Table6.2_ Heuristics in Chapter & Reaction operations 1 Distribution of chemicals 2 3 ‘Separation operations—lguid ‘nd vapor mixtures and chemical eactionsto avoid, or reduce, the handling and stceage of azardousand {Usean excess of one cemical reactant in reaction operation fo consume completely valble, toxic, ot hazardous chemical reactant. The MSDSs will indicate which eemicals ae toxic and hazardous. |When neatly pure prcucts ate required, eliminate inert species before the reaction operations when the separations are easly accomplished and whe the catalyst is adversely affected bythe inert. but not ‘when a large exothermic heat of reaction must be removed. Inte pure steams to provide exit fo species that enter the process as impurities in the feed or are Tormed in evenibe side reactions, when these species ae in ace quanties andor are dificult. separate from the other chemicals Lighter species lave in vapor purge streams, and heavier species ext in guid purge steams. 'Do not purge valuable species oe species that are toxic an hazardous, even in smal concentrations (see the MSDIS6). Add separators to ecover valuable species. Add veacirs to elininate, i possible, toxic ant hazardous species [Byproducts that are produced in reversible reactions, in small quanties, ae usually not recovered ia Sscpaaters or purged. Instead, they aze usally recycled to extinction. For competing reactions, both in sris and parle, adus the temperature, pressure and catalyst to obtain high yields of the desired proces. nthe initial distribution of chemicals, assume that these conditions can be satisfied. Before developing a base-case design, oltain Kinetics data and check ths ssumption. For reversible reaetons especial coasider conducting them ina separation device capable of removing the products, and beace driving the reactions to the vit. Such eacton-separaion operations lead 10 very diferent distibutions of chemicals Separate liquid mixtures using distilation, stripping, enhanced (extacive, azcotrpic. reactive) dis- tillation,Liguid-tiquid extraction, crystallization, andlor adsorption. The selection between these lleratives is considered in Chapter 8. Anemptto condense or acally condense vapor mixtures with cooling water or arefigerant. Then, se Houta 9. ‘Separate vapor mistres using partial condensation cryogenic dstilon absorption adsreton, membrane Spain, andor desblimaton. The selection among thse altematve is considered in Chapter 8. CCrystallize inorganic chemicals from a concentrated aqueous solution by chiling when soli ‘creases significantly with decreasing temperature. Keep the soletion at most Ito 2F below the ‘turation temperature tte pevaling concentration, Use crystallization by evapeaton, rather than lity dees not change significantly with temperature. Crystal goth rate are approximately the same nal diecns, but xystas are never spheres, rst ‘growth ates and sizes are comoled hy lmating the extent of supersaturation, = CCarwute, WHER Cis concentration, usually in the ange 1.02 < $< 1.05. Growth ates are influcnced greatly bythe presence of impurities and of cerwin specific aditives that vary from ease 0 cas. Separate organic chemicals by melt crystallization with cooling using suspension crystallization, followed by removal of crystals by seuing, filvaion oc cemrifugation. Akematively, we layer , fora gas compressr from: T= n(Pyry (6 [Esimate the number of gas compression stages, N, from the fllowing tbe, which assumes a spciic heat ratio of 14 and a maximum compression ratio of 4 for each stge, Final Pressuretnet Presse Number of Stages a 1 4106 2 1610 64 3 6410 286 4 ‘Optimal interstage pressures correspond to equal Hp foreach compressor. Therefore, based on the above equation fr theoretical compressor Hp, estima interstage pressures by using approximately the same compression rato foreach sage with an intercooler pressure drop of 2 psi or 15 KPa, For headsup 03.200 fad flow rates in the range of 10 105.000 gpm, use a centrifugal pum. For high heads up to 2,000 and flow rates upto S00 gpm, use a eeciproeating pump. Less commen are axial pumps forheads upto 40 ft forfow mates inthe range of 20 to 100,000 gpm and rotary pumps forheads ‘ap to 00 fe for flow rates in the range of 1 t 1,500 gpm.