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Abstract—As a main damage control method, chemical grouting important influence factors of the allowable grouting pressure
is widely used in various concrete dams for dealing with harmful in concrete dam construction, which may be useful for
cracks. The kernel of good quality grouting is the allowable engineering application.
grouting pressure, which is calculated in view of fracture
mechanics by weight function method in this paper. Different II. CONCRETE FRACTURE TOUGHNESS
fracture calculating models are established and the stress
intensity factors of them are obtained. The results show that the There are three types of cracks, termed mode ĉ (opening
concrete fracture toughness, the crack length and the stress model), Ċ (sliding model) and ċ (shear model) in literature.
distribution along crack face are the three important influence Mode ĉ , a normal-opening mode, is the one seen most
factors of the allowable grouting pressure. Finally the suggestion
dangerous in cracks of mass concrete dams. According to
of crack grouting pressure value is made by author, which may
be useful for engineering application. classical fracture mechanics [5], the crack extension depends
on the stress intensity nearby the crack tip as well as concrete
Keywords-concrete dam; fracture mechanics;chemical grouting; cracking resistance in expression of fracture toughness instead
allowable pressure; the overall stress condition of the whole geometry. Crack
extends when the stress intensity factor of crack tip reaches to
I. INTRODUCTION the critical value, which leads to the concrete dam crack
extension rule,
There are always cracks appeared in mass concrete dams
during construction or operating period due to large tensile KI d KIC (1)
force caused by temperature, concrete’s low tensile strength, Where K I is the stress intensity factor for model ĉ, which is
and something else like foundation treatment[1]. As a main influenced by specimen figure, size, the external force and how
damage control method, crack chemical grouting is widely
the crack distributes; and K IC is concrete fracture toughness,
used in various concrete dams’ construction for harmful cracks.
The kernel of good quality grouting is the allowable grouting which is the material characteristic. As a quasi-brittle material,
pressure, which can neither be too high in case of making the tensile strength of concrete is low and the fracture process
cracks propagation nor too small so that serous fluid cannot shows obvious nonlinear behavior, which leads to size effect
flow and cracks couldn’t be repaired at all. At present, the (the tested fracture toughness changes as geometry size). But
grouting pressure used for dam damage control is mainly when specimen size is big enough, the tested results of
determined by experience or water-pressure tests on fields, concrete fracture toughness are relatively fixed, and only
which is usually no more than 0.4MPa [2]. However, there is affected by concrete mix proportion, concrete strength and
nearly no theory analysis on this project. Zhang Guoxin vintage. The fracture toughness of mass concrete is mainly
attempted to use a center crack model to analyze the grouting. between 0.8MPa m1/ 2 1.2MPa m1/ 2 through large number of
[3] lab work of Professor Xu Shilang [6].
As a quasi-brittle material, which shows nonlinear behavior
when crack extends, concrete crack extending characteristics is III. WEIGHT FUNCTION METHOD
analyzed by fracture mechanics in recent years [4]. In this Weight function method is a two-dimensional elastic crack
paper, by changing the grouting pressure distribution along the solution as a function of crack length A for any loading
crack face, different two dimensional fracture calculating V ( X ) enables one to determine the stress intensity factor for
models for crack chemical grouting are established. Then the
the same body under any other loading, which is widely used in
stress intensity factors as well as the crack displacements are
fracture mechanics. It is an approximate method with high
obtained in view of fracture mechanics by weight function
accuracy. The expression for stress intensity factor of any
method. It turns out the concrete fracture toughness; the stress
geometry is given by [7]
distribution along crack face, and the crack length are the three
Where the coordinate X coincides with the crack line with its
origin at the crack mouth; E c for elastic modulus, K r ( A) the
reference stress intensity factor and U r ( A, X ) represents the Fig.1 Cracks appeared in one concrete arch dam
reference crack face displacement. To get a non-dimensional
form, a normalizing stress V 0 and a characteristic dimension Lower grouting
hole
W is introduced. In addition, Grouting holes
Deep grouting
x X / W ˈa A / W ,V ( x) V ( X ), ur (a, x) U r ( A, X ) / W (3) hole
Thus,
a
y z
K ( A) / W k (a) ³ V ( x ) m( a, x ) d x
0
(4) x y
5707
A A A A A
y y y y y
X X X X X
W W W W W
x 4 x2 8 x
(d) V ( x) V 0 ( 1) 2 ; (e) V ( x) V 0 ( 1)
a 5 a2 5 a
S4 (a) 154 539 E (a ) 308aF c(a ) 434 (12) K (a) f V 0 S aW (14)
G4 (a )
(1 a )3/2 5(1 a ) 1 a 15 F (a ) 5
Where V 0 is the crack grouting pressure, which is the only
S5 ( a ) 54 189 E (a ) 36aF c(a ) 144 (13) unknown factor. The results of f and the value of
G5 (a )
(1 a )3/2 5(1 a ) 1 a 5F (a) 5
K (a ) / V 0 f S aW are listed in table 1.
Once the geometry width and the stress distributions are
determined, the f values of five situations can be calculated by VI. THE ALLOWABLE GROUTING PRESSURE
(8) and the stress intensity factor K (a) is obtained by (5) and is
Now values of K (a) / V 0 is known, and only one step is left.
expressed as,
Table 1 the results of f and K (a) / V 0 f S aW for five models
The allowable grouting pressure of five different situations From the plots it can be seen that concrete fracture
can be finally obtained by (1), the concrete dam crack toughness affects the allowable pressure significantly. The
extension rule in fracture mechanics. Set the concrete fracture allowable pressure increases as the fracture toughness increase
toughness as, 0.8MPa m1/ 2 , 1.0MPa m and 1.2MPa m1/ 2 ,
1/ 2 in proportion. The allowable grouting pressure varies a lot as
and the allowable grouting pressure are obtained for three the stress distribution along crack faces changes, especially by
conditions. The results are plotted in three figures separately in the stress distributed around crack. As it can be seen that for
figure 4 and listed in table 2. both linear stress and both nonlinear stress, the allowable
pressure is much smaller when the stress at crack tip is nonzero.
5708
(a) (b) (c)
Fig.4 Allowable grouting pressure of five models in three conditions: (a) K IC 0.8MPa m1/ 2 ; (b) K IC 1.0MPa m1/ 2 ;
(c) K IC 1.2MPa m1/ 2
Table 2 Allowable grouting pressure (MPa) with three values of K IC
Linear stress(zero at Linear stress(nonzero Nonlinear stress(zero at Nonlinear stress(nonzero
Uniform stress
tip) at tip) tip) at tip)
K IC / MPa m1/ 2 / K IC / MPa m1/ 2 K IC / MPa m1/ 2 K IC / MPa m1/ 2 K IC / MPa m1/ 2
crack
length/m
0.8 1.0 1.2 0.8 1.0 1.2 0.8 1.0 1.2 0.8 1.0 1.2 0.8 1.0 1.2
1 0.40 0.49 0.59 1.00 1.25 1.50 0.77 0.96 1.15 1.56 1.94 2.33 0.98 1.23 1.47
2 0.27 0.34 0.40 0.66 0.83 1.00 0.51 0.64 0.77 1.03 1.28 1.54 0.66 0.82 0.98
4 0.17 0.21 0.25 0.38 0.48 0.58 0.30 0.38 0.45 0.56 0.70 0.84 0.38 0.47 0.57
6 0.11 0.14 0.17 0.24 0.30 0.36 0.19 0.24 0.29 0.35 0.44 0.53 0.25 0.31 0.37
8 0.08 0.09 0.11 0.15 0.19 0.23 0.13 0.16 0.19 0.22 0.28 0.33 0.16 0.20 0.24
10 0.05 0.06 0.08 0.10 0.12 0.14 0.08 0.10 0.12 0.14 0.17 0.20 0.10 0.13 0.15
12 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.09 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.10 0.12 0.06 0.08 0.09
14 0.02 0.02 0.03 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.03 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.06 0.07 0.03 0.04 0.05
16 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.01 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.03 0.03 0.02 0.02 0.03
5709