By the end of this live online course, you’ll understand:

Machine learning concepts and where ML fits in within the artificial intelligence
ecosystem
Systems thinking concepts and why systems thinking is important in machine learning
projects
The workflow for developing machine learning tools
Machine learning types and common algorithms by project goal
Common pitfalls for building and validating models
How to use systems thinking tools such as system archetypes, the iceberg model, and
causal loop diagrams for defining system patterns to avoid common pitfalls of deploying
production-ready machine learning tools
How to develop a roadmap for your machine learning project

And you’ll be able to:

Clarify the question to be answered with machine learning

Identify adequate datasets
Prepare and clean datasets
Validate models and evaluate for overfitting and bias
Deploy models in production
Monitor and adjust to changes with anomaly detection
Define a system’s archetype, the common and recurring patterns of a system
Recognize features by cycles presented in feedback and causal loop diagrams
Transform your idea discovery and problem-solving processes by identifying a system’s
high leverage point

How many 2D seismic lines and how many wells?

Horizons can be identified based on:

• observed discontinuities;
• seismic attributes.
The seismic reflection characters of the horizons and their associated sequences are
described in this study.
The horizons can be mapped as:
• time structural;
• isochron;
• isopach maps.
Seismic attributes were used in horizon interpretation and gas chimney detection.

Do we know what type of source rock that the gas chimneys are common to?

What source of faults are gas chimneys common to?

What impact do the seismic lines or two way travel time (TWTT) or reflection resolution
have on the prediction of gas chimneys.
Seismic attributes that may be used in the process of seismic interpretation in horizon
identification, fault picking, and as gas chimney indicators include:
• Chaos – The chaos attribute may not show faults deeper than 2.5 sec. The chaos
attribute measures the lack of organization in the seismic section. It is used to show
discontinuities in a horizontal continuity. Other attributes such as variance and
coherency might be used similarly to the chaos attribute. The chaos attribute could
also be used in time slices to show faults, salt bodies, and channels;
• Edge;
• Instantaneous frequency – The instantaneous frequency attribute takes the time
derivative of the instantaneous phase. It is a good indicator for severe attenuation,
which might correspond to the presence of faults or fluids such as gas. The change in
the instantaneous frequency attribute was used as a gas indicator in this study;
• Reflection intensity – The reflection intensity attribute takes the average amplitude
over a defined moving window and multiples it by the sample interval. Reflection
intensity was used in horizon identification and picking;
• Sweetness;
• Variance;
• Root Mean Square amplitude (RMS) – The RMS amplitude attribute calculates the
amplitude averages over a given time window. High RMS amplitude values were
used as a gas chimney indicator because they relate to high-porosity lithology with
hydrocarbon potential

Gas Chimney Identification – Presence of gas chimneys may be due to leakage in the seals.
The presence of gas would show effects on the seismic data since it lowers the P-wave
velocities, increases attenuation, and increases the wave scattering. The gas chimney
properties could show different anomalies on the seismic data such as low amplitude, high
amplitude (bright spots), low frequency, low coherency, or high chaotic noise. Seismic
attributes, including chaos, edge, frequency, and RMS amplitude, were used to detect those
changes on the seismic data

Not all indicators were found in every gas chimney, but a chimney was identified if three or
more indicators were present. The presence of bright spots near the seabed indicates that
the gas chimney is still active, gas chimneys deeper than 500 msec are usually identified
with low amplitude and low coherency.

Can we detect all the gas chimneys and generate a map.

A number of gas chimneys were imaged in the South Taranaki Basin using 2D seismic lines
and seismic attributes. Seismic attributes proved to be a great tool in detecting gas
chimneys. The two main factors that control the distribution of these gas chimneys are the
distribution of the Upper Cretaceous and Eocene source rocks and distribution of the late
normal faults. The gas chimneys are mostly present in the northern area of the South
Taranaki Graben where the thicker Late Cretaceous and Eocene source rocks are located.
.
Half of the gas chimneys appear to be related to late normal faults. Other gas chimneys may
have migrated from deeper faults that cut through the seal rocks.
IDENTIFY A ML PROJECT
Project Description + Data

TASK:
Review the “Data DataSheet” – Using historical data, predict gas chimney
Identify a well-formed question that can be answered with the dataset(s) provided.
Select the appropriate machine learning type

Gas Chimney Identification – Presence of gas chimneys may be due to leakage in the seals.
The presence of gas would show effects on the seismic data since it lowers the P-wave
velocities, increases attenuation, and increases the wave scattering. The gas chimney
properties could show different anomalies on the seismic data such as low amplitude, high
amplitude (bright spots), low frequency, low coherency, or high chaotic noise. Seismic
attributes, including chaos, edge, frequency, and RMS amplitude, were used to detect those
changes on the seismic data

TASK:
Review the “Data DataSheet” – Using historical data, predict gas chimney
Identify a well-formed question that can be answered with the dataset(s) provided.
Select the appropriate machine learning type

A number of gas chimneys were imaged in the South Taranaki Basin using 2D seismic lines
and seismic attributes. Seismic attributes proved to be a great tool in detecting gas
chimneys. The two main factors that control the distribution of these gas chimneys are the
distribution of the Upper Cretaceous and Eocene source rocks and distribution of the late
normal faults. The gas chimneys are mostly present in the northern area of the South
Taranaki Graben where the thicker Late Cretaceous and Eocene source rocks are located.

A number of gas chimneys were imaged in the South Taranaki Basin using 2D seismic lines
and seismic attributes. Seismic attributes proved to be a great tool in detecting gas
chimneys. The two main factors that control the distribution of these gas chimneys are the
distribution of the Upper Cretaceous and Eocene source rocks and distribution of the late
normal faults. The gas chimneys are mostly present in the northern area of the South
Taranaki Graben where the thicker Late Cretaceous and Eocene source rocks are located.

properties could show different anomalies on the seismic data such as low amplitude, high
amplitude (bright spots), low frequency, low coherency, or high chaotic noise. Seismic
attributes, including chaos, edge, frequency, and RMS amplitude, were used to detect those
changes on the seismic data

Seismic attributes that may be used in the process of seismic interpretation in horizon
identification, fault picking, and as gas chimney indicators include:
• Chaos – The chaos attribute may not show faults deeper than 2.5 sec. The chaos
attribute measures the lack of organization in the seismic section. It is used to show
discontinuities in a horizontal continuity. Other attributes such as variance and
 coherency might be used similarly to the chaos attribute. The chaos attribute could
also be used in time slices to show faults, salt bodies, and channels;

Seismic attributes that may be used in the process of seismic interpretation in horizon
identification, fault picking, and as gas chimney indicators include:
• Chaos – The chaos attribute may not show faults deeper than 2.5 sec. The chaos
attribute measures the lack of organization in the seismic section. It is used to show
discontinuities in a horizontal continuity. Other attributes such as variance and
coherency might be used similarly to the chaos attribute. The chaos attribute could
also be used in time slices to show faults, salt bodies, and channels;

identification, fault picking, and as gas chimney indicators include:

Chaos – The chaos attribute may not show faults deeper than 2.5 sec. The chaos attribute
measures the lack of organization in the seismic section. It is used to show discontinuities in
a horizontal continuity. Other attributes such as variance and