significant figure while 700. has three. Remember, these rules only apply to measured quantities. Quantities that can be counted rather than measured, such as people, coins, etc., are presumed to be an exact number and may be followed by as many zeros after the decimal as needed. Unit Conversions Before you solve an exercise, itis important that all units on the ends of the numbers you are using be in the same system. In this book, most quantities, have been converted into the SI System (Syst8me International), which is the standard system of units in physics. Appendix 247Example: Convert 5 years into seconds. (24h), (60 mint) rere (60s) @y) “@ a 20K Grin pioyan Notice that anything you are trying to eliminate in the numerator must be written in the denominator and vice versa. The units appearing in both the". jy.) tir}? ‘numerator and denominator cancel each other out, as shown bya the slash ~ marks through them. : : ante a, Multiplying the numerators gives: 5 X 365 26 24 x 60 % 60 = oy 680.000; Multiplying the denominators gives: 1 x1 1X1 Final answer: Tees = 157 680 000s Note: This number is not written, : with significant figures. Some Simple Trigonometry Relationships “” ‘The rules of trigonometry are developed with |” i e713 the use of right triangles as shown in the eo i labeled diagram. Using this diagram, you can Xs ee construct trigonometric equations in the / B Pe ee following way. 5 actjatent C 7 7 = _2PPosite poppasite 7 s;,.0 sin O = Fypotenuse =e adjacent 1th sn} Remember, you can only usd the above relationships with right triangles me i hypotenuse of a right triangle is always the longest side.’ : ‘ Some Common Prefixes ‘Mega (M) = 1x 108. ©» centé (6) =1 X 1072, ».., amioro (ju) = 1. 1078 nat tll GQ) = 1.x 1 milli (mm) = 1 x/10~ nano (n)=1X.1079 ss 248 AppendixAppendix B: SELECTED ANSWERS Chapter 1 1. 884m 3. a) 1075 5. -9.00m/s? 7. a)22m/s 9. a) 283 m/s W. 0368 38, 259m Al. 3.78 x 108m ‘AB. a) 1661 m/s >) 37.26ai/h, AS. Tortoise wins by 47 s a7. 5s ‘A9. ~19500m ANB, a) Ls b) The same AIS, 39:m/s" Chapter2 1. 145 kam south 3. 50.N forward 5. 175 m/smortheast 7. 6360 km 9. Horizontal: 752.N Vertical: 274N 11, 400.m/s 18. 87° to horizontal 45, 465m AL. a) 1450 km south ) 1650 km AB. 4..m/s 76" east of north AS Mim 45° north of west ‘AT. Horizontal: 50.N Vertical: 42 N A9. 42m AML 134:m/s ‘13. 1.2m (does not clear) Chapter3 3. 4500N 5. a) -3400N 7. W02N 9. a) 78N a 020 13. 145N 15, 10600 17. 1860N 19. Culp: 15 x 10” N/m?, Vance: 1.0 x 106 N/m? 21. 9) 0079 m? 1) 0.050. m AL 50.N =1400N 100N 0.20 a9 177N 4 ALL 85 ‘A13. 0.080N ‘AI5. a) 37500.N ) 75.000 N/mm? Chapter 4 TP 491 x 10° kg-m/s 3. a) 3750N D)15 x 106N 400 times as great 3:m/s )9.0m/s . 10.3n/s 215 m/s 9.42 m/s 1470 kgrm/s 6080. 50 000 N 1.04m/s, 9. -022 m/s ALL. 17 004m/s Chapter 5 1. a) 14905 3 AN 5. 600] 7. 7Am/s 9. 245 m/s 1 77 13, 280 15. 3) 60 baa 973% AL. 18800] ‘A3. a) 1.610.000) ) 53.700 W 1 040 000) AS. 12] AT. a) 16) ‘49 15200 m AIL 38 AB. 3 Chapter 6 1. 0.0345 3, a) 1.6 m/s 5 a) 063 m/s 7. a) Jessica: 1.3 m/s Julie 0.94 m/s 'b) 0.15 m/s* 9. 25m/s 1. 1.50 x 10-5 NN 13. 0.12N-m 15. a) 17Nup 17. Amita: 384 N vp Orin: 246 N up 19. 9.74 X 10°7 kgm? 2. 54x 10-8 kgm? REBE Stone 23. AL Ag, AS, AD. AS, Au 13. 56m/s 06s 38m 5 a) 22 m/s »)35N a) 5.9 x 10-9 m/s? )3.5 x 10% N toward sun. 0) 35 x 10 N toward Earth Outstretched: 12 Nem Bent: 56N-m_ 15 x 1074 kg-m2 18 m/s Chapter7 1 3. 5 7. 9, u. a. AL a3. AS, Ay. Ag, Au. ‘Twice as large. 9) 9.78 10-9N 2) 1463 xX 10-°N 42x 10% m 1.67 x 10-9 m/s? a) 99 x 10" kg b) 5.0 times ) 618 000 m/s 2) 258 X 104 m/s 1/8100 41x 10-N a) 1.66 x10 2N a) 49x 108 kg 1.33 x 10"? m/s? a) 1340N )3560 m/s Chapter 8 1 3 5 2. 9, 1. AL AB, AS. Ay. Chapt 1 a 5 2 5 n. 1 5 vy, 19 21 AL 2m/s 2h ‘Albert 33 y Henzy 39.5 y 130m 8) 94.450 km 1.0 X 1079 kg, ‘15.m/s same direction Bay 1390 m 108} ter 9 a) 710. kg/m? 1.76 x 10-9 kg, 1.3 x 108N/m? 5.3 X 1079 m* 2)30x 10m 42X10 Pa 1330 kg/m? Lan 050m Decreases by 314 mo 0.015 m3 880 kg/m? Appendix 249