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    159 views27 pages

    Naval Shiphandling Chap 2 PDF

    Uploaded by

    Diemis Rochumback

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
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    of 27
    Lieut 2 {BIBlleteoa I forces affecting he ship In order to predict the movement of our ship accurately, we must thoroughly understand the nature and magnitude of the forces which affect her. There are six general sources of force which can be brought to bear on our ship independent of any other vessel. They are the propellers, the rudders, the Mooring lines, the ground tackle, the wind, and finally the. Current. The first four are controllable trom the ship itself. The wind and the current (and this includes tidal currents), though rot controllable, can be utilized to serve our aims if properly handled. Each of these forces can produce important effects, as indicated in Figure 2-1, so it is worth while to take the time to study and understand each of them, Let's re. member from the beginning, however, that these are farags only, and that motion results only after inertia has played its part = ~ = Amodem ship may have a distributed mass of Many thousand tons and may (esisi linear acceleration, but it also has a tremendous moment of inertia to resist rotational accelerations. The Ship is resting in a fluid (water) covered by another through the center of gravity. Thus, when we apply any force to the ship, we can expect motion to gradually build up until a state of equilibrium is reached, at which time the velocity of the motion will become constant Basic principles Forces in water manifest themselves as pressure differences, Water is incompres- sible but by applying force to it we can bull 1 higher pressure in one area as Compared to surrounding areas, and this < will cause the water _to flow from the area of higher press WIND . FORCE PRODUCED BY ‘30 KNOT WIND FROM '45°,ON THE BOW. 23.000 LBS. CURRENT FORCE REQUIRED TO HOLD SHIP STATION- ARY IN A3 KNOT CURRENT 45° ON THE BOW... 55,000 LBS. — RUDDER 30° RUDDER PRODUCES ‘A SIGE FORCE at 18 KNOTS, OF 45,000 LBS. MOORING LINES AND GROUND TACKLE GINCH MANILA... . 30,000 LBS. SeNCH WIRE 25,500 LBS. SINGH WIRE... 64,400 LBS. 4-4 INCH SPRING LAID WIRE ROPE... 93,000 LBS. jee INCH DIE LOCK. CHAIN "161,000 LBS. PROPELLER THRUST AT15 KNOTS. 55,000 LBS. FIGURE 2-1. Forces which can bear on a ship (figures for a 2,200-ton DD). pressure, When we pull an oar through the water, for instance, we build up high pressure on the face of the blade toward which the blade is moving, and we create Blow pressure on the face which is moving away from the water. During the motion, water flows from the high pressure region t0 the low pressure region ‘The greater the immersed area of the blade, the greater the area upon which the pressure can act. The greater the force applied to the oar, the greater the pressure iference. The average difference of pressure between the two sides, multiplied by the immersed area of the blade, is a measure of the force we are exerting on the ooo, Sinoe the inertia of the water resists the force Being applied by the blade ‘ond of the oar, this resistance, working through the 037 applies a force to the boat Inthe opposite direction. Resistance to the oar exists only when the particles of 44 NAVAL SHIPHANDLING water are being set in motion by the movement of the oar. Without the force we apply to the oar, there would be no motion, no pressure difference, and no resis- tance. Thus we see that force, resistance, and motion are irrevocably interlocked when dealing in a fluid medium. The above discussion illustrates the fact that all forces in water manifest themselves as pressure differences. If we are going to apply force on a waterborne object, such as our ship, we can do it only by creating a pressure difference across a part of the ship's structure. And if at any time our ship moves in any way, we know that some force is acting somewhere on our ship's structure—and we can locate that force by looking for the pressure difference that causes it. In any large body of water, there are always two components of pressure present at any point: one is the static pressure due to depth, or sheer weight of the water above the point; the other is the dynamic pressure caused by motion in the surrounding water. In the sea the static pressure does not cause motion, because itis the same everywhere at any given depth level, and hence balances out as far as we are concerned. Bernoulli's Theorem tells us that at any given depth in an open body of water like the sea, the sum of the static pressure and the dynamic pressure is always constant. Normally there is little motion of the water, so the static pressure is all that needs to be considered. When a ship passes through the water or a propeller blade slices into it, however, the water is set into motion and the static pressure is reduced by the amount of the dynamic pressure. Though it is usually the decrease in effective static pressure brought about by setting the water particles in motion that produces our hydrodynamic effects, knowing the magnitude of the dynamic pressure will tell us the pressure difference to be expected from the motion. The magnitude of the dynamic pressure is given by the expression: P = pvt 2g where: = Dynamic pressure in Ibs/ft? = Density of the moving fluid in Ibs/ft® = Velocity of flow in ft/sec = Acceleration due to gravity, 32.2 ft/sec? e

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