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Condition Assessement of Structures Using Vibration Technique
Condition Assessement of Structures Using Vibration Technique
USING
VIBRATION TECHNIQUE
C.K.FAIZAL
(2005CES3183)
“I do certify that this project report explains the work carried out by me in the
M.Tech project under the supervision of Dr.SURESH BHALLA and co-supervision of
Prof. ASHOK GUPTA .The contents of this report including text, figures tables
etc.have not been reproduced from other sources such as books, journals, reports,
manuals, websites etc.Wherever limited reproduction from another source had been
made the source had been duly acknowledged at that point and also listed in the
reference.”
C.K.Faizal.
(2005CES3183)
CERTIFICATE
The contents of this report have not been submitted to any other University or
Institute for the award of any degree or diploma.
The contents of this report have not been submitted to any other University or
Institute for the award of any degree or diploma.
Structural Health Monitoring holds the Promise for improving the structural
performance with an excellent cost /benefit ratio. Condition assessment is a technique
used in health monitoring in the damage detection, to ensure the serviceability and the
durability of the structures.
In this report condition assessment of the structures using low frequency technique is
being done through experimental modal analysis and computational analysis software
ANSYS 9.0 over structural elements beam and steel frame.
In the Experimental Modal Analysis, investigation is carried over a 2m and 4m
Reinforced concrete beam and rectangular hollow section steel frame.
¾ Response of the structure is obtained through accelerometer, PZT and
electric strain gauge
¾ Aglient Multimeter is used as data analyzer for data acquisition
¾ FFT analysis and FRF is carried out using MATLAB
In the computational Analysis using ANSYS 9.0 the Modal Analysis is done both in
the 1D and 3D modeling. Damage induced analysis is carried in the ANSYS 9.0 and
the difference in the modal frequency is noted, which was compared in the
experimental modal analysis of the damage induced analysis of the beam.
In 1D and 3D modal analysis experimentally and analytically the results were found
in close agreement with small error. Damage induced Analysis is done in 3D
modeling in computational analysis it has to be checked with the experimental modal
analysis.
Damage detection and Condition assessment of the beams were carried out with Mode
shape curvature and Flexibility method, changes in the beam element were compared
with the real time experimental specimen and damage detection was found in very
close approximation.
LIST OF TABLES
Page
Table 5.1 Elemental damage at various loads 26
Page
ν Poisson’s ratio
φ i φi* Pre-damage and Post –damage i th mode shape vector respectively
1.1 BACKGROUND
The most common dynamic parameters used in damage detection are the natural
frequencies and the mode shapes. But changes in natural frequencies alone cannot
provide spatial information about structural damage. Therefore mode shape
information is additionally needed to uniquely localize the damage
1.3 OBJECTIVES AND SCOPE OF STUDY
The primary objective of this study is to identify the damage induced in the
structures using low frequency techniques, to locate the damage location and
determine the severity of the damage, so that the life span of the structures can be
assessed and maintenance cost can be reduced.
In this study, the investigation was carried out on concrete beams of 2m and 4m
length using low frequency techniques. The response of the beam was obtained from
accelerometer, piezoelectric ceramic patch and electric strain gauge. Further, from the
frequency response function, the modal frequencies were obtained and were compared
with the finite element method analysis.
Again, inducing damage in the beam, modal frequency has to be obtained, and
from the experimental modal analysis using the change in flexibility method and the
mode shape curvature method the condition assessment and damage detection has to
be carried out.
Experimental mode shapes of the structural elements were obtained using the
dynamic technique.
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 INTRODUCTION
The interest in the ability to monitor a structure and detect damage at the
earliest possible stage is pervasive throughout the civil, mechanical and aerospace
engineering communities.
Existence of structural damage in an engineering system leads to
modification of the vibration modes. These modifications are manifested as changes
in the modal parameters (natural frequencies, mode shapes and modal damping
values), which can be obtained from results of dynamic (vibration) testing. Changes
in the modal parameters may not be the same for each mode since the changes depend
on the nature, location and severity of the damage. This effect offers the possibility of
using data from dynamic testing to detect, locate and quantify damage.
Modal parameters can be easily obtained from measured vibration responses.
The responses are acquired by some form of transducer, which monitors the
structural response to artificially induced excitation forces or ambient forces in the
service environment. Low input energy levels are sufficient to produce measurable
responses since the input energy is dynamically amplified.
Some factors to consider when using vibration testing for integrity assessment
and for successful utilization of vibration data in assessing structural condition,
measurements should be taken at points where represented. The simplest way of
achieving this is to conduct a theoretical vibration analysis of the structure prior to
testing. The best positions would be those points where the sum of the magnitudes of
the mode shape vectors is maximized.
2.8 MODES
Modes (or resonance) are inherent properties of a structure. Resonances are
determined by the material properties (mass, stiffness, and damping properties), and
boundary conditions of the structure. Each mode is defined by a natural (modal or
resonant) frequency, modal damping, and a mode shape. If either the material
properties or the boundary conditions of a structure change, its modes will change.
For instance, if mass is added to a vertical pump, it will vibrate differently because its
modes have changed.
At or near the natural frequency of a mode, the overall vibration shape
(operating deflection shape) of a machine or structure will tend to be dominated by
the mode shape of the resonance.
3.1 INTRODUCTION
The damage index method was developed by Stubbs and Kim (1994) to locate
damage in structures given their characteristic mode shapes before and after damage
.For a structure that can be represented as a beam, a damage index, β , is developed
based on the change in strain energy stored in the structure when it deforms in its
particular mode shape. For location jth on the beam this change in the ith mode the
damage index β ij was defined as…
b L L
Where β ij = ( ∫ [Φ ( x)] dx + ∫ [Φ ( x)] dx) ∫ [Φ "i ( x)] 2 dx
∗"
i
2 ∗"
i
2
… (3.1)
a 0 0
b L L
( ∫ [Φ ( x)] dx + ∫ [Φ ( x)] dx) ∫ [Φ ∗i " ( x)]2 dx
"
i
2 "
i
2
a 0 0
th
Where Φ "i ( x) and Φ *"
i ( x ) are the second derivatives of the i mode shape
Here, ‘a’ and ‘b’ are the limits of a segment of the beam where the damage is
For mode shapes obtained from ambient data, the modes are normalized such that
{ψ n }T {M }{ψ n } = 1 …. (3.2)
3.3 MODE SHAPE CURVATURE METHOD
Pandey, Biswas and samman (1991) assume that structural damage only
affects the structure’s stiffness matrix and its mass distribution. The pre and post-
damage mode shapes for the beam in its undamaged and damaged conditions can then
be estimated numerically from the displacement mode shapes with a central
difference approximation or other means of differentiation. Given the before and after
mode shapes, the author consider a beam cross section at location’ x ‘along the length
of the beam, v”(x) is
v”(x)=M(x)/(EI)
Where E is the modulus of elasticity and I the moment of inertia of the section.
From the equation, it is evident that the curvature is inversely proportional to the
flexural stiffness, EI. Thus, a reduction of stiffness associated with damage will, in
turn lead to an increase in curvature. Differences in the pre and post –damage
curvature mode shapes will, in theory be in the damage curvature mode shapes will in
theory be largest in the damaged region. For multiple modes the absolute values of
changes in curvature associated with each mode are summed to yield a damage
parameter for a particular location
n
[F] ≈ ∑1 / ω i2 {Φ i } {Φ i }T ..…. (3.3)
i =1
n
and [F]* ≈ ∑1 / ω i*2 {Φ i }* {Φ i }*T .…..(3.4)
i =1
corresponding to the largest change is indicative of the degree of freedom where the
damage is located.
The coefficients of the ith column of the flexibility matrix represent the
deflected shape assumed by the structure with a unit load applied at the ith degree of
freedom. The sum of all columns of the flexibility matrix represents the deformed
shape assume by the structure if a unit load is applied at each degree of freedom and
this shape is to as the uniform load surface. Change in curvature of the uniform load
surface can be used to determine the location of damage. In terms of the curvature of
the uniform load surface, F”, the curvature change at location l is evaluated as
follows
based on changes in the stiffness matrix that is derived from measured modal data.
Two forms of a damage vector, {Di } for the ith mode are then obtained by
separating the terms containing the original matrices from those containing the
perturbation matrices. Hence,
{Di } = (λ*i [ M ] + [ K ]){ψ i }* = (λ*i [∆M d ] + [∆K d ]]{ψ i }* ….. (3.9)
Equation (6) is subtracted from equation (14) to obtain [∆K d ] . This matrix
is multiplied by the ith damaged mode shape vector to obtain the ith damage vector as
shown in equation (4). A scaling procedure discussed by Zimmerman and kaouk was
used to avoid spurious readings at stiff locations of the measured response is lower.
Chapter 4
EXPERIMENTAL AND DATA PROCESSING TOOLS
This study has investigated the low frequency dynamic response technique
System architecture
- Sensor integration
- Test samples with realistic sensors
- Test method on representative structures
4.3 STRAIN GAUGE
In this project two 5mm strain gauge with a gauge factor of 2.09 are attached
on the 4m steel beam. Both the gauges are attached at the centre parallel to the central
axis of the steel beam as shown in the pictures below:
In this study, a reinforced concrete beam of 4m lengths, 0.15m widths, 0.2m
heights were instrumented with electric strain gauge, peizoceramic patches and
accelerometers. Fig shows the measurement set up, consisting of the test structure,
digital multimeter, a personal computer and shaker machine. The structure was
excited by the shaker machine and the vibration responses were measured using the
Agilent 34411A digital multimeter. The multimeter records measurements from all
the sensors one by one.
In the case of ESG, the multimeter measures the resistance with time and was
used to convert it into strain. In the case of Accelerometer and PZT patch, the
-0.1 0 5 10 15 20 25
-0.2
-0.3
-0.4
-0.5 Hammer 2
-0.6
-0.7
Tim e(Sec)
Due to some uncontrolled noise, the damping nature is shown in the Response
of the PZT, in analysis it is eliminated by Filtering technique and the Frequency
Response
The following region was analyzed for frequency response to obtain the experimental
values of modal frequencies for the 4-meter concrete beam
Analyzed Response from PZT
0.2
0.1
0
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000
-0.1
Voltage (V)
-0.2
-0.3
-0.4
-0.5
-0.6
Tim e (sec)
50
2nd mode at 60.78Hz
25
Response
0
0 50 100 150 200
F r e q u e n c y (H z )
Supported condition 2: Over hanging 50cm and 100cm on either side. (Unsymmetric)
25
3 rd m o d e a t 1 4 2 H z
1st mode at114.53Hz
2nd m ode at 68H z
a t 2 nd
st m ode
2 mode at 31Hz
2H z
3rd mode at 63.99Hz
20
Response(v)
15
10
0
0 25 50 75 100 125 150 175 200 225 250 275 300
-5
F re q u e n c y (H z )
The first three distinct peaks in the FRF are seen at 14.53 Hz, 31Hz and
63.99Hz indicating them to be the first three modes of vibration for the 4-meter
concrete beam.
1st peak at
20 24.9 Hz 2nd peak
Response(v)
70.04 Hz 3rd peak at 4th peak at
130.03 Hz 195.4 Hz
10
0
0 50 100 150 200 250
Frequency (Hz)
The peaks obtained using the PZT are at 24.90 Hz, 70.04 Hz, 130.03 Hz
and 195.40 Hz.
4.5.3 Experimental mode shapes on Steel frame
A hollow rectangular steel frame of sectional cross section .05m × .025m was
tested for experimental mode shapes using ICAT software. During experiment the
steel frame were held in free-free support conditions and the excitation was given a
plane at different equivalent point with the help of hammer which was connected to
the digital multimeter .The response were read at a point through out the experiment
with accelerometer and the response were directly read into FRF plot by multimeter .
The frame was modelled in the ICAT software with the same number of nodes
as the excitation points in the experiment and the FRF were assigned in the model at
The frame was analyzed in the ANSYS and frequencies were found, Table 4.1
the boundary condition were not simulated as in experimental conditions the result
E X P E R IM E N T A L A N D A N S Y S M O D A L F R E Q U E N C Y
E X P E R IM E N T A L AN S YS
1000
800
F R E Q U E N C Y (H z )
600
400
200
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
E X P E R IM E N T A L 2 1 .7 2 9 4 6 8 .2 9 3 6 2 0 0 .8 6 5 2 7 1 .8 7 6 4 5 8 .7 6 5 6 9 5 .7 0 8 7 0 7 .8 6 2 8 2 5 .7 7 8 5 2 .5 6 2
A NS Y S 2 1 .1 4 9 7 3 .9 8 4 2 1 5 .2 2 2 8 4 .1 2 4 7 3 .5 2 4 7 1 9 .6 1 3 7 3 2 .8 5 1 8 5 5 .2 2 3 8 7 5 .2 5
M O DES
MODE 1 MODE 2
MODE 3
MODE 4
MODE 5 MODE 6
MODE 7 MODE 8
5.1 INTRODUCTION
In this chapter the condition assessment of the concrete beams was carried out
using Change in Flexibility Method and the Mode shape curvature method .The
experimental mode shapes was tried over a hollow rectangular cross-section steel
frame using the frequency response function in ICAT modeling software .
The angular frequency can be replaced by cyclic frequency, f, and as such set of
natural frequencies in Hertz is given by
∑ I∆E
i =1
i
px I∆f i ∑ I∆E
i =1
i
py I∆f i ∑ I∆E
i =1
i
pz I∆f i
DIx= m
; DIy= m
; DIz= m
∑ ∆f
i =1
i
∑ ∆f
i =1
i
∑ ∆f
i =1
i
The damage metric index computed for the damaged beam elements of the 2m
and 4m beam were shown below. Fig: 5.1 shows the elemental damage at various
loads over the 2m beam in the symmetric condition .In the figures a threshold damage
metric index of 70% were taken. The beam was divided in 50 elements so that each
element was of 4cm in length.
During experiment the loads were applied at the center and it is found that the
bending cracks were found at the center and the shear cracks the support conditions as
shown in the Fig:5.7 and Fig:5.9..From the figures shown below it was evident that
the elemental damage propagation were taking place at the center and support
condition.
In the 2m beam numerical analysis only the modal displacement were used
,hence the damage location were found to be in close approximation with the
experiment but the severity of the damage location were not in much correlation.
5 0 K N
8 0
M E T R IC
DAM AGE
7 5
7 0
1 4 7 1 0 1 3 1 6 1 9 2 2 2 5 2 8 3 1 3 4 3 7 4 0 4 3 4 6 4 9
E L E M E N T S N O
7 0 K N
8 0
7 5
M E T R IC
DAM AGE
7 0
1 4 7 1 0 1 3 1 6 1 9 2 2 2 5 2 8 3 1 3 4 3 7 4 0 4 3 4 6 4 9
E L E M E N T S N O
8 0 K N
8 0
7 5
M E T R IC
DAM AGE
7 0
1 4 7 1 0 1 3 1 6 1 9 2 2 2 5 2 8 3 1 3 4 3 7 4 0 4 3 4 6 4 9
E L E M E N T S N O
8 3 K N
80
75
M E T R IC
DAM AGE
70
1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 2 5 28 31 34 37 40 43 46 49
E L E M E N T S N O
5 0 K N
0 .0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6
F L E X IB IL IT Y
0 .0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4
0 .0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2
0
0 1 0 2 0 3 0 4 0 5 0 6 0
E L E M E N T N O
7 0 K N
0 .0 0 0 0 0 0 0 8
0 .0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6
F L E X IB IL IT Y
0 .0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4
0 .0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2
0
0 1 0 2 0 3 0 4 0 5 0 6 0
E L E M E N T N O
8 0 K N
0 .0 0 0 0 0 0 1 6
0 .0 0 0 0 0 0 1 2
F L E X IB IL IT Y
0 .0 0 0 0 0 0 0 8
0 .0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4
0
0 1 0 2 0 3 0 4 0 5 0 6 0
E L E M E N T N O
8 3 K N F A IL U R E L O A D
0 .0 0 0 0 0 0 3
0 .0 0 0 0 0 0 2 4
F L E X IB IL IT Y
0 .0 0 0 0 0 0 1 8
0 .0 0 0 0 0 0 1 2
0 .0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6
0
0 1 0 2 0 3 0 4 0 5 0 6 0
E L E M E N T N O
4m SYMMETRIC
100
80
60
40
1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 31 33 35 37 39 41
ELEMENTS
3 0 K N U S Y M M E T R IC
1
0 .9
D A M A G E M E T R IC
0 .8
0 .7
0 .6
0 .5
0 .4
1 3 5 7 9 1 1 1 3 1 5 1 7 1 9 2 1 2 3 2 5 2 7 2 9 3 1 3 3 3 5 3 7 3 9 4 1
EL EM EN T S
4 1 K N U N S Y M M E T R IC
C 1
0 .9
0 .8
DAM AG E M ETRI
0 .7
0 .6
0 .5
0 .4
1 4 7 1 0 1 3 1 6 1 9 2 2 2 5 2 8 3 1 3 4 3 7 4 0
EL EM EN T S
6 0 K N U N S Y M M E T R IC
0 .9
0 .8
0 .7
D A M A G E M E T R IC
0 .6
0 .5
0 .4
1 3 5 7 9 1 1 1 3 1 5 1 7 1 9 2 1 2 3 2 5 2 7 2 9 3 1 3 3 3 5 3 7 3 9 4 1
EL EM EN T S
6 8 K N U N S Y M M E T R IC
0 .9
0 .8
D A M A G E M E T R IC
0 .7
0 .6
0 .5
0 .4
1 3 5 7 9 1 1 1 3 1 5 1 7 1 9 2 1 2 3 2 5 2 7 2 9 3 1 3 3 3 5 3 7 3 9 4 1
E L E M EN T S
AT 30K N
1 .2 0 E -2 3
8 .0 0 E -2 4
F L E X IB IL IT Y
4 .0 0 E -2 4
0 .0 0 E + 0 0
0 10 20 30 40 50
ELEM ENTS
A T 41K N
1 .2 E -0 9
8 E -1 0
F L E X IB IL IT Y
4 E -1 0
0
0 10 20 30 40 50
EL EM EN T S
A T 60K N
0 .0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3
2 .4 E -0 9
F L E X IB IL IT Y
1 .8 E -0 9
1 .2 E -0 9
6 E -1 0
0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
EL EM ENT S
AT 68K N
0 .0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 8
0 .0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6
F L E X IB IL IT Y
0 .0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4
0 .0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2
0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
ELEM ENTS
1 D M O D E
2 0 0 0
1 5 0 0
1 0 0 0
5 0 0
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 0
1 D M O D E 1 6 .9 3 6 7 .5 3 1 5 1 .2 2 6 6 .9 4 1 3 .3 5 8 8 .9 7 9 1 .7 1 0 2 0 1 2 7 1 1 5 4 4
250
200
150
C H A N G E IN H z ( % )
100
50
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
B EFO RE DA M A G E 4 1 .0 6 5 8 .3 3 1 0 2 .7 1 2 2 .6 1 3 5 .5 1 5 5 .3 1 6 6 .2 2 0 3 .3 2 1 6 .1 2 2 7 .2
A T 5O K N 41 5 8 .2 2 102 122 135 1 5 4 .9 1 6 5 .2 2 0 2 .1 2 1 5 .2 2 2 6 .2
A T 70K N 3 6 .0 9 5 3 .6 9 6 .6 3 1 1 7 .5 1 3 3 .3 1 5 1 .4 1 6 3 .2 2 0 0 .3 2 1 2 .8 2 2 3 .4
A T 80K N 2 9 .8 2 5 2 .2 4 9 3 .2 7 1 1 2 .6 1 3 0 .2 1 4 9 .2 1 6 0 .4 1 9 8 .2 2 1 0 .9 221
A T 8 3 K N ( F A IL U R E L O A D ) 2 3 . 3 6 5 0 .2 6 9 2 .4 7 1 0 5 .6 1 2 9 .6 1 4 8 .3 1 6 0 .2 198 2 0 9 .7 220
M O DES
To stimulate the damage condition (Crack) in the Beam, the Beam is modeled
in three sub beams in which the propagation of the crack is varied by varying the width and
the height of the crack between the sub beams. The beams are glued in the ANSYS so that it
behaves as a monolithic beam with the crack propagation.
A N S Y S D A M A G E IN D U C E D B E A M
5 0 K N 7 0 K N 8 0 K N 8 3 K N
2 5 0
2 0 0
F R EQ U EN C Y(H z
1 5 0
1 0 0
5 0
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 0
5 0 K N 4 1 5 8 .2 1 0 2 1 2 2 1 3 5 1 5 5 1 6 5 2 0 2 2 1 5 2 2 6
7 0 K N 3 6 .1 5 3 .6 9 6 .6 1 1 8 1 3 3 1 5 1 1 6 3 2 0 0 2 1 3 2 2 3
8 0 K N 2 9 .8 5 2 .2 9 3 .3 1 1 3 1 3 0 1 4 9 1 6 0 1 9 8 2 1 1 2 2 1
8 3 K N 2 3 .4 5 0 .3 9 2 .5 1 0 6 1 3 0 1 4 8 1 6 0 1 9 8 2 1 0 2 2 0
M O D E
4m 1 D A n a ly sis S Y M M E T R IC
1D M O D E S
70
60
50
40
30
Y (H z )
FREQUENC
20
10
0
1 2 3
1D M O D E S 9 .0 2 1 9 .1 6 4 6 0 .3 7 1
M O D E S
4 m 1 D A n a ly sis U N S Y M M E T R IC
1D M O D E S
100
80
z)
F R E Q U E N C Y (H
60
40
20
0
1 2 3
1D M O D E S 1 2 .1 3 6 3 7 .0 8 5 9 0 .7 9
M O D ES
3 D S Y M M E T R IC
B E F O R E D A M A G E A F TE R D A M A G E
80
)
F R E Q U E N C Y (H z
60
40
20
0
1 2 3
B E F O R E D A M A G E 1 4 .5 2 9 31 6 3 .9 8 9
A F TE R D A M A G E 6 .6 4 2 1 4 .4 5 1 4 1 .1 5 4
M O D ES
3 D A N S Y S U N S Y M M E T R IC
B E F O R E D A M A G E A T 3 0 K N A T 4 1 K N A T 6 0 K N A T 6 8 K N
1 4 0
1 2 0
F R E Q U E N C Y (H z) 1 0 0
8 0
6 0
4 0
2 0
0
1 2 3
B E F O R E D A M A G E 2 5 .4 5 7 8 7 .8 7 4 1 2 3 .2 4 8
A T 3 0 K N 2 5 .1 5 2 8 7 .2 7 3 1 2 2 .8 5 4
A T 4 1 K N 2 1 .5 4 3 8 0 .1 0 1 1 1 5 .3 9 1
A T 6 0 K N 1 6 .4 4 1 7 1 .9 3 6 1 0 2 .7 5 8
A T 6 8 K N 9 .6 3 8 6 0 .6 4 2 8 6 .3 2 1
M O D E S
7.2 1D ANALYSIS
In 1D analysis, analytically modal frequency of the simply supported beam can be obtained by
πn 2 EI
fn = 2
…. (7.1)
2L M
Where
L=length of the beam
E=Youngs modulus of concrete (i.e. 5000 f ck )
I=Moment of inertia
M=mass of the concrete block
N=mode number
For the beam under consideration, the numerical values are
L=4m, f ck = 20 N / mm 2 , E=2.236E10 N/mm 2 , I=10-4mm4, M=75kg/m2
In 3D analysis, the ANSYS modal frequency obtained was compared with the
first 3 modal frequency obtained from the accelerometer, PZT and ESG was
compared below it is found that the accelerometer and PZT were giving close value.
Table 7.2, Table 7.3, Table 7.4 gives the experimental values obtained by the
sensors at various damaged location.
7.3.1 DAMAGED INDUCED 2mCONCRETE BEAM
P Z T D A T A
2 0
1 5
C H A N G E IN H z ( % )
1 0
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
B E F O R E D A M A G E 0 .2 3 6 2 4 .2 1 2 6 4 .0 1 0 5 2 .0 7 5 4 8 .8 9 0 9 9 .6 6 5 7 1 7 .7 5 7 8 .8 6 5 2 1 3 .1 5 1 1 7 .6 5 3
A T 50K N 0 .1 2 9 1 1 .9 0 8 8 4 .0 9 9 9 2 .3 1 3 1 8 .2 8 8 .4 9 7 6 1 5 .3 2 3 8 .2 1 8 1 1 .4 7 1 1 4 .9 5 7
A T 70K N 2 .4 5 8 6 4 .7 6 5 5 3 .5 7 1 4 2 .8 1 9 8 6 .3 1 8 2 6 .1 4 0 5 1 3 .2 8 3 4 .7 4 3 4 8 .7 8 9 9 1 2 .8 5 9
A T 80K N 5 .4 9 5 1 .8 2 8 5 7 .2 5 9 1 3 .6 0 3 8 4 .6 1 2 7 4 .9 1 0 1 1 1 .6 9 7 1 .5 3 9 7 6 .2 5 0 9 5 .9 6 7 2
A T 83K N 1 2 .0 0 4 2 .0 5 0 8 1 4 .3 4 .0 3 2 7 1 .8 5 7 4 1 .6 6 2 3 9 .0 3 9 6 1 .6 5 6 7 3 .6 1 3 6 3 .4 5 4 9
M O D ES
B EFO R E D A M A G E A T 5 0 K N A T 7 0 K N A T 8 0 K N A T 8 3 K N
2 5
2 0
C H A N G E IN H z ( % )
1 5
1 0
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 0
B EFO R E D A M A G E 1 .4 4 6 7 3 .3 1 0 8 4 .3 2 9 1 .3 2 5 7 9 .3 8 2 4 9 .4 1 3 8 1 7 .5 5 7 8 .3 9 4 1 3 .1 1 6 1 9 .3 6 1
A T 5 0 K N 0 .5 7 2 3 3 .1 4 2 5 4 .1 0 7 4 1 .6 5 3 2 8 .6 7 0 8 8 .6 0 6 2 1 4 .9 4 1 8 .1 9 1 4 1 1 .5 1 9 1 5 .9 6 8
A T 7 0 K N 0 .5 7 5 8 6 .8 2 3 4 1 .7 2 0 1 2 .1 7 1 7 7 .1 7 4 9 7 .1 3 5 1 2 .9 5 7 9 .0 3 9 4 9 .4 5 1 4 1 3 .1 6 6
A T 8 0 K N 8 .3 0 4 9 1 .9 3 1 9 6 .9 2 7 1 2 .7 5 9 3 3 .6 8 7 2 5 .7 2 4 6 1 2 .4 9 3 2 .4 5 2 5 6 .7 9 9 6 6 .5 0 5 1
A T 8 3 K N 1 4 .8 9 0 .1 5 3 1 1 .5 4 2 .8 9 3 8 3 .3 0 6 2 2 .4 3 6 3 9 .5 8 5 7 1 .0 7 3 3 5 .8 4 5 4 .1 0 4 9
M O D ES
25
20
C H A N G E IN H z ( % )
15
10
5
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
B E F O R E D A M A G E 2 .1 9 9 3 4 .3 3 2 6 4 .3 0 8 5 0 .0 1 4 7 8 .6 3 4 9 1 2 .0 9 2 1 8 .1 7 3 1 2 .8 9 4 1 3 .6 3 2 4 .2 1
A T 50KN 2 .3 5 6 5 3 .2 0 0 4 4 .2 4 1 4 0 .0 9 5 7 .9 9 1 0 .9 3 8 1 5 .9 3 5 1 1 .6 0 4 1 1 .9 9 2 1 9 .7 4 2
A T 70KN 7 .3 5 9 6 6 .8 3 7 9 0 .3 1 6 6 0 .6 5 3 5 7 .5 1 5 7 8 .0 1 9 3 1 3 .7 3 8 1 0 .0 3 4 1 0 .2 2 5 1 8 .3 1 8
A T80KN 1 1 .1 3 3 6 .6 9 9 8 3 .6 8 3 1 0 .2 7 5 2 5 .3 2 1 4 6 .2 7 2 3 1 3 .4 9 2 3 .3 9 8 5 7 .7 7 6 7 6 .8 9 4 7
A T 83KN 2 0 .9 9 3 3 .7 8 6 7 1 2 .4 4 6 2 .3 0 4 9 3 .4 9 6 3 2 .6 1 8 3 1 0 .1 5 0 .8 8 2 2 7 .0 5 0 1 4 .4 2 5 7
M O DES
E X P E R IM E N T A L S Y M M E T R IC
B E F O R E D A M A G E A F TE R D A M A G E
80
z)
F R E Q U E N C Y (H
60
40
20
0
1 2 3
B E F O R E D A M A G E 1 4 .6 6 3 3 2 .5 9 8 6 5 .9 8 7
A F TE R D A M A G E 6 .8 5 6 1 5 .6 5 4 4 2 .5 5 6
M O D E S
150
100
F R E Q U E N C Y (H z )
50
0
1 2 3
B E FO RE D A M A G E 2 5 .6 2 2 8 8 .9 9 5 1 2 5 .8 8 6
A T 30K N 2 6 .5 4 8 8 8 .7 7 3 1 2 5 .3 6 9
A T 41K N 2 2 .6 6 5 8 3 .5 6 4 1 2 0 .2 6
A T 60K N 1 8 .6 6 5 7 4 .2 2 5 1 0 5 .9 9 8
A T 68K N 1 1 .1 5 4 6 3 .8 7 1 8 9 .2 5 6
M O DES
¾ The modal frequencies obtained in1D and 3D differs considerably, this is due
to torsion effect consideration in 3D Modal analysis, whereas in1D analysis it
is not considered.
¾ In the data acquisition process it is found that PZT yields good results in
comparison to that accelerometer and electric strain gauge.
ON STEEL FRAME
¾ The experimental mode shape found through the frequency response function
and by using the ICAT modeling software under free suspended condition
were not in close approximation with those of computational mode shapes
obtained using ANSYS 9.0. This may due to the approximation boundary
condition adopted in computational method.
RECOMMENDATIONS
¾ Further work can carry out in structural elements by considering various
boundary conditions and structured frames with will stimulate real time
analysis.
¾ Assessment of different structures taking time history analysis real time data
of any earthquake can be done which will stimulate the actual scenario.
¾ Wireless network for data acquisition for the experiments and monitoring the
structures can be done, so as to make it more feasible to the structural health
monitoring.
¾ The condition assessment work can be carried out to plates, steel frames,
composites fibers etc.
¾ Monitoring of the structures with the embedded sensors, data acquisition has
to be done over the structural elements which is more useful in the wireless net
work system and a compatibility study can be done over the structural health
monitoring.
REFERENCES
Aktan, A.E., Helmicki, A.J. and Hunt, V.J. (1998), “Issues in Health Monitoring for
Intelligent Infrastructure”, Journal of Smart Materials and Structures, Vol.7, No.5,
pp674-992
Aktan.A.E, Helmicki, A.J. and Hunt V.J. (1998) “Structural identification for
condition assessment Experimental”, Journal of Smart Materials and Structures,
Vol.7, pp 567-598.
ANSYS Inc. (2000), ANSYS Realease Documentation: User’s Manual for Rev 9.0
Farrar, C.R. and Jauregui, D.A. (1998), “Comparative Study of Damage Identification
Algorithms Applied to a Bridge: I. Experiment”, Journal of Smart Materials and
Structures, Vol.7, No.5, pp 704-719.
Ju, F. D. and Mimovich, M. (1987) “Experimental diagnosis of fracture damage in
structures by the modal frequency method” Modal Testing and Analysis.
Vol .203 pp 29 36
Khanna, S., Mufti, A.A. and Bakht, B. (1999) “Experimental investigation of the role
of reinforcement in the strength of concrete decks slabs”, Canadian Journal of Civil
Engineering Vol .9,no.3, pp .475-480.
Mufti, A.A. (2001) “Guidelines for Structural Health Monitoring” Design Manual
No. 2, ISIS Canada Research Network, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada. Vol.5393: 55-
65,
San Diego, California, USA.
Pandey, A.K. and Biswas, M.(1994), “Damage detection from changes in flexibility”
Journal of Sound and Vibration, Vol 175 pp.89-104