Becoming a MODEL UN delegate
Structure of the Book
The text is organised into an introduction, three chapters and a
conclusion. The chapters are called sections (“Pre-Conference
Phase”, “Conference Phase”, and “Post-Conference Phase”,
essentially representing the chronological and functional stages
of the organising process of a model UN. Guided by good
practices, experience and insights provided by a selected team
of MUN writers and members of the MUNPlanet community,
this eBook aims to provide an accessible collection of practices,
advice and specific guidelines on how to make the most of the
MUN experience and understand the advantages of this activity
that makes for a unique avenue that connects education and
preparation for international careers. The conclusion reflects on
the purpose of the publication and points to some open issues
that may be useful for further community discussions - ranging
from the trends in MUN-ing to what and how the delegates can
build on their MUN experience 5, 10 or 30 conferences later.
This is also a way to participate in a collective effort of imagining
and constructing the collective meaning of MUNs.
The first section of the eBook covers the questions such as
selection of conferences you might wish to attend - starting from
your local MUN, to major national or international gatherings of
the MUN community. Attending your first MUN is an interesting
discovery and you will need to be well prepared. Learning how
to create a strong application for international conferences, do
quality research, be good at public speaking and know what to
expect on the ground is important, and this publication provides
you with an insight into this process.
The second section leads you to the conference venue and offers
a look inside the committee room filled with practices that range
from teamwork, various in-session dynamics, negotiation, lobbying
and the problems and approaches to MUN from the perspective
of delegates. The question that remains in the end is what one
wants to get from the first couple of MUNs. The perspective we
set for ourselves and how a conference is shaped largely influence
what we will get from our MUN participation in the long term. In
any case, a great learning and social experience is guaranteed.
page 2
The third section deals with what comes after a MUN conference
- that is, why every delegate has to reflect on what this or that MUN
means to him or her. Preparing for your next Model UN can also
be a matter of routine, but in the majority of the cases it is a very
unique and exciting experience. One notes the advancement
and development of the MUN performance as time goes by. It
is the delegates that make the Model UNs, and we - together
- make this specific experience unique. Thinking about what
MUNs are and what they mean to us or the broader society
contributes to the development of the conference itself, or to us,
in that we are growing conscious of our self-development, which
is reflected during a session. We are actors and active subjects
who, in the community discussions, participate in the shaping
of the vision of MUNs in the future. Thus MUNs are a living
thing whose purpose is spreading the culture of cooperation
and learning globally.
Becoming a MODEL UN delegate
About MUNPlanet
MUNPlanet has been serving its members as
an information, social and knowledge platform
– a community where the members talk about
how MUNs are done and how they resonate with
the wider global affairs. Our members answered
more than 4,000 questions, provided more than
6,000 comments, followed over 275,000 topics,
and engaged in a number of discussions, from
Model UN experiences and international security
to sustainability and career development.
page 3
The Model UN community has engaged MUNPlanet to discuss the nuts, bolts and the advanced approach to doing and organising
MUNs over the past two years, and we are proud to present you the collection of the best pieces of writing, based on insights and
practices lived and experienced by MUNers from all parts of the world. Some of them have tailored their texts specifically for this
publication, while the others have taken part in online discussions at various occasions. There are hundreds of questions, articles
and discussion threads that cover the aspects of MUNing - conceptual, organisational, social, research-oriented or geared toward
shedding light on the links between Model UN and early stages of career building. This testifies to the vibrancy of the MUNPlanet
community and the fact that its members see the importance of leaving a legacy of their Model UN conferences to the next generation
while simultaneously learning about the experiences of others, which on the other hand helps them improve their own performance.
This enables the innovation of the working process and improvement of organisational knowledge. It doesn’t matter whether you have
attended 20 conferences or are completely new to your local or global MUN circuit - this interactive Q and A exchange benefits both
those who are willing to share and those who are willing to learn.
MUNPlanet helps MUN delegates and conference organisers exchange information and knowledge that complements the process
of advancing the culture of MUNing globally - going beyond the traditional centres of MUN tradition and spreading the story about
why MUNs are probably the best hobby for globally-minded students and those who want to develop their leadership potential.
Becoming a MODEL UN delegate ı Table of content
1. INTRODUCTION
08-09 The Meaning of Model UN
10 MUNs defined by MUNers
11 History of MUNs: Globalising the Practice
12 Why MUNs Are Important Today
13-15 What Does it Mean to Be a Successful
MUN Delegate?
16 Conclusion
2. Pre-Conference
phase
18-20 What MUNs mean?
21-28 MUN and the World of International
Relations
29-31 Why people join MUN?
32-33 Special Focus: How to prepare
for your first high-school MUN
34-40 Basics of the United Nations
and Model UN
41-49 Model UN Research
50-61 Public Speaking
62 Conclusion
page 4
3. Conference phase 4. post-Conference
phase
82-83 How to Become a Better Delegate?
64 On MUNs and what it means to
Better vs. Best Delegate
represent a country
84-87 Becoming a better UN delegate
65 Representing a Country at Model UN
88-89 Becoming a Model UN Chairperson
66 Model UN Conference Activity
90-91 A Note on Organizing Model UN
67-68 The Opening Speech
92-94 Thinking about the Key Value of MUNs
69-70 In-Session Dynamics
95-97 Model UN and Careers
71-76 Negotiation and Lobbying
98-99 Conclusion
77-79 MUNs: Learning and/or competition?
80 Conclusion
Becoming a MODEL UN delegate | AUTHORS
Christopher Bergedahl
is pursuing a doctorate in Law at the University of
Malta and is concurrently enrolled in Deloitte Malta's
Pathway Programme. Christopher has a keen
interest in cross-border taxation and international
affairs. He is a founding member of the Junior
Chamber of Advocates Malta and the Malta Model
United Nations Society in which he served as
Founding President. He is currently serving as a
member of the Secretariat of MaltMUN 2016. He
has maintained an active interest in the international
simulation circuit, having actively participated in
several conferences throughout Europe.
Vid Tomić
is graduating from MA programme in International
Relations at University of Ljubljana (Slovenia). He has
been to approximately 20 conferences, maybe even
more. He is also the co-founder of MUN Slovenia
Club and MUNSC Salient: Youth Conference on
Global Matters, now acting as Senior Advisor. As a
firm believer in the idea of MUN, he is always involved
in different projects that are somehow related to
this field, thus trying to share his experience, know-
how and passion for this phenomenon with younger
generation. Other than that, he works at Transparency
International Slovenia.
Rory Mondshein
graduated from Bard College (United States) with a
B.A. in Political Science & Social Policy in May 2014.
Known as “Rory the Revolutionary” for her leadership
on Bard’s Model UN team, Rory has attended over
15 conferences and has been published all over the
world for her involvement with educational initiatives in
more than five countries. Rory is currently the Political
Student's Chief Community Officer, and serves as a
a Policy Adviser to a local candidate. In September,
Rory will pursue her Msc in Human Rights at the
London School of Economics.
page 5
Eduardo Palomino
is concluding his freshman year at the High School
of the Instituto Tecnológico de Estudios Superiores
y Medios de Monterrey (Mexico). He has been to
9 MUN conferences so far, including NHSMUN
2016 and WIMUN 2015, and is always ready for
more. He loves being a delegate, but has also
chaired committees and founded K-MUN in 2015,
serving as Secretary-General. He is currently writing
a novel, The Heresy Trials, which will soon be
completed and published.
Becoming a MODEL UN delegate | AUTHORS
Yasmin Helmy
is currently in her third year of the Actuarial Science
programme at the American University in Cairo (Egypt);
she has been participating in MUNs as well as other
simulations for four years now. She currently works
at MUN Inc. as part-time associate and blogger, and
has just concluded her experience at the 28th Cairo
International Model United Nations as the Rapporteur
of the Security Council.
Dio Herdiawan Tobing
is a final year student and researcher at the
Department of International Relations, Universitas
Gadjah Mada (Indonesia), specialising in International
Peace & Security Studies, primarily in the field of
Public International Law. He is also working as an
intern staff member and research assistant at the
ASEAN Studies Centre at the same University. Dio
has been involved in MUN since 2013, having been to
around 15 conferences worldwide. Last year he had
the privilege to serve as President of the fourth edition
of Jogja International MUN, the largest and most
diverse MUN Conference in Indonesia. To contact him,
please write an e-mail to dio.tobing@yahoo.com
Bushra Hashem
is an English Language and Literature student in the
Arab Open University in Cairo (Egypt). She was a del-
egate at several MUNs including TEIMUN, and was
awarded best delegation at CIMUN. She attended
several MUN conferences and debate training pro-
grammes in 2015 and 2016.
page 6
Allan Munyao
is graduating from the LLM Programme in Public
International Law at the University of Groningen
(The Netherlands) in 2016. He is an Advocate of the
High Court of Kenya and has been to a number of
MUN conferences and other simulations from 2012-
2016 as participant, chair, judge and organiser.
He is also the first African to serve on the Board
of Directors of TEIMUN. Assertive, versatile and
purpose-driven; Allan always brings with him a “big
picture” attitude, “hands on” work style, teamwork
experience, diligent spirit and fresh ideas.
Becoming a MODEL UN delegate ı Introduction 1.0. page 7

1.0.
Introduction
– The Meaning of Model UN
– MUN s defined by MUN ers
– History of MUN s : Globalising the Practice
– Why MUN s Are Important Today
– What Does it Mean to Be a Successful MUN Delegate?
Becoming a MODEL UN delegate ı Introduction 1.1.
The Meaning of Model UN
“Model United Nations is an
authentic simulation of the UN
General Assembly, UN Security
Council, or other multilateral body,
which introduces students to the
world of diplomacy, negotiation,
and decision making.” UNA-USA
page 8
“As delegates representing UN member states, students research their Model UN simulations have become synonymous with the case study
country and issue, which can include topics such as human rights,
approach to teaching and understanding the way the United Nations
peace and security, food and hunger, economic development, and the
environment, and develop a position. They then participate in Model UN and various multilateral bodies and institutions operate. In the past
conferences, where they give speeches, negotiate with other states, draft ten years, the Model UN method of simulation has spread to other
and pass resolutions, and ultimately attempt to resolve world problems
multilateral, historical, fictional and futuristic simulations (from the
and conflicts. Through this process, students gain understanding of the
needs and goals of the country that they represent and how their country
European Union councils to historical cabinets and, most recently,
interacts within the international community on the given topic. Students to Harry Potter, The Fellowship of the Ring, and The Game of Thrones,
that participate in Model UN are more globally aware and develop skills thus increasing the variety of “creative” discussions on the conference
in researching, writing, public speaking, communication, critical thinking,
menu that go beyond the “pure” MUN concept.
and conflict resolution.” U.S. Department of State
Becoming a MODEL UN delegate ı Introduction 1.1.
What is Model UN:
The Context
Model United Nations is a proven method for practicing and teaching international relations,
born in the United States in the first half of the 20th century. The first MUN conference,
which simulated the work of the League of Nations, was held at Harvard in 1927. Limited to
the United States for several decades, the MUNs started spreading first to Europe, in the
second half of the past century, and then to other parts of the world at the beginning of the
21st century. Today, MUNs are organised at various levels – from school-level conferences
in small towns, to big international conferences that take place in official UN buildings.
Hundreds of thousands of students from all the levels attend MUNs every year to practice
diplomacy and learn about the United Nations system in an interesting and fun way. They
make friends and establish networks of valuable contacts.
page 9
Purpose of the eBook
MUNPlanet has envisaged the present eBook as more than a plain guide to doing MUNs.
Various resources for Model UN can be found on the Internet (see, for example, UNA-
USA), and they are good and extensive in that they offer the overview of the essential steps
every MUNer must take. However, this publication takes a different approach, offering
you a living, breathing document written by MUN delegates and authors who explain
and analyse the crucial aspects of MUN activity from the perspective of beginners. In this
publication you will learn more about the ways to get the most out of MUNs and be able
to understand why this is one of the best hobbies and activities students can take up.
In this collection of global voices and relevant insights, the authors outline and discuss
practices and paths to doing MUNs and understanding them as a way of learning, personal
development and social interaction.
Becoming a MODEL UN delegate ı Introduction 1.2. ı Examples page 10

MUNs defined by MUNers:

“Model United Nations is a simulation game aimed to teach participants in a fun, interactive way about the
United Nations, the importance of international relations, allowing them to practice their diplomatic skills.
Model United Nations is also a socially active event that helps young people from all around the world to
learn and understand others’ points of view in a friendly environment and build long-lasting international
cooperation and friendships.”

Juliane Jokinen, Estonia

TMUN, Tallinn

“Model United Nations has moved beyond an activity undertaken by internationally minded individuals.
In many ways, it has become rather central to how I work. The principles it instils, those of analysis,
debate and productivity, are vital. It teaches you how to work within a deadline, how to manage a group
of people with different objectives. It teaches you to compromise. All these things create a concept
larger than the basic understanding of what MUN is. It has become an output device for individuals
striving for more. It allows people to grow and develop. Ultimately, MUN is a learning tool, one that has
been widely distributed, moulded and changed.”
“Model United Nations, also known as Model UN or MUN, is an extracurricular activity designed for students
who wish to place themselves in the shoes of diplomats, politicians, government officials or journalists to
discuss current issues and offer new solutions to political, economic or social problems. Despite its name,
Model UN encompasses the world of international politics: the UN, OPEC, European Union, G7/8/20, domestic
relations cabinets, historic events, the world of the press, etc. Every year, more than 200,000 universities and
high schools come together in conferences across the globe to share their passion for international affairs, the
art of diplomacy, and the principles of the United Nations and many other international organisations.”

Wilf Mountfield, Lucas Amorelli Ribeiro Kornexl,

LIMUN, London WebMUN 2014
Becoming a MODEL UN delegate ı Introduction 1.3. page 11

History of MUNs:
Globalising the Practice
From the first simulation of the League of Nations at Harvard (1927), to the first simulations of the
work of the United Nations (1953), the Model UN has been the focus of hundreds of thousands
There is a growing number
of students all over the world. In the early stages of its development, mostly reserved for a small of students who discover the world
number of Western countries, the Model UN has started to gradually spread both horizontally (to
other countries) and vertically (to different levels of the education system). In the United States and attend MUN conferences in all four
there are various levels of MUN simulation: from K-12 and university, to international conferences, corners of the world through this
and those are counted in thousands.
unique educational and social practice.
Europe has been a host to some of the most prominent MUN conferences in the world, and has
been developing its MUN scene for several decades now (since 1968). From the beginning of
the 21st century, MUNs have spread not only throughout Europe and become more connected
(both horizontally and vertically), but have also become popular in Asia, South America, Africa and
Australia. It can be said that Model UN went global.
Becoming a MODEL UN delegate ı Introduction 1.4. page 12

Why MUNs Are Important Today

MUNers and MUNs: Why is Model MUNs represent introduction RELATED LINKS

Understanding the relationship UN community to procedural issues and Articles:

How is Model UN Useful?
special?
“...Model UN profoundly changes you as an individual. Your horizons
expand when you engage in MUN because you can't really succeed knowledge needed to function An MUNer Who Has Become
with all of your assumptions about the world; it challenges you to think
outside of your perspective, to see the world from the perspective of
“...An amalgam of ego, intelligence,
dedication, cooperation, empathy at the UN a Leading UN Scholar:
others, and act for the benefit of everyone, not just yourself.” - choose a positive characteristic “I participated in one Model UN conference as an undergraduate in Interview With Professor
and it can probably be applied. Canada. It was an opportunity to combine an interest in international affairs Ian Hurd
All of these elements make our with the interesting challenge of trying to adopt the positions of a national
Tomas Ocampo,
Inland Empire Conference, Model UN community special.” delegation – and to experience the reality that different delegations may
have profoundly different perspectives and interests on a problem; these
are real and cannot be wished away. The Model UN experience was also a
Wilf Mountfield,
LIMUN good introduction to the procedural issues that regulate many UN meetings
and operations, which are rarely in the news but are an important part of
the knowledge needed to function at the UN.”

*From a MUNPlanet interview with professor Ian Hurd, Northwestern University

Becoming a MODEL UN delegate ı Introduction 1.5. page 13

What Does it Mean to Be

a Successful MUN Delegate?
Model United Nations is an activity performed by hundreds of thousands In general, success is defined as
of students every year, in almost every country in the world. However, one “the correct or desired result of an attempt”
can ask if there is a method to the MUNs, and how Model UNs are done
(Merriam-Webster dictionary) or
successfully. In order to achieve some positive or favourable results, first-
“the accomplishment of an aim or purpose”
time MUNers need to keep the consistency in their MUN participation
(Oxford Dictionaries).
and develop their potential and MUN skills that are accompanied by their
education. In a nutshell, MUNs are an educational tool that helps students
learn and practice their knowledge about the United Nations and world politics.
Some conferences, such as BIMUN, include the component of “education
for the world of diplomacy”.

...and prepare to be amazed!

Becoming a MODEL UN delegate ı Introduction 1.5.
But, this is not where the meaning and purpose
of MUNs end - this is just the beginning. Being
a MUNer can be a “successful” path that can
bring about individual development in learning
and developing social relationships for a greater
purpose and a sense of fulfilment in life. Being
a high-school or university student, one can
definitely see the benefits of doing Model UN -
especially those who, by chance, or perhaps by
design, discover the world of MUNs and develop
an interest in international relations as a future
profession. One can argue that after just
several conferences Model UN delegates
develop significant skills and social
networks that enable them to be informed
global citizens and members of a unique
community of practice that largely reflects
the needs and ways of life in a globalised
and interdependent world.
There are many examples of MUNers that tell
us what the markers of success in the MUN
world could be - and what a successful student
and MUNer is. In any case, MUNs are a way to
achieve positive results that will spill over into and
highly resonate with whatever else you may be
doing as a student or later in life - as confirmed by
many alumni success stories, in which attending
“that conference” was one of the decisive steps
on the path to success. If you continue to develop
your sense of virtue and leadership in intercultural
communication, while developing skills that are
transferable to your future professional career -
that is a great achievement in the long term.
page 14
The stories by Wilf, Diego, or Juliane tell us what RELATED LINKS
MUNs meant to them. If you are too impatient to
wait several years to reflect on why you have Articles:
become successful, just think of fun and learning, 54 Conferences Later:
all those new friends that you will meet at the Diego Salama on Leadership
conferences, or the fact that you will be more and Key MUN Lessons
confident speaking in public, doing research,
or writing. That is just a small measurement of Living in the Golden Age
success, and preparation for something that you of MUN s
may transform into a profession or a valuable asset
after you graduate from college.
Becoming a MODEL UN delegate ı Introduction 1.5.
“Success in Model United Nations is often misconstrued as being
the recipient of an award or accolade whereas the truth is far from it.
Success develops at different levels, depending on your participatory role.
As a delegate, success should be a belief that you have developed
your skills during the conference. That the committee has allowed you
to grow, even if in just some small way. In many ways, I would see
attendance as the greatest success.
If you are going to Model UN’s you are already taking steps
towards developing yourself and learning. You can sit there for the
whole conference and not speak, and yet you will still be learning,
subconsciously if not actively.”
Wilf Mountfield,
LIMUN, London
page 15
“To me, the best way to measure this would be to look at RELATED LINKS
how much students gain from the conference experience.
If they make progress, even if it's just a little, in giving a speech, Articles:
implementing a new idea, understanding the complexities of the Five Model UN Organizers on Good Practices
topic, or simply just getting involved, then I'd say it was pretty
and Future of Model United Nations
successful. Ultimately, how well they meet those needs and provide
a great experience is how I measure success of Model UNs.”
Questions:
What are the benefits of attending a Model UN?
Tomas Ocampo,
Inland Empire Conference, Model UN
Becoming a MODEL UN delegate ı Introduction ı Conclusion
How MUNPlanet Can Help You
Become a Better MUNer
MUNPlanet has been serving its members as information,
social and knowledge platform - that is, as a community of
practice where members talk about how MUNs are done and
how they resonate with wider global affairs and careers. In the
first twelve months since its launch, MUNers have answered
more than 4,000 questions, commented 6,000+ times,
followed over 275,000 topics, and engaged in a whole range
of discussions, from Model UN experiences and international
security to sustainable development and career development.
Model United Nations topic on MUNPlanet has attracted the
attention of thousands of MUN delegates and conference
organisers who shared their views on how to make progress
on your MUN path.
page 16
This is how MUNPlanet can help you become a more proficient MUNer:  
• We work to enable MUN delegates to learn about the culture of MUNing all around the world, while taking part in
interactive discussions on the topics most relevant to the MUN community.
• MUN delegates, chairs, and conference organisers can improve their own performance by learning from their fellow MUNers.
If you had participated in 20 conferences, your knowledge and experience may be useful to other, less experienced
delegates. On the other hand, more experienced MUNers may find inspiration to drive their conference participation
further and work on the small details, while benefiting from the interaction within the biggest MUN online community.
• MUNPlanet helps the newbies as well as experienced delegates exchange information and knowledge that complements
the process of proliferation and raising the level of professionalism of MUNs. Hundreds of conference opportunities
are promoted on MUNPlanet through its high-school and university-level MUN calendar and you can browse through
a comprehensive MUN conference calendar when looking for your next MUN.
Becoming a MODEL UN delegate ı Pre-conference Phase 2.0. page 17

2.0.
PRE-CONFERENCE
PHASE
– What MUNs mean?
– MUN and the World of International Relations
– Why people join MUN?
– Special Focus: How to prepare for your first high-school MUN
– Key Pillars of MUN Preparation
– Model UN Research
– Public Speaking
Becoming a MODEL UN delegate ı Pre-conference Phase 2.1.
What MUNs mean?
By Vid Tomić
Pioneering fields are usually
those connected with biggest
misunderstandings of the
concepts pertinent to its
existence. The same logic
applies to the world of MUNs,
which, after long years of
pioneering quest, still suffers
from lack of recognition.
Thus, the first questions we –
MUN enthusiasts and alumni –
have to answer are usually
What does MUN stand
for? What does it mean?
Defining MUN is as tricky as trying to explain the functioning of the rocket engines to a five year
old or to somebody like the author of this text. It is, in other words, rocket science. Thus, let us try
to explain this phenomenon using a definition accessible via the Internet. “Model United Nations,
also known as Model UN or MUN, is an educational simulation and/or academic competition
in which students can learn about diplomacy, international relations, and the United Nations.
MUN involves and teaches researching, public speaking, debating, and writing skills, in addition
to critical thinking, teamwork, and leadership abilities. Usually an extracurricular activity, some
schools also offer MUN as a class.[1]” In other words, anyone, irrespective of their background,
knowledge or education, can step into the shoes of professional diplomats and use the tools they
have at their disposal, in a genuine setting, wearing the same clothing and using the established
code of conduct, to tackle relevant issues in the international community. For a limited period of
time, they take on the roles of the leaders they respected, criticised, hated or feared, and try to do
a better job. They can also learn, meet their peers from all over the world, and push themselves
out of their comfort zone.
page 18
The next logical question, especially if you are not an international
relations ‘geek’, would be:
why would anybody do something like that?
What good does it do for you?
This is also one of those questions that are difficult to answer,
even though they have been tackled many times, and one that
I have been struggling with for a very long time. Students and
colleagues I worked with in preparing MUN conferences, people
who teach others what MUN is and how to do it, have answered
my question: “What have MUNs given to you”.
Becoming a MODEL UN delegate ı Pre-conference Phase 2.1.
I would summarise these answers and related discussions
into three major factors shaping one’s decision to revisit the
world of MUN because of its positive effects on an individual.
The first factor is knowledge. MUNs are one of the best
learning processes I have ever witnessed. This learning comes
in different forms. From learning about specific problems
and issues in international community, public speaking,
communication with people with different (sometimes
challenging) personalities and backgrounds, learning how to
transcend cultural, personality and ego-related challenges,
researching completely unknown subjects, negotiating and
improvising, preparing strategies, or using different tactics and
learning how to search for solutions in innovative ways. This is
possible precisely because of the very specific way in which an
MUN works – it is a game-based problem solving activity.
page 19
The second factor, which is closely related to the first, is personal The third factor is the people, and the moments we share
growth and development of your skills. This may sound like with them. No matter what else you gain, meeting people from
guru talk, but doing MUN really forces you to grow and shapes all over the world and forging relationships is the biggest perk
you as a person. Placing MUN activities in your CV will not do of doing MUNs. As someone who has attended around 20
you any significant favours most of the time, but what you gain conferences and has been teaching MUN-ing to colleagues, I
as MUNer is far greater than a catchy item in your CV. MUN is an strongly believe that acquaintances, contacts, genuine friends
exercise in building confidence and work ethics, where you get and/or life-partners that you meet on MUNs are the reason why
to learn how to stand up for your position in a constructive way. people keep coming back for more thrills connected with MUN.
While preparing for the conference, you have a chance to nurture They are the ones who make MUN the experience that it is.
and improve your critical thinking, while in-session dynamics can
also force you to challenge yourself in numerous ways and thus
evolve. One learns how to ‘read’ people, observe closer one’s
working environment, and assess any situation in just a moment.
All this eventually contributes to boosting your leadership skills.
There is, however, one thing that will stand out from the rest. By
doing MUN’s, you will learn how to improvise, adapt and perform
What you do makes
complicated tasks, or design quick and effective solutions to
complicated problems under extreme pressure. This is a virtue
that is applicable in every aspect of life and which every MUN
alumni cherishes.
a difference!
Becoming a MODEL UN delegate ı Pre-conference Phase 2.1.
“I see MUNs as an awareness-raising activity, not only for young
men and women who will be tomorrow’s world leaders, but also for
the future “world citizens” who may, one day, each with their own
expertise, make a concrete change in the field. In this respect, I can
only encourage MUN organisers to invite not only political science or
law students, but also students pursuing medical, agricultural, energy
(water in particular) or education studies. MUNs should be seen and
designed as means to sensitise tomorrow’s citizens to the most
serious issues “the peoples of the United Nations” are facing.”
Benjamin Samson, France
Fridays with MUNPlanet interview
page 20
“What we as MUN organisers or MUN alumni should be trying to RELATED LINKS
get across is that the work does not stop with the delegates’ dance,
but that it can be the beginning of a long journey to make a positive Articles:
contribution to (our shared) world, at our own individual pace and Why We Need Global Civics?
sphere of influence of course. Getting involved in projects or supporting
causes of a social nature is one dimension of it, developing a whole
Questions:
culture of solidarity and basing our future decisions in our jobs on that
How to become an MUNer?
type of culture is yet another dimension. Of course, all this probably
sounds as overloaded idealism, but I think we simply cannot afford to
do less than that.”
Darko Petrović, Serbia
Fridays with MUNPlanet interview
Becoming a MODEL UN delegate ı Pre-conference Phase 2.2. page 21

Model UN & the World

of International Relations
Philosophical side of Model UN
By Dio Herdiawan Tobing

“We have no eternal allies, and we have no perpetual enemies. Our interests
are eternal and perpetual, and those interests it is our duty to follow.”
- Lord Palmerston, 1848.
Becoming a MODEL UN delegate ı Pre-conference Phase 2.2.
When we hear the phrase “Model United Nations”, the words “United Nations”
are often associated with the International Relations major. No wonder; the
conference is mostly attended by International Relations students, and many
have believed this sort of conference is only available to those who practice
in the field of International Relations (IR). I would raise an objection to that and
would rather claim that Model UN conferences go beyond this field of study.
MUNs taught me character building, conflict resolution and leadership, and
no matter what your background is, you can be a Model UN delegate.
“But then again why should we participate in a MUN Conference if you said that MUN is
correlated with politics and IRs? I am an engineer, or a lawyer, or a medical student.”
This type of question is mostly raised by non-IRs or non-Political Science majors. I am an IR
student, and practicing all the theories and knowledge that I have received at school is the
most fundamental reason why I participate in MUN. However, although atmosphere of the
conference is indeed ours, the technical issues are yours.
page 22
Similar to the international community, MUN conferences are adjusting to global change and
trends, and the agenda and topics of discussion are evolving. Jean-Robert Leguey-Feilleux
emphasised redefining the actors involved in the conduct of diplomacy within the international
community in his book “Dynamics of Diplomacy”. He called upon the involvement of new types
of practitioners and professionals to contribute in the policy-making process.
Greater involvement of experts in the decision-making process is a key to successful promotion
of one’s interests. This is manifested by the growing number of international conferences that
deal with technical issues, such as global warming, arms control, population and development,
crime prevention or drug abuse. True, it is the duty of diplomats to engage in diplomatic conduct,
negotiation and policy-making process, but diplomats are not always experts, and they are not
fully acquainted with the technicalities of the problems and the core of substantive matters. This
is why in many international forums, even in the United Nations, meetings are hosted where
experts can engage in the decision-making process and supervise the negotiation of policies
between diplomats or heads of state. The importance of the chamber of experts, widely known
as the Committee of Experts, is that it ensures that policies which are negotiated can actually
be applied globally.
Becoming a MODEL UN delegate ı Pre-conference Phase 2.2. page 23

MUNs as a preview of how international

relations/or negotiations work
Another important reason why you should involve yourself in the world of MUN is that it will allow
you to see how international politics work. In MUN, you will learn how to turn what you are good
at into policies which you will then defend. MUN will give you great experience in fighting for your
principles by promoting and defending your interests. In this regard, through MUN, you would be
able to practice your leadership skills to influence others, negotiate interests for the benefit of all,
and find solutions to the world’s greatest problems. The more you participate in MUN conferences,
the more sharpened your soft skills will become. Now, imagine an expert who knows how to
engage in diplomatic conduct.

Yes, that could be you. The world would be a much better place if experts were skilled in this
particular field and if they were placed by governments to directly represent countries in international
conferences, even though the Committee of Experts should also be kept to ensure sustainability
of non-political matters. By joining MUN conferences, you will understand how the technical issues
meet politics.
Becoming a MODEL UN delegate ı Pre-conference Phase 2.2. page 24

Examples of diplomatic
expertise
You do not need to have an IRs background to attend an MUN conference; you just need to have Let us review a case to reflect the explanation above, the Conference of the

the courage to apply your expertise in a global context. I would truly suggest to those with legal Parties (COP) 21, held in Paris in December 2015. The conference was also

backgrounds - especially international lawyers - to also take part in MUN conferences. The reason known as the UN Climate Change Conference, and was aimed at reaching an

is, simply, because politics is the process of reaching legal outcomes. MUN brings a different agreement on how to tackle global warming as one of the world’s most pressing

approach to understanding legal science to those who are involved in legal affairs. It will not only issues and negotiate proposals based on the interests of each of the state

teach you how to understand the legal grounds and interpret each of the clauses, but also to parties. The conference was regulated under the United Nations Framework

understand why specific legal documents are created, and even draft a few that would only be Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). However, not many people know

possible to understand from the political side of legal science. Legal science frequently provides a that under the framework of the UNFCCC there is a chamber known as the

framework for understanding and analysing the law, often forgetting however that the law itself will UNFCCC Roster of Experts. These experts are nominated by the respective

never escape the influence of power politics. This aspect is frequently neglected by legal scholars. parties of the convention to evaluate, monitor, and review the implementation

Many have believed that it is less important for those who practice law to study the ‘power politics,’ of the policies that have been agreed upon at the related conventions. Experts

but I would say that this is a common mistake. For students of international law it is especially are needed to ensure that the negotiated policies are concretely implemented

important to actively engage in MUN in order to understand the nature of power in the making of worldwide. Imagine if diplomats were also experts in a given thematic field.

international law. MUNs will help us understand how international laws are politically biased towards Policies would certainly be more concrete and less politicised.

the states’ interests. As Martti Koskenniemi argued, evidence that international law is being too
dependent on the states reflects its character as a manipulable façade for power politics.
Becoming a MODEL UN delegate ı Pre-conference Phase 2.2.
Variety of MUN experiences and
non-IR educational backgrounds
We have presented and argued previously that MUN Conferences are not only exclusive
to political science or international relations students.
First, if you are a medical student, you might want to know why
during the Ebola outbreak not all countries in the world imposed
travel restrictions to isolate the African countries, even though this
would have been the most efficient way to contain the outbreak.
You will not find the answers to such questions in medicine and
health science books – you can find them by participating in MUN,
bringing with you your expert knowledge of the technical topic. The
answer, of course, would be “to defend one’s interests.”
page 25
Several years ago, when the outbreak of Ebola was at its highest
point, many MUN conferences tried to simulate the World Health
Assembly (WHA) committee by debating this topic, and finding
solutions that would serve the common interests of the world.
According to medical research, the only feasible and logical solution
to end the outbreak of a disease is to isolate the infected patients
and provide them with special treatment. However, this is purely the
medical perspective which, if transformed into international policy,
would lead to a much worse situation on top of the objections of
the infected African countries. C o u r te s y of M U N S C S a l i e n t
Becoming a MODEL UN delegate ı Pre-conference Phase 2.2.
If we combine medical research with political perspective - we get the phenomenon called
Global Health Politics, which allows us to see this case from a very different point of view.
Global Health Politics studies do not only take into account the practice of health and medical
science; they also present the politics behind the decision-making process related to the
health science. By combining the two, we will understand that the outbreak of Ebola is not
only a matter of medical, but also political importance. Have you ever thought how massive the
escalation of undocumented travellers or migrants would be if we tried to isolate the infected
countries? No, this probably wouldn’t even cross your mind if you looked at the problem only
from the medical perspective. Isolating countries would also mean imposing a travel ban on
their citizens, causing their behaviour to spiral out of control. If resources for proper treatment
of patients were very limited, finding a way to get out of the country would justify all means. Not
only the patients, healthy citizens would also look for ways to escape an isolated country to save
themselves. And the result? The outbreak of Ebola wouldn’t come to an end and the disease
would gradually spread.
page 26
Simulating the work of international courts
After introducing the importance of joining MUN conferences, another challenge that might pop up is finding MUN
conferences that most suit your background. This is not to say that being a delegate in an MUN should always be
related to our backgrounds, but choosing MUNs related to what we have practiced in daily life would always provide
additional advantage, especially for first timers.
Today, MUN conferences are organised throughout the world. Finding a conference that matches your educational
background requires patience and enthusiasm and, of course, time! Those specialising in Legal Science might want to
try MUN as an alternative to Moot Courts. The MUN chamber most similar to Moot Courts would be the simulation of
the International Criminal Court (ICC) and the International Court of Justice (ICJ). However, not all MUN conferences
host ICC or International Court of Justice (ICJ) as their committees. For instance, if you are a legal scholar and you
wish to try something new in an MUN that is still closely related to your field of study, the Legal Committee of the UN
General Assembly would probably suit you the most, as the mandate of this committee is to legislate international
law, and you will get to practice how to negotiate and enact legal documents within an international arena. If you are
a medical student, you might want to try to get involved in the chamber of the WHA committee of the World Health
Organization (WHO). If you are an environmentalist or a Sustainable Development student, try to debate world issues
in the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP).
Becoming a MODEL UN delegate ı Pre-conference Phase 2.2.
Model UN and the Society
When you finally pick the MUN that matches your demand,
MUN will change your life. Joining domestic and particularly
International MUN will absolutely bring new knowledge to your
educational experience and increase your professional skills.
But not to be limited to personal self-advancement, MUN activity
also has a strong relation with the society.
There are two types of society that are can be empowered
by getting involved in MUN. I will divide the term ‘society’ into
vertical society and horizontal society.
The world of MUNs is also a way to build a new society.
MUN is an example of vertical society because it is a sort of
a parallel society that is characterised by unique experiences,
friendships, networks and all the benefits that you receive from
your MUN activity. There is a saying which goes, “MUN buddies
are lifelong friends” and I cannot agree more with this quote.
page 27
by J o p R a n g
I have been to several domestic and international MUN conferences
since the first time I decided to build an MUN career, and the MUN
buddies I met on my first MUN conference are still in contact with me
today. This is not only on a domestic scale, but also on a global scale
because we get to build friendships worldwide. This life-changing
experience could be yours as well, if you get out of your comfort zone
and engage in MUN activity. The interconnectivity of our world today
promises a massive interdependence, which provides challenges
but mostly benefits. It is due to the process of globalisation that we
are interconnected with people from other parts of the world and
are becoming global citizens.
Becoming a MODEL UN delegate ı Pre-conference Phase 2.2. page 28

On the other hand, I would define horizontal society as our home society, the one with which All in all, taking part in MUNs does not require you to be a Political Science or IR student, as these
we deal in our daily lives. The overall experience that you will bring back home from any of the conferences are not provided to them exclusively – they are for everyone. Being involved in MUN
conferences would undoubtedly benefit your home society, as MUNs affect people and their conferences will provide you with a unique and memorable experience, but will also contribute to
environment in both direct and indirect ways. your character building and soft skills. It will not only benefit you exclusively but also your society.
I hope this little picture of MUN will inspire you to start your MUN career. Happy MUN-ing!
This does not necessarily mean that when you come back home after the conferences you will be
a public figure that will advance the grassroots in your home society. I mean, yes, you could. But
most of the time the impact of your involvement in a domestic or international scale of MUN activity
would be shared mouth-to-mouth and your story could inspire others. The changes that you
bring from the conferences will be reflected in the improvement of your soft skills (e.g. leadership, “MUN buddies
are lifelong friends”
communication and public speaking). These kinds of improvements would turn into public attention,
deserving to be emulated. Moreover, after coming back home from MUN conferences, you could
empower others by becoming an MUN coach in the MUN clubs or somewhere else. Perhaps the
changes that they see in you will influence them to take steps to get involved in MUN activity and
impact the society too!
Becoming a MODEL UN delegate ı Pre-conference Phase 2.3.
Why people join MUN
“At my college they were advertising a Model UN. My knowledge
of the UN was superficial back then, but they had the “Self-
Determination of Iranian Kurds” case at the ICJ, a topic that
directly drew my attention. That was the moment when a turn
in my life was made.”
Gibryon Bhojraj, USA
"In my programming world, I have my computer to speak to in
zeroes and ones, and in my MUN world I get to speak out loud
on behalf of different countries."
Nareman Darwish, Egypt
“Model UN motivates students to learn and teaches them
about world issues. It is a way to become an active, more
concerned global citizen, and in this era of globalization being
globally aware is more important than ever. Furthermore,
Model UN builds confidence and leadership and diplomatic
skills. MUN is an exercise in research, public speaking and
teamwork. These are the skills that you will need throughout
your career, and MUN gives you a chance to practice them
while you’re a student. You can also leverage your MUN
experience and network to get into college and find jobs in
this field. But, above all, MUN is a CHANCE given to every
student to speak! Your voice is being heard, your ideas are
going global! It is your chance to dream, travel the world,
gain lifetime experiences and get out of your comfort zone!”
Maritina Karava, Greece
page 29
Model United Nations is more than an extracurricular RELATED LINKS
activity. It's a "process" where one is able to develop his or
her capabilities through debates, negotiations and public- Articles:
speaking. MUN forges your personality and provides MUNs are everywhere - why?
essential diplomatic values to the youths.
Team work - what MUN can
I've attended more that 26 conferences where I've been able teach you
to forge my own personality through meetings, debates,
exchanges, but most importantly by sharing. I believe that Key Questions:
we are all here to give and share, and by participating to Why should every student
such events you share more than your own culture. attend Model UN?
Today, I have so many friends. From Columbia, China and
Canada to South Korea and Japan.
Yannick Somauroo, France
Becoming a MODEL UN delegate ı Pre-conference Phase 2.3. page 30

The Main MUN Takeaways:

The Alumni Perspective
“I see two main takeaways. First, MUNs are great opportunities to develop both your Second, you need to become very familiar with the rules of procedure of the body you are RELATED LINKS
knowledge of the United Nations system and your oral communication skills. acting in. They’re often considered unimportant or boring. However, rules of procedure
are fundamental and raising a relevant point of procedure may prove tactically very helpful Articles:
MUNs force you to engage in quite intensive debates with your fellow delegates and to be during a debate. 5 Things I Learned From My
very reactive in order to push forward the interests of the States you’re representing.
First International MUN
This is equally true for drafting rules. UN language is very specific and every word has a
Experience
However, defending your State’s interests efficiently requires some preparation. particular political and legal meaning.
This preparation enables you to get acquainted with both the legal and political
Key questions:
aspects of the UN system. First, you need to identify the position and alliances of the The second is more personal but no less important. I met some great people with whom I’m
How do I prepare for my first
State you’re representing concerning the issue considered during the conference. still friends, even though we all walked different paths.”
MUN?
During the preparation of BIMUN 2008, I met in a person in Paris, at the Embassy
of the Republic of India which I represented at the General Assembly, and discussed Benjamin Samson, France What moved you to attend
the position of India on the revitalisation of the role of the General Assembly.
Fridays with MUNPlanet interview your first MUN?
Becoming a MODEL UN delegate ı Pre-conference Phase 2.3.
Preparing for Your First MUN
Attending you first MUN is certainly a big moment.
You're heading into "new waters" and it might not
be easy, but you'll get the hang of it.
Once you've applied and have been chosen to
participate in an MUN, there will be a few months
long preparation period. During this period, your
organising team or your Chair will be giving you small
tasks to perform. This is all usually done via a string
of emails to coordinate and check up on you work.
It will start with you receiving your assigned country
and getting to know the topic, followed by a decent
amount of research and resulting in a position paper.
As the conference draws near, you should keep
reading up on the current developments in the field
of your topic. If you get stuck with your position
paper, you can always turn to your Chair for advice.
If you're late with your assignments, your Chair will
be there to remind you of your tasks and see if
something has gone wrong.
Another shoulder you can lean on is your co-delegate.
Often there are a few delegates representing the
same country. In this case you should get to know
them before the conference, and try to share the
workload required for successful preparation. If
you're enthusiastic about writing, you can arrange
so that everyone does their own preparation, with
the condition that you need to agree on the key
points.
See? Not that hard.
If you're still in the process of applying for an MUN,
check out the 4 things you should pay attention to.
Masha Preger, Serbia
MUNPlanet link
page 31
“You can figure out which committees are more suitable for beginners (WHO, UNEP, all the big committees
like the GA) - sometimes you cannot place delegates according to their level of expertise, as beginners tend
to lean toward different committees – unlike the ‘pros’ who are probably more likely to choose the SC over,
let's say, DISEC. You can practice mock-debate with them, but what I think is crucial is to get compassionate
chairs who will explain what is going on in the debate every now and then, and who will not get easily
discouraged by questions or mistakes made by the delegates. Many beginners I talked to got blocked and
remained passive during the debate simply in fear of being mocked or making a mistake. Once you create a
"learning-friendly" atmosphere in the committee, it becomes easier for them to open up. Try engaging more
advanced delegates into that, too. Otherwise they can get bored and refrain from serious debate.”
Dominika Jędrzejczyk, Poland
MUNPlanet link
Becoming a MODEL UN delegate ı Pre-conference Phase 2.4. page 32

Special Focus:
How to Prepare for Your
First High-School MUN
By Eduardo Palomino
If you have decided to join the amazing world of MUN-ing, first, let me
congratulate you. This was no easy choice. You are about to be immersed in a
whole new world. Please, get on this magic carpet and prepare to be amazed.
Please, be aware that it is very difficult to leave this world, but I believe you
won’t be that keen on leaving anyway. You will work harder than ever on this
Project, but the results will be quite satisfying. Now, without any further ado,
i m a g e s o u rc e s h u t te r s to c k
welcome to MUNs: High School level!
Becoming a MODEL UN delegate ı Pre-conference Phase 2.4.
MUNs are a great experience for young people of High School
age! They’ve got everything: professional skills, academic
value, moral and ethical values, social ambiance and lessons
about leadership. Unlike the College Models, the High Schools;
model focus is more general public-friendly. This means that
in College most participants are already interested in some
way in international relations; in high school level models you
don’t have to be looking to work in diplomacy. The ambience
focuses on debate rather than international policy and long
boring discussions over wording. Model UN has gained a lot
of popularity over the years; the most enthusiastic delegates
started MUNning in high school. As you are now reading this
Guide, perhaps you’re looking for a way to excel at your first
MUN. Well, I will now offer you a new goal:
instead of striving to become
the best delegate, find a way to enjoy
every second of your MUN.
page 33
Luckily, doing well at MUNs also makes you enjoy them, so don’t worry if you still want to be the
best delegate. But you must know what the focus of High School Models is if you want to be on
the same page.
MUNs, being an educational tool, will always have a special focus, and in the case of the high
school model, it is to introduce you to being a leader. Yep, the best delegates at these conferences
receive awards because of their leadership. Best delegate awards are not given according to a strict
standard which takes into account foreign policy, but are based on the ability of a delegate to achieve
consensus. So, what you can expect from your first high school level MUN is to be introduced
to the art of getting your way while simultaneously letting everyone else think it’s their way too.
Of course, as you will be developing your skills, you will soon realise that winning a discussion
is not a guarantee to being the best delegate. But for the time being, your focus should be on
losing your fear of speaking publicly. High school-level conferences similarly work as a preface or
prologue to international relations. Participating in them, you will learn to deliver speeches, argue,
research information and make connections.
Becoming a MODEL UN delegate ı Pre-conference Phase 2.5. page 34

Basics of the United Nations

and Model UN
BY CHRISTOPHER BERGEDAHL
Regarding the United Nations
V i e w of t h e h e a d q u a r te r s i n t h e 19 59 M G M t h r i l l e r N o r t h by N o r t h w e s t by A l f re d H i tc h c o c k

Without exception, I always commence the introductory session of any training programme For this reason it is crucial that you familiarise yourself with the history, structure and role of the
for a Model UN delegation by posing the following question: United Nations. Whilst it is true that Model UNs are not a perfect simulation of the workings of the
United Nations, grossly exceeding the scope of a committee’s remit prejudices the authenticity
“What is the United Nations? What does it do?” of the simulation and undermines the hard work of those who spent hours preparing the content.
Case in point: I once attended a simulation where a bloc of nations represented in the Council of
Understanding what you are simulating is crucial to success. One would be awfully surprised to Europe attempted to force through a resolution regulating the fiscal policies of its member states.
note that many delegates suffer during Model UN sessions because they are unaware of (i) the The outcome was both frustrating and poorly constructed.
fundamental role of the United Nations in international affairs; and (ii) the specific mandate and
limitation of competence of the committee they are simulating.
Becoming a MODEL UN delegate ı Pre-conference Phase 2.5.
If one had to ask Joe Citizen about the United Nations, it’s highly
likely that his answer would allude to the General Assembly. This
is unsurprising as the General Assembly is the main organ of the
United Nations and is furthermore considered to be a spectacle
of international politics: it is one of those rare occasions when
world leaders simultaneously convene. However, delegates
must understand that there is much more to the United Nations
than simply the General Assembly. The United Nations is
made up of a myriad of agencies, programmes, funds and
related organisations; each with its own unique composition,
functions and responsibilities. Coming to terms with the sheer
complexity of it all is by no means an easy feat; however,
even being vaguely familiar with the overall hierarchy goes a
long way to demonstrating your understanding of the system.
This can work in your favour.
page 35
Delegates must also be taught to appreciate that the United Nations is not perfect. All things
considered, it has performed admirably in the face of a habitually disunited front and geopolitical
realities. The organisation is routinely criticised in the media for being bloated and ineffectual.
This guide won’t delve into the merits of this particular discussion; however, for now I feel that
it is appropriate to remind aspiring delegates of an inconvenient truth of the United Nations.
In the words of its second Secretary General, Dag Hammarskjöld:
“It has been said that the United Nations
was not created in order to bring us to
heaven, but in order to save us from hell.”
Becoming a MODEL UN delegate ı Pre-conference Phase 2.5.
Regarding Model United Nations
Model UN is an academic simulation of world
politics. Its name has actually become somewhat
of a misnomer, as modern conferences habitually
post several non-UN committees such as the
European Parliament or NATO. Some go as far as
incorporating fictional or fantasy elements to their
conferences, such as the Lord of the Rings
or the Game of Thrones.
page 36
Regardless of the set-up, there is one thing that delegates must keep in mind: that although Model Whilst I admit that there is
UNs strive for authenticity, the reality is that time constraints only allow delegates to simulate a no universally sanctioned
fraction of the workings of their particular committee. In last year’s Malta Model United Nations, the philosophy, I think that most
local representative from the UNHCR attended the final committee session to observe proceedings, experienced delegates can
and whilst commending delegates on their fruitful debate, reminded them that their efforts were point towards a number
only the tip of the iceberg. of key values that make or
break best delegates.
The point here is that delegates must remain grounded in what they seek to achieve at the
conference, as many fundamentally misunderstand their role as delegates. On many occasions
I have seen delegates resorting blindly to rhetoric, hyperbole or gesticulating speeches to try to
make point that was quite unnecessary. It is crucial that delegates are made aware of the core
“MUN Philosophy” from the outset.
Becoming a MODEL UN delegate ı Pre-conference Phase 2.5.
First, Model UNs have always presented themselves in a clear and
consistent manner: that they are incubators of diplomatic qualities, with
the endgame being a broader understanding of the challenges faced
by representatives of national governments. In fact, many conferences
(most notably Harvard WorldMUN) eschew delegate awards in favour
of diplomacy awards.   arise. Oftentimes these disputes raise tricky questions and provide no
Second, delegates must learn to appreciate the value of compromise.
This can be a bitter pill to swallow, particularly if you have an assertive
character. The fact of the matter is that delegates are not representing
individual interests, but are merely acting as the mouthpiece of their
national governments. Invariably, national interests collide and disputes
clear solutions. What does one do in such situations? Politicians are
often criticised for achieving watered down versions of their policy goals
in international initiatives - however this is simply because diametrically
opposing interests cannot be resolved through brashness or hard-
headedness. Compromise is thus a necessary evil, and one which
delegates would do well to acquaint themselves with.
page 37
C o u r te s y of M U N S C S a l i e n t
Finally, although a delegate’s principal aim is to adhere to his country’s
policies as closely as possible, this should not be done without keeping
an eye on the bigger picture. Filibustering and torpedo tactics for the
sake of authenticity will not make you a popular delegate and will likely
ruin the fun for everybody else. Yes, you should properly represent
your country’s interests, but you should also be pragmatic and work
towards the attainment of the common good, which in this context
means passing a resolution acceptable to as many states as possible.
Becoming a MODEL UN delegate ı Pre-conference Phase 2.5.
MUN Clubs, MUN Societies, MUN Trainings
By Bushra Hashem
What are MUN clubs/societies?
An MUN club or society is where you can learn more about
MUN and its rules of procedure, practice debating skills and
prepare for conferences.
Where they can be found
An MUN club or society can be found at your university. Check
with the student activities’ office at your university, or with law
schools and faculties that teach political sciences and international
relations. They can also be found in high schools or secondary
schools, and they provide the necessary preparation and training
to attend national or international junior MUN.
page 38
What MUN clubs/societies offer Why join an MUN club/society?
and what to expect from them
MUN clubs offer training sessions for national or international Joining an MUN club or society is a very important step if you
MUNs, and these sessions usually include: want to become a better delegate. While experience gained
from attending different conferences is great, attending training
• Debating skills sessions will put you in direct contact with people with extensive
• Academic information about the committee/ council experience in the field, and you will have the chance to learn
from them and ask questions. Being in an MUN club or society
• Public speaking skills
doesn't only affect your performance at the conference which
• Information about the rules of procedure and follows the training; it also provides you with great tools and
conference regulations information to help you with all your upcoming conferences. Not
• Mock conference sessions to mention the like-minded friends you will meet, with whom you
will have a tighter bond because you will have spent both the
training and conference together.
Becoming a MODEL UN delegate ı Pre-conference Phase 2.5. page 39

MUN trainings (training sessions and what you will learn from them;
how many sessions; how important your performance is during a session)

Training sessions: Your performance during the sessions: Where can you find an MUN club/society?
They can vary from once a week to once every two weeks, or
once a month. You should expect to gain much knowledge from
the sessions, but you should also expect to do some work. The
organisers can assign you tasks such as giving a speech or a
presentation, creative fun tasks like coming up with plays or
stories that are relevant to the topic, or preparing a mini/mock
conference so you can gain some experience. You should also
expect to perform many of these tasks in teams, as this will
prepare you for teamwork and leadership.
The number of sessions can vary significantly; some clubs will
have only a handful of sessions (4 – 6), while others will have
as many as 10. But don't worry; MUN clubs always interrupt
their activities during the midterms and the period of the finals,
as well as during the breaks.
As you can see, there is a great variety of skills and activities
that you will learn/experience during the sessions. So the more
you pay attention and the more you work during the sessions,
the better delegate you will become. Also, in situations such
as these, selection of best delegate or delegation depends on
your performance throughout the entire period of preparation,
not just on what you have shown during the conference.
Conferences:
After the period of training sessions, you will attend a national
or international MUN conference; this will be your chance to
put all the skills you learned to practice.
As mentioned, they are found at many universities under
student activities; however, if you can’t find one at your own
university, try this:
Check out the law faculty, international relations
or political science student activity programs.
Check other nearby universities for MUN clubs
or societies; many universities accept applicants
from other schools if they fit the criteria.
Check Facebook pages or websites of universities
in your region, as they will usually post information
of the student activities they organise.
Becoming a MODEL UN delegate ı Pre-conference Phase 2.5.
School and university How to find a MUN club/ The process of application RELATED LINKS
clubs and societies
The difference between a university and school MUN
club or society is simply the level of proficiency. If it is
a university club, it will likely be more difficult and more
competitive, and the school one will be simpler, and have
less complicated topics to target middle/preparatory
and high/secondary school students.
Unlike the university MUN clubs and societies, school
clubs are much less likely to allow students from other
schools to attend. But sometimes, student activity
communities or clubs can host MUN training sessions
outside the scope of a certain school, so keep an eye
open for those as well.
society that is right for you and/or interview Articles:
How to be confident on your
Depending on your personal preferences and your level
in MUN, you should choose the MUN club or society
that is right for you. If you are a beginner MUNer and
are looking for knowledge and gaining experience,
try to find an MUN club that is not too competitive or
fierce, as this will give you more flexibility, allowing you to
take your time and learn. On the other hand, if you are
confident in your MUN proficiency level and are looking
for a challenge, then try to find a club that will provide
those things for you. It won't be difficult to find out what
type of MUN club is the one you are applying for; MUN
clubs and societies have wide reputations and you can
ask former delegates or organisers of the club about
the level of proficiency you should expect.
page 40
first MUN
Some clubs or societies interview potential delegates
to decide whether they should be allowed to join, Are you infected by the MUN
while some simply request that you fill out an virus? Symptoms and cure (?)
application form. Preparing for an interview - if there
is one - is not that important. You should have some Key questions:
general information about the UN and the current
What are the peculiarities in
world news. You should also know something about
the addressing ‘beginners’ vs
‘pros’ at the conference?
the committee/council of your choice and be able
to tell why you chose that one in particular. The
interview shouldn't be very long or difficult, but like
with any interview, it is important that you make a
good impression.
Becoming a MODEL UN delegate ı Pre-conference Phase 2.6.
Model UN Research: Overview
Every MUNer is expected to perform his/her research as part of preparation
for a conference. Otherwise, your MUN career will be finished before you have
even started the journey.
The Oxford Dictionary defines research as “the systematic investigation into
and study of materials and sources in order to establish facts and reach
new conclusions”. Being a university student is all about preparing for doing
proper research and gaining knowledge that is useful for solving practical or
theoretical problems.
Before going into the nuts and bolts of an MUN-specific research, let’s go
through some important elements of MUN research together.
page 41
Understanding your role as a delegate
You cannot start an MUN research unless you know your country or committee. Nor can you do
your research without knowing its purpose. The purpose of MUN research is to equip you with
knowledge (and facts) necessary for writing a Position Paper and the Opening Speech (before
session), participating in discussions and negotiations (in session) and Resolution Writing (session
outcome).
When it comes to research, you will in the end reap what you have sown. The greater your
knowledge, the better will be your chances to become a power-delegate. But there is more than
that. Your MUN research can help you improve your performance in college, or discover interesting
career opportunities you otherwise wouldn’t have known existed.
Becoming a MODEL UN delegate ı Pre-conference Phase 2.6. page 42

Looking for reliable, useful and objective sources Source breakdown

Any research process
implies a lot of searching,
reading, and writing - both
online and offline.  With
the hyper-production and
ready-made availability of
content on the Internet, it is
important, now more than
ever, to use sources that are
credible and useful.
Knowing how to critically value your sources is crucial. Most
sources are available online (from newspapers to blogs to
traditional academic journals), but you can still visit your university
library and look for referred journals and academic articles, or
use the power of indexes and databases.
The instant availability of online sources is a two-edged sword.
You can access the information quickly, but you have to know
where to look and which sources to trust. Please avoid web
pages that are not dated or that do not credit their sources.
Also, check if an organisation or a newspaper publishing the
information is potentially biased regarding a certain issue.  If you
cannot find a relevant official source of information, then always
try using reliable books, articles or news sources first.
For basic information on current events, start from news sources. Use a major Internet search
engine (Google, Yahoo, etc.) and look for news. For primary sources such as speeches,
reports, resolutions, use the official United Nations and governmental websites. Then, you can
try searching various tanks (but pay attention to their objectivity) for specialised thematic areas.
For additional reference, use academic publications, books and articles.
Once you have figured out which sources to use,
you should determine how to use them to fit your MUN needs.
Marko Kovacevic, Serbia
MUNPlanet link

i m a g e s o u rc e f re e s to c k p h oto s
Becoming a MODEL UN delegate ı Pre-conference Phase 2.6. page 43

Model UN Research:
Rules of Procedure
By Christopher Bergedahl
The Rules of Procedure (“RoP”) are a bit like taxes: nobody really likes them but
they are absolutely essential to the smooth running of a committee session.
Consequently, delegates often overlook the RoP in favour of other aspects of
Model UN training, reasoning that they can pick them up during the conference. It
is my duty to inform you that this is a woefully incorrect attitude to take.
Becoming a MODEL UN delegate ı Pre-conference Phase 2.6.
The RoP are the strongest tool in a delegate's arsenal. A thorough knowledge of the RoP’s technical
details can empower delegates to take the lead in a committee by setting the agenda and directing
the flow of debate. Grabbing the bull by the horns from an early stage - such as guiding the debate
to one topic or another - is a strategic way to assert your authority and encourage more timid
delegates to gravitate towards you. The benefits of this simply cannot be overstated. Case in point:
I had once participated in a committee whose first topic heavily favoured larger developed nations
at the expense of less developed ones. The second topic was much more equitable in this respect
and would have ensured the active participation of all delegates. Unfortunately for the delegates
representing the smaller states, a seasoned veteran immediately took charge by convincing the
committee to opt for the first topic. This particular delegate’s actions set the tone for the weekend
and he was revered by his fellow colleagues for his striking competence.
page 44
In addition, directors often look favourably upon delegates who have taken an interest in preparing
themselves adequately in the RoP. Considerable time is wasted on reprimanding delegates for
incorrect use of the RoP, particularly where points and motions are concerned. On the flip side,
delegates refrain from overzealous behaviour such as directly challenging committee directors for
the sake of demonstrating proficiency in the RoP.
Delegates with a Machiavellian flair can also use the RoP to gain a tactical advantage at a crucial
point. One of the most well known strategies is the ‘disruptiveness doctrine’ - whereby motions that
are considered to be most disruptive are voted upon first.
Becoming a MODEL UN delegate ı Pre-conference Phase 2.6.
MUN Research: Public Speaking
as a Social Skill
I often feel that there is a widespread misconception
amongst the students regarding Model UN: that it is
simply a glorified public speaking exercise. Without
wanting to undermine the importance of good oration,
I would maintain that public speaking proficiency is
just a fragment of a much larger skill-set needed in
any delegate’s toolbox: social skills.
Model UN is an inherently social activity. If it were not so, then
it is likely that not much would be accomplished as in between
speeches delegates would simply sit at their tables twiddling
their thumbs! A talented orator may be persuasive and inspire
the masses to answer his call; however this counts for little if s/he
is then unable to convert it into concrete results in a resolution.
Creating personal relationships and strategic alliances is arguably
more vital than great speeches. Therefore, equal time ought to
be dedicated to social skills such as friendliness, greetings,
politeness, courtesy and leadership.
page 45
I had once read an interesting piece of work regarding the qualities
expected of best delegates within the context of leadership.
What struck me the most was the manner in which the author
approached the topic and communicated his philosophy.
A delegate should not strive to be a leader simply by assuming
the most prominent role within a bloc or committee. Rather,
a true leader is one that empowers his team to perform.
Accordingly, a leader ought to give credit where credit is due. A
leader ought to avoid micro-managing the members of his bloc
by taking principal control of all aspects of resolution building. A
true leader is one who inspires his fellow delegates to rally around
his cause as a single unit. Achieving this is no simple task: it
takes measures of charm, cunning and knowledge to be able to
mobilise and command the respect of your fellow delegates.
Becoming a MODEL UN delegate ı Pre-conference Phase 2.6.
MUN Research: Position Papers
Why are position papers
important?
First impressions count, and they have the potential
to lay the foundations of your relationship with third
parties. Unfortunately, given the time constraints of
a Model UN, first impressions do not take place in
person but are conducted through a more abstract
medium: position papers.
page 46
The position paper is another underrated element of the Model UN experience. It is the first port of call
for (i) directors interacting with delegates; and (ii) delegates between themselves. A thought-provoking
and carefully constructed position paper goes a long way to winning the favour of your directors.  
If one is eyeing a prize, then position papers cannot be underestimated. Directors interact directly
with delegates only sparingly, especially if the size of the committee ranges from medium to large.
Consequently, position papers are one of the few ways that directors can monitor whether delegates
are presenting themselves in a clear and consistent manner to their fellow colleagues. Incidentally,
this point was stressed upon by the directors of a committee that I recently participated in. During
a feedback session, the directors praised those delegates whose opening speeches, alliances
and personal initiatives were at harmony with the policy goals outlined in their position papers.
Invariably it was these delegates who garnered an overall better performance.
Becoming a MODEL UN delegate ı Pre-conference Phase 2.6.
Tangible benefits are not only evident in the award results,
but also on a more practical level. Whilst pre-conference/
initial networking may be possible for committees with thirty
delegates, the same cannot be said for those that sport a
hundred or more delegates. Seeking out alliances is time-
consuming, and as the old adage goes: time is money - or
in this case, the influence that time can buy you. Clearly
delineating your country's policy goals makes it much easier
for your fellow colleagues to identify you as a potential ally,
or vice-versa. This symmetry of information is a powerful tool
in the hands of a delegate and ensures a considerably more
effective and efficient caucusing strategy.
page 47
Style and format
of position papers
There is no common standard regarding the style and format
of position papers. Length and content requirements often
› 1. Designations
vary from one conference and another. Differences may Every position paper should kick off with the following basic information:
also be observed between different committees in the same
conference where such committees differ in size and scope. Committee name (e.g. WHO)
Country represented
The point here is that delegates are typically afforded some
Delegate name & MUN club represented
discretion and flexibility in this regard. Topic
That being said, when training delegates I have often stressed
See the example below:
the importance of a coherent and logical structure to position
papers: one whereby ideas are clearly divided and policy goals
for the conference are easily identifiable. For the purposes of
this guide, I will share my own thoughts on what I consider
from experience to be the best practices regarding position
paper drafting.
Committee: Interational Monetary Fund
Country: the Central African Republic
Delegate: Christopher Bergedahl, Malta Model United Nations Society
Topic A: Adapting the quota system to the economic and financial challenges
of the new millennium
Becoming a MODEL UN delegate ı Pre-conference Phase 2.6.
› 2. Section one: topic background
The opening section of a position paper should provide a quick
background of the topic. This operative word here is brief: the directors
would already (hopefully!) know the topic like the back of their hands,
and will be in no mood to beat around the bush. That being said, a
couple of sentences demonstrating your understanding of the key
issues at play will not go amiss. Here’s a helpful tip: in the study guides,
directors often hint the issues that they deem worthy of inclusion in a
potential resolution. Now is the time to explore some of these issues
succinctly.
page 48
› 3. Section two: country performance & policies
The second section focuses exclusively on a country’s current policy towards the topic in question. Obviously this needs to be adapted to the topic
discussed: some times this section will be laden with statistics, at others with statements by government officials. This can prove tricky in certain
instances as some states do not collect reliable data for public dissemination. Thus, delegates must show some ingenuity when developing their
country’s profile. Take for example this extract from my position paper when representing the Central African Republic at the International Monetary Fund:
“The Central African Republic is no stranger to these challenges, albeit it has suffered considerably more than its neighbours due to ongoing internal
strife. The government has been involved in protracted struggles against various rebel groups, effectively impeding the implementation of any coherent or
long term macroeconomic policy. Although it was reported that the economy grew marginally in 2014 following a contraction of 36% of GDP in 2013, the
Central African Republic faces an uphill struggle for a number of structural reasons.
These difficulties have been acknowledged by successive governments and have led to a strategic partnership with the IMF and the World Bank. In 2012,
the IMF approved a request under the Extended Credit Facility (“ECF”) to the tune of SDR 41.775 million in an attempt to facilitate economic recovery. The
government planned to use the funds to increase human and institutional capacity in order for it to proceed with plans to bring about a comprehensive
tax policy and the implementation of an adequate system of public financial management. The resultant fiscal space derived from increased efficiency
would be utilised to alleviate poverty, invest in infrastructural projects and maintain a sustainable level of debt. Notwithstanding this, the IMF noted that the
Central African Republic was under moderate risk of debt distress, and thus any new debt issued by third parties ought to be on a concessional basis.”
Becoming a MODEL UN delegate ı Pre-conference Phase 2.6.
› Section three:
policy goals
This is the most important section
of the entire position paper. It is here
that you ought to categorically list
down those policy goals that you
intend to achieve over the weekend.
You can also take this opportunity to
name-drop some states that you’re
looking to work with, which could
easily form the basis of a strategic
partnership over the conference.
In terms of design, I encourage
delegates to make use of numbered
lists, as they conveniently divide up
the goals and make them more
easily readable.
Take for example this extract
from my position paper when
representing the Central African
Republic at the International
Monetary Fund:
page 49
Helpful tip:
As a Sub-Saharan state, the Central African Republic is in a prime position
your desired policy goals should be RELATED LINKS
to act as a voice of the region in its efforts to achieve economic stability
and debt sustainability. During this Conference, the Delegation of the constantly referred back to throughout Articles:
Central African Republic shall be pursuing three principal aims:
the debate on the topic. Directors will take MUN Research:
1.   Calling for caution and prudence on behalf of sub-Saharan 3 Basic Components
governments issuing sovereign debt at competitive rates.
note of your consistency and be able to MUN Research Sources
The debt-to-GDP ratio throughout the region has risen from
below 30% in 2008 to around 70% in 2014, and only stands
easily assess your performance in terms Position Paper Writing
to grow in the wake of the African sovereign debt boom. of your ability to convert your aspirations Model Un Glossary: Words
into concrete resolution clauses. Every MUNer Should Know
2 Advocating the provision of technical assistance to aid administrations
in implementing fiscal reform without sacrificing tax sovereignty. The MUN resolution No.1:
intended effect is to broaden the taxable base and ultimately achieve Encourages in-depth
fiscal consolidation. research
Some position paper samples
Researching:
3. Calling for a dual approach to address the growing concern of
Four Surefire Facts
access to credit (both large scale and micro-financing) in sub-
Saharan territories: underlining the importance of legal certainty How to write a standard
and security in credit transactions by calling for technical and alternative versions
assistance in civil/commercial law reform; and supporting of MUN study guide
the spread of successful initiatives undertaken by a number
of African states such as Senegal, Benin and Tanzania.
Becoming a MODEL UN delegate ı Pre-conference Phase 2.7. page 50

Public Speaking
Facing the crowd: Introduction
By Yasmin Helmy

What is the first thing that comes to your mind when you think of public speaking? Politicians, right?
Maybe TED Speakers and teachers, or professors, if you give it a bit more thought; or maybe you
think of business people giving a presentation to a board of directors.
Well, what about when you think of yourself? Do you see yourself as a public speaker?
Were you ever one?
Even if your answer is a definitive and assertive “of course not,” chances are you have spoken
publicly at least once in your lifetime. How come? Well, public speaking requires three main
components, or elements: a speaker (obviously), a message (the aim of the speech), and an audience
(the receivers of the message). So, technically, when you ask your parents for money and need to
explain why you need it - you’re a public speaker; when you tell your friends “the big news” - you’re
a public speaker; when you “pop the question” - you’re a public speaker.
Becoming a MODEL UN delegate ı Pre-conference Phase 2.7.
The difference between our conventional understanding of public
speaking and the true - and many - definitions of public speaking
is that in simple, everyday situations the role of public speaker
alternates much faster than, say, at a political rally, a lecture, or a
business presentation. This is due to the difference in the nature
of the message, as well as the audience.
The purpose of this chapter is not to make you the next Nelson
Mandela, but rather to place you on the path to becoming that. We
will take a good look at each of the three elements of public speaking
and explore how each of them shapes the overall performance of
a public speaker. We will also go over how to sufficiently prepare
for being a public speaker, particularly in MUN; where public
speaking can be used within the different settings of MUN; and
how to prepare for being a public speaker in each of the different
settings that MUN has to offer.]
But let’s not get ahead of ourselves; so we better take a few
steps back.
What is public speaking?
Public speaking, sometimes called “oration,” is “effective oral
communication with an audience.”
We can derive several things from this definition; the first being
the set of three main elements of practicing public speaking,
which we have already mentioned and identified.
Second, notice the word “effective;” this should be the core of
any public speaker - to be effective in their performance. It can be
achieved in many ways, and is perhaps the most important goal
any public speaker should have in mind when preparing a strategy.
Third, it’s very important not to forget that, at the end of the day,
public speaking is all about communication, and communication
can be achieved in many different ways. Within the framework
of public speaking you will find that there are many strategies
to communicate your message to the audience. Some are
wonderfully entertaining, some are boring, some are engaging,
and some are isolating.
(1) "Public Speaking." Def. 2. Merriam Webster. Merriam Webster, n.d. Web.
<http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/public%20speaking>.
page 51
Even though public speaking is a wonderfully useful tool for
communication, many people shy away from learning more
about it, or practicing it altogether. Each person has his/her own
reasons for this; but these different causes of reluctance usually
boil down to the same thing; the last element of public speaking
- the audience.
The audience may be the ‘monster under the bed’ that people
fear the most. Fear of rejection and mockery cause a big barrier
that many people run up against when facing a crowd, and
while the audience should always be the top priority when
composing a speech, it is possible to disengage from the fear
and overcome it. This, of course, comes with practice. Another
cause of reluctance is the fact that people believe that they are
just not good enough for “that sort of thing.” Which begs the
question: is public speaking a talent or a skill?
Becoming a MODEL UN delegate ı Pre-conference Phase 2.7. page 52

War, peace, and everything in between:

the importance of public speaking
Those who have practiced public speaking have been the cause
of war, peace, revolution, fear, movements, the birth of ideologies
and much more. Orators have an incredible power that many
people seem to take lightly… and also for granted.

People who are reluctant to practice public speaking lack faith

that they will be any good at it - they don’t think they have what
it takes; they don’t believe that they have the required talent.
Granted, some orators are better than others, but the weigh of
factors that affect the quality of a speech outweigh the question
of mere talent by a landslide.
Becoming a MODEL UN delegate ı Pre-conference Phase 2.7. page 53

Public speaking: a talent or a skill?

What is it that draws us to great public speakers? Charisma is usually the first thing that comes
to people’s minds, but they’re wrong to think so - not because the speaker isn’t charismatic, but
because all that people see is the speech as it’s being delivered; what they don’t see is the hard
work behind it. Their mind will never immediately go to the fact that a 10-minute speech took many
gruelling hours to compose and prepare. We only see the pretty picture, and not the blood, sweat
and tears put into creating the picture-perfect result we see as the final result.

Whenever you see a politician giving an eloquent address, or a performer giving an acceptance
speech that really touches you, rest assured it’s no rabbit pulled out of a magician’s hat - hardly
any successful end-result ever is. You can say with certainty that the quality of a public speaker
depends vastly on how much effort was put into the preparation of his/her speech, and on how
this effort was invested. You can spend much time in preparation and still not get the end result
you want, simply because you misdirected your efforts.

Don’t be disheartened if you realise that your peers are getting the hang of public speaking “better
than you are,” they probably invested their efforts correctly from the get-go. Or it was beginner’s
luck, you can say, that makes it seem like they have the genes (or talent) that make them ingenious
public speakers; so don’t give up easily and read on to find out how you can become the next
Nelson Mandela.
Becoming a MODEL UN delegate ı Pre-conference Phase 2.7.
Under a looking glass: the three elements
In order to efficiently
prepare for public
speaking it is important
that you truly understand
and study up-close the
three elements without
which public speaking
could not exist. Once
these three elements
are well understood,
you can transition to
the actual composition
and preparation of your
speech.
First element: the audience
This is, perhaps, the most important of the three elements. The audience will determine everything
that goes in a public speaking performance, and if the speaker does not keep the audience a
priority, the result of his/her efforts will be quite poor.
The key to efficiently preparing for public speaking is to respect your audience. Think of it this
way: when an audience is listening to you speak, they’ve put their obligations on hold and
sacrificed their time and attention to listen to someone they’ve probably never met and know
nothing about. This is not meant to scare you even more as a potential speaker, but to make it
clear that being a public speaker is an honour which you should not take lightly.
Why is this important?
Simply, once you regard being a public speaker as an honour bestowed upon you by your
audience, rather than a means to show off, or as a means to have attention focused on you,
your attitude in preparing your speech will change dramatically.
You may very well be wondering what it means to respect an audience. Well, rest assured
you don’t need to repeat the words “ladies and gentlemen” or “sirs and madams,” a lot, if at
all. Respecting your audience entails many things. First, know who your audience is. Are they
family? Are they friends from work? A team you’re leading? What about their age range? Are
they mostly women or men…?
page 54
It is very important to answer these questions. It’s also very important to know why your audience
is there and where they have come to listen to you as speak. These factors will determine
everything you need to include in your speech; what sort of language you will use - formal,
slang, or something in between - whether or not you’ll be allowed to incorporate humour, what
kind of analogies it’ll be okay to use, should you choose to include them, what you’re going to
wear for your speech, your approach to your own message - everything.
What else does respecting your audience mean?
Well, one way to put it is this: less is always more. When it comes to public speaking, once you
understand what it means to respect your audience, it should come as no surprise that there
is no need to waste your audience’s time, or your own breath for that matter, by saying things
that will add nothing to the message you’re trying to communicate. Don’t waste time explaining
or repeating really mundane things or going around in circles just so you can talk more. Instead,
focus on constructing sentences that’ll carry your message across.
Becoming a MODEL UN delegate ı Pre-conference Phase 2.7.
Second element: the message
The message is the core, what you want to communicate; what you want the entire room to realise - if not the whole
wide world. It is what you are there for. Ideas are a powerful thing; you’ll find it quite surprising how many good ones
go to waste because they are never written down or said out loud, or are said inadequately.
A speaker’s message doesn’t have to be revolutionary, progressive and/or radical for the speech to be good,
sometimes even fantastic. There’s so much more to it than just that. It doesn’t really matter what people think of your
ideas; what matters is that you believe in them - and that’s part of respecting your audience, too.
When your audience sees your passion, and how much you believe in what you are saying, they will listen to you
even if they disagree with you. The audience will want to see the limits of your conviction, try to figure out why it’s
there in the first place, and it will all be because you believe in every syllable you’re saying. This is important.
But remember, when you sign up as a delegate for MUN you will not always be assigned a country whose beliefs
match yours word for word, so generating conviction will be difficult, and this is where you’ll need to use your
imagination (and research) to understand your assigned country’s conviction and make it your own.
Speaking of research, that’s important, too. Your passion is what you display to the audience in order to get them
engaged, but if you show little or no knowledge of what you're talking about, it will manifest as lack of credibility and
the audience will ignore you completely. It's not enough to say you believe in your message; you also need to show
that your conviction is well-grounded and that its roots are not imaginary.
page 55
Third element: the speaker
The speaker’s role, other than to deliver the actual message, is to construct the best strategy to deliver the message
to the audience under the present circumstances. As mentioned above, the audience determines everything about
how a speech is to be delivered. The message, on the other hand, determines what it is that the speaker must
deliver; so the speaker’s role is to decide how to effectively put those two together so that they fit perfectly.
This perfect fit can only be achieved through research and practice.
Speakers must have adequate knowledge of the topic they’re discussing and the message they’re trying to deliver
within the framework of the topic. Not only will this give you a better idea of what you’d like to see, and help you
decide which points you will want to cover; it will also give you the confidence you need to speak.
Once you have your topic and the message you’re interested in delivering figured out, you’ll need to decide on your
strategy of delivery, which will be determined by the composition of your audience. You should really try to figure out
who your audience are; this will help you in deciding what kind of analogies to use, whether or not you’re allowed
to use subtle sarcasm, it will also determine the tone and the different vocal levels you will use. This is where you
add your personal touch to your performance by utilising different styles of public speaking.
"MUNs force you to engage in quite intensive debates
with your fellow delegates and to be very reactive in order to push
forward the interests of the States you’re representing."
Benjamin Samson, France
Fridays with MUNPlanet Interview
Becoming a MODEL UN delegate ı Pre-conference Phase 2.7.
Diplomat-in-the-making:
how to prepare to be a public speaker
As we’ve mentioned earlier, it’s very easy
to mistake public speaking for purely a talent.
In the previous few paragraphs we have
described the end-result. Now, we move on
to the actual preparation. Formally speaking,
there are three spheres in which you can
implement public speaking as a diplomatic
arsenal: formal debate, moderated caucus
(informal debate), and un-moderated caucus;
so roll up your sleeves, fire up your laptop,
and let’s get this show on the road.
Suit and Tie: opening speeches and formal debate
Not many MUNers prefer formal debate (actually, they hate it), because
delegations speak following a certain order (the list of speakers), and you
have to take notes at supersonic speed to be able to respond to all the
points that have been put forward before you got your turn. So the idea is
to make your speech sound natural and flow smoothly, rather than present
a rigid collection of bullet points (which is what you will have in your notes).
In the actual UN, during a so-called formal debate, the speaker’s time is not
limited (though there is a list of speakers). As MUN conferences are relatively
limited in time, compared to the actual UN meetings, the time constraint
is a factor you must keep in mind as a speaker at all times.
page 56
Formal debate, in every essence of the phrase, requires the use of more
complex vocabulary and a slower pace, as well as panoramic view points
- i.e. delegates usually use formal debate to provide an overview of what
they think about the topic and how they believe the debate is proceeding
in general. They address specifics quite rarely in formal debate, as they
are discussed during the informal debate (moderated caucus) and un-
moderated caucus.
You can say that due to the general nature of formal debate foreign policy is
most evident there, since delegates express their opinions concerning the
situation as a whole, proposing a very loose definition of the appropriate track
they think the council or committee should take. Like they say, “the devil is in
the details,” and so is foreign policy, which is sometimes difficult to pick up
during the discussion of specific aspects of the topic.
Becoming a MODEL UN delegate ı Pre-conference Phase 2.7.
Preparation: the opening speech
At this point in the conference, the main resource for a good speech is
extensive research. It is very important to exhibit well-rounded knowledge
of the topic or crisis at hand; where it came from; how it all started; why it is
still a problem; what steps have been taken to fix it; and whether the UN has
played a role in it or not - if yes, what extent (cite resolutions, peacekeeping
missions, different programmes, etc.) and if no, why not (was the UN slow to
react, did a veto power purposefully cause a resolution to fail in the Security
Council, etc.); how did different segments of the ideological spectrum analyse
it (explore different newspapers with different agendas or opinions), and so
forth.
Following this process, once you have a very clear idea of the topic, its history,
its global effect and importance and how different international organisations
- primarily the UN - have dealt with it, it’s time to look at your own country,
what it thinks of the topic; whether it has released any statements or not;
whether it has played an active role or not; whether it has had any substantive
role within the UN itself, and of course, what kind of rhetoric your delegation
primarily employs when addressing this particular topic.
This is just a sample of how you should prepare for your opening speech
when you first come to address a topic, be it at the General Assembly of
your MUN or in your chosen council/committee; and as we’ve mentioned
before, this is all part of knowing what you’re going to say and how you’re
going to say it.
“Time is of the essence,” is perhaps the most applicable phrase for MUN
In some MUNs, delegates have 2-5 minutes to give an opening speech, in
others it’s between 50 seconds and a minute and a half, so be very careful
of how much content you put in your speech. If you have a short amount
of time, give a vague and general overview of your country’s opinion on the
topic at hand; if you have a bit longer, you can use the time to boast about
your country’s efforts, throw a little shade on the international community,
and maybe propose a course of action - should time allow this, of course.
However, to reiterate, the purpose of giving a speech is not to just talk, it’s
to deliver a message you (or in this case, your delegation) believe in, and
sometimes the best tool to help you achieve this is silence.
page 57
Silence allows your audience to process what you're saying.
It is recommended to stop talking approximately every 5 to 7 words, on
average, if you’re facing a large audience, to ensure that all of your audience
members have an idea of what you’re talking about (again, this all depends
on how much time you have, and how much content and substance you
have put in your speech).
It's also important to remember that the larger your audience is, the smaller
the words in your speech need to be - like four syllables and less. For one
thing, this will ensure that all the audience members are following you. It
will also make it easier for you to pronounce everything clearly, which will
guarantee that you will be heard.
Don't be afraid to reach out to your audience, ask rhetorical questions, give
examples by placing the audience in certain situations, or by sharing an
experience. If you remember your audience in your speech, your audience
will remember you.
Becoming a MODEL UN delegate ı Pre-conference Phase 2.7. page 58

Preparation: formal debate speeches

Delivery RELATED LINKS

This is where you need to focus more on your body than on your vocal movement and the content of your Articles:
speech, which you have already prepared.
When you're speaking, it's very important to remove any physical barriers between yourself and the audience, What are the best strategies for public speech
as much as this is possible, (no, this doesn't include clothes). If you have to speak from a podium, try to
MUN public speaking tips and tricks
keep your head up high, your voice loud and clear, and your hands and arms as far from your torso area as
possible. The better the audience sees you, the more attentive they'll be. How to break the deadlock and enhance public speaking at MUN

It is preferable that public speakers move around, but MUNers have to stay put. So, you need to remember From a citizen of the world to world leader: a guide to public speaking
that your hand and arm movements are just as important in your speech as anything else; they are a part of strategies
your speech. Keep your hand and arm movements within a 10cm radius (approximately) from yourself. That
should be enough moving space for you to be expressive without looking like a crazy person set on fire.
Key questions:
How to overcome the fear of public speaking
Not-so-suit-and-tie: the un-moderated caucus What are the most common mistakes the first time MUNers make?
This is a type of debate that delegates prefer when work on potential resolutions is not yet ready to be set
in motion. The topic is broken down into several questions and aspects, and the delegates - on their own -
discuss these tiny elements that make up the topic. This is where the most agreed-upon course of action is
chosen to address the topic at hand. The time limit in this form of debate is much less restrictive than that
of the formal debate.
Becoming a MODEL UN delegate ı Pre-conference Phase 2.7.
Model UN Roles: Delegates and Chairs
By Allan Munyao
Being a Delegate
Having discussed various aspects of MUN conferences,
it’s also imperative that we look at the various roles that
different people play in an MUN Conference. At the
beginning of my MUN life, I started off as a delegate.
This was imperative because I wanted to learn how the
MUN ‘world’ operates. Thus began my journey of an
avid MUNer.
As a delegate, you are the centre of the conference.
You are the one who gets the debates going and sets
resolutions in motion. This is because the end result of
the conference is of the delegates, by the delegates
and for the delegates. Hence, delegates play a key role
in MUNs.
The key tasks for delegates include: creating debates,
defending their positions, lobbying for resolutions and
recommendations, as well as making the conference a
worthwhile experience for other delegates. Boards
make programmes and schedules for the conference,
but the delegates actualise them by making what is
on paper come to life and thus creating a worthwhile
experience for each other.
Moreover, it is from the platform of being a delegate
that diplomatic skills are nurtured and lobbying skills
are developed. Public speaking is also enhanced, and
research skills are honed. All these have seen great
diplomats in the making in the real world.
Nevertheless, being a delegate is not always a bed
of roses; the cultural differences usually make the first
days of the conference a bit ‘icy’. But once the ice
is broken, international networks and friendships are
formed. In summation, success as a delegate comes
from extensive research, an endearing personality and
a friendly character.
Being a Chair
On the other hand, chairs also play a critical role. Chairs
are responsible for choosing topics and writing their
respective background papers. Moreover, they always
have a chance to chair sessions together with another
co-chair in the MUN.
Many believe that chairs are ‘hallowed beings’ and that
only a few people can be chairs. This is not the case.
Fundamental knowledge of international relations is
enough to get you a chair or co-chair position in an
MUN conference. Hence, it is from the springboard of
being a delegate that one can leap into being a MUN
conference chair.
Chairing an MUN conference has its perks and
disadvantages. As for the perks, you get to guide the
debates of the delegates and to share your knowledge
and guidance in the event that a debate
page 59
takes off on a totally different tangent. These and many
others are the perks of being a chair, and who wouldn’t
want to be in charge of the conference gavel? As for the
disadvantages, what has always been a challenge for
me is the fact that as a chair you cannot participate in
the debate. Delegates debate while the chair provides
guidance. Hence, the mind frame of a chair is different
from that of a delegate, and if you have been a delegate
for a long time you may find chairing a bit constraining.
But once you learn to get out of the bubble of the other
side of the floor, you will realise that chairing is indeed
a lot of fun.
In summation, chairing at least one MUN should be
the ultimate goal of any MUNer. This is because it is
a platform to share the knowledge and experiences
gained as a delegate.
Becoming a MODEL UN delegate ı Pre-conference Phase 2.7.
Some Delegates’ Perspectives on Chairs
- A View from High School MUNs
By Eduardo Palomino
At your first conference, the chair may look scary. But remember,
they are just experienced, not mean. They are human beings,
and they will not harm you in any way. What you must take into
account, though, is that there are many situations chairs may
put you into, and you must know how to cope with them. Chairs
are there to make the best of the MUN experience. However,
still in high school, chairs tend to be young and usually don’t
have more than five MUNs of experience. They have some…
particular characteristics you may want to take into account. What
you should know after reading this is that, apart from delegates,
chairs will have a major influence on your performance.
page 60
The first chair type you may encounter is the “Blind and Deaf So please, if you are nervous, think through what you are going
Chair.” You will try to speak and they won’t give you the word. to say and make sure it relates to what somebody else has
This is really frustrating, because during a conference discussion just said. Even quote other delegates. This lets the chair know
the point changes so quickly that if you haven’t spoken after that you are following the debate and that the committee is not
ten interventions, your participation may have already become in complete chaos. That way they will give you the word more
obsolete. However, they do not do this intentionally - moderating often than if you just agreed with everyone else.
a committee is not easy. Imagine having to administrate the
participation of twenty delegates who participate at different
frequencies, whose interventions focus on different matters,
who are either shy or extrovert - where you must make sure that
all have had the same opportunities to speak, while keeping the
flow of the debate stable and productive.
Becoming a MODEL UN delegate ı Pre-conference Phase 2.7. page 61

The next type is the “Hitler Chair.” The strictest moderators and presidents may prey on less cautious delegates, because order is RELATED LINKS
sometimes what keeps the committee productive. Their voices may be loud and some of them may be intimidating. But they are
never hateful or mean. Don’t play games with this type of chair; do not be insolent or submissive. Answer politely to whatever they Key questions:
tell you and avoid excessive contact with them. Chairs are sometimes just a way for you to communicate to other delegates, so if a
What are the most critical traits of a good MUN committee
chair is too strict, keep interaction with him/her to a minimum and focus on the delegates. No delegate likes these kinds of chairs,
chairperson?
but they indeed ensure a productive ambiance. However, if a chair becomes abusive and intransigent, you better report this to the
organisers; you aren’t in the army, you’re simulating the UN. One simply doesn’t yell at diplomats. What makes a good committee chair?
How to become a committee chair?
Finally, there’s the “Amity Chair.” These people are excellent diplomats, and they will thank you even for participating. Having these
kinds of chairs is really comfortable, but as a result the debate may be less intense. They focus on participation rather than on
comprehension. They look for a consensus instead of sanctioning a country. They always smile and may act informally from time to Topic: Chairing MUN
time. You, as a delegate, must balance the attitudes of the chair with yours to always keep the environment productive yet diplomatic.
If your chair is aggressive, be polite. If your chair is passive, be proactive. Chairs also learn and gain experience in MUNs. They are
the fuel that turns on the engine of your committee, but you must cooperate.

They are there to help you, and you should also help them if they seem to be in trouble. If there is a clever delegate who is outsmarting
the chair, a good Point of Order can make a difference. Do not annoy them because, in the end, you are under their authority.
Respect them, and they will always respect you. If you ever encounter an inexperienced chair, do not worry or try to by-pass the
rules; it’s best to support them. You are playing on the same team, the team of the UN.
Becoming a MODEL UN delegate ı Pre-conference Phase ı Conclusion page 62

How MUNPlanet Can Help You

Become a Better MUNer
MUNPlanet has been serving its members as an information, This is how MUNPlanet can help you go through the pre-conference preparation phase successfully: 
social and knowledge platform – a community where the members
talk about how MUNs are done and how they resonate with the • By becoming a MUNPlanet member, you can read about all things MUN and get a more profound understanding
wider global affairs. Our members answered more than 4,000 of the key challenges ahead of first-time MUNers;
questions, provided more than 6,000 comments, followed over • Hundreds of conference opportunities are promoted on MUNPlanet through its high-school and university-level
275,000 topics, and engaged in a number of discussions, from MUN calendar and you can browse through a comprehensive MUN conference calendar when looking for your next MUN;
Model UN experiences and international security to sustainability • MUN delegates, chairs, and conference organisers can improve their own performance by learning from their fellow MUNers.
and career development.
You can read about all the stages of the pre-conference phase, from the conference choice, through the basics of the MUN culture,
Model United Nations topic on MUNPlanet has attracted the MUN research, position paper writing, public speaking, to MUN roles and what it takes to progress down your Model UN path.
attention of thousands of MUN delegates and conference
organisers who shared their views on how to make progress
down your MUN path.
3.0.
conference
Phase
– On MUN s and what it means to represent a country
– Representing a Country at Model UN
– Model UN Conference Activity
– The Opening Speech
– In-Session Dynamics
– Negotiation and Lobbying
– MUN s : Learning and/or competition?
Becoming a MODEL UN delegate ı conference Phase 3.1.
On MUNs and what it means to
represent a country
By Rory Mondshein
Model United Nations has numerous educational benefits. On
the individual level, it helps students improve their public speaking
and develop a plethora of skills, including leadership, negotiation,
debate and personal confidence. On the professional level, it
helps students become better public speakers and researchers,
which benefits them in the job market. Finally, on the global level,
Model United Nations challenges students to learn about history
through the perspective of a particular nation -- perhaps a nation
they may not know about, or one they may not necessarily like -
and represent that country’s position in order to understand the
global order and accept personal and social differences in it.
page 64
In committee, we are challenged to contemplate some of the In committee, we feel powerful because we hide behind the
most pressing issues of our time through simulation, in order to placard of a particular nation or representative. We often use
get a better sense of political institutions and the way that each committee sessions to experiment with our own identities, and
country fits into the global system. We spend days, weeks, even gain the personal confidence to take risks because we know
months preparing for conferences because we believe that our that, at the end of the day, it is just a simulation. For these
work in educating others is an essential part of peace-building. In reasons, we find that, while delegates present a confident public
committee, we are committed to upholding “the inherent dignity persona, they do not use their Model UN skills in their daily lives.
and of the equal and inalienable rights of all members of the
human family,” and deplore any unilateral or multilateral action
that violates it (UN Charter). In committee, we refuse to sit idly
because we are convinced that our voices and actions have a
ripple effect, which is why we take it upon ourselves to intervene
swiftly and quickly to ameliorate conflict.
Becoming a MODEL UN delegate ı conference Phase 3.2.
Representing a Country at Model UN
“Representing another country encourages you to see international problems from a different perspective. This
increases mutual understanding between the delegates, because you perceive the world from a different angle. For
example, if you are a Dutch national, you read more or less the same newspaper every day, you look at the same
(Dutch) news every day, and you talk to your (Dutch) friends about the news and problems in the world. It is fairly
ease to represent and protect these interests, because you were raised in a certain environment and with certain
beliefs. But when you are encouraged to step into someone else’s shoes, you have to step out of your comfort zone
and suddenly take someone else’s preferences and ideas into account.
From my own experience I know that this can be quite a challenge; but if you succeed, this increases your
understanding of the world and will bring you closer to your fellow delegates. Therefore, I believe that MUNs do not
necessarily change the way you perceive the world, but they broaden your world. By doing MUN conferences we
will not be able to bring everlasting peace, but we can try to take baby steps by creating awareness and facilitating
international dialogue.”
Dyonne Niehof, the Netherlands
Fridays with MUNPlanet interview
page 65
“In my first MUN we were discussing the Gaza Strip. Neither the participants nor the organisers were aware
of the fact that the representative of a Muslim country was from Israel, which made the whole session quite
difficult. The simulation game became very real to her. However, she remained in her role until the end and did
a great job representing the views of a government with an entirely different opinion.
I could go on with more examples, but this one is sufficient to illustrate the point. The most common mistake that
many MUN beginners make is that they represent their own opinions rather than those of the country they were
assigned. It is understandable that someone who has always lived, for example, in the UK might have different
opinions of certain issues than the government of Gabon. It is also very likely that most governments, even from
your own home country, have opinions on some issues that are very different from yours.
It is always important to have your own personal opinions, to be able to justify and reason them. However,
sometimes the time and place are not right. This is why it’s important to learn to recognise the right time to be
a person with strong opinions and when to practise diplomacy, and also to be able to represent opinions that
might not be in line with your own. This is what we can learn from Model United Nations: how to represent a
country and views that might differ from our own.”
Juliane Jokinen, Estonia
MUNPlanet link
Becoming a MODEL UN delegate ı conference Phase 3.3. page 66

Model UN Conference Activity

Model UN usually begins with an opening ceremony that is followed by regular sessions (formal The session begins most RELATED LINKS
and informal debate, resolution writing and voting procedure/document adoption). Many Model UN often by the delegations
conferences nowadays offer many social activities and other programmes that make the complete presenting their views of Articles:
event a memorable experience. But the main part of every MUN takes part in the conference the topic (e.g. opening
A Typical Model UN Conference
rooms where discussions go on for one to several days - simulating the possible scenarios that speech), followed by formal
Story Told Through 15 Obama GIFs
can or could happen in world politics. These situations go beyond the spirit of simulation and help and informal debates,
the delegates develop skills such as public speaking, negotiation, writing or leadership. Knowledge caucuses, resolution writing
and information are gathered and long lasting ties made at these conferences, thus making for and voting on the outcome
a unique place where international social capital is developed among the students interested in documents.
global affairs. In this infographic you can see these elements of the flow of debate.
C o u r te s y of M U N S C S a l i e n t
Becoming a MODEL UN delegate ı conference Phase 3.4. page 67

The Opening Speech

RELATED LINKS

Articles:
A to Z of Your Opening Speech
The importance of representing
your own country

Key questions:
How should delegations present
their opening speeches?
“The opening speech is definitely your time to shine. You should be adequately prepared, and should quote
several referential documents on your country or region in connection to the topic you are addressing.

If you are presenting your country as a delegation, one person - probably the one who is most
outspoken and has the least stage fright - should address the audience in the opening speech.
Others should make their say in coordination with the entire delegation as the session proceeds.
It is always important to think of the desirable outcome, i.e. "What does your delegation or country
want to achieve?" and to project your activities in that direction.

Remember that the opening speech is the first contact that fellow delegates from other countries are having
with you. Depending on the desirable outcome which your delegation has identified and wants to pursue, you will
position yourself and your country as straightforward and brutally honest, with an ultimatum which symbolises
a call for action; or you will be a leader seeking allies, solving a conflict situation, providing security…

In your opening speech, what you say matters (the content) as much as how you say it (your intonation,
the choice of words and pauses, your body language, the personality traits you expressed).”

Milena Milićević, Serbia

MUNPlanet link
Becoming a MODEL UN delegate ı conference Phase 3.4. page 68

Team Building

“This skill is not as obvious as research or public speaking, but it is

crucial to your success in committee. When you are in un-moderated
caucus, meeting people and finding others you can work with - you are
essentially building a team. Your team, also known as a caucus bloc or
an alliance, needs to work together to write resolutions and get them
passed. Being a leader of your team also helps you become a leader in

committee and in the eyes of your chair.

Tip: During un-moderated caucus, most delegates try to build a team

by talking about their own policies and solutions. However, it’s actually
more important to ask others what they think and get their input. That is
how you find people who share the same policies and solutions and with
whom can be on the same team. So talk less, and listen more.”

Feisal Ahmed, Ethiopia

MUNPlanet link

RELATED LINKS

Articles:
7 most common MUN fears (and how to overcome them)

Key questions:
When and how delegates should exercise the right of reply?
Five skills every delegate should learn
Becoming a MODEL UN delegate ı conference Phase 3.5. page 69

In-Session Dynamics
Moderated and un-moderated caucusing
By Eduardo Palomino
This is one of the most awesome parts of the MUN! Just to give you an idea of how a moderated caucus works, picture the following: it is a period
of the conference when you can raise your placard to ask for the word, and if you are given
Ask any experienced delegate what they think about
the word you may speak for a set amount of time about anything you think pertinent. You
caucusing, and almost everyone will say that it is exactly can make remarks, question someone, attack or compliment someone’s proposal. Everyone
what makes MUN so special. This is where you will in the room will listen to you, so you have better lost your fear of public speaking by then.
Arguments strike everyone, and you should be ready to quarrel. Although the main purpose
spend most of the conference, and also where you will
of the caucus is to start finding common viewpoints with other delegations - and you should
find out what you’re made of. If you see a two-sided absolutely do that – there are many delegates who enjoy debating and destroying others’
debate as a war, see caucusing as Battle Royale or the proposals. In negotiation you have two options: to prove that your proposal is the best or
destroy all the other ones until the only remaining option for them is yours. If you are attacked,
Hunger Games. This part can be the most intimidating
do not feel discouraged; attack harder.
for a newbie delegate, but as long as you stay focused
you can do really well in it.
Becoming a MODEL UN delegate ı conference Phase 3.5. page 70

After you have made alliances and enemies during the moderated caucus, it’s time for un- Giving an effective moderated caucus speech: RELATED LINKS
moderated caucus. Here, you may speak directly to other delegates, or walk around the room,
just like regular people do. This is where you must be as diplomatic as possible. At this time you “7% is what you say. What matters is how you say it.”
Key questions:
should negotiate for consensus. By then you should have reunited with your bloc, the countries
that came together by way of geopolitical ties or positions during the debate. The ideal is that the Approach delegates - "Most distinguished council, I call for your utmost How do you create a good
highest number of countries agreeing on the same point write a draft resolution and put all their attention." speech on any topic for the
ideas together. Here, every single idea is valuable, because the stronger your draft resolution moderated caucuses?
The key is to stand up straight, make eye contact and speak in a clear, loud
is, the more chances it has to be accepted by the entire committee. This time, you should act
voice, without yelling or being offensive.
differently from the way you acted in moderated caucus. It is now useless to fight; you must find
common ground. Always say what your delegation wants, and how you plan to include that in
Make short points; do not provide data or anything like that. A statement
what your fellow delegations seek. Important: do not get personal. Don’t say ‘what YOU want;’
is supposed to be convincing, not informing. Information can be shared
instead use the words ‘what your delegation wants’. Don’t place your own ideology at risk of much more quickly online or at the General Speakers list.
being criticised. After all, you are a country and whatever they are saying – they are saying it to
your country, not to you. With these tips in mind, you should build an awesome draft resolution When you only have 45 seconds, use them well. And always be polite,
together with your bloc. Cooperation is key here. approach other delegates with your statement, and finish with "I thank
you for the time, honourable chairs, and for your attention, honourable
Please note that you may be going back to moderated caucus after the un-moderated. These delegates".
are the final steps on the path to a resolution, so do your best. Be sure to engage with other
delegates and never stand in isolation. Even when someone starts to write the resolution on Frederike Kipper, Germany
MUNPlanet link
the computer, do not leave! Stay next to them, ready to suggest something new or correct
something you don’t like. Remember that the essence of MUNs is union and cooperation.
What other reason would there be to call them Model UNITED Nations? Work together and,
always, always, always, enjoy the caucus.
Becoming a MODEL UN delegate ı conference Phase 3.6.
C o u r te s y of M U N S C S a l i e n t
page 71
Negotiation and Lobbying
5 approaches to problem solving
By Rory Mondshein
In life, we are always trying to pursue our goals. Yet, everyone Unfortunately, just as there is no universal solution to every
is different: we have different backgrounds, beliefs, values problem, there is no universally applicable method either. As
and goals -- and unfortunately, sometimes, our personal and the table shows, there are five different approaches to conflict
unique interests can interfere with someone else’s, which leads resolution, and they come each with its own benefits and
to conflict. Yet, it is important to note that, while conflicts and consequences. It is important to reference this table in order to
clashes are inevitable, we have the power to either ameliorate or explore all your options.
exacerbate them. As a result, it is crucial for us to sit back and
evaluate our methodology to produce the best possible result.
Figure 1 shows five potential approaches to problem-solving,
based on Thomas Killman’s “Conflict Mode Instrument.”
Becoming a MODEL UN delegate ı conference Phase 3.6.
Approach Collaboration
AKA “Win-Win Solution”
Characteristics > The “Collaboration” method
is characterized by active
listening.
> Individuals listen to the other
parties involved to get a
sense of their position
> After everyone is heard,
the facilitator encourages
everyone to think about the
ways that the conflict can
be resolved by working
together, and acknowledging
differences.
Result > Builds strong relationships
and reduces ill-will by
bringing out the best in
everyone
Compromise
“Win Some, Lose Some”
> Compromise is characterized
by understanding individual
differences, and striking a
balance between competing
interests
> Each party receives an
answer that is satisfactory,
which can yield some
tensions because no one got
their exact demands.
Competition
“Survivalofthe Fittest” //
“I Win, You Lose”
> Competition is characterized
by coercion
> In this model, each actor
continues to engage in
their behavior in the hopes
that the other group will
surrender.
> It is called the “Competition
Model” because, in this
framework, each actor
competes for intellectual and
social dominance.
> One group is extremely
happy, the other group is
unhappy because they did
not receive any of their
demands.
> Jealousy.
page 72
Accommodation Avoidance
“You Lose, I Win” “Problem? What Problem?”
> One party consents -- or
surrenders -- and lets the
> in this model, each party
ignores the issue at hand,
other party win by default. and moves forward.
> "NOTE": Although it
is often lambasted,
the “Accommodations
Methods” can be extremely
useful in situations or
conflicts where the
personal relationship
is worth more than the
conflict.
> By not acknowledging
> While this can seem like
a great solution in the the problem, each party
short-run, the person that essentially fails to resolve it.
is giving up their demands
may be ostensibly hostile in > Can lead to long-term conflict.
the long-run.
Becoming a MODEL UN delegate ı conference Phase 3.6.
Conflict resolution
A. Deciding on the mode
As previously mentioned, every problem is different and, as a result,
there is no universally applicable method to resolving conflicts.
For these reasons, it is important to evaluate the situation and
conduct a cost/benefit analysis when considering each solution,
because certain methods are better suited to certain situations.
For example, if you are participating in the WFUNA International
Model United Nations (WIMUN), which focuses on consensus-
building, you will want to use the “Collaborative Approach” because
it forces each actor to evaluate their strengths and weaknesses
and see how they fit into the global system. However, while the
“Collaborative Approach” may be useful for WIMUN and group
projects, it may not necessarily ameliorate that sibling rivalry over
the television set as well as the “Compromise Approach.”
As a delegate and facilitator, it is your responsibility to (actively)
listen, analyse, and lead parties to the best long-term solution.
It is up to you to decide which method will get you there. While
we sometimes wonder if intervention is even necessary - as
some conflicts tend to eventually resolve themselves on their
own - it is important to evaluate the situation and ask yourself:
page 73
B. Methods of conflict resolution
• Is the conflict creating an uncomfortable environment Fortunately, while there may not be a universal framework for
for others? (For example: if/when someone is bullying problem-solving, there are actually some general tips that you
a fellow student, or, on the macro-level, when a larger can follow to resolve any and every problem -- whether in the
country is invading a smaller country) Model United Nations circuit, at school, or even at home.
• Is the conflict interrupting perfunctory business and
affecting a large number of people? (For example, if/when
the conflict spreads to other social groups or regions)
• Does the conflict pose an active threat? (For example,
if/when a government threatens to attack.)
If you have answered “yes” to more than one of these
questions, then intervention is definitely necessary; yet,
the way to intervene is entirely up to you.yet, the way
you intervene is entirely up to you.
Becoming a MODEL UN delegate ı conference Phase 3.6. page 74

Fact-Finding Ethical evaluations

It goes without saying that to resolve a conflict we have to In addition to contemplating the current conflict, it is important to consider and find core catalysts that
know what the problem actually is. In order to get to the root motivate individuals/countries to behave in a certain way. In other words, we must know the actors
of the problem, we must consider the following: and their central values, including their backgrounds, beliefs and goals in order to paint a complete
picture of the problem, understand everyone’s role in it and identify what can(not) be compromised.
• Who is involved and what do they represent? “The Tree Model” in Figure 2 provides a visual explanation for understanding the role that individuals’
• What is the history of the conflict? Is it affecting backgrounds and ethics play in understanding and resolving conflicts.
the current situation, or is it entirely separate?
• What is the most contentious issue? Figure 2: The Tree Model
• Can we find common ground? Leaves:
every single conflict or
interaction a person has.
It is important to ask these questions because it helps us
Branches:
understand the problem at hand. In some ways, Model United
the way that these values and
Nations is naturally structured towards this approach: the experiences effect individuals'
every day lives.
Country List gives us an overview of the actors involved, and
the Background Guide provides an overview of the history of the Trunk:
core values
conflict and the current situation -- it is up to us, as delegates,
(i.e. religious or personal) and
to determine the root cause of the issue and identify patterns formative experiences.
between country positions in order to find common ground.  It is
roots:
also important to apply this model of thinking to everyday life and Individuals' backgrounds
(i.e. country/place of birth,
situations, to become a solution sleuth both inside and outside
family, social status, etc)
of a committee and a person who is able to resolve some of the
biggest issues in his/her personal life.
Becoming a MODEL UN delegate ı conference Phase 3.6. page 75

As Figure 2 shows, each individual is like a tree: their structure

is comprised of roots, a trunk, branches, and leaves -- each
It is incredibly useful to make this analogy because, at the end of
the day, we want to see if we can come to a resolution that benefits In Model United Nations,
element is a metaphor. As we all know, roots are planted all parties, so we must find some common ground between them.
firmly in the ground, and represent the foundation of the entire
structure of the tree. Our backgrounds are our roots, because
In Model United Nations, we acknowledge that every country is
different, but our committee session provides a common platform
we acknowledge
they indicate where we started and provide grounds on which
to build our character. For trees, the trunk is the core element
for everyone to come together. In committee, countries confirm
their collective commitment to resolving [issue X] -- their interest in
that every country
because it creates the structure for the rest of the tree. Our
values (i.e. our core beliefs) are our trunks because they are part
the issue is the common ground, but the way they view the issue
is informed by their national roots and trunks. is different,
of our central identity, giving us the intellectual and ethical prism
through which we view the world and our place in it. Stemming
from the trunk, the branches represent an extension of the core;
Unfortunately, however, life is not that simple and it is up to us as
delegates and facilitators to take the time to parse each actor to
but our committee session
for us, the branches show the ways that our core values affect
our everyday experiences, which are represented by the leaves.
understand their backgrounds and values to better rationalise and
predict their behaviour. Although it may seem time-consuming at
provides a common platform
Now, I bet you are wondering: what is the relevance of this? Well,
as my adviser and Model United Nations coach explained to me,
first, it actually saves you energy in the long term.
for everyone
it is important to look at the actors holistically because it informs
us about the way they are viewing and approaching the problem.
By understanding the lens through which these individuals view
to come together.
the world, we can better understand their behaviour, identify
their values, and see if they have anything in common with the
other actors.
Becoming a MODEL UN delegate ı conference Phase 3.6.
Frank facilitation & planning
Once you, the facilitator, have identified the common ground,
it is up to you to reveal your findings. In Model United Nations,
actors come to the table with particular goals in mind, and, if
you are a good researcher, you will know exactly what their
goals are. Your next task, however, is to shift the conversation
from emotion to fact by showing each stakeholder that [action
X] is in their best interest.
Now, it is important that you do not tell them, “Based on [insert
value], it is in your best interest to [insert solution]” because that
can appear rather abrasive, and unnecessarily so. Instead, it is
better to ask the important questions and use active listening to
get each stakeholder to connect the dots. In other words, think
of the stereotype of a therapist who constantly asks you how
something makes you feel. As the facilitator, you need to start
the dialogue and carefully construct the conversation without
dominating it.
page 76
In order to come up with an all-inclusive solution for everyone, it is
important to ensure that all voices are heard and that everyone’s
Conclusion
needs are met. This can be done through “Operation: Step Up, Step
Conflicts are inevitable, but there are many different ways to
Back,” which reminds leaders to listen to the others’ viewpoints and
solve them. In order to determine the best possible approach it
be cognisant of who has/has not spoken, and encourages more
is important to use active listening, as well as critical thinking to
bashful representatives to speak without imposing an arbitrary
evaluate the situation based on the actors involved, their history
time limit on conflict resolutions.
and their goals. In some ways, Model United Nations is structured
towards this approach because the Background Guide lays the
Unfortunately, in the Model United Nations community, “Operation:
groundwork for explaining the problem, and the Country List
Step Up, Step Back” is much easier said than done. In a world
outlines the groups affected. Now, it is up to us to evaluate each
dominated by speaker points and awards, we often find that
actor involved, consider their interests, and create a plan of action
delegates are much more eager to speak to increase their
to resolve the conflict -- and we must apply the same approach
chances of winning than to actually be diplomatic. Yet, if there
to our personal and professional conflicts.
is anything to take away from this article, it is that awards do
not matter and that it is, instead, important to focus on actually
Special thanks to Jonathan Becker, the Bard College Model
ameliorating the problem by encouraging delegates to speak,
United Nations and Change in Action programs, as well as
listening to their points, and taking notes on them so that you can
UC Irvine for assistance with the technical terms.
write a comprehensive resolution for all.
Becoming a MODEL UN delegate ı conference Phase 3.7. page 77

MUNs: Learning and/or

competition?
Since its inception, Model UN was envisaged as a simulation of the work of the main international
organisation, with a goal of practicing diplomacy and problem solving in the area of international
relations among students. However, today the spirit of learning and practicing diplomatic skills is
simultaneously followed by a rising competition among the student delegates, which raises the
following question: is winning a Model UN award the most important goal of every delegate, and what
does this ‘incentive’ bring about? What does this phenomenon tell us about MUN? Below are some
of the key points that can summarise the positions in this debate.
Becoming a MODEL UN delegate ı conference Phase 3.7. page 78

On the role of MUN awards

“At Stockholm Model United Nations there is only one award I believe it is counter-productive, if not even destructive, for delegates to focus on what they can RELATED LINKS
available, the SMUN Honorary Medal. We use this award for do to win an award. For this reason, during the year when I was president of SMUN I encouraged
several purposes: presidents of all the councils to consider which, if any, delegates had shown sincere effort of
Key questions:
cooperation and unity in the spirit of the United Nations. For this reason we had a varying number
1. To show appreciation to exceptional speakers who have of awards in each council. How do you evaluate best
shown great willingness to help by returning again and However, this does not mean that awards cannot be used in a fun and productive way. It is essential delegates at MUN conferences?
again to hold workshops or lectures during the preparatory that due consideration be given to keeping MUN from becoming a competitive event where the
What is the role of awards at
events; person who manages to dominate a council is automatically given an award. Stepping between
your Model UN conference?
2. To award members of the Host Team who have shown the countries with strong opinions and mediating to reach a common compromise represents one
exceptional efforts to improve and organise the of the more difficult tasks in an MUN.”
conference; and
3. To award delegates who have laboured sincerely and Emil Hrafn Stensson (SMUN), Sweden
tirelessly to unite the council in a common compromise MUNPlanet link
to move forward in the spirit of the United Nations.
Becoming a MODEL UN delegate ı conference Phase 3.7. page 79

Learning by doing A critical perspective on MUNs

“Learning by doing”, as much as it sounds like a cliché, is an
outstanding technique for acquiring new knowledge. Obviously,
you cannot apply this concept to everything, but a variety of
fields will allow you to do so. You can, for example, use the
technique when you are studying for a particular subject of your
studies. It often helps to actively engage in a matter when you
are trying to become an expert, or just someone who knows a
bit about a particular matter. I have learned so many things just
by doing them. Not only did I learn how MUNs work, but I also
learned how to organise or lead a team just by trying it.”
Finn Carlson (MUNOTH), The Netherlands
Fridays with MUNPlanet interview
“This way, the knowledge and cognitive intuition of more students could be utilised to search for RELATED LINKS
solutions not yet found. It was evident that the introduction of an incentive came at a cost. Much
like with any platform involving with a scoring system, competition arose between delegates. This
Key questions:
was ‘the death of MUN.’
How do you evaluate best
What do we see at MUN conferences today? We see delegates blindly voting for resolutions, delegates at MUN conferences?
based either on where their friends’ allegiances lie, or simply for resolutions of which they are
What is the role of awards at
signatories. The delegates, especially in GA, don’t truly understand what is listed within the
your Model UN conference?
operatives, the purpose of operative clause 6; sub-clause b; part ii. But this is just the beginning.
The lack of understanding can be solved, but the key underlying issue, which is slightly more
difficult to deal with, is the thirst for awards.”
Rahal Wijewardene, Sri Lanka
MUNPlanet link
Becoming a MODEL UN delegate ı conference Phase ı Conclusion
How MUNPlanet Can Help You
Become a Better MUNer
MUNPlanet has been serving its members as information, social
and knowledge platform - that is, as a community of practice
where members talk about how MUNs are done and how they
resonate with wider global affairs and careers. In the first twelve
months since its launch, MUNers have answered more than 4,000
questions, commented 6,000+ times, followed over 275,000
topics, and engaged in a whole range of discussions, from
Model UN experiences and international security to sustainable
development and career development.
Model United Nations topic on MUNPlanet has attracted the
attention of thousands of MUN delegates and conference
organisers who shared their views on how to make progress on
your MUN path.
page 80
This is how MUNPlanet can help you become a more proficient MUNer and perform well during the conference:  
• We work to enable MUN delegates to learn about the culture of MUNing all around the world, while taking part in interactive
discussions on the topics most relevant to the MUN community.
• MUN delegates, chairs, and conference organisers can improve their own performance by learning from their fellow MUNers.
If you had participated in 20 conferences, your knowledge and experience may be useful to other, less experienced delegates.
On the other hand, more experienced MUNers may find inspiration to drive their conference participation further and work on
the small details, while benefiting from the interaction within the biggest MUN online community.
• MUNPlanet helps the newbies as well as experienced delegates exchange information and knowledge that complements
the process of proliferation and raising the level of professionalism of MUNs. Hundreds of conference opportunities
are promoted on MUNPlanet through its high-school and university-level MUN calendar and you can browse through
a comprehensive MUN conference calendar when looking for your next MUN.
4.0.
POST-CONFERENCE
PHASE
– How to Become a Better Delegate? Better vs. Best Delegate
– Becoming a better UN delegate
– Becoming a Model UN Chairperson
– A Note on Organizing Model UN
– Thinking about the Key Value of MUN s
– Model UN and Careers
Becoming a MODEL UN delegate ı post MUN 4.1.
How to Become a Better Delegate?
Better vs. Best Delegate
Being a serial MUNer who gets to attend dozens
of conferences has its good sides and brings a lot
of satisfaction, development, knowledge and social
capital that can be drawn on in the years ahead.
One conference after another and the experience
you gain makes you, quite naturally, a better delegate.
page 82
You are more skilful with your public appearances; your understanding of substance, strategy
and tactics on the “grand chessboard” makes your solutions and negotiation capabilities more
prominent. Not to mention the confidence and comfort while dealing with the topics and crisis
situations that appeal to an increased capacity to involve in problem solving. This boosts
your creativity and fits well with your overall academic development as a student and young
professional. However, there is a difference between becoming a better delegate in terms of
continuous self-development and becoming “best delegate” who wins awards. Below is the
discussion from the MUNPlanet community of what these two positions mean:
Becoming a MODEL UN delegate ı post MUN 4.1. page 83

As Furkan Kiraz notes in his article at MUNPlanet:

“Here are my five steps to win the Best Delegate Award. I admit that
pulling through by following each of these steps will take time and effort,
but a Best Delegate Award doesn’t just fall from the sky! Reminder: don't
go to a MUN just to win awards; go to gain knowledge and experience,
to test your limits, find new friends and see new places.

Imagine building a house with a weak foundation - will you be able to

build a massive house? No, it will just collapse once you try to make it into
a bigger one because you haven't paid enough attention to the ground
floor. Researching your topic will be the foundation of your argumentation
in the sessions, so do not underestimate this step or your hopes on
becoming Best Delegate will collapse sooner or later.”

STEPS TO WIN THE BEST DELEGATE AWARD:

a.) Research your topic well

b.) Write your position paper
c.) Prepare your arguments
d.) Prepare your resolution
e.) T hink quickly, behave correctly
and speak well in the sessions
f.) Learn from your mistakes C o u r te s y of M U N S C S a l i e n t
Becoming a MODEL UN delegate ı post MUN 4.2.
Becoming a better UN delegate:
a discussion
By Vid Tomić
After each conference, once the post-MUN syndrome
slowly fades away, people start reflecting on their
recent experience. Most of us tend to seek new
ways to enhance our knowledge and performance at
MUN, thus asking ourselves how we could become
better delegates. As I often suggest to striving MUN
newbies, one of the main things you need to do before
a conference is to prepare a list of three goals you
must achieve as a delegate of a specific country.
page 84
Write them on a small piece of paper, put the paper in your back pocket and check it constantly during the conference to remind yourself
what your goals were before different factors started to influence your behaviour. After the conference, check the list and evaluate whether
you have reached all of your goals. If yes, at what cost? What did you have to sacrifice and what was a good pay-off? If not, why were
you unable to achieve them? Could you have performed better and is there anything you would have done differently, given the chance?
This technique is one of the best tools to use if you want to improve as a delegate and a negotiator in general.
The second thing to do is to think about your strengths and weaknesses during the conference. If you are attending a conference
as a delegation, make sure that your co-delegates/colleagues give you feedback on your performance and vice-versa. Constructive
and ‘objective’ self-criticism is your best friend if you wish to evolve as a delegate. Once you identify your weak points, you have to
make sure to challenge yourself next time and try to master the techniques. For example, if you have received several awards as
a delegate of ‘rogue’ states, think about trying something else and next time pick a country that is the flagship of democracy and
respect for human rights. Try a committee you are not familiar with and a topic you know nothing about. You will evolve only if you
push yourself further and dive deeper.
Becoming a MODEL UN delegate ı post MUN 4.2.
People often think that receiving the Best Delegate award gives
you the status of an untouchable, a cosmic aura of knowledge
and good performance as a delegate. Several things need to
be considered at this point. First, the way awards are given at
conferences is not standardised, meaning that each conference
and chairperson has its own rationale as to how to choose the
best delegate. This can result in some extremely interesting
decisions from time to time. The fact that someone did not
receive an award does not mean that his/her performance was
not good, maybe even amazing. In fact, there are many very good
delegates who have never received the Best Delegate award.
This can be the result of severe competition, lack of consistent
performance throughout the conference, bad presidency of the
committee that fails to recognise a good performance or simply
does not care about who receives the award, etc. The gist of
this grammatical maze is that receiving the Best Delegate award
is not always a good indicator of your performance.
page 85
What does it take to become the best delegate?
What do chairpersons look for when selecting the Best Delegate? As discussed earlier, everyone has RELATED LINKS
their own way of evaluating performance. My approach, based on years of careful development of
the method, includes several factors. The best delegate has to show clear and in-depth knowledge
Key questions:
of the topics on the agenda, the workings of the United Nations and international community in
general, and s/he has to master the Rules of Procedure and know how to (mis)use them. When Discussion points
it comes to performance, s/he has to be a confident speaker who can steer the debate in a
How can I win the best delegate
productive manner while respecting his/her country’s policies, propose solutions, and potentially
award?
draft the resolution (this should not be the decisive factor). In general, s/he has to be the driving
force in a committee, a true leader who knows when to speak and when to listen, and someone How to bull$@!t through a
who can consistently produce results. In reality, there is rarely a delegate who does all of the things conference and get an award
mentioned above brilliantly, but these are the factors that must be taken into consideration before in the end
taking the final decision. A proper chairperson will keep track of these things during the conference
and make a substantial amount of effort before taking this decision.
Becoming a MODEL UN delegate ı post MUN 4.2.
Evaluating the MUN experience:
5 or 50 MUNs later
The appeal of MUNs
“Like other people might take drugs, I attend MUNs and simply cannot
stop. I have attended 20 MUN conferences so far, if I am not mistaken,
and I will definitely continue. What makes MUN so addictive is the
complete package of academic learning and socialising. I love the
fact that you get to put the theories you encounter while studying into
practice, and negotiate and lobby just like a real diplomat. Besides
that, you also get to meet some of the best people and build long-
lasting friendships even when you only see each other twice a year
at the MUN conferences. In the times of modern technology it is
much easier to keep in touch, so your MUN connections really start
to matter and you grow very close with the people you meet.”
Finn Carlson (MUNOTH), The Netherlands
Fridays with MUNPlanet interview
page 86
Why is it difficult to retire from MUNs?
“Well, it is hard to retire because it’s fantastic to have the chance to leave your day to day life behind for a long
weekend, travel with your friends, play the role of a diplomat, and get to know people from all over the world.
Every MUN is a new opportunity to make new friends and engage in global dialogue. I believe that MUNs are
the perfect platform for young people to practice cultural diplomacy because, even though we play a certain role
during sessions, at the end of day we are all students who have similar goals and cal learn much from each other.
I tried to retire twice so far. Now I’m hoping I will actually succeed after EuroMUN 2014. I believe that after you hit
a certain age and/or a certain stage in your career it is no longer beneficial to actively participate in conferences.
Moreover, seasoned MUNers have the responsibility to train the future generation of delegates, chairs, organisers
and, when the time comes, take a step back and let them lead.
However, the fact that someone isn’t going to MUNs anymore doesn’t necessarily mean that they have retired
from the MUN Community altogether. It’s possible to stay in touch with organisers and give advice when advice
is solicited. I think that spaces like MUN:Planet allow retired MUNers to keep in touch and support the current
leaders of the international MUN circuit.”  
Diego Salama (EuroMUN), Bolivia
Fridays with MUNPlanet interview
Becoming a MODEL UN delegate ı post MUN 4.1. page 87

What comes after being a Model UN delegate?

What comes afterwards? I do wonder about that, every day. I could
do a lot of things with all the skills I now have: negotiating, debating,
You may wonder what happens after you have attended multiple
writing, critical thinking, management experience, logistical planning, school, university or international MUNs as a delegate. Having
coordination, etc. Running recovery operations, helping to right the
plethora of natural and other disasters that plague this Earth still gathered a vast amount of experience and a network of contacts,
presents itself as the most attractive option. Having said that, I will be
applying for the Fast Stream civil service in the UK to head towards
the best MUNers usually continue their journey as conference chairs
the diplomatic corps, but I have many options. All the experience pays or organisers. What follows is a brief discussion of such possibilities.
off, in so many ways.”

Wilf Mountfield (LIMUN),

Fridays with MUNPlanet interview
Becoming a MODEL UN delegate ı post MUN 4.3.
Becoming a Model UN Chairperson
A measure of success of an MUN is tightly connected “A good chair is committed
to more than just a superb
to the performance of delegates and chairpersons delegate experience at the
alike.   Successful MUNers hardly ever decide to conference, but also to creating
lasting change in the lives of
abandon their Model UN “careers” at the first step, Delegates and Faculty Advisors.
that is, while performing the roles of delegates. To that end, I define the roles of
chairs in one word - 'Impact'.
Many of the best delegates usually go on to
become chairpersons, trainers or MUN organisers. A good committee chair is very
well-behaved and definitely
MUN conferences across the world are looking for well-read: This ensures that
chairpersons via official calls for applications and his/her delegates remain serious
about how to make tangible,
you may try and apply once you have reached a lasting contributions and address
certain level of chairing experience. What follows is real issues.
a discussion of a good chairperson profile.
A good committee chair
helps delegates (especially
first-timers) to gain self-
confidence and form lasting
friendships with people from
all over the world: This can be
done by introducing fun-injecting
activities into a committee.
Sometimes, I give my delegates
a 10 minute break so that they're
able to talk to a committee
member they haven't spoken
to yet. This is sometimes the
beginning of a lasting friendship,
or maybe a courtship, or better
still, a marriage!
page 88
A good chair has the UN at A good committee chair is able
heart: It's absolutely necessary for to effectively communicate
him/her to be up-to-date with what's with people from diverse
going on in the United Nations. Fair backgrounds or varying
knowledge of the UN Charter will degrees of ability:   Bearing
do you a lot of good! in mind that our delegates
often come from many different
A good committee chair is countries, with different cultures,
serious about the Rules of a good chair will be comfortable
Procedure: After chairing a with interacting with ALL the
couple of times, I have come to delegates in the committee,
the conclusion that, in applying the regardless of their nationality,
RoP, chairs need to be strict and temperament, even accent (sadly
flexible at the same time. It's said I've seen the opposite happen).
that 'Rules were made for Man, not This is the spirit in which the UN
Man for the Rules'. Based on this, a was established, and a good chair
good chair will make sure the rules believes and practices this!”
are followed. On the other hand, a
good chair will not hinder the flow Joseph Mensah, Ghana
of debate if some extraordinary MUNPlanet link
rules are not followed.  
Becoming a MODEL UN delegate ı post MUN 4.3. page 89

Qualities of a good chairperson Five key points for first-time

“A good chair is a balance between a teacher, observer, mediator and adjudicator. For beginner committees, the chair
chairpersons
needs to teach the basics of Model UN in a way that helps those who need it, without giving preferential treatment. While
1. Know very well the Rules of Procedure RELATED LINKS
this can be done in many different ways, effective teaching and guidance can make or break a committee.
of the conference in question

Giving equal speaking time, while still choosing the right people to facilitate debate, is fulfilled by a talented mediator who
2. Understand the challenges that your committee Key questions:
will guide the debate from motion to motion and speakers list to caucus. To be able to do this, and still objectively observe
the diplomatic effectiveness of the delegates, is a very important skill when it comes to chairing. is facing in real life What are your top five tips for
future committee chairs?
Finally, to be able to recognise and award the most effective diplomats correctly, will leave all the delegates in the room 3. Be confident
What are the most critical
with the feeling that they were properly watched and guided over the duration of the conference. In contrast, when a chair
traits of a good committee
makes the wrong call, the delegates can feel that no one was watching them and that their chair either didn’t know how 4. Be organised
to read a room or wasn’t mentally there. As such, if you want to be a good chairperson, or identify one, look for someone
chairperson?
who, measured by their actions, can observe, mediate, adjudicate and teach. “ 5. Regard for both formal debate and more relaxed Is there such a thing as chairing
and fun periods style and how it could apply to
Daniel Gindis, Israel different MUN committees?
MUNPlanet link
Maria Gomez de Olea, France
MUNPlanet link
Becoming a MODEL UN delegate ı post MUN 4.4. page 90

A Note
on Organizing
Model UN
Last year MUNPlanet has published an eBook titled “Organising Successful
MUNs” that extensively covers the steps, processes and key challenges
of organising a conference. One of the co-authors, Maria Gomez de Olea
nicely captures the rationale and importance of organising MUNs and how
the delegates can see this process - and, more importantly, if they are
thinking of joining a MUN secretariat or organising another conference.
Becoming a MODEL UN delegate ı post MUN 4.4.
“The main reason why we organise MUN conferences is this: we have loads of
fun doing so, and it is a great experience. Organisers and participants are all very
motivated and dynamic, which contributes to the creation of a wonderful environment
and a strong sense of community. The other reason we organize MUNs is, in my
opinion, academic. As veterans, we want to contribute to the continuity of the
activity and share our knowledge on various topics we have discussed throughout
the years. After all, there has always been a sense that whenever we take over
a position in a MUN team, we ‘become’ the conference for a certain period of
time. It is not about us, it’s about the MUN. Moreover, as active citizens, MUNers
tend to have a strong sense of civic engagement and are pushing for youth that
is more informed and engaged in global issues. We organise MUNs because we
believe that, by doing so, we are creating a better world. To be quite honest, we
are creating a future that we think is best for us (p. 42).”
page 91
Model United Nations is organised at many different places (and levels) – from RELATED LINKS
elementary school classrooms to universities, to conference centres and high-
profile UN buildings. Its essence and focus is youth who think about the world
SPECIAL FOCUS:
and believe in MUN as a concept that aims at fostering peaceful coexistence and
cooperation among people and peoples through education and socialisation. Organizing Successful MUNs
In the early 21st century we have been experiencing a “third wave” of MUN eBook
development and its proliferation throughout the world. With the advent of
Organizing Successful MUNs
modern technologies and the availability of ideas and opportunities for learning
topic
and action for youth in various parts of the world – the MUNs have become
widely popular and are enjoying a historical peak. We expect to see this trend
continue, and the benefits of MUN to become greater for socialisation and
promotion of a new generation of leaders, scholars, practitioners and globally-
minded social entrepreneurs. This wonderful opportunity, however, also requires
responsibility and use of knowledge and practices to preserve and improve
MUNs for the future generations while expecting to see their impact on life and
culture of peace in the world.
Becoming a MODEL UN delegate ı post MUN 4.5. page 92

Thinking about
the Key Value of MUNs
MUN as a practice of global citizenship
“And one of the things I wondered
about was this: What is the purpose
of a MUN conference? The answer
is quite obvious, but the meaning is
a little more complex.
The value of MUN conferences lies in the fact that many people, with
many different interests, come together to discuss many topics of great
importance. They apply a full set of skills they have previously learned,
now with the aim to solve the problems, not of 10 freshman students,
but of millions of people they don't know, but who are expecting them
to speak on their behalf and provide a solution so that they can have a
better present and a brighter future.
And all this boils down to one thing:
public service. When you're willing
to seek answers to these issues for
people you don't know, and feel it
is your responsibility to help them
out, it means that you have the
right mindset to be a global citizen.
Being a global citizen means you are feeling the problems of people who
are thousands of miles away as if they were your very own, that you are
not feeling the distance of a TV screen, but seeing this as a call for your
experience and opinion in the search for solutions. It means you are willing
to give up a little time out of your life for others. And this is, I believe, what
it takes to be a true MUNer: to feel the call for public service and be willing
to learn, unlearn and relearn as much as possible.”

Simon Yantani Beltran, Chile

MUNPlanet link
Becoming a MODEL UN delegate ı post MUN 4.5. page 93

MUNs: inspiration, knowledge, action

"We all have dreamt about working at the UN, whose symbols of hope, “There are, of course, tangible skills you will take home after an MUN, and you will use those references to add RELATED LINKS
cooperation and dialogue seem appealing. However, many students value to your CV later on. But for me, the real benefits of MUNs go far beyond this, because MUNs are the golden
must realise that they cannot save the world on their own: they need to gate to a world of innumerable opportunities. First and foremost, there’s the networking. Talk to as many people
start by focusing on several linked and specific fields - politics, health, as possible, exchange ideas and perspectives, learn an expression or two and stay in touch! These people will Articles:
science, economics, etc. - in which they can optimise their skills. MUNs are most likely be the ones you will encounter in your professional life a few years from now. Second, always take the
Learning About MUN -
activities that can help build bridges between inspiration and knowledge, opportunity to participate, because starting from that one point may lead you to unexpected new journeys. I am
Interactive Game
but the real transition between knowledge and action depends on the stunned by how much I learn and grow every day thanks to this experience, but most of all I am delighted to see
students' ability to understand where they belong in international politics." where it has led me, with what kind of people I have interacted and what kind of new, undiscovered worlds I have Is being an MUNer ‘the new
been able to enter. MUNs have that power to truly connect you to the world and those who think like you do.” black’?
Sandrine Chabbey and Jim Zouridis (GIMUN), Learning by Doing - In the
Fridays with MUNPlanet interview Hana Hudak (PIMUN),
Fridays with MUNPlanet interview “Stronghold of MUNing” with
Finn Carlson
Becoming a MODEL UN delegate ı post MUN 4.5.
MUNs: from simulation games to true leadership
“I can see MUNers in trans-national leadership positions, if they manage
to successfully transfer from simulations to real life; so that part of the
question is a yes.
What I question though is whether a “transnational leadership force” will
ever be able to make substantial change. Most decisions are still made at
a country level and most nations are unwilling to give up their sovereignty
in that regard. Maybe that will change in the future but I honestly do
not see that coming anytime soon. Most people who follow international
politics are aware that supranational institutions such as the UN are often
more of symbolic value than of actual impact. That is, in my opinion,
the sad reality. I would much rather see a more liberalist world where
nations cooperate more effectively. But, as said, I have doubts that this
will happen anytime soon.”
Finn Carlson (MUNOTH), The Netherlands
Fridays with MUNPlanet interview
“First and most importantly, have fun! Second, while MUN is a great
way to learn about international cooperation, remember that there is no
substitute for getting your hands dirty and helping out people in real life,
whether abroad or at home. Working with an NGO, pressure group or
local political party can be tiring but it teaches you a great deal about
organisations and personal relationships. Third, balance your interest
and faith in the UN with a frank recognition of the organisation’s flaws.
That way, when you finally make it to Turtle Bay, you won’t be so horrified
to see what a mess the real UN is.”
Richard Gowan (New York University, CIC),
Fridays with MUNPlanet interview
page 94
“Clearly, MUNs are far more than just plain “acting”: participants get to
confront their views and meet people from different parts of the world.
Not only that, but also by having to defend interests you are not personally
linked with, you learn to understand others and adjust your perspective.
Furthermore, by encountering individuals one wouldn’t otherwise,
participants build up a network with people who are as engaged as they
are, and find opportunities to step in the real United Nations. It happened
to some of our friends, and they notably said that the experience they
gained as MUNers helped them to feel at ease in conference rooms as
they are taking part in crucial multilateral talks.”
Sandrine Chabbey and Jim Zouridis (GIMUN),
Fridays with MUNPlanet interview
Becoming a MODEL UN delegate ı post MUN 4.6.
Model UN and Careers
Starting a career at the UN: Four decades later
“I guess the United Nations was always my dream job. I was involved with
Model United Nations, since middle school. Living in the United States, with
a German mother and Austrian father, it also solved my “nationality” issue.
By the time of my university years, I was a confirmed “internationalist” and
pacifist. I studied law with a special emphasis on international affairs at Cornell
University, in New York. My advisor was Herbert Briggs who had written
the basic textbook, “The Law of Nations” and was a long time member of
the International Law Commission. The great human rights lawyer, Harrup
Freeman, first took me with him to the Trusteeship Council in connection with
his plea on behalf of the Micronesians. I was also privileged to study under
the great comparative law professor, Rudolf Schlesinger and Professor John
Barcelo, with whom we founded the International Law Journal. My big life
changing break was to receive a Carnegie scholarship which enabled me to
intern in the Human Rights office in the summer of 1970. I was lucky to work
with the original UN staffers, “The Last of the Mohicans” who had joined the
UN Secretariat in the 1940s and still retained their idealism.
My immediate supervisor was George Brand who had
worked in the Nuremberg Trials, to whom I owe my career
as he gave me my first short term contract and then
probationary appointment. But we worked in a team with a
Georgian professor, Polish, Haitian, Guatamalan, Mexican,
and US lawyers. It was perhaps my best work experience
- I have tried to imitate the unflappability, determination to
move things forward despite setbacks, and generosity of
my first boss ever since. It was the time of the cold war
– the Cuban Missile Crisis, the Israeli-Egypt six-day war,
Indo-Pakistani War, and the Invasion of Czechoslovakia
(the Prague Spring had been the topic of my Masters
thesis). Things were blocked in the Security Council but
also in the Human Rights Commission. I was assigned
to a working group to define what “massive violations of
human rights” would entail.
page 95
My pride was to have largely written THE SECRETARY- RELATED LINKS
GENERAL’S REPORT (theoretically Mr U Thant’s) on the
impact of scientific and technological developments on
human rights. I believe I got my permanent appointment Articles:
because I had been an assistant reference librarian as
part time job at university, and looked up new articles Four Decades in the United
and research pertaining to bioethics, computer/privacy Nations: Michael Platzer
issues, and damage to the environment; whereas others Reflects on His Life and Career
had simply cut and pasted previous SG reports.
Michael Platzer,
Fridays with MUNPlanet interview
Becoming a MODEL UN delegate ı post MUN 4.6.
Development in the (MUN) world
“So, I went down that road, never expecting it to change me into actually wanting something different.
Consecutive MUNs enriched me mostly by having to interact with people from different countries and cultures,
expanding my horizon and challenging my views of different subjects, understanding that things are more
complex that one would expect and that actually everything is subject to interpretation or individual interests.
It was an exciting time and a lot of serious fun but my heart slowly wandered away from diplomacy to
development and humanitarian affairs, partly due to disillusionment, partly due to a newfound passion. How I
actually got into the UN? On the surface, by doing what I loved, working hard, not stopping to learn, and by being
always ready to seize an opportunity. In practice: a friend of mine, with whom we organised EuroMUN, saw the
stuff I was posting on Facebook and then shared this link with me. I applied and six months later found myself in
Gambia…yep, another vagary of life. (Dear friend, if you read this you should know you saved my life!).”
Darko Petrović, serbia
Fridays with MUNPlanet interview
page 96
Model UN and the United Nations
United Nations has been a great school for me, by any means. I met a lot of interesting people, I saw and learned a
lot of things about how the organisation functions and got a chance to represent my country in the first committee
of the General Assembly, as well as in the European Union negotiations! For me this was a fascinating experience,
but on the other hand, speaking of the negative aspects of it, I saw that multilateralism can sometimes be quite
disheartening: the decision-making process is extremely slow and when decisions are finally made, they are not
very “ground breaking” in the sense that they do not end up making a lot of changes, and each and every state can
interpret a resolution in a way that suits them best by simply “twisting” the meaning of the words.
As regards my MUN experience, I can say that it was very relevant! When I first entered an official session I didn’t
see many differences, especially in the debating process. The rules of procedure were the same, the debates were
quite similar, but the only thing that differed, as I mentioned above, was that the negotiation process was slow,
producing not that many results.
Lamprini Basdeki, Greece
Fridays with MUNPlanet interview
Becoming a MODEL UN delegate ı post MUN 4.6. page 97

MUNs and society: what everyone can do RELATED LINKS

“We should not underestimate the experience and the transformative power MUNs may have on people’s Articles:
attitudes and by extension on future decisions in the international arena. That’s why I think it is important that
Four Decades in the United Nations: Michael Platzer reflects
MUNs are able to instil a set of positive values that will remain with the delegates for their entire lives, something
on his life and career
that will make them more immune to selfishness, short-sightedness and narrow-mindedness so typical of much
of the political discourse we often see on TV, and more likely to embrace common objectives. For ‘Young Professionals,’ How to Land a Job at the UN

“What we as MUN organisers or MUN alumni should be trying to get across is that the work does not stop United Nations Internship: Is it all worth in the end?
with the delegates’ dance, but that it can be the beginning of a long journey to make a positive contribution to
Want to work for the UN, know the UN career application process
(our shared) world, at our own individual pace and sphere of influence of course. Getting involved in projects or
supporting causes of a social nature is one dimension of it, developing a whole culture of solidarity and basing
our future decisions in our jobs on that type of culture is yet another dimension. Of course, all this probably Fridays with MUNPlanet interviews:
sounds as overloaded idealism, but I think we simply cannot afford to do less than that.”
Darko Petrovic
Darko Petrović, serbia Benjamin Samson
Fridays with MUNPlanet interview Nareman Darwish
Diego Salama
Becoming a MODEL UN delegate ı post MUN ı Conclusion
CONCLUSION
For more than 80 years, the case study method and simulation has been a way
to learn about various subjects, including international relations and diplomacy.
Model United Nations, from its beginnings in the 1920s, to its successors in the
1950s, to the present day serve as a convenient educational device for teaching
and learning about the UN and international organisations in general. The essence
and focus of this educational activity is the young generation, the one that thinks
about the world and learns about the globalised international relations. The MUNers
take part in spreading the culture, whereas the aim is coexistence and cooperation
through international socialisation.
page 98
Early in the 21st century the MUNs have been riding the ‘third wave’ – spreading to all the continents
and levels – from high schools and universities to big international conferences. Today, an estimated
number of more than 600,000 students take part in this unique learning and networking experience.
We believe in MUNs as a community of practice which contributes to the quality and quantity of
interactions that benefit the development of the international community and global citizens. The United
Nations have been committed to learning and acting to spread the culture of peace, and MUNs are
in an interconnected way a compatible vehicle for addressing the virtues and the quality of leadership
needed for successful international cooperation. It is the values of tolerance and cooperation that are
essential for building this type of inclusive and democratic culture, and the MUNers develop a set of
research, public speaking, negotiation and writing skills that enable them to be active participants in this
process. The key benefits of the MUN simulations are: knowledge of the UN system and international
relations, development of the soft skills, and an opportunity to socialise and develop an international
network in a unique community and its multicultural environment. Such environment seeks the best
from each of us, and that’s how one can achieve one’s own personal development.
Becoming a MODEL UN delegate ı post MUN ı Conclusion
CONCLUSION
Attending an MUN, the delegates get a ticket and are off on an amazing journey
which they get to co-create with other members of the community. As in every
community, one gets to improve his or her skills, and look for opportunities that are
compatible with his or her overall goals and objectives in life and career. In one word,
we belong to a big MUN alumni family that provides a number of opportunities.
It is not just by getting the awards at the conferences that we become better
MUNers, but also by feeling that we have progressed by attending the MUNs
and learning in that process. And not just that –in a way, we are also preparing to
be competent in the world of international careers, and for living in a world that is
more cosmopolitan and globalised every day. MUNs are an activity that exposes
us to the closest thing available to the real practices and international experiences
one can expect as a future leader, diplomat or international civil servant.
page 99
The present publication is a collection of such practices and reflections. This is
not a finished book – to the contrary, it leaves many questions open, and is open
for new perspectives, mapping and discussion of the emerging MUN practices.
The authors of this publication had in mind the culture of asking questions and
the plurality of perspectives in an environment that is marked by dynamics and
change. Knowledge, learning, people and culture are the key pillar of the MUN
environment, and we invite you to co-create this amazing world, as well as to
contribute to a better understanding of the key dynamics and challenges faced
by the MUNers and the wider community – in making a positive global impact.
Becoming a MODEL UN delegate page 100

INTERVIEWS AND MUNPLANET CONTENT:

Gibryon Bhojraj, Nareman Darwish, Maritina Karava, Yannick
Somauroo, Ian Hurd, Benjamin Samson, Masha Preger, Dominika
Jędrzejczyk, Dyonne Niehof, Juliane Jokinen, Milena Milićević, Feisal
Ahmed, Frederike Kipper, Emil Hrafn Stensson, Finn Carlson, Furkan
Kiraz, Diego Salama, Wilf Mountfield, Joseph Mensah, Daniel Gindis,
Simon Yantani Beltran, Sandrine Chabbey and Jim Zouridis, Hana
Hudak, Richard Gowan, Michael Platzer, Lamprini Basdeki, and

thank
Darko Petrović.

Publication Editor:
Marko Kovačević

Design and Layout:

you
Andrijana Jokić

Publisher: MUNPlanet, 2016.