Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Chapter 2 PDF
Chapter 2 PDF
2·5-· tet y aodndenotea website ti'.at oontainssnddoes not contain banner ads.
n.e sample space is the set of a lI possible SO!QUences ofy and n of lengtlt :l4. An o:ampJe o-.:.tcome in t~.e sample spaoe isS = {yyJmynm•mtynynrumyynnyy}.
2·11. S = {l.O,l.l,l.2,...14.0}
PRESS I 2
, 2 3 •I ~ 8
2·17. Lct caodbdeooteoonoect and bu;;y, respecthl!ly. Th.e:nS = {c. be. bbc.bbbc. bbbbc. .. .).
b)
c)
A B
c
d)
•l
1~1. .a) l.ct S = tlt.i! oonncg.athoe integers from o to tf!.e largest integer that can bedispl a~'ed by tlti'sca!e.
l.d X deootet he wcight.
.4 is tltet'\l:nt that X> u Sis thef!\"Cnt tf!.at X s 15 C is thef!\"Cnt tf!.at8 s X <12
S = ~O.l , :1..3... .)
b) s
<:) n<X~l50rh:i,l3.14,l5~
d ) Xs uor~O.l,!!,. .•, ll}
e) S
g) "
h) 8' oontains tf!.e\'alu.esofX sn.<:hthat X> 1.;. n.erefore. 8' (')Cis t.Jt.e emptyset. n.ey ha\oe oooutoomes inoom.monor fl.
i) 8 rtCis the C\~t 8 s X <12. Tlterefore,.4. U (B(')C) is thct'\'t'llt X~ 8or {8. 9, 10 ....}
2·:!j. ldd .and odcoote a distorted bit and one that is oot distortcd(odeootesokay). resp.."-cth"C!y.
dddd,dodd,oddd,oodd,
S= dddo, dodo)oddo)oodo)
a)
ddod,dood,odod,oood,
ddoo, dooo, odoo, oooo
dddd,dodd,
dddo,dodo
c) A,=
ddod,dood
ddoo,dooo
oddd,oodd,
oddo,oodo)
d) ..t;= odod,oood,
odoo,oooo
e) A1(\4.21'\"*ll'\"4 = {dddd)
0 '41!"\4>)U'43'"""') = ldddd.dcdd.dddo.oddd.ddod.oodd.ddooi
{d) .4 UB = {PPP.NNN}
...._,
.....
e
c
G
•
• G
., •
' 0
~-.Jl . l.etgdeoote.a good board, rna board with miootdefects. .andj .a board with major defects.
a) S= {gg.gm .g}.mg.mm.mj.Jg,Jm.JJ>
b) S=(gg.gm.gJ, mg.mm.mJ.Jg.Jm~
2-·.'}3. a)
batch 2
72.5
b,jch 1
b)
bodch 2
52.5
tl&tCil1
c)
betcll 2
52.5
72.5
botch 1
d)
72.5
14 0 140 1
2-4l. a) Ftomtqt;:ation2-4. th-enumherofs.ample.sofs.i7.efive is[ ]= = 41696 5528
5 5!1 35 !
b) Tht:rea.rt'lO '<NI)'Sofselectingoneooooonformingc~.ipandth;erearc [I 4
30
]= IJO! = ) 1358880 ''<I)'S ofselecting four
4 !126 !
c) n~ numberofsamplesthatoontainat leastone oonoonformir.gchip is tit<! total number ofsamples [ ~40Jminus tt~ numberofsamplts
tt~toontainno nonoonfonnir.gchips [ 130].Thatis [140 ] - [1 30) = 14 0! - 130!
!1 13072 1752.
5 5 5 5 113 5 1 5 25 1
7!
a) - - = 2 lsequDOESarcpos.slble.
2 !5 !
71
b) - - -· - - = 2520sequell<:<Sarepossible.
I !I! I !I !I !2!
c) 6! = 720 seqneooesar.: possible.
3
1-45. a) from t.r.e multiplication rule,10 = 1000 prftixe:sare possible.
b) From tr.e multiplication rule.8x:tx10 = 160 are possible.
c) E'l:ryarrangement ofthree:digjtsselected from fl!.e tO d ig its results ina pos.slbJe:-prdix.
10 I0!
P1 = - = 720prefixesarepossible.
7!
viscosityis
6][18] 6 !
-X -18!
[I J 1!5! 3!15!
=- -= 4 896.Therefore:, theprobabilitris
4896 = 0 .46 1
10626
~= 0.0082
1225
::!·.5.5· a) P(A) = 04
b) P(8) = 08
c) P\K)=0.6
d) P(AVB)= t
e) P(.-\r'l 8) = 0:2
2·57· a) l/U)
b) .5/10
{b) There are ,36 o:perimeots that use a ll three st eps. Tlte probabilitytlt.e best NSn!t uses aJI three steps is j6/52. = OJ>!)ij.
(c) No. it will oot change:. Withkamo u.nts io tlte firststeptt.enumberofo:pctiments isk + jk 4 9k = 1jk. Tt:.e number ofexperiments thst
oomplcteaJI three s teps i s'!).~ out ofljk. Tlte probabilityis9/ l.3 = Ofl9::!j.
2·71.5 TotaJ number of pnssibletks.igns is9QO. Thessmplespaoeofa ll pnssibletks.igns t.hst may besrenoo fhoe visits. This space contains
900 o utcomes..
Tt.e. number o(outcome.; iowllic:hall fhoe\isitsaredifferent esn be obtained as follo\.,.'S. Ootlte first \is.it anyone of900 designs m3)' be seen. On t.lte second
\isit there are 89-') remaining design~. On th~ third visit tllere are 898 remaining design.<:. On the fourth and fifth \isits there are 897 ar.d 81)6 remaining
n'esigns. respecti\'cly. From the multiplication rute. the number of outcomes ~·here all designs are d ifferent is qoo•8t)q•8t)a•SQ7•8q6. Therefore. tlt. e
probability that a design is oot seen again is
:!·73· a) F(Af""'B) =(l70+443""60)/849'J=0.0791
bl PIA'l = <'s- 363-309 ~ m •39l/8493 = ,rm/8493 = 0.1969
c) P(A U 8) = (l685·•<}733""l403•2•l4+:!9+46 ...j)/849j = {>915/8493 = 0.814:!
d) P(AU B') = (168; •1•8- ;) • 3733 ~ (363- 14)-{309- '9)- 1403 ~ (9j$ - 46) ~ 139- 3))/8493 = 8399/8493 = 0.9889
e) P{A' f""'8') = (:!8- 2 • 363-14 • j06- 29 • m- 46 + 39- 3V&93 = 1578,/8<$9;3 = !U858
d) 345/370
:l-Sj. RA) = n~/204 = 0-54~. P{B) = 9'J/W4 = 04.510, f't.>\ f""'8) = (40• 16)j:l04 = 0 .2745
a) fttt U8) =it'\).._ f\:8) -llA f"'\8) = 0-5490 • 04510 -0.-1745 = 0 .7~
b) lt4f18') = {1~ • 44)/204 = O.:l745and/t-1 U8') = f(.4) • ~')- /t-1 f""'B') = 0..:;4~ • {l- 04510)- 0 .2745 = 0.82:).5
c) 1\:.4' U8') = 1 - f\:-4. f"'\8) = 1 -0.2745 = 0 .7255
:l-8.5. P(A) = 43:29/2:225:!= 0 .1945. P(B) = 953/:!:225:!= 0 .04:!8, P(Af""'B) = it$.1/ :!M.S.:l = 0 .0109,
P{A() B') = {984~3103)/"'5' = 0.1837
:l.·Bi). let A deoote theC'X!Ot tf!.Ata leafoomplet...s theoolor transformation and Jet 8 denote t.heeo.oe:nt IJ!At a leafoompletl'.i the te:xt~:-raJ
transformation. The total number ofo:periments is :;oo.
:l-9$. lrtA denote tlt-ceo.oent that a d olys is is high and let 8 deootet.heeo.l!nt that pntrefactinn is high. TJt.etotal number of experiments is 100.
1·107. l.et Fd.enote theewmt tJ!.at .:~connector fa ilsand" let W d.eootetlt.-e:C\'tnt theta connector is ,,·et.
~H09. let Rdeoote tlte~ tJ!.sta product exhibits surface rouglmess. Let N,A.and Wdeoote ft,t:f!\"ents that tt.e. blades are new,a\"l'f"ilge.aOO
worn. re.specthoely. Tt~D.
P(R) = P(R(N)P(N)" P(R(A)P{A) • P(R(W)P(\V)
={O.OlX0.2_;) • (0 .03)(6.60) + ( o .o.;XI'US)
=CJ.M.S
~-llj. tet A and 8 deootethcf:\'t'llt t~.a t the first andseonod part selected P.asexoessh'l'shrinkage. respecth'Ciy.
2·115.
0
success fajlure st~mp&e size St~mple percentnge, conditiont~J
suceess rnt&
large stone 192 71 263 75% 73%
small stone 81 6 87 25% 93%
overnJI summary 273 77 350 100% 78%
PN
success fDilure sampfe size Silmple pe.rcenta~ conditional succes.s rate
large stone 55 25 so 23% 69%
small stone 234 36 270 77% 83%
overall summary 289 61 350 100% 83%
Tt.e.overaJI suocess rntedependson tJt.e snooess rates for each stone size group. but also the probabilityoftf!.egroups. {tis tf!.e weig.htedaverageoft!u:
groupsuocess rt~tewcighted bythegroupsizeas follov.'S
P{O\wall snoctSS) = P(s"llOCeSSI l argestone)~l arge stone)) .a. P(s-uooe:ssj small stone)P(s:mall stone).
For open surgery, the dominant group (large stone) has a smaller suoor.ss ratewhile for PN, the dominant group{small stone) h:asa larger suoor.ss rate.
:H17. P(A) = 43:2:~/2-i:!.S2 = 0.1945. P(8) = 953/2-i:!.S2 = 0.0428
a ) P(Afl 8) = P{,.-\ j 8)P(8) = (l42/953X9.;j./21-2.52) = 0 .0109
b) P(AU 8) = P(A) ~ P(8) - P(Afl 8) = 0 .1945 ~ 0.0428-0.0109 = 0.2264
c) F(A'U 8' ) = 1- P(Afl 8) = 1-0.0109 = 0.9891
d) P(..-\) = P(A I B)P(B) ~ F(A I B')P(8') ={242/953X953/2:22-S2) - (408]/1l29'JX2l:!'!)9/22'2.;2) = 0.1945
:1.-u9. P(A) = (168.; • 373;1-140.3)/8493 = o.SO~p. P(8) = h70 • 2 ~ « l - 14- 29 ~ 60 • 46- 3)/8493 = 0.0903
a ) P(Ar'l 8) = 1'(8 1A)f'( A) = (67j/6821X68;>/8493l = 0.0,92
b) P(AU 8) = P{,.-\) ~ P{8) - P(Afl 8) = 0 .80,'p ~ 0 .0903- 0 .07'1)2 = 0.8142
c) P(A'U 8') = 1- P(:\ fl 8) = 1-0.0792 = 0:0208
2-121. l.et Rdeoote red oolor and Fdenote that tlte font sit.(' is oot the smallest. Tlti!n P(R) = t/4. P(F) = 4/.;. Becatse tr.e Websitesa.regtt'IE:Nited
randomJy tltese t\l!llts are iodepeodent.
Therefore, P(R() F) = P(R)P(f) = b/4)(4/Sl = 0 .2
2-12..5. a) ~ I A) =4/499and
:!·12?. a) P(Afl 8 )= 22/100, P(A) = j0/100, P(8) = 77/100, n.-en P(Afl 8 ) $ P(A)P(B), tr..ttt:fore.Aand Bare oot independent.
b) P(8)A) = P(A() 8)1P(A) = (:>'I>OO )If30I>OO ) = 0 .733
:H:l9. {tis useful to work oncoftheseo:erciscswitheare to illustratetf!.e l a\~"'Sof probabiJity. {.et Hi deoote tl:-ee\'ent t hat t~.e ith:s.amp!e
oontaim l>~gh J e-.~sof~nta~inati ~n.
. a) P(H1 () H2 0 ~ () H4 () H5 ) = P(H1 )P(fl, )P(~ )P(H4 )P(H5 )
. . .
by lrxiepeodeoce.Also,JV/i) = 0:9..Thetdore. ti'IA'!answcr LS0.9 = 0-59
, b) A, =(H,r'lfla()~()H4r'lH;l
A; =(H1f'\H,r'lH3 nH4 nH5,)
Aj = (H11"\ H21"\ Hjr'l ~ () H5.)
A4 =<H,nH,n~nH4nH5 l
A.;= (H1 fl H2 fl ~(I H4 fl H )
5
Thclcqucsttd probability is tr.e probabilit;'oft.Jt.e u.nionA1U A 2U ~U A4U A.; aDd fl..ese~'ellts a re mnttallyo:clush'f:.Aiso. by-independence P(.-\j) =
0.9 (0.1) = 0 .0656. n.erefore. tf!.earuv.·er 1s .;(o.o6.;6) = Oj:28.
c) U:t 8 deoote tf.eel.'ent tt-.at nosam_p!eoontains high !e-.'clsofcontamination. TJ!..e l'«!.l+'('St ed _probability is P(8') = 1 • P(8). From p.art (a),
P(B') = 1 -0-59 = 041.
~Hjl . (a) l£t I and(; deootean infest edaOOgood sample. There are 3 ways to obtain font oonsealtivt .s.amplessh.o\rillg. t!u:s.ig,nsohft.e
infesta~on:J lliGG. GJlllG. GGill l . T"'-~ore. the probability is
jx{0.2 0 .8 ) = 0 .00:}0?2.
{b) Tlt.cre are 10 h·ayst oobtainthreeout of four oonst<:llti\ttsamp!esshov,.;ng tlt.esig,nsofinfesta tion. The probability is 10x(0.23 • o.s3) =
0 .0409(>.
:Hjj. (a )T~.e -proba hi !ity that one teclmician obtains equivsJcoce ~t 100 ml. is o .1.
So tlte probability-that both techni cia~obta in f:<!.nivsJmcea t 100 mLisO.l = 0.01.
(b) The probabilitytl!.at ooeteclmicianobtains oqui\'aleoct b.."t\\o'OOJ,Saod l04 mLis 0.71
So tl.e probabilitytltat both technicians obtain cquiW~J eoce betv.·een 98 and 104 mLis0.7 = 049.
'
(c) The probability-that the a\'el''llgc\'Oiume at equh-a!eooe from tr.e technician is 100 mLis9(0.l ) = 0.09.
[!r
:l·l$.5. l.et Ad-eoote tit~~ lft.at a sample is ptoduoed ineavityoneoftr..e mold.
b) l.et Sj be tlt-c~oent that a U fh'f:sa.mplcsarcprodooed inc,nity i. lkca.use tlte s ·sare m~tusl!y('XclllSh'f:. P{81U 8:1U ... U 8g) = P(81) ~
r. r
1'(8,)• ... • P(8g).
2·139· P(A) = ~~9/:1:2252 = O.t()tt.;. P{B) = 953/:1:22.;2 = 0.0428. P(Afl 8) = :142/2::!.2.;2 = 0 .0109
Because P(A)•P(8) = {0.1945X0.0428) = 0.0083 '* 0.0109 = P(Afl 8),Aand Bare oot iodepcndmt.
section 2-1
2-145. (a) P = {o~pX0 .9]8) ~ (0.27)(0.981) ... {0.21X0.96.;)- {0.13X0:992) ... {o.o8X0.959) = 0.9Jf)j8
P( DiL) - P(LiD)P( D)
- P(Li A)P(A)+ P(LI B)P(B)+ P(Li C)P(C)+ P(LI D)P(D)
=~~~~~~~~(0_
. 0~
55~
9)~~~-~~
~~5~)~~--~~~~
co.o368)(0.2378J +co.oJ 86xo.J 142J + (0.0436)(0.2535> + co.o559)(o. 1945)
= 0.2540
'2-·l.)j. Oeoot eas follov.--s: A= affiliat esite.S =search s ite, 8 =blue. G =green.
p SiB = P( BiS)P(S)
( ) P(BIS)P(S) +P(BIA)P( A)
( 0=-'.4"'
= -:-:--:-:-:" )(.::0.:'-'7):-:-:--=-
(0.4)(0.7) + (0.8)(0.3)
= 0.5
Suetplemefltal ExertGeS
.i·l.S9· I f A,B,Care mutv.ailyo:clu.si'-'!. t.Jt.en P{ AV 8 V C) = P(A) ... P{B)- P(C) = Oj +!14 - !1..; = l .i. wh.ichgreater t.hanl. Therefore. P{A).
P(B).and P(C)ca.nnot «tnaJ tlt.egi\l!OvaJ!les.
'2-·l6l. {a) P(th.~ first one selected is not ionized)= 2.0/lOO = 0 .::!:
(b) P(tt.eseoond is oot ioniz.edghl!n the first one\\-as. ionized)= .iOf<» = 0 .2.0:!
(c) P(bothareionit.ed)
= P(th.~ first one selected i s i onized) x P(th.o:sooond is iooiudg.h'f!fl the first ooe.was i onized)
= (80 /100))( {79/99) .. ().(~8
{d) l f ssmpless.elected "'·ere replacOO prior to t lw: nv:t selection,
P(theseooOO i.s not i oniud gh 'i:ntlte first one was ioniud) = 'i0/ 100 = 0.2.
n.e C\oentoftft..i! first selection and ibe t'\'ttlt oftl'.e .secood selection a re indepmdent.
'2-·l6,l. a) P(..-\) = 0.!13
b) P(A.) = 0.97
c) P{BIA) =040
d) P(B!A.) = i).O_;
e) I'{ A () B)= I'{ B!A )P(A) = (040XO.OJ) = 0.012
0 I'{ A() B .)= I'{ B' lA )P{A) = (0.60XO.OJ) = 0 .018
g ) P(B) = P( B!A )P(A) • P( BfA .)P(A.) = (040X0.03) +(O.O;X0.97) = 0.0(>05
1PO
2.-16..;. {a) P= 1--{1-0.002.) = 0 .18143
l 2
(b) P=0 (0.998 )0.002 = 0 .005976
100 10
{c) P= 1-l(l-c).i)O:l) I = il.86494
, , ~H67. l.et Ai denote thee-vent that t.J!f ith readback issltOO!'.SSful. Byiode-pend..."'llle,
P(Al 1""'1A:!1"1Aj) = P~ltl )P(A2)PfA_:J) = (0.02) = 0.000008.
~H7t . l£t Dj ¬e the~t that the prima ryfaiJu.re mode i.s type i and let A &oote tf!.et'\..-:nt that a board passes the tes.t. The sample space isS
= M.,A.· 0 1• .4.' D2.if D ,A' D4.•4' D ) .
3 5
i ·173· -a) P(A) =-l9/l00 = 0 .19
b) P(Af"' 8) =.15/100 = 0 .15
c) P(f>1'U E,' U E:)'l = P{f>J')" P(E, ') " P!E:)'l- P(f>!' () E, ') • P(E1' () 8:)~ • P(E,' () E:)'l" P(E1' () E,' () E:)'l = 40/ :140
d) P(E1r'\ E,r'\ f~) = 200/ :140
e) P(F.1U Ejl = P(E1) - P(F-3)- P(E1r'\ f-3) = :134/ :140
0 P(E1U E,U E,jl = 1- P(E1' () E,'() ~') = 1-0 = 1
::!.·177. tet Ai denote tf:.CE'\l:llt t".at tlt~ ith: bolt selected is oot torqnOO. to t.Jt.e proper limit.
a) TJt.en,
~ ~
= [: ][: ][:: ][ l
~~ = 0.282.
b) tet 8 denote the~t that at least oneoftltesclt\":ted bolts are oot properlytof"<ll+'ed. Tft.liS, 8' is t.Jt.eE'\'E'nt that aJI bolts are properly
torqued. Then,
(9 lS )7
P(B) = I - P(B') = I- [ 15)[14][13][1 2] = 0. ,d 8.
20
~!-!79. A1 = bytelephooe,A2 =website: P(Al) = 0.9::!. P(A2) = 0.9.;:
Byindt'prndenct P(AlU A::!_)=- P(Al)'"' P(..•\a)- P(.o\l(') A::!_) = 0.9::!. - 0.9.; - 0 .92{0.9.;) = 0 .9!)6.
::!.-181. tet 0 denote the C\~t t.Jt.at a container is inoorrectlyfilled and let H deootethcE'\'t'llt t~.a t a oontaioer is fi lled undcr l;ig.h-spood operotion.
Then,
a) P(O) = P(DIH )P(H)" P(D)H")P(ff) = O.O!(OJO), 0.00!(0.70) = 0.0037
c) l.et A represent l.ttf!\'E'trt that tlt.e two items NOT inspected are oot def«:ti\'c. n.en.
P(A) = b:J/7.;X7i/ 74) = 0.947.
l
is.
::!.-191. l.e1.4i deootetJt.e e\~nt that the itn tO\\· operates. Then.
P(A,) = 0 .98.P!Ao) ={0.99X0.99) = 0 .9801,P(A3l = 0.9801, 1'(.....) = 0.98.
Tr.e probability the cim:.it does not operate is
~t'1 lit'<> )Jt4~ )Jt'\t) = {o.g;Xo.<ll99X0.0199XO.OO)
: l,s8XU)
-8
(b) P = {1- 0.9.3X1- 0 .91)l1- 0 .97Xl-0.9Q)(l- o.91)X1- 0 .9:}) = a.(>46x 10
{c) P = 1- (l - 0.91)(1 -0.97)(1- 0 .9 0) = O :!>~m3
7
::!.·195· {a) .}6
6
{b) Number of p.."'tlnutatiomofsix letters is ::!.-6 • Nuty,ber ofw-ays to select one number = 10. Number of positions among tr.esi>: letters to
platt tft.eooe number= 7. Number of passwords= ::!.6 x 10 x 7.
5 •
(c) ::!6 10
~-197. (a) letAdeooteth.at a partoontOrms tospecificationund let Bdeootea simplcoomponent.
For supplier 1:
P{A) = !<}8.~/1000 = M94
For supplier~ :
I'<Al = 19!)0/ zooo = o .99s
{b)
For supplier 1: P(AlB.) = 9!)0/!000 = 0 .99
For supplier~ : P(..;\!8.) = 394/400 = 0 .91).:;
{c)
For supplier 1: P(Af8) = ~/1000 = 0 .998
For supplier~: P(AIB) = ts(}&/1600 = 0 .997.5
{d) TlteunUSt!AI result is that for both a simp!eoomponentand for a oomplex assembly. supplier 1 h:asa greater probabilityth:ata part
oonforms to specifications. HO\\'tl.'er.supplier 1 has a lower probabilityofoonfonnanoeCM!taU. TJ!.eo\Willl oonforming probabilityd'epeods
on bothtt.e:oonfonning probabilityof eaclt pa.rt type and also tft.e probabiJityofeach part type.Supplier 1 prodllCES moreoftt.e:oomplo:
partssot.hato~ll oonfonnanoefromsupplier 1 is lo,<~er.
ll 0 .4"
0.4
2 0. 16
3 0.064
T'*:tefore. n = 3
b) Tft.e requ-ESted probability is theoomplcmcnt oft.r.e proOObilityrequ.csted in part a ). Therefor-e. n = 3
P(AnB) = ka ka
(k + 1)a + (k + 1)b (k + 1X(I + b)
Tl>en.