CHAPTER A 42

TECHNIQUES OF
'"
;d,n
ADVANCED WRITING
t:.:;

fiK<E-{f $-flRls fuq <n Elstlfs sentence ca ,!TF TIGI sentence-q

mqfsRv-$<q cqcd qs clf q r ft-E c+ctroe combination q1 dfrs fr's{
Sr Tfidfu frrlefrt I "lleFsr.e{ qF{ e frweGro g€< context-q Ecrt't
F-?rce Etr{ I

vr< .csF fr{'{ T{cq il{F qr{ : cslc{l $F group sentence c+ qFlfq-s
Sqlcs combine T{l cqre flIr< r stts R-SS i]VfS st{ qqt{e G{ Gn Rcs 'il6* r

{s3t ft-W{ qq-g sentence erElrs combine Fitcs qc{ et {fus CsF qd q<(
<iw-{f TFc{ FFrt Eir$tr qT qlFfrs fr{n{ T-flF sr{ I frcE-{ Wfq<qerq cqfro
ffi4-ek<{+lt{r< r

Combine each set of sentences into one sentence.

1. He was ill.
He could not attend the meeting.
He sent a proxy.

Answer : e[cfq<fs.Jfrefq{ r

frfr*<triF w r

y€R<tsiFsFFtrar I

{q<t(<1O€f{tfO €elC{ combine $-dl 6fis efl54 :

Because (CSfq) he was ill he could not attend the meeting, and
o he sent a proxy.
d Being ill he could not attend the meeting, and so he sent a
proxy.
[fraFe Rna q{qi.'t{o$E e{tc{?<q r]

d Because of his not being able to attend the meeting owing to

illness, he sent a proxy.
<l Having been unable to atiend the meeting owing to /
because of illness, he sent a proxy.
 Grammar : Techniques of Advanced Writing 759
His inability to attend the meeting was due to his illness,
which necessitated him to send a proxy.
He was unable to attend the meeting owing to / because of
his illness, which is why (C{ Tl?Icl) he sent a proxy.
ffir
2. Your brother is a good man.
My father knows him.
He came to our house last night.
'. i He talked to my father about the present condition of our
college.

Answer: Your brother, who is a good man and is known to my

father, came to our house last night and talked to my
father about the present condition of our college.
tsnninqmiE"rR-TFrq 6plf q-aa 1l

3. Mr. Rahman is an M. A.
He is a friend of my father's.
He is president of this club.
He is dedicated (Ff<fr-roet.l) to social work.

Answer : Mr. Rahman, a friend of my father's and president of

this club, and dedicated to social work, is an MA.
{E <-s-<I Rrqr{ gl{l;ri '[{-
q\r-l6{<rcierql combine F<rq
Mr. Rahman is an M.A.
ftV <l-olF{ {q €cq-.[ eR ftstlE RtrB-eTrr cFrc{ Erq imt qt-s q os "[r< r

W<1( Cdv,E< <p5le6qffi combine a-d <ls :

Mr. Rahman, M. A., president of this club and dedicated to

social work, is a friend of my father's.

qsfGl combine s3tc{ R g messagefr <]rfi dfu q{ vl Rr{I :

Mr. Rahman is a friend of my father's.

m context-€ qs{ q$F
R:-E <w Tt{sK s-{t qr{ sF Erqnl-< ft{ qR-$r< qE
messageF< cqfr s-e!-{ q Fr{ cn{ro q6a I ql.r$ q$-stF <lsjsr{lrs
combine :Fiil TlzF :

Mr. Rahman, a friend of my father's, is a dedicated social

worker with an M. A.

€qK{ sliT Cl':{TIq-s flffiQ Si<|{l' rycq r qFTFT-

Mr. Rahman, M. A., is dedicated to social work, and is a
friend of my father's.
760 A Passage to the English Language
q{l6{qflI dedicated . . . q<( a friend . . . Es{ clausceRqa;affi'A1 oX6q
4R.<lrSi qcq{ qdwl{slr{ Qtffii 'ltm r

3. Isawatiger.
It was chasing ({sRl Rr{l) a deer.
The deer was running towards the sea-shore.
I was then sitting on a branch of a tree.

Answer : I
saw a tiger chasing a deer which was running towards
the sea-shore, and at that time I was sitting on a branch
of a tree.
4E combinationF standard R.<R r ft-g fro< <f+ltr€lS"l6{tof :
-
While sitting on a branch of a tree, I saw a tiger chasing a
deer which was running towards the sea-shore.

While sftting . . . tfts< qFF l5lrE <'cc clfsf< {:RI r While <th firE qd CR-
ltcw qsF \rlrT <'6a . . . | fr"fr{ cscr st<rF{t q:Fr 6q'{ qfi Rffi
fi?fl< qriQ
'lTcq<
E-ffir <rc Q{|q I ftg qel5l 6s.car \ft't crl-r{t T|6q qc{ qF$fd ws qffi
cc{Eil{ ftc<t \51 c1-{].?t Effi' <m qFFt{ rr{''{ \51 cq:r4'q-et Ew vm? 1<|n-s
t-c{, qfre 9lr6w gl<frR eFt({ {r{ lqlcrT I
qql fr{ :
While sitting on a branch of p tree, I saw a tiger which was
chasing a deer which was running towards the sea-shore.
frq @ <fqFs {FFICIT< F{t {'c6r ffis I qit subordinate clause
qrq ql
Et {ar $-{Fr <-sX-{ {<ttcs Dtcq, q!{ 6urs' c{ft tr+l-rg ErDq lbfl'E qBt<
qftftilFf+, IIt <fsjF{ {i message Tl-s Ecs ef[Gr I

qq qgftT s& s-sl6{'ta+ oilI qt-

of a tree, I saw a tiger chasing a
(While) Sitting on a branch
deer running towards the sea-shore.
vf{6{ running towards the sea-shore phrasefr (eF COA phrase?) !1-{l Ek-sI
vd1+rcs "m< :

-deerfr
sea-shore q{ftLT @q;
-qt{B sea-shore .c< frrs 6agrs ctfigrc deerftS {t€R1s-{frE I q-d"t
fiMfro modifier ffi $dls, running . . . sea-shore c+) <rE dangling modifier.
fr6u-4 {rsK modifierF dangling (lss, q{s q qmrE 6q-4 *or6fr5q
modify F-{cq q -'B m) qaQt Elrq :
I saw a dead cow walking along the street.
mt 'l+ tbcqt
q-<.B'qllrq;r EqR<rq dangling modifierFrs cs\qr<? Tfifi s-{t 6qls ql
GFr, vt q+E qdfrce I <ts qir(qRq F] ,{-st ftrs oAVIcq;w ft?
 Grammar : Techniques of Advanced Writing 767

4. He is chieflY (E{lltr) a Painter'

He is very good at mathematics.
He never wants to be regarded as a mathematician'
His main interest is in Painting.

Answer : chiefly a painter, he is (also) very good at

Though (he is)'but
mathemaiics, hL never wants to be regarded as
such, his main interest being in painting'

jnl Chiefly a painter, he is also ve:y

(OR
Sgod at
main
t'' matheniatics, 6ut his main interest being as his.
interest ii) in painting, he never wants to be regarded as
a mathematician.
Mr
5. He is a good PfaYer.
Almost everybodY knows him'
He has a great number of well-wishers'

Answer: He is such a good player that almost everytody knows

him and he hls a greit number of well-wishers'

<t He is a good player, almost to everybody' and

known
having a great number of well-wishers'

eetrr combined <rsi ot-(-or<t"r<

qtB <iq'-{ Ttt E#cq; q?iu frq{ <rsi EK
q-{(
\n<qE<' e{ describe <'{t CcTCq I TCE Eel:t <f$IF< Tr{frer$ explanatory
fiffi{ <E-+tfterc descriptive <'@ qFfu e<l <l-< r

6. Man is not born twice.

' People say so'
I think man should be born again and again'
This should be the case if he wants to be perfectly human'

Answer : Man-they say (6f6{ <rE)-is not born twice ' but I
think he should be born again and again if he wants to
' be PerfecllY human.

€rtt6{ they say RC{l absolute {q <fc+l qfr qGR'$ s;calt{ c{ltif{ Rreb *
I

cficlEk a"f'.of tffm" (funstional) c-f6 cfe t 9dl9 absoluteftro Sftcg frrqe
tthd€fr+ cqfc+Tlq'fi< grammar Kscq{ql I

!tr{'tqr{-
Though they say that man is not born twice, I think he should be
born ilore than once, if he wants to be perfectly human'
 762 A Passage to the English Language
ftc<i qe-n<-
If man wants to be pe-rfectly human, then, I think, he should be
born more than once, thougi they say thai man ls
q{c{ Li.".".i1"."
I 11't1n[ {6{t absolute r elcvl clause-€ universal qtd <r{qe qRaq u'r*
man 4T{C{ he{Cfr{qr{Iil I

7. He was born in Berlin.

He was educated in paris and in New york.
He has written about ten books.
Most of the books have been appreciated (s.r(fr-) worrdwide.

Answer: Born in Berlin and educated in paris and (in) New

York, he has written about ten books most oi which
have been appreciated worldwide.
4R combinaton8Cg emphasis . . . . worldwide,
'|6FCR'he has written
qR qc{F{ €el{, rl cg-<s qfrei
6{;6q s.Fl I ftg_

He was born in Berlin and educated in paris as well as

fft and)
New York and has written about ten books and most of the
books
have been appreciated worldwide.

qt {|TIF(9 emphasis 9t'efq ersj$F clause-€, {]=l +-rq.

sl3ffi cclrs {tvtRssET *t? <t gbrq
{i message COFFT
n I eft1 sentence ,effective,{tl
<'C{ q siandard € lltr r

8. I know who he was.

I do not know who he is.
There is great difference between him at the age of thirty and
him at the age of forty.

Answer: I know who he was, and / but not who he is, because
of the fil there being) great difference between him at
the age of thirty and him at the age of forty.
<L
Though I know who he was, I do not know who he is, for (mfqgy
there is great difference
<F
Though I know who he was, I do not know who he is, there being
great difference
ffir
9. Man is a thinking animal.
He is capable of the strangest kind of thoughts ever possible on
earth.
 Grammar : Techniques of Advanced Writing 763
As a result, all he thinks about is how he could be selfish in a
better way.
This is my opinion.

Answer: Man, in my opinion, is a thinking animal, capable of

the strangest kind of thoughts ever possible on earth,
which is why FI with the result ,/ consequence that) (C{
sl<rc{) all he thinks about is how he could be selfish in a
better way.
!;?
ti 4{[6{ in my opinion {C4l absolute I

10. Man gets; man wants.

Man gets again; man wants again.
Man gets still more; man wants still more.

Answer : The more man gets, the more he wants.

11. The enemies were thoroughly demoralized (p|'l;.

They receded (ftR qbf).
They left back much food and many arms.
We took the food and arms.

Answer: Thoroughly demoralized, the enemies receded,

leaving back much food and many arms, which we
took.

enn-< +qttr qt TqfcE qd ers{l6{ tscfi $c< I Restrictive €?[( non-restrictive

clause €l 6s-6q Tqr{ <Kqf{ csT-{ qT q qHl qKlj-s r smQ {ts qt cq{rs-<
A Passage to the English Language <Qtr< tq{-C4 English S.< qlFt 'the' RC{-
ft-g ro-+ll Punctuation qiftrT.?T qsB? q{rqqB Cqr{ fr(g 'llr{{ |

q-{i-vTr{-
When the enemies were thoroughly demoralized, they receded,
having left much food and many arms, which we took.
12. His mother died last night.
She had been suf{ering from several diseases for a long time.
She was seventy when she died.

Answer: His mother, who had been suffering from several

diseases for a long time, died last week at the age of
. seventy.
His mother, who died . . qdErql 'Et< rl, frfi . . .,'frg rrltr <IECR TI
-q-<
T<rE qdq-{, lq-q R-rt . . .,' <t Efts or< c{ Ek qrs< qfko qt sRq <t Rq r

{6rqSIXT ef{c{ qq-s reference &?irJ r

 764 A Passage to the English Language
13. He remained sitting there.
His head was badly injured.
He was not able to walk.

Answer, @<l,siBc8sr{-
Because he was not able to walk and his head was badly
injured, he remained sitting there.

QqqFs q#+m-
Because his head was badly injured he remained sitting
there and was not able to walk.

aFr"l c$Ir{t<n-oR+t.:(-+t<clrT-l6<qlT cflrFfi tfrg e<]si.F cc-fi:

Because his head was badly injureil he was not-able to walk
and remained sitting there.
firrn <IsiE c$kil 6+trqt cs'G qrc<t cffiE <'c{ frFE\5 R6s fltrr :
He remained sitting there, his head badly injured, unable
to walk.
q?mT elsr <'cc crsK sqbF
{$, wrl;Il setterEl Eq5r6.c{ q{R.<{{l< {kFttrSel
n "iRt{q TEflF q-{, Tql qm'cq I <rqB< rrh qq-s <.fdt5s (descriptive); o6-
a[aq {*f61<nrtl q?fln Effi{i r{ I [('6{ cl{l <q 6q <l+]fr con-{ ,srsF essay d
passage qd I'{i caifs EtrE c{'{t tl ft-E fut< <tr+i of{-omq C*1-{-E <'C{ Elil
style analytical <tRcFq{ffi :

He remained sitting there, his head being injured and he

being unable to walk.
sc{ sR qrsls Tfuq <r'Fitr{ qrq sEr$E e{Fr message frsqm €"rdts o.-{r
R[TR, S]3tclmq{ r

t4. He married an English woman"

He was then twenty five.
He was then studying at Cambridge.
The woman left him only after six months.

Answer: When studying at Cambridge, he, at the age of twenty

five, married an English woman, who left him only after
six months.
4{lC{ at the age of . . . phrase Fro (phraseF< qt{ fir) Cambridge q< #s
eKs {Clr{ IL{, v.6{ ElCs dangling modifier q< 6q|l1 \bF Cs|qfl TCR {fS I

Woman .fqF{'Rq<.RQ qoFo:n<qr{ (cfi<-fl Ft?) tsfiq]TqIr{ CfcT{

q$F{ qdqr< : . . . cr Q<rae qffit rtq Rltq fi SR-$ erv fdrrsRE qr$
Gfr Rcr rc<Rcs{ I qR sqt <clcq qd qT : . . . qa-q-{ Esr{q rRal(T Rcr
sr<Rcdn, Gr rra E\|lr 'K qrs cq[v D'cq fttrr&e r
 765
Grammar : Techniques of Advanced Writing

qT{R"t FR:tt-{ft
(General Rules)

q-st{t{ 6F combine srfco q6q q{6q RrEF.{I $-{F

{e-$( cqlll ctl6l ff sentence
qr{ cff{ sK
q{ w cslq qqrs {?r q<( csF q({rs cfrq Rcqr< q-{m sifr.g l

qtl{ qIdSgIr< er+.Ft S-{tT q-{fR ,qt'fft-S sentence €i combination €R ffi

qFK{ Er{ ql' 6$Ft EGIMr{
fisn q1{cs qg lqsst a{ combine T-{R Cfrf{
(cT{ csRn articli story W< fu{ context-q) Cfiq' d{E S1-TI'i
essay,
s?rcs qr{ q sf64lg[r{ q]-{.l
,;;3 q-f,sl-{ | context-€R {ld"lt Ef-Vl frF{{.g.l-c<

combination-q'{ F'lffi sts$( 6R r

rra-f etfun sfts csfr{ context allsr< {I
E1T YtE frrq qt{]{q
$ cFsl EG\o Rq; mq qt("l< s<q 'lam frE sentence
q-sF sentenc" 6E CSCB fiirg Oefrr+ combine <''6 CCQ sentinceft <tqT{"i
Cq-{K q-.' Ei u'-{l Gs), v's {n€
a*raot ;rr"r.e uf5-{ u''6 €s {dIq6 <FR
;"";;".;;ft t'tu cEBI{'s-{r frcs qc< 6srq q('flF {"B q<( 6or{ qsn-s
"rr*t
cft"{FK-{t-{+-fi.c-qr{ |

q{' PART-1 q
A group of sentences C$ C{-T{ {qBC"3- combine F-fi
GEII {-s sl
q!-<t EI{ cqc{R r ftq trT6< Eer< cfiqqsfoT Ts c$fo€
"*"m
cEFIfr | q-{o q-{-tRs sentencecs combine T-{t
qT uf<F S{Rq :
bY co'ordination
bY subordination
bY using absolutes €{(
bY using aPPositives'

And, (either) or, (neither) nor, but, for (6{Q)'

not only "' but
s-{F Efuflrs
u6e lgfifi co-ordinating conjunction Sffi '{Tlfks clause {s
<trsr{
(GI co-ordination I €sl6{-{F eTsrsF clauseQ-1'[ <'(E 't6ti E{ I FcF{
Q{Ft messageFfs Q clause € qSH<qFQ.{ |

clause ..f{ qfr6{

Subordinirtion EIc{ {6{1 6flC{l principal{l co-ordinate
q{i Flrqt cliuse 6$ ETH ail I since, because' as' while' that' when'
though tuftft
what, which, whereas, whV, who, whom' whose'
subordinating connective El-<I <l SCq'< Efil {ss
9;li phrase El3tl main KI co-
s-fi q{ I subordinate
ordinate clause 4K {lCql subordinate clause 6s W
af< qqfq C€IC{I clause tr ffil[-{I
clause f$ {CIF E{ '{S'l word d phrase S{
r

prepositional phrase, present participle phrase'

past participle phrase'
adjectivephrase-{lq-4ic€m(-:tf,friphrase-'cs4lgRi5q-cmgfu{'frs'e
phrase €R message Cutq qCA
subordination <El q-q, SR"l combined Tlfsl '{S'l
6S CunffiC{ efsi'f s-<-cg Ec<
qlcs subordinate clause-€
sm rq{s Gtr message
(l phrase-( €l-sl{ q{65 qg I
 766 A passage to the English
Language
Absolute {lr€-{
CfirTt E"ffqfi r1qffi qBR-g; \e-ef rrtr<TR
3;53; ET< TfCq
{rsr-{ 6611q {r}fr$ (structurar) *ff of r q{s absorute c+ <roi"c<rre grt
fir+e qn {tc-iF-tir grammatical structure qncs.l54f *C
absolute €ir message <nTt
, *_rt g_*f ofu A; *
w
<l effi ftg+* r vl'sr{ ?<Fqi qqla
*a -u, *,
cerrs {sF-s t'J].fr qlilrir s-{rr q-{I qfr"r absorute <Irsi <KqR s-{r qs r I think
etc, they say, in your opinion-M clause {DiI[D-(t absolute foqf< <i-qq-s
{st
Appositive ?trtrF-J3t noun lt pronoun 4=f c'TfifqR$ffR \fii cflf,4t sql
EfE {6{ t Appositive-,{ qTIfig EclJ co-ordinate clause-€ effifts s1all{ I1-g.t
TqI <'fr ffis qs r

{p$( sentence combination (if 6FGI qq dTF figq Sr{ il{re Er<
q{'R *,*-str <nffi q E{cE qe-l-s r

e*q< nR <rr+ qrt ,"ri"n." q<

transformation t qTlfif+ serltence fS combine
f$lf{tFf$ transform il change T-?ffss q6s {k?
S-SCg E|-{ Efn CStm 4l '
r frntS ii,6{ clause CS
phrase-( s"n-sRs s-{t{ c$rq E-e wn a1qq
EIrlc<R I {s<l( ...o,ril, *
rrqmfte-I{ q{I cR cdqernf qg
<tcE 6T{t q[TA, 6{erER qlcel changins
sentences {qfrs1Mfiffi lglEtru r
qc<t +c{-sB EcR<r"rT Er{ir{
Rnserfld errll'tq"'k-6 {<c* ffi{r rr+ r

His son has failed. He is sorrv.

His son is a studious ("ty$) b;V.
He cannot understand ,ihy he-has failed.
qE<lster{t combine +-fl{-s
:

' He is sorry t-hat his son, who is a. studious

the cause of which t.," iunnot understand. boy, has failed,
q?[l[{
{qI scf qm He is sorry that his son has failed r vl-< q6q 6{ studious,
sl sefi-q{6{ TCET 6ffi1 q(q, ca-* EaBfi qq|64
vq''Fe e*ql{, $f{61 6ry f,s;r 5e1yy3 qR
c<Ff egq1"{ itg q ou
*T$n E-sr {h "m*
_t ='*fr*
fr,u'*{t F*rs q.u Er{ erE cFEr $LT.E
r <'fi rry qriit-"_;*li ;"" ;, G'**
nY=n R€:rt ccF€ cl Fq *.q-e smc6t \ot-{
3:T "lu T qriiu qexi r
S-{l( clauseel-{k$ €ElR re-arrange Gll{-{:

He is sorry that his son, even though

he is a studious boy,
has failed, the cause of which he cannot
understand.
qqn E.fitI?flfrs]lT qlrdl
c{fi *|b Cc?,q | <|slfrr$ Eil<t-< str{.|_1T-ffi..{ c,t&r-17
qqtqcile {t{T-{t{l-{:
 Grammar : Techniques of Advanced Writing 767

Although a studious boy,his son has failed, the cause of

which he cannot understand (,) and for which he is sorry'
€"ltF elc{r< clause 431 qIc{ and ql {qfrE lqd€q aR cs c{ Eir{ G-{ s-{r{ dsrcl
ex-q6q qdR-{ cR n sn arq qY3l Es$
{<11€ 4t flF13 SIT[cl qellv r fuE and
{cE€ cs csFI S-r{Cq 6ry SITCGI fi {Slrls r

qL<-sF€qR{q m{{ls:
He is a very honest man.
1:i.!
People say so.
Only one woman says that he is not an honest man'
Nobody knows why the woman saYs so.
@ <f$er4(s combine s-dl {f{s :
They say (that) he is a very honest man, while only one
woman says" (thafl he is not, and nobody knows why she
says so.
qqlr{{t{ qs-<i qr{l : 6a cqfiFE qFq-{ rRql Trq C{ c{ qsill I '4? "fid$lfrt
qlc<l c'fi"f
<mm< message I {P<ts. nobody knows why . . . clausefrrs
qt
F'c< Yq6o {r{cq vs "l],efeitr qR<t GFt q? qc< I
qqr< qrqtcE El c's< EF
"|l-r<:
Though theg/people say that he is a very,honest man, only
one woman says-nobody knows why-that he is not'
q<F frq nobody knows why (she says so)--clausefrf$ absolute qFFIC<
<KqK s-{t q6g1q, {31Fldr EI {E <RTl{ S-Cqi Calr{s <lrst-< {{ TsiSII< arqrs
q'flgll|ts'6{frro {Kcq{ I 6"{fcEfik CFrE q{q frscn qsrs ffifc${ frtE
E-q-tsIwcd( *rB5f< q;[i {3[, ftfrd {Is { <I <f{ilir"K r{I frr{ 15 vF el$nrl
q1ffi-qu-{1rr r*

PRACTICE MATERIAL
Combine each set of sentences into one.

1. Iknow him. I know his brother. They do not know me' I am

not surprised at that.
2. He went to the market. He bought a book. He came back
home. He found that it was not the book that he wanted to
buy.
3. ThL essence of life lies in living it with a proper attitude in
mind. I have learnt this. Now life is meaningful to me.
4. I reached the station' Just before my reaching there, the train
had left. I had to come back home cancelling my journey' That
day there was no other train in that route.

x qHA {'ds @.lrrqR< 66-\9-{ F-fifuE qqr{ ql{[s uttcq eR ffi{rs-{ Effective
Writing Skills for Advanced Learners <tF "t'q fi{6e- 'tlr<;l I
 768 A Passage to the English Language
5. Man is mortal. It is true. Some people can become immortal,
not by avoiding death but by embracing it.
6. I know a man. He has five sisters. Each sister has five
daughters.
7. He was asked what his name was. He said that his name was
nobody. Somebody believed that. Not that everybody believed
that.
8. Poetry is the language of mind and feeling. It is an output of
mind. It is an input to mind.
9. He says what he does. He does what he says. He acts through
'#i:; words. He speaks through actions.
ri::; 10. You could have informed me of the incident (lf{}); I would
have helped you. I would do it in spite of my wife's
opposition.
11. He bought a hoe from the market.
He brought it home. His wife saw it.
She did not know irirat to do with it.
72. He was ill. He attended a meeting. It was a four-hour lhours
$trI meeting.
13. He is rich. He is not happy. I think he is unhappy because of
his wife. His wife is very quarrelsome and selfish.
74. He read the letter. He burnt the letter. There was some secret
information in the letter.
15. He is an honest man. It is true. I think so. Some people
question ({tr{R 6-41; his honesty.
76. The sun moves round the earth. It was believed in former
days. The earth moves round the sun. Science has discovered
this fact.
t7. This is a house. He bought it last year. He bought ii from his
uncle. He bought it for three lakh flakhs T{f] taka.
18. He has some money. It is enough to buy a cow. He needs a
cow that gives.at least {ive litre of milk daily.
INOTE : noun + enough + to + verb trt enough + noun + to +
verb Es{R qE+ r sr< adjective q< Crycg I adjective + enough +
to + verbl
19. There is a process of doing this. I know the process. Nobody
else in our family knows it.
20. He is honest. He cannot tell a lie. He is foolish. He believes
whatever others tell him.
27, He came home last night. Just then he found his '"vife ill. He
took his wife immediately to the nearby hospital.
22, He sat for the examination. He passed. He expected a first
division. He obtained a second division.
LJ. He went back home. He informed his family of the accident.
All of them rushed to the spot.
24. He heard that. He burst into tears. He exclaimed, "O my God!
How shall I live now!"
 Grammar : Techniques of Advanced Writing 769

25. You want me to go with you? In that case you have to come
to my house early. You must come before 7 a.m.
lHint : Conditicnal sentence {(-{]
26. Dhaka is the largest city of Bangladesh. It is the capital of
Bangladesh. It is the oldest city of this country.
2V. He bought a horse {rom his uncle. His uncle had bought it
from his uncle. The horse was rvhite.
28. Wait here. I shall come back. I am going into that house. I shall
have to stay there for about half an hour.
29. Make haste. I suspect you may miss the train" If you miss the
train, you wil! be in trouble"
lf<csc sm?ri Tdfift (E<t-cqFrco ]rffi q&rl <tql Efiio rl
30. I am something.'I know it. I may be something (in ihe future).
I do not know that.
31. You are golng somewhere. I know where. I shall not tell you
where you are going. You do not know it.
teat qm q'f+l qqBr+ e€q E=c* qls {rr<, fiF-{ combined Tffi
qcs SR etrEq rl
32. She is Tul!. She is my elder sister. She is going to be married in
the nexi manth.
[q{fr{ Tuli, my elder sister . . qsfC-{ apposition <,TqF s"Sffi
qfilE sister 4i "i{ .{46 comma <clcs qr< qfr s'fE "K who EFll
{fiio clause qlR-€ t<q{ 6q Fra?l
33. Country A is a socialist country. Country B is also a socialist
country. They have good relationship between them.
lHint : Country A and Country B, both socialist countries have
. . . qqtr{ {iT} SfBrs combine T-<(f, \5t gICfi standard {C{ 4f r

{&\5 {Tsi 6qA€r{'I3 "|RFT fi'{l Ec{rq I S<l( combined <ltrFle

qRwFX&-eFqroqeq. {'G 64-rtriTPc<4.t 6q {ts w[q{ R mqe[El
sociaiist m{ t W<'l(. combined <Ir$l's both of which are socialist
countries -qt clausefr <t s{ both socialist countries <H(9 EC-{ ll
34" I loved my sister. Her name was Shewli. She died in an
accident.
lfreq'g e?iirq in s{{64 by<F"{t{€t{rEdl r]
35. My father gave me in rnarriage. I was then only fourteen years
old. Now my health has brcken down.
lfrg &'e cornbineci sentenceffi qfr eqq {$ : Now my health has
broken down because my father gave me in marriage only ai
the age of fourteen, gl{[4 at the age of fourteen phrase-ffi{
dangling qcs qRF;{€ffit E16'r< I sFcl v{c aRIa q{'t{ )8 {lft qc]-{
"s*q 58-ff1s.fr{ sql qfl EeE' El n?. F.r<tl qfr{ 4.l r csrry
preposition phrase verb q{( nqurr €Wffi nrodify $-{Is 4GI
(ediq io-t adverb {a( adjeciive' frccr{ <f<Rs q6o {lFi, 64Q
phraseft "gave" verb ,c< fts<i "me" €il modifier R"Tc< ffis
qflo ellc{ tJ

APTEL_49
770 A Passage to the English Language
36. He was born in Khulna. He was educated in Dhaka. He started
his career as a manager in 1985 at the age of twenty seven.
[Re&e Combined sentencefr {fr born in Khulna and educated in
Dhaka-qE participial (past participle) phraseF qKl es siTI q{ I

El{6{ phrasefr< q-sF s$ <qlrs Er< il

"F{
37. Money is the worst enemy of mankind. Money is the best
friend of a particular human being. It is necessary. It is evil.
[Hint : Qel{ [t <f+i qa.[ct 6$fc{ stc< WV firn snq< c{lT< Et
{slr$.4SFqq clause 9[iFlGt <fuq O-<t qX I Er{ fr6sr6 r;liFts
E-s clausefr{ qk{ EIt t (-) <I csfrq]=I (s) T{ftE qr< r <-qq' cEj
c{el?l
38. He does not buy more than orre doll for his daughter. He says
that one doll is enough for.a baby. the baby wants more.
[Rgq'c Combined sentence8 <fr eqr{ BT q{ : Since / Because
one doll is enougfrr for . . ., sRaE \51 qC{ YE I Eg\5 <El-Cs qr{ :
Since in his opinion one doll is enough for . . . I R{l{F \dt-<,'
cl{<6lstK{1RrT{ rl
39. I saw him running. I called to him. He did not hear me.
[Rc&'c Combined {l-sifrF Seeing his running {t when I saw his
running <K$< $-<1<t6{n't t His 4{ {vil;{ him WIII$ qC{ ll
40. A girl came here yesterday. She is my sister. She is a good
student.
[Rg&c Combined <fs]Fcs The girl who came here yesterday ...
<I{qt{ 6-{F E[-{, frg My sister who came here yesterdav'<I+{f-<
T<lSlr{qI tsl<I{{l{$-fl fis {frElTd <rsjqrEl eelr< {ffE Ecsl :
My sister came here yesterday. She is a good student ...
s++s sister €R( yesterday-K fi S:tl (,) <j?tr{< T-{f6 qcg]
fils-E l

clr< @ <i-<{mFr o.mq r{rq <jl{rt o;il qtltr :

Thegirl ...
q{ {fr who-Elfl utfrs s1.rr. <'Cfe.rl q{, qqrF gI girl Cs modify
"R
s-?rc{ . . . frq mc{A m q{E{'tE-$.f{,{r{Rq . . ., ftq the girl
qEfrJfi my sister TtTICil CA, ERCE G.E phrase-t mffiF< c-"I"f
elKE{ lqcR 6q',q I E{d who came here . El-{l sl{ c?tr{ aT
qfrfr-s ft-q s*n' ;r<.<-{tE $-{t qr I \ofi qd qLuF-qqK 6<f{, c{
aE{Fr ,stT{ ,4fiRS, ErEI q-S-q-{ €rq wfr tqafq-q€s <l-srfrT
TETtiifu C{6{'- Tltl {ICq-C{ qFIi-? SFE]ET Gl-{ t qlstiT qK rs]r{T c<l{
cqt r qr*-< sl{ fs'Itqt c<T{ fi qt ell-rQ, vrqc-q qlr[|-< c{-c{Frfr
rfsrtq qfin qcqRq . . .'Tqk Cs]r{l Tfu oQ r ts-r< .{{ Efir5
ft o'm $lt crtl <r$l;l {sr< qsffixlE c<rqr €-w qrort, T<n"flr{, c'ft
{slr<t cq, \5i< {fr ,s-$lfi-o 6d{ ers-s ERF cc <rsJsrqlr$ qelr< <Fts:
. The girl came liere yesterday.
She is a sister of mine,/{l
She is one of my sisters. . . .l
47. Their leader fell ill. He was lying in bed in his house. They
heard of his illness. They crowded into their leader's house.
lfrg6g crowded $1 el-{ {rllfd into <Ttrr, GFl6{l rcsq to <-CI<q| t]
 Grammar : Techniques of Advanced Writing 777
42. Rahima is a nurse. She is my sister. She works in Saudi Arabia.
Rt gt Rahima, my sister is a nurse who works in Saudi
Arabia-qsl6:{ combine $-{rE \5t Btr qr{ ql r qR <treiF-,{<( ,4ftfl
tfkq-{ qdfT{i <lTi-t(if$' non-standard I q{Ir{ slt q<s. relative
clause {i <I{qRT{ ftc-o q.n-O TsI <t?ks qr< I qFF :Tst<l U€-{
qrllr{ mflqrqt:
Rahima, my sister, is a nurse working in Saudi Arabia.
{ My sister Rahima is a nurse working . . . .
43. What he says is true. That is true in one sense. What his friend
says is also true. That is true in another sense.
44. He thinks I hate him. I think he hates me. We both think the
same thing about each other.
t6"lt<ls clausefrrs combined <noi .qsfuTq .16u5s Rffir{ cqqlc4
q< qfc'l (<ftsf iombined <lrsi-{ 6rt6{ <i<-qtr qT) <l etcr (qft sf
combined <lrq'< Eem T{kil qT) ,q$F 56646 (0 T{r{ I $'f{q,
6$trElr{< E "lTt't q$t qeft{tqs clause {f,{ S{( qls.rq 63i1-gffi ' ='
trre<orq16{) r

45. In writing grammatical mistakes are bad. In writing logical

mistakes and anomaly of presentation are even worse. I have
already said this.
i<toiF qsn-< tsTs-fl csts "1156 : As I have already said, . . .l
46. He got the job one day. On the same day he had a son. Ii was
his first child.
47. I do not know several things. I do not know what those things
are. I know several things. I do not know what those things
are.
[what E]-KI clause ufb{ o-<fE . . . .l
48. He knows seyeral things. He knows what those things are. He
does not know several things. He knows what those things
are. For this reason he can be considered wise and
knowledgeable.
[for this reason 6f eICTIISTC{ which is why (Tl-{ qlCtf -$'TI (tttr{),
that is why ({1< qtd cqfrffiretq FK{), consequently ({R qkrt
cryfir+tcEl{ T{GT), with the result that (Ti{ qlcrl FTt {cr{)
ffics K"tlsfie +st <ts rl
49. He came home. Everyday he comes home at that time. He
found his father ill. []e rushed his father to hospital.
[RaEefrfr{ sentenceF6's €FF adverbial phrase qR"flgRso-fce
{tr{:as...l
50. We have given an account of the works of the ancient poet.
The works are representative of the middte age art and
literature. Such art and literature ane admired by many
knowledgeable persons.