V.A.KRECHMAR eo tey ANY BOOK } IN ALGEBRA a : 4 yi MIR PUBLISHERS :- MOSCOWABOUT THE BOOK ‘The object of this collection of probleins and exercises in elementary algebra is tu provide teachers and pupils with material of a higher degree of difficulty than that in stan- idary schuol texthouks, so js who wish to deepen their tical knowledge can do su, The oxercis the collect can be tackled by any reader who has studied elementary mathematics, but nol gone beyond il. Though some probl are in trigonometry, they wre in fact all of an algebraic ehara- eter, The problem grouped, and each group is provided with notes on how to go about solving them Answers are given for almost all prob- Jems, with a few exceptions. If the reader's knowledge and appree of mathematics is fostered by working through the book, the author's will have been justified,3AJIAUHMK 10 AJITEBPE Uanateanerno «HayxarV. A. KRECHMAR A PROBLEM BOOK IN ALGEBRA Translated from the Russian by Victor Shiffer Translation editor Leonid Levant MIR PUBLISHERS MOSCOWFirst published 1974 Second printing 1978 TO THE READER Mir Publishers would be grateful for your comments on the content, translation and design of this book. We would also be pleased to receive any other suggestions you may wish to make. . Our address is: USSR, 129820, Moscow 1-110, GSP Pervy Rizhsky Pereulok, 2 MIR PUBLISHERS Ha aneauiicrom aaixe © English translation, Mir Publishers, 1974 Printed in the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics40. CONTENTS . Whole Rational Expressions . . . . Solutions to Section 1. .....-.- . Rational Fractions... . . Solutions to Section 2... 2. 2... ee ee ee ee . Radicals. Inverse Trigonometric Functions. Logarithms Solutions to Section 3 . Equations and Systems of Equations of the First Degree Solutions to Section 4... 2... 2.2... ee eee . Equations and Systems of Equations of the Second Degree Solutions to Section 5... 2... . Complex Numbers and Polynomials ........-. . Solutions to Section 6.......... . Progressions and Sums... ......-....205 Solutions to Section 7... . 2... 2... ae . Inequalities See a area Pa eee cee eee aaa Solutions to Section8 ...... Reese eee eee . Mathematical Induction... ...... Solutions to Section 9... ......... see Mantes eee ee ceratstite ater ratte ea HateRE eeeeee react .PROBLEMS 1. WHOLE RATIONAL EXPRESSIONS The problems presented in this section are mainly on the identity transformations of whole rational expressions. These are the elementary operations we have to use here: addition, multiplication, division and subtraction of mono- mials and polynomials, as well as raising them to various powers and resolving them into factors. As regards trigono- metric problems, we take as known the definition of trigonc- metric functions, principal relationships between these functions, all the properties connected with their periodi- city, and all corollaries of the addition theorem. Attention should be drawn only to the formulas which enable us to transform a product of trigonometric functions into a sum or a difference of these functions. Namely: cos A cos B=-4 [cos (A+B) + cos (A—B)], sin A cos B=-4 [sin (4 + B)-+sin (A—B)], sin A sin B=-+ [cos (4 — B)—cos (A+ B)]. 1. Prove the identity (a? +b) (x? + y?) = (ax — by)® + (br + ay). 2. Show that (a? + B+ 8 + a) (a + y+ 22 + A) = = (ax — by — cz — dt)? + (bx + ay — dz + ct)? + + (ex + dy + az — bt)? + (dx — cy + bz + at)?. 3. Prove that from the equalities az —by—cz—dt=0, br +ay—dz+ct =0, ex + dy+az—bt=0, dx—cy+bz+at~=0,8 Problems follows either a = b =c=d=0,orr=y=z=t=0Q, 4. Show that the following identity takes place (a? +b +c?) (a? + y? + 2%) — (ax + by + cz)? = = (bx — ay)® + (cy — bz)* + (az — cz). 5. Show that the preceding identity can be generalized in the following way (@ tat... +0) (BHR+...+ 0) = = (aby + Gaby +... + dnb)? +. (4b, — aebs)? + + (abs — ashy)? +... + (Gn-tbn — Onbn-t)?. 6. Let n@+P+ej r+...+~—= =(atb+e+... 49% where n is the number of the quantities a, b, c,..., 1. Prove that then a=b=c=...=l. 7. Prove that from the equalities aitat+...taz=1, B+R+...¢b=1 follows —1 + B8 + c8) = Sabe (a? + b? + c%); 2° 5 (a? + be + c) (a? + B+ c4) = 6 (a5 + B+ C4); 3° 10 (a? + b? + c?) = 7 (a? + B? + c*) (a> + BF + €), 27. Given 2n numbers: a, dg, . . ., Gn} by, bay. - +) By. Put Cees eee re Prove that ayby + dade +... + Gybn = (a, — a2) 81 + (a2 — 4) 82+ tee + Gn-t — Gn) Sn + Ons. 28. Put a+a+...+4a,=755. Prove that (s — a)? + (s — a)? + oe. + (8 — a) = =aQ+a+...- a3. oe Given a trinomial Az* + 2Bzy + Cy’. u w= z= an’ + By’, y= ya’ + by’. Then the given trinomial becomes Ata? 4 2B'x'y’ + Cly"?. Prove that BY? — A'C’ = (BP — AC) (a5 — By)’. 30. Let Pta=1 @=1, 2,..., 7) and p= Put pate + Pn ers Tie nee st Prove that Pigs + Paget «+ «+ Pngn = rpg —(P1— py? —(P2— p)?— ...—(Pn— Pp).42 Problems 31. Prove that 1 1 tmatp mst +RoT eit A (eget tty) 32. Let m=t+t44t4 0.44, Show that de nan (atat ee ll n—1 2 ns = nt (74 — ae 33. Prove the identity 4 4 1 aed (—p4p-gt tg moar tate t+ 4 +3 34. Prove (1+a2a) (4-gar) (14+ eer) x x 4 1 x (t+ (2n—f)a—1 \(1- ani) = ___(mttya (n-+2)@ (nna ~atha—t ""(n+2)a-1 °°" (@fnja—t 35. Let [a] denote the whole number nearest to @ which is less than or equal to it. Thus, la] > ee 720 Problems Prove that two of the three fractions must he equal to +4, and the third to —1. 25. Show that from the equality S44 +o-oRe follows tet eos if n is odd. 26. Show that from the equalities bz--cy ___capaz ay }-br z(—az-+-by-+os) ~ y(ax—by oz) 2(az--by—ca) follows generac eee esas cee ap e—at) Date) (a2 F522) © 27. Given a+Bp+y=0, a+b+c=0, eee Prove that aat+ Bb*-+ yc! =0 28. If a + b+ ¢%=(b+¢)(a+c) (a+b) and P+e—a)c=(?+a—B) y= (e840? —c’)z, then | t B+p+e=(e+y) (+2) y+2). 29. Consider the finite continued fraction wrth. a ay2. Rational Fractions 24 Put Po=d, Qo=1, Pr=apayti1, Qi=a and in general Prii=QruPat Pras hts = OniQn + Ons Then, as is known, Pa A On Oa te, fede an (n=, 4, 2, 3, ...). Prove the following identities (St —1) (1B) = (Se) (1B): Past (=1)r4 | o Pn Po __ 1 Pea art tae 3° PaszQn-2— Pr- ae = (Gn42@nisdn+ Anse t an) (— 1)"5 Pr 4 Pea e ages 1 aaa Oni 4 Ont ta te, 4 seagate 30. Put for brevity wtey, = (do Hy +62 n) = eo , fees and let the fraction be symmetric, i.e. Q=An, &=—An4,.... Prove that Pr1t=Qn 31. Suppose we He a fraction Ftt yt ‘ + Geet >22 Problems Prove that Prt Prot =PnsPasit PnPrive 32. Let 4 = — 4 ates. ete “TT4+744 ate+.. 1 +a Prot be, respectively, the last and last and let 2" and Qn n but one convergents of the fraction 4 ath o+:, 4 ‘+7. Prove that PrQn+PnPn-s r= Ont PnOn- 33. Consider the continued fraction a, TH De Put Po=by Qo=l, Pr=bobita, Qa=dy-.. and in general Pris = dnssPat QrPrar Qhat = baiQn + Anns Prove that a nO 1 an ~Hon, by2. Rational Fractions 34, Prove that r HT spr = Tet vA ., rnp ei ae FHT (the number of links in the continued fraction is equal to n). 35. Prove that 4,4 1 tw teeta 1 aaa “i ub win — 2 Ug ug — = . Mn} Unatun * 36. Prove the equality i yay eee = crag ate 4. Geert eabe tiaele ete pte op Saeiintn on nbn where ¢, Cy, ...,¢n are arbitrary nonzero quantilies. 37. Prove the following identities 4° sin(n+1)z _ sinnt (a total of n links); 2° 1+-b,+ bobs+ ...+ bobs... bn =24 Problems 38. Prove that 1° sina+sinb+sinc—sin(a+b+c)= gen at) . ate . bte , = 4sin 3 sin—— sin 5 2° cosa+cosb+cose+cos(a+b+c)= =4cos £t* cos PAE cos SHE ‘ 39. Show that sin(afb+c) _ tana + tanb + tan ¢— 2 pcos = tan atanb tanec. 40. Prove that if A+B+C=n, then we have the fol- lowing relationships 1° sin A +sin B-+sin€ =4c0s4.cos 3 cos $; 2° cosA+cosB+cosC =1 +4sin A sin sin $ ; 3° tan A+tan B+ tanC =tan A tan B tanC; ve tan A tan 3 + tan tan $+ tan 2 tan = ; 5° sin 2A + sin 2B+ sin 2C =4 sin Asin BsinC. 41. Find the algebraic relations between the quanti- ties a, b and ¢ which satisfy the following trigonometric equalities 1° cosa-+cosb-+cose=1-+4 sin sing sin-$; 2° tana+tanb+tanc=tanatanb tanec; 3° cos? a+ cos* b+ cos® c-—2 cos acosbcose = 1. 42, Show that = y z Azys ia timp time Waa xy+azt+yz=1,2. Rational Fractions 25 43. Show that the sum of the three fractions be c—a a—b Thee? Tpac? Tyab is equal to their product. 44, Prove that tan 3a = tana tan ($+2) tan (4-2). 45. Prove that from the equality sinta , costa 1 icara get aprean ao follows the relationship + et c ar : 46. Suppose we have @; COS Oy + a2 C08 A+... +anCosa,=0, ay Cos (a; ++ 8) ++ a2 Cos (a2 -+ 0) + ... +n C08 (An + 0) =0 (8A kn). Prove that for any 4 Gy COS (044+ A) + az COS (&_ +A) +... + an Cos (An +A) =0. 47. Prove the identity sin(B—y) _, sin(y—a) , sin(a—B) _ 9 cosp cosy ' cos ycosa ae cos @ cos 48. Let in a triangle the sides be equal to a, b and c, and let Poin eee > r= poy Foe where s is the area of the triangle and 2p=a+b+c. Prove the following relationships 2 ee BR arte tres Tar Ter Te ary bry cre pe a 2 aera t+ Oa baa t+ ae =a6 Problems o atbfe e Tatrotre ° be wayanoe t aes t va +p4t)=4 2 ae mete 4 git (a+) re Pp (e—ay(e—by or * 49. Prove the identity sin (a+6—c—d)= sin sin (b—c) sin (b—d) a sin (b—a) 50. Given ce afb a cosO=7——, cosg= b Phe ape? COSP= (9, p and wp lie between 0 and x). Knowing that a, b and c are the sides of a triangle whose angles are A, B and C, correspondingly, prove that 4° tan? 2+ tan? £4 tan? B= 1; 2 tan 2 z ° tan tan t=tan4 tan aE 2 tan <.51. sin (@—b) sin (@—<) 2. Rational Fractions 27 Prove that aaecay t ampSaeeaa + +saESanS A 4 = = 2003 ==? cos $=" cos 2 2 52. Prove the identities ° 2° 53. ° = 2° 3° ° s sina sind ain (@—ay sin (@—e) + ~sin(b—aysin—ay i ieietrem erence Gs sin (@—a) sin(e—b) if cosa cos b sine sin (ae) + ain ayant cos ¢ gin (¢—a) sin (¢—b) =0. Prove the identities sin asin (b—c) cos (b+ ¢—a) + + sin b sin (ec —a) cos (¢ +a—b) + +sin ec sin (a—b) cos (a+b—c)=0; cos a sin (b—c) sin (b++-c—a) + + cos b sin (ec —a) sin (c++ a—b) + + cos ¢sin (a— b) sin(a+b—c)=0; sin asin (b ~c) sin (b-++-c—a) + +sin 6 sin (c—a) sin (c-+a—b) + +sincsin (a—b) sin (a+b—c)= = 2 sin (6 —c) sin (c—a) sin (a—b); cos a sin (b—c) cos (b4+-¢ —a} + + cos b sin (c —a) cos (ec + a— b) +. + cos ¢ sin (a —b) cos (a + b—e) == = 2 sin (b—c) sin (ec —a) sin (a6). 128 : Problems 54. Prove that 1° sin? A cos (B—C) + sin’ B cos (C — A) 4- + sin’ C cos (A— B) =3sin Asin B sin C; 2° sin? A sin (B — C) + sin? B sin (C — A) + + sin? C sin (A — B) =0 if A+ B+C=n. 55. Prove the identities 4° sin 3A sin? (B — C) + sin 3B sin? (C — A) + + sin 3C sin* (A — B) = 0; 2° sin 3A cos® (B — C) 4+ sin 3B cos® (C — A) + + sin 3C cos? (A — B) = sin 3A sin 3B sin 3C fA+B+C=n. 3. RADICALS. INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS. LOGARITHMS The symbol j/ A is understood here (if n is odd) as the only real number whose nth power is equal to A. In this case A can be either less or greater than zero. If n is even, then the symbol VA is understood as the only positive number the mth power of which is equal to A. Here, neces- sarily, A >0. Under these conditions, for instance, VA=A if ADO, VA@=—-A if A= —1)? if k is even, cos 0 if k is odd. Further, we use the symbol arcsin z to denote an arc whose sine is equal to x and which lies in the interval between -> and +H: Thus, in all cases —$ 0, b> 0); 1 4 1 2 (3 [(@ +0) — al [a + 64)% —B)}F = 2 =(a+b)> — (a?—ab+ b) 8. Compute the expression oe 3 1 4 (4 —azx) (1+ ax)7} (1 4-b2)® (1—bay 2 at 4 2 z=at (24-1) (O1 Va+2Va—1t +Vr—2Va—1 is equal to 2 if <2, and to 2Va—1 if e>2. 12. Compute V a+b+c+2Y ac+be +V a+b+c—2V ac+be (a>0, b>O0, c>0). 13. rove that the trinomial e+ Petd vanishes at at 14. Express x in terms of a new variable so that Vata and YVa-+-b become rational. 15. Rationalize the denominator of the fraction 4 ab fearon et 416. Prove that 7/2 cannot be represented in the form p+Vq, where p and q are rational (¢>0 and is not a perfect square). 3+122534 Problems 17. Prove the following identities tan (3 a) cos ($a) 4° cos Oa) + cos («—})sin (a—a)+ -+ cos (1 +) sin (2-$) =; 2° [1—sin (31 — a) -+ cos (3-+-@)] X x [4—sin (3-2) +c0s (#2) ] + sin 2a =0; 3° [1—sin (1+ @) 4 cos (n+)? 4- +[1—sin (3 40) + 3a. +c0s (2-2) =4—2sin 2a. 18. Let a=2kn +a, where U 2 (mod 5), A,=0 if n , 3, 4 (mod 7), Ay =0 if n=1, 2 (mod 5), Ay =0 if n==1, 2, 3, 5, 7 (mod 11), Ay; =0 if n=2, 3, 5, 7, 9, 10 (mod 18), Ay, =0 if n=4, 3, 4 (mod 7), Ay =0 if n=0 (mod 2), Ay, =0 if n=4, 3, 4, 6, 7, 9, 18, 14 (mod 17), and that A>, A3, Ay, Ag, Ag, Ag, Ato, Ais and Ayg never vanish for any whole n (S. Ramanujan. Asymptotic formulae in combinatory analysis). 20. Let un P(n)= A (n 4-3)? + B4-C(—1)"+ Deos 3 (nan integer). Prove that there exists the following relationship P(n) — p(n — 1) — p(n — 2) + p(n — 4) + + p(n — 5) — p(n — 6) = 0. 24, Show that 4° sin 15° Vo V2 cos 15° Ver V2 ; 2° sin 18° = —1+V5 , cos 18°=4.V 1042/5. 22. Show that sing? — V20—8 V5 —V6+2V5 ee oe gee V 1846 V5 +V 10-25 wD tb, 23. Show that cos (arcsin x)= /1—a, sin (arccos z) = V1—2*. tan (arccot x) = 4 > cot(arctan x) = £ .38 Problems cos (arctan z) = » sin (arctan x) = oe Vite” cos (arccot x) = Vi’ sin (arccot x) = ve : 24. Prove that n . m arctan z+ arccot z= zr arcsin x + arccos z = z: 25. Prove the equality zy T—2y where ¢=0 if 2y1 and <0, e=+1 if sy>1 and c>0. arctan z+ arctan y = arctan +en, 4 1 au 26. Show that 4 arctan arctan y= 27. Show that arctan 4 -+-arctan + + arctan 7 + 4 x ++ arctan I-T: se 28. Show that 2arctanz-aresing “=z —=m (x >1). 29. Prove that arctan z+ arctan t= + if z>0, 4 Lan arctan z+ arctan > = —— ifz<0. 30. Prove that arcsin z+arcsin y=mnarcsin (zt V1—y*+y V 1—2*) + en, where n=1, e=0 if zy <0 or 2+y'<1, n=—1, e=—1 if @4+y>1, 2<0,y<0, no—4, e=4t if s4y5>1, 2>0, y>0.3. Radicals, Inverse Trigonometric Functions. Logarithms 39 31. Check the equality arccos «+ arccos (= + + V3= 32) =% if f and B-== arctan z then prove that cos 2A:=sin4B. 33. Let a?+ b? = Tab. Prove that +b cf log “3 = 5 (log a+ log 8). logan __ 34. Prove that Mogami 1+ log, m. 35. Prove that from the equalities z(y+2~2) _ y(@te—y) _ 2(z+y~2) log x logy log z follows x¥-y* = 24 .y*? = a*-2*. 36. 1° Prove that log, a-log.b=1. 2° Simplify the. expression log(log a) q lea (logarithms are taken to one and the same base). 1 1 37. Given: y=10!—-le*, z=401-ley (logarithms are taken to the base 10). Prove that 1 z= 10 T-loeF, 38. Given. a+ b=40 Problems Prove that logorc @ + logy. a = 2 loge41, a loge-1 a. 39. Let a>0, c>0, b=Vace, a, ¢ and ac41, N>0. Prove that logy N __ loga N--logy N Tog, VW ~ ‘logy V—log, N * 40. Prove that logajay...0,° = —F T Tog, = 1 Tog, = 4 Tog, = 41. Given a geometric and an arithmetic progression with positive terms @, Ay, Ga, 0) Any ve b, by, Be, . ey Day eee The ratio of the geometric progression and the common difference of the arithmetic progression are positive. Prove that there always exists a system of logarithms for which log a, — b, = loga — b (for any n). Find the base B of this system. 4. EQUATIONS AND SYSTEMS OF EQUATIONS OF THE FIRST DEGREE The general form of a first-degree equation in one un- known is Ac+B=0, where A and B are independent of z. To solve the first- degree equation means to reduce it to this form, since then the expression for the root becomes explicit B z=—s. A4, Equations and Systems of Equations of the First Degree at Therefore the problem of solving the first-degree equation is one of transforming the given expression to the form Ax + B =0. In doing so great attention should be paid to make sure that all the equations involved are equivalent. The problem of solving a system of equations also consists to a considerable extent in transforming a system into an equivalent one. This section deals not only with equations of the first degree in the unknown z, but also with the equations which can be reduced to them by means of appropriate transforma~ tions (such are equations involving radicals, trigonometric equations and ones involving exponential and logarithmic functions). Here and in the following section we consider a trigonometric equation solved if we find the value of one of the trigonometric functions of an expression linear in zx. Indeed, if i¢ is known that tan (mx +- n) = A, then we find max -+- n = arctan A +- kn, where & is any integer. Consequently, all the required values of z are given by formula ___aret {hse m Likewise, if it is found that cot (mx-+n) =A, then mz+n=arecotA+kn and eee ™m But if it is known that sin (mz + n) = A, then all the values of x satisfying the last equation are found by the formula ma + n = (—41)* aresin A + kn, where k, as before, is any integer.42 Problems Analogousty, from the equation cos (mz +n) =A follows mz +n = -arccos A + 2kn. When solving exponential equations one should remember that the equation a =1 (a>0 and is vol equal to 1) has the only solution x = 0. 1. Solve the equation ¥ z—ab | zac . t—be app tape | bye =a+b+e. 2. Solve the equation r—a , -x—b zc 1 4 1 fends tana (z+7+4)- 3. Solve the equation 6x4 2+ate — Ir+bapb+3e 62+; 24—3b—c Qn ba—b—se* 4. Solve the equation afb—z , a}c—z , bte—a , 4a ieee eaap cuts apoyo 7! 5. Solve the equation Pore Woy giRean ABs / 6. Solve the equations 1° Ve+i+Vae-1=1; 2 Veti-Ve-i=1 7. Solve the equation ' WV atVitV a—Va=Vb.4, Equations and Systems of Equations of the First Degree x 8. Solve the equation Vi- VY t— 9. Solve the equation 10. Solve the equation Vere+V=* _y5 doy, 11. Solve the system x y try a+2 y 12. Solve the system 2+ a2 + ty + ty = 2ay ay + ty — 23 — Z, = 2a, n Ty — 12+ 23 — 4, = 2a ty — 22 — 23+ r= 2a,. 13. Solve the system ax+m(yt+z2+u =k by +m(r+z24+v =1 cz+m(zr+y+v)=p du+m(r+y+2=q. 14. Solve the system 24 04 aos my mg te TH+ oat... +rp=a. 4344 Problems 15. Solve the system Mepaeiee dl ipa tertu eerste ed tiene 1 4 4 vtatE 1 1 4 epilegi ap ate 16. Solve the system ay+br=c ca + az =b bz + cy =a. 17. Solve the system cy ++ bz = Qdyz az + cx = 2d’2r bx + ay = 2d"zy. 18. Solve the system zy eid pee ayo ~° “Ge-pex =6 Bey ah 49. Solve the system ype—ra ke zpe—y=E z+y—2=AF A 20. Solve the system if (b+ ¢)(y+2)—ar=b—e (¢ + a) (+2) — by =c—a (a+bd)@+y—ca=a—b at+b+c#0.4, Equations and Systems of Equations of the First Degree 45 21. Solve the system (c+ a)y+ (a+ b)z—(b+ 0c) a = 20° (a + b) zt (b+ 0) — (c+ aby = 20° b+)zr+(c+a)y—(a+ d)z=2 if b+c#0, a+cK0, a+ b40 22. Solve the system . att : arp y tet eat hey ees 23. Solve the system 24-ay+a@x+a=0 2+by+Br+b>=0 ztey+ex+=0. 24. Solve the system z+ay+a%x-+a%t +at=0 2+ by-+bx+ bt +b4=0 atoytert+cert+c=0 z+dy+-@x+dt+dt=0. 25. Solve the system atytz+u=m az+by+cz-+du =n @xrt by +-es+@usk ax + by +32 + Bu =. 26. Solve the system D+ 2ay.4+3r3+ ... +nrn ty 4-2r343a,+ «6. nay Tp+ 22,4 8a,+ 2. +nra-+