— Separation process based on the relative volatilities of the components. — Method for separating various components of a liquid solution which depends upon the distribution of these components between a vapor phase and a liquid phase. EQunusria TenperaTure- ‘Composrrion Diagrams: ‘+ Restricted by the Phase Rule: Degrees of freedom (0) = C~P +2 Where C = number of components, P= number of phases Example: Determine the D.0.F. of a binary mixture with two phases present. Answer: a + Therefore, if P and T are fixed, the liquid composition (x) and the vapor ‘composition (y) become fixed as well. These are equilibrium concentrations of the liquid and vapor phases referred to as Vapor-Liquid Equilibria (VLE). Review of VLE: 41. Galeulate the vapor and liquid compositions in equilibrium at 85°C for a benzene-toluene solution at 101.32 kPa. Note that Pcsre? = 116.9 kPa, Pore? PM6ONF Hg 70-7803 Xennty = 0.2197 — Yeo, = 0.9 2. For a system of ethanol-benzene: Yor ty ~ 0. 0% '. Which is more volatile? b. Do you expect the vapor to be higher in ethanol or benzene? Determine the mole racion of benzene inthe vapor phase at 79°C (fume ey) If ‘Shows the mole fraction of a component” in a mixture at a given temperature ve + Dew point fine - Saturated vapor line i + Bubble-point ine ~ Saturated gud ine Azeotrope ~ a mixture of two liquids that has constant boiling point and composition ‘throughout distillation »SEPARATION PROCESSES | ETS UR Notes Equiuseum | 1. Relative Volatility, « — For a binary mixture of A and B, the relative volatility RELATIONSHIPS. ‘agg Is defined as the ratio of the concentration of A in the vapor (ya) to the ‘concentration of /\ in the liquid (x,), divided by the ratio of the concentration Of B in the vapor (yp) to the concentration of A in the liquid (%). tipg = YALA yy = A (E 13-127, P 13-109) no “Te «3 2) ‘Simplification: Ifthe system obeys Raout’s Law, then «ag = Pq"/Pa° 2. Distribution Coefficient, K; — Vapor-quid equilibrium ratio, defined as y/x, = Can be determined using the DePriester charts (Figure 13-9, P 13-10) 3. Henry's Constant, H - applies for dilute solutions (P 2-130) Pat Ha Ya= FR > ya =BBxa where ithe Henn conant Equusserum | ~ Occurs in a single stage; 2 liquid rd (Fas) mixture is partially vaporized. = Disrmtation | - The vapor is allowed to come in ‘gmt * fege , egeo cau wth the gad and Ta = Shen the voor and iqud phases —“SCTh—epjme] | mmm meten saad eae peo hoe MO eeorg ‘Overall Material Balance: FEV+L ‘Component Balance: Fxp = Vy + Lx Graphical method: Let F = 1, then L = 1 -v. If we let f = fraction of solution vaporized (f = V/F), then the ‘component balance becomes: 4% yo Ortl Me Barch | ~ Liquid Is boiled slowly and the vapors are withdrawn Seah (DIFFERENTIAL) rapidly and condensed. (Figure 13-119, P 13-111) Disruzanion | - AS vaporization proceeds, the product becomes leaner Lx in Aand the temperature inthe stil increases. ate : apa, Rayleigh's 2 adh pe : Sil Pot rleigh’s Equation: (224 2 (P 13-209) BE Where: Ls, Ly = original and final moles of quid inthe stil x14 = original and final mole fractions of A = 'y = mole fraction of A in the distillate, y = f(x) | To calculate the average composition of total material distiled, yu: bag = be + -traw trSEPARATION PROCESSES ‘Siwpue Steam DISTILLATION DisrmaTioN ware REFLUX ‘composition of the remaining liquid? Let « = 3.5. | | Derivations from Ray! igh’s equation: Hy © Using Henry's Law: Jy =" Ax, > y=m« er eee eae eae Heese Detar pected ca aoe ee see (22) <4 vai{@2) where ng and ng are the moles of ‘Aand Bin the still Example: A batch of crude pentane contains 15 mol% n-butane and 85 mol% n~ pentane. If a simple batch distilation at atmospheric pressure is used to remove 90% of the butane, how much pentane will be removed? What will be the at ~ Separation at lower temperatures. Often used to separate a high-boling component from small amounts of nonvolatile impurities. ~ Has the disadvantage of requiring large amounts of heat. ‘= The ratio of moles 8 distilled to moles A distilled is: Ma Pa Where: n= number of moles mPa pressure exerted by the component ‘+ Letting steam be substance A, the above equation may be rewritten as: Ws _P5 Ms Where: M = molar weight Wa Py Ma \W = mass of steam or substance B oe Rectification /Fractionation - stage disilation with reflux Sieve plate/trays ~ stages in a distillation column Constant molal overflow — the moles of vapor leaving a tray is equal to the ‘moles of vapor entering; likewise for the moles of liquid entering and leaving. chines een os exe ator wewour Notes nny | ouaremel! z Pile A Rburme) fa io CE a Bang: /dtmetes FR fires h STi B hs Ie pn 7 Bet ln &r "i> Bh 0 2b miley = Ay em ° A Mayr le fan tld 32952 Lamy