In this experiment, the alkalinity of water sample are determined by using hydrochloric acid(HCL)

as a titrant and phenolphthalein and bromocresol green- methyl red indicator as a pH value
indicator. Waterfall water is used as a sample. Below show the method to find the alkalinity of
sample.

Phenolphthalein alkalinity is calculated by using the following formula:

𝐴 × 𝑀 × 50000
𝑃ℎ𝑒𝑛𝑜𝑙𝑝ℎ𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑖𝑛 𝑎𝑙𝑘𝑎𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑦 = ( ) 𝑚𝑔/𝐿
𝑉

Where,

A = Volume of standard acid solution(mL) to end point for the phenolphthalein

M = Concentration of acid(mol/L) V
= Volume of sample

Whereas total alkalinity is calculated by using the following formula:

𝐵 × 𝑀 × 50000
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑙𝑘𝑎𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑦 = ( ) 𝑚𝑔/𝐿
𝑉

Where,

B = Volume of standard acid solution(mL) to end point for the bromocresol green-methyl red
indicator solution M=
Concentration of acid(mol/L) V
= Volume of sample

Based on the experiment conducted, the result obtained is calculated and tabulated. From the
calculation, the P value is greater than T/2, which fulfil the (c) condition in Figure 1. Thus, the
alkalinity of hydroxide and carbonate ions are calculated using this formula: [𝑯𝒚𝒅𝒓𝒐𝒙𝒊𝒅𝒆 =
𝟐𝑷 − 𝑻; 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒄𝒂𝒓𝒃𝒐𝒏𝒂𝒕𝒆 = 𝟐(𝑻 − 𝑷)]. The results obtained from this experiment are stated
as below:

Phenolphthalein alkalinity (P) = 461 𝑚𝑔/𝐿 𝐶𝑎𝐶𝑂3 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑡

Total alkalinity (T) = 622 𝑚𝑔/𝐿 𝐶𝑎𝐶𝑂3 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑡
Hydroxide alkalinity = 300 𝑚𝑔/𝐿 𝐶𝑎𝐶𝑂3 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑡 Carbonate
alkalinity = 322 𝑚𝑔/𝐿 𝐶𝑎𝐶𝑂3 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑡