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Bruno Quercia Barros: Afogamento
Bruno Quercia Barros: Afogamento
AFOGAMENTO
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American Journal of Emergency Medicine xxx (2016) xxx–xxx
Correspondence
To the Editor, taking place throughout the entire drowning process [5,6]. With that
in mind, a group of trauma researchers with expertise in drowning
Drowning is one of the major causes of trauma [1]. Estimates indicate met to design a new model for the systematic interpretation of the
that 372 000 deaths from drowning occur per year worldwide. However, drowning process. A first draft of the model was submitted to a working
the real figure is likely to be much larger because many cases are fre- group of 57 drowning, flood, and crisis management researchers and
quently unreported. For example, in low- and middle-income countries, practitioners from different agencies and countries. The working
many victims of drowning never make it to the hospital [1], preventing group cross-checked the robustness of the model against real drowning
the official recording of the incident. In high-income countries, inconsis- cases from different aquatic scenarios and suggested improvements
tent use of International Classification of Disease codes or misinterpreta- and corrections. A revised version was presented and debated at the
tion of drowning deaths at the hospital results in some cases of fatal World Conference on Drowning Prevention 2015 in Penang, Malaysia,
drowning not being classified as such [2,3]. Furthermore, because and subsequent adjustments were made following further discussion
drowning statistics are typically derived from resuscitation attempts with experts.
[4] and hospitalizations, the real burden of drowning is further The iterative process used for the establishment of the model
underestimated because such sources of information exclude most here proposed allowed the clarification of all drowning phases, their
nonfatal cases. triggers, and associated actions, as well as the establishment of their
Despite continuous advancements in policy, standardized drowning chronological sequence in alignment with the experts' perception
data collection systems are still lacking. Issues remaining include of the sequence of events during the drowning process. The new
(1) marked differences in the definitions, terminology, and data collec- systematic model is presented in the Figure, and its components are
tion methods used by local, national, and international agencies [5,6] detailed in the Table.
and (2) lack of consistent bilateral communication of drowning data As with other types of trauma, the lack of clear-cut distinctions
between prevention, rescue, and life-support services and downstream between preevent, event, and postevent, as well as between triggers,
care entities. In addition to contributing to the underreporting of actions, and interventions, hampers the systematic collection of
drowning cases, this lack of a global approach reduces our understand- drowning-related data. This, in turn, has severe impacts on the quality
ing of the drowning process and obstructs data comparison, effectively of the estimates of the global burden of drowning and consequently
compromising the outcome of drowning events [3]. on the effectiveness of drowning prevention strategies.
Injury prevention models such as the Haddon Matrix [7] have been The new systematic model of drowning here presented resolves the
used in the context of drowning in an attempt to address the issues inadequacies of previous injury prevention models when applied to the
abovementioned. However, in 2002, drowning was redefined as “the drowning context and reinforces the primary role of prevention in the
process of experiencing respiratory impairment from submersion or effort to tackle drowning injuries worldwide. By reflecting the opinion
immersion in liquid,” with 3 possible outcomes: death, survival with of a large number of experts in drowning, it also represents a major
morbidity, and survival with no morbidity. This redefinition was step toward a global consensus on the chronological sequence of the
adopted by the World Health Organization in 2005 [8]. The wider drowning process. In addition, by specifying unambiguous definitions
scope of drowning brought about by the new definition and the fact of triggers, actions, and interventions, it provides the necessary tools
that these models have been developed for other types of trauma for a more effective deployment of resources; better coordination
mean that they can no longer be considered efficient for the systematic between all drowning prevention, rescue, and treatment actors; the
interpretation of the drowning process. establishment of adequate prevention strategies; and for the measure-
In this context, the proposed drowning timeline aims at reframing ment of future cost-benefit ratios related to outcomes in terms of public
drowning by providing a detailed description of the revised phases of health, financial, political, and social impacts.
the drowning process, highlighting triggers, actions, and interventions
in a concise manner, with a strong focus on preventive measures. David Szpilman MD
Studies show that there is little consensus among authors regarding Brazilian Lifesaving Society–SOBRASA
drowning terminology and the time and importance of the actions Civil Defense, Rio de Janeiro City, RJ, Brazil
Drowning Resuscitation Centre
Fire Department of Rio de Janeiro (CBMERJ)–GMAR
☆ Acknowledgments: The contribution of all experts taking part in the working group and International Drowning Research Alliance–IDRA
in the World Conference on Drowning Prevention 2015, especially the Board of Directors of Corresponding author at: Avenida das Américas 3555, bloco 2, sala 302
the Brazilian Lifesaving Society (SOBRASA), was determinant for the quality of this study. Rui
Seabra was funded by the project MARINFO (NORTE-01-0145-FEDER-000031), supported
Barra da Tijuca, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil, 22631-003
by Norte Portugal Regional Operational Programme (NORTE 2020) under the PORTUGAL Tel.: +55 21 99983951; fax: +55 24307168
2020 Partnership Agreement through the European Regional Development Fund. E-mail addresses: david@szpilman.com; szpilman@globo.com
Please cite this article as: Szpilman D, et al, Drowning timeline: a new systematic model of the drowning process, Am J Emerg Med (2016), http://
dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ajem.2016.07.063
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http://portalsaude.saude.gov.br
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http://portalsaude.saude.gov.br
REFERÊNCIA BIBLIOGRÁFICA
www.ils.org www.sobrasa.org
REFERÊNCIA BIBLIOGRÁFICA
Ten.Cel BM Médico RR CBMERJ
www.szpilman.com/
Dr David Szpilman
CONCEITO
Segundo a Organização Mundial de Saúde:
www.glsrp.org
Reconhecimento do Afogamento
www.glsrp.org
Providenciar Flutuação
www.wikihow.com
Remoção da Água
Providenciar Atendimento se necessário
CLASSIFICAÇÃO
AVALIAÇÃO
GRAU
INTERVENÇÃO
MANEJO
SOBREVIVÊNCIA
RESGATE
• RESPONSIVO + AR NORMAL + SEM TOSSE;
• NENHUM;
• SOBREVIDA 100%.
GRAU I
• RESPONSIVO + AR NORMAL + COM TOSSE;
• SOBREVIDA 100%.
GRAU II
• RESPONSIVO + AR ANORMAL COM ESTERTORES EM ALGUNS CAMPOS
PULMONARES;
• SOBREVIDA 99%.
GRAU III
• RESPONSIVO + AR ANORMAL COM ESTERTORES EM TODOS OS CAMPOS
PULMONARES + PA NORMAL;
• SOBREVIDA 95-96%.
GRAU IV
• RESPONSIVO + AR ANORMAL COM ESTERTORES EM TODOS OS CAMPOS
PULMONARES + HIPOTENSÃO OU CHOQUE;
• SOBREVIDA 78-82%.
GRAU V [PR]
• IRRESPONSIVO + V.O.S. + SE RESPIRA, ASCULTAR. SE NÃO RESPIRA, 5
VENTILAÇÕES DE RESGATE E CHECAR PULSO CAROTÍDEO + TEM PULSO;
• SOBREVIDA 56-69%.
GRAU VI [PCR]
• IRRESPONSIVO + V.O.S. + SE RESPIRA, ASCULTAR. SE NÃO RESPIRA, CINCO
VENTILAÇÕES DE RESGATE E CHECAR PULSO CAROTÍDEO + SEM PULSO + COM
TEMPO DE SUBMERSÃO INFERIOR A 1H SEM ÓBVIA EVIDÊNCIA FÍSICA DE MORTE;
• SOBREVIDA 7-12%.
MORTE
• IRRESPONSIVO + V.O.S. + SE RESPIRA, ASCULTAR. SE NÃO RESPIRA, CINCO
VENTILAÇÕES DE RESGATE E CHECAR PULSO CAROTÍDEO + SEM PULSO + COM
TEMPO DE SUBMERSÃO SUPERIOR A 1H OU ÓBVIA EVIDÊNCIA FÍSICA DE MORTE;
• NENHUMA;
• AVALIAÇÃO DO IGP/IML;
• SOBREVIDA 0%.
Importância da Classificação em Grau de
Afogamento
GRAU/BOA, 2015
“In Water Resuscitation”
(IWR)
“In Water Resuscitation”
(IWR)
“In Water Resuscitation”
(IWR)
10 (Dez)
Ventilações
Iniciais de Resgate
www.szpilman.com/
“In Water Resuscitation”
(IWR)
• BOCA A BOCA
www.sobrasa.org.br
“In Water Resuscitation”
(IWR)
Marimar, 2016
Areia da Praia/Borda da Piscina
ERC, 2015
Pré-Hopitalar
• SBV/SAV
Pré-Hopitalar
• SBV/SAV
Hospitalar
• Manutenção do ABCDE
• Requeacimento Ativo
• ECMO
• Requeacimento Ativo
Piterest, 2016
Hospitalar
I-STAT, 2016
Pediatria
S.O.S.
DÚVIDAS