113. 11-4, 1s. 11-6. PROBLEMS . A granular material is observed being dumped from a conveyor belt. It formed a conical pile with about the same slope angle, 1.8 horizontal to 1 vertical. What can you say about the material? . A battery tiller 1s filled with a medium rounded sand in the densest state possible. Every effort is made to keep the sand saturated. A transparent tube allows observation of the water level in the battery filler. What will happen to the water level, if anything, as the bulb is squeezed very hard? Why? Would it ‘matter if the sand were loose? Explain. You are climbing up a large sand dune west of Yuma, Arizona. The slope angle is 33°. In what compass direction are you travel- ing? Don't forget the declination! The principal stress ratio for a drained test at failure was 4.60. What was the probable relative density of the sand? Derive Eq. 11-3. A direct shear test is conducted on a fairly dense sample of Franklin Falls sand from New Hampshire. The initial void ratio was 0.668, The shear box was 76 mm square, and initially the height of the specimen was 11 mm. The following data were collected during shear. Compute the data needed and plot the usual curves for this type of test. Vernal Todasatal ——“Fackueas—‘Wontaia Load Displacement Change ‘Losd any =m) (am) o 225 309 336 ° (constant) 892 34 356 30 332 mm a4 331 1016 192 333 vas 118 339 tess, 638 343 170 309 3.65 144 (Alter Taylor, 1948.) /. A conventional triaxial compression test is conducted on a sample of dense sand from Ft. Peck Dam, Montana. The initial area of the test specimen was 10 cm? and its initial height was 70 mm. Initial void ratio was 0.605. The following data were observedProblems on during shear. First, calculate the average area of the specimen, assuming itis a right circular cylinder at all tines during the test Then make the calculations necessary to plot the axial stress versus axial strain and volumetric strain versus axial strain curves for thie tect. Assuming o’ = 0, what is 6’? a ‘Chamber stain Dit Time Pressure Elapsed ee errs fatal Laat sec. (psi) mm (10? ind ec Nib) rT 200 . © Gos as) iD 53 G10 1% 3M ss Se G2) 12 a (ab) a0 2B tr am ~ 505 am 290 sto 0G) 366 I) si 659) 456983 Ga 20 wo21 2) Sa yma 29 60) 7308 GM) “0 532) ss) cee VS Ancien (Aer Taylor, 1948.) 11-8. The results of two CD triaxial tests at different confining pressures con a medium dense, cohesionless sand are summarized in the table below. The void ratios of both specimens were approximately the TatNo.2 (ee = 2000 Pa) Volumetric ~ ° = 068 F a2 ae +060 | 250 = 10 : 6 wt vies | 436 -2 6st oo +294 | 600 = 336 sa 08 aro | 736 -3m wos 370 +510 | 956 ~an 23 ae ten | wa =a = us) 333 +633 | 32 ~ 471 169 2 tem | us lam 183 318 +704 | 168 =40 204 08 +7m | 186 = 496 5 = 501 (Alter A. Casagrande)9. Shear Strength of Sande and Clays same at the start of the test. Plot on one set of axes the principal stress difference versus axial strain and volumetric strain (Eq. 11-4) versus axial strain for both tests, Estimate the initial tangent modulus of deformation, the “50%” secant modulus, and the strain at failure for each of these tests. For the two tests of Problem 11-8, determine the angle of internal friction of the sand at (a) peak compressive strength, (b) at ultimate compressive strength, and (c) at 5% axial strain. Com- ments? GHD A sana is nydrostatically consolidated in a wiaxial test apparatus ll. 1-12, 1-13, neta, 11-16. to 420 kPa and then sheared with the drainage valves open. At failure, (0, — 05) 18 104 ka. Determine the major and minor principal stresses at failure and the angle of shearing resistance. Plot the Mohr diagram. (This problem should be followed by the next one.) The same sand as in Problem 11-10 is tested in a direct shear apparatus under a normal pressure of 420 kPa. The sample fails when a shear stress of 280 kPa is reached. Determine the major and minor principal stresses at failure and the angle of shearing resistance. Plot the Mohr diagram. Explain the differences, if any, of these values with those obtained in the preceding problem. Indicate the orientations of the major principal stress, the minor Principal strece, and the failure plane af the teste in Probleme 11-10 and 11-11. ‘A granular soil is tested in direct shear under a normal stress of 300 kPa. The size of the sample is 7.62 em in diameter. Ifthe soil to be tested is a dense sand with an angle of internal friction of 42°, determine the size of the load cell required to measure the shear force with a factor of safety of 2 (that is, the capacity of the load cell should be twice that required to shear the sand). ‘The stresses induced by a surface load on a loose horizontal sand layer were found to be o, = 4.62 kPa, 1, = 1.32 kPa, 0, = 2.90 kPa, and 7, = ~ 1.32 kPa. By means uf Muli ciseles, determine if such a state of stress is safe. Use Eq. 10-11 for the definition of factor of safety. Ir die saute atucas Louditivns as in Problem 1-14 act om a very dense gravelly sand, is such a state safe against failure? ‘The effective normal stresses acting on the horizontal and vertical planes in a silty gravel soil are 1.91 MPa and 3.18 MPa, respec-