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b
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a
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%B = a
Sample weight
KאWC،אWB،אאWAWא
Wאאאא
- ٣٣ -
אא ١٩٠ א
אא א א
Number millimoles AgNO3 = ( 40 × 0.1234 ) − (12.2 × 0.093)
Number millimoles AgNO3 = 4.94 − 1.13
Number millimoles AgNO3 = 3.81 millimoles
Wא
1
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Number millimoles Cl = 3.81 millimoles
-
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3.81× 35.4 × 100
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Cl- Cl- Cl- Cl- Cl- Cl- Cl- Cl- Cl- Cl- Cl- Cl- Cl- ⎬ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻴﺔ
Ag+ Cl- Ag+ Cl- Ag+ Cl- Ag+ Cl- Ag+ Cl-Ag+ Cl- ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺳﺐ
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+ + + + +
Ag Ag Ag Ag Ag Ag Ag Ag Ag Ag + + + + +
⎬ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻴﺔ
Ag+ Cl- Ag+ Cl- Ag+ Cl- Ag+ Cl- Ag+ Cl-Ag+ Cl- ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺳﺐ
Cl- Ag+ Cl- Ag+ Cl- Ag+ Cl- Ag+ Cl- Ag+ Cl- Ag+ ⎬
אאאאאאW٥א
אא،אאא א
Kא
- ٣٥ -
אא ١٩٠ א
אא א א
Wאא
אאאא
WK١
אאאאאא
אאאאאאא
K אאאאאאאאא
אK אאאאאאאא
Kאאא
،אאאEFWאא،،אא
EFאאEF،אEF،אאאאEF
EFW אאאK אאא אא
KאאאאאאאEF،אאאא
WOxidation and reductionאאאK٢
WOxidationא١٢
א
א،א אאאא
Kא
W
Zno → Zn2+ + 2e-
WReductionאא٢٢
אא،א א אאאא
Kא
W
2+ - o
Cu + 2e → Cu
- ٣٦ -
אא ١٩٠ א
אא א א
WOxidizing and reducing agentsאאאאK٣
WOxidizing agentאא١٣
אאאאאאאא
אאאאאאאאא
Kא
Aox + ne- → Ared
WReducing agentאא٢٣
אאאאאאא
K
Bred → Box + ne-
WOxidation numberאK٤
אא אאאא
אאS2-Fe2+אא
WאאאאKאא
KS8P4,Ar, Cl2 אאאאK
אא(2-)אאK
K(1-)(Peroxides)
H2O, Fe2O3W(2-)
H2O2, Na2O2W(1-)
K(1-)אאא(1+)אK
H2S, NH3W(1+)
- ٣٧ -
אא ١٩٠ א
אא א א
BaH2, LiHW(1-)
א אאאאאK
Kאאאא
KClO4-Perchlorateאא Cl אאW١
Wא
KClא=x
(4*-2) + x = -1
(-8) + x = -1
x = +7
KCr2O72-Dichromateא Cr אאW٢
Wא
KCrא=x
(2x) + (7*-2) = -2
2x – 14 = -2
2x = -2 + 14
2x = +12
x = +6
WHalf-equationsאאK٥
W١٥
Fe3+ → Fe2+
Fe3+ + e- →Fe2+
Cl2 → Cl-
Cl2 → 2Cl-
Cl2 + 2e- → 2Cl-
W٢٥
WPermanganate ion (MnO4-)א J
MnO4- → Mn2+
MnO4- + 8H+ → Mn+2 + 4H2O
- ٣٨ -
אא ١٩٠ א
אא א א
MnO4- + 8H+ + 5e- → Mn+2 + 4H2O
WDichromate ion (Cr2O72-)א J
Cr2O72- → Cr3+
Cr2O7-2 + 14H+ → 2Cr3+ + 7H2O
Cr2O7-2 + 14H+ + 6e- →2Cr3+ + 7H2O
Wאאאא٣٥
WאאאW١
-
l2 → l
S2O3–2 → S4O62-
l2 + 2e- → 2l- (i)
2S2O32- → S4O6-2 + 2e- (ii)
W(ii)(i)
l2 + 2S2O32- → S4O6-2 + 2I-
WאאאW٢
MnO4- → Mn2+
Fe2+ → Fe3+
Wא
MnO4- + 8H+ + 5e- → Mn2+ + 4H2O (i)
Fe2+ → Fe3+ + e- (ii)
Wא٥(ii)
5Fe2+ → 5Fe3+ + 5e- (iii)
Wא(iii)(i)
MnO4- + 5Fe2+ + 8H+ → Mn2+ +5Fe3+ +4H2O
WאאאW٣
MnO4- → Mn2+
C2O42- → CO2
- ٣٩ -
אא ١٩٠ א
אא א א
Wא
MnO4- + 8H+ + 5e- → Mn2+ + 4H2O (i)
C2O42- → 2CO2 + 2e- (ii)
Wא٥(ii)٢(i)
2MnO-4 + 16H+ + 10e- → 2Mn2+ +8H2O (iii)
5C2O42- → 10CO2 + 10e- (iv)
W(iv)(iii)
2MnO4- + 5C2O42- + 16H+ → 2Mn2+ + 10CO2 + 8H2O
WאאאW٤
Cr2O72- → Cr3+
Fe2+ → Fe3+
Wא
Cr2O72- + 14H+ + 6e- → 2Cr3+ + 7H2O (i)
Fe 2+ → Fe3+ + e- (ii)
W٦(ii)
6Fe2+ → 6Fe3+ + 6e- (iii)
W(iii) (i)
Cr2O72- + 6Fe2+ + 14H+ → 2Cr3+ + 6Fe3+ + 7H2O
- ٤٠ -
אא ١٩٠ א
אא א א
WElectrochemical CellsאאK٥
אאא
אאKelectrodehalf cell
אCu0אאאא، Cu2+
KE٦FCu2+א
אWE٦F
אEאFאאא
Ag+AgאאאKanode
KE٧FAgoא
- ٤١ -
אא ١٩٠ א
אא א א
אWE٧F
אEאFאאאאא
אאאא E
אFאKcathode
KE٨F
אאאאאWE٨F
Wאאא١K٥
WGalvanic cellאאK١
אאאאאא
אאאאאKאא
אאאאאE٨Fאאא
Kאאא
WElectrolytic cellאאK٢
- ٤٢ -
אא ١٩٠ א
אא א א
K
אאאא
אE٨Fאאאא
K
אאאאEFא
אאאאE٩Fא
KEFאEאאFאK
WE٩F
- ٤٣ -
אא ١٩٠ א
אא א א
Wאא
אאאא
א(KCl)א
K(Ej) Liquid Junction Potentialאאא
Wאא
אאא
E١٠Fאא
KCl-H+אEFא
אאאWE١٠F
K אאא
אא
K
- ٤٤ -
אא ١٩٠ א
אא א א
Wאאא٢K٥
WE١١Fאאאא
KאEאFאאאאאK١
אAg+،Cu2+אאFאאאאאאK٢
KEאאNO3-،HSO4-،SO42-אאא
אאאאאcoupledאאאK٣
Kאאא
K+אCl-אאא
Kא
KאאאWE١١F
- ٤٥ -
אא ١٩٠ א
אא א א
Wא٣K٥
Wא
Kא
WNernst Equationאאא
Wאאאא
aCu 2+ + 2e ⇒ bCu o
[Red] b
E = E o - RT ln
nF [OX] a
W
KEאאFא،אאZEo
KEאאאאFאאאZE
8.314 jk-1mol-1אZR
K25 Coא298 kאאאZT
K96485 CאאZF
2.303 log10ZאאZIn
KאאאZn
KאאאZ[Red]
KאאאZ[OX]
אאאאאא
W
W
،אאאאאאא
[ ]=1
- ٤٦ -
אא ١٩٠ א
אא א א
W
،אאEאFאאאK١
Cu 2+ + 2e ↔ Cuo
Eo = + 0.34 V
0.1MZCu2+
Wא
[Red] b
E=E - o 0.0592
n log
[OX] a
E = 0.34 - ( 0.0592
2 log 0.1
1
) = + 0.31 V
Kאאא
WאאEאFאאK٢
Cl 2 + 2e → 2Cl -
W
E = + 1.36 V
o
[Cl-] = 10-2M
Wא
[Red] b
E=E - o 0.0592
n log
[OX] a
-2 2
E = + 1.36- 0.0592 (10 )
2 log 1
E = 1.36 + (2 x 0.0592)
E = + 1.48 V
Kאאא
W
??אאאא
anode∴ Zn = - 0.763
??אאאאא
- ٤٧ -
אא ١٩٠ א
אא א א
cathode∴ Cu = + 0.34
KE٢אFאאאאWא
Wא
אEaאEcאא
Wאא
Ecell = Ec – Ea
אאWE٢Fא
א 25 Co א Eo
Cl 2 ( g ) + 2e ↔ 2Cl - + 1.359
O 2 ( g ) + 4 H + + 4e ↔ 2 H 2 O + 1.229
Br2 ( aq ) + 2e ↔ 2 Br − + 1.087
Br2 ( l ) + 2e ↔ 2 Br − + 1.065
Ag + + e ↔ Ag (s ) + 0.799
Fe 3+ + e ↔ Fe 2+ + 0.771
I − 3 + 2e ↔ 3I − + 0.536
Cu 2+ + 2e ↔ Cu ( s ) + 0.337
UO 2 2 + 4 H + + 2e ↔ U 4+ + 2 H 2 O + 0.334
Hg 2 Cl 2 ( s ) + 2e ↔ 2 Hg ( l ) + 2Cl − + 0.268
AgCl ( s ) + e ↔ Ag ( s ) + Cl − + 0.222
Ag ( S 2 O3 ) 3− 2 + e ↔ Ag ( s ) + 2 S 2 O 2− 3 + 0.017
2 H + + 2e ↔ H 2 ( g ) 0.000
AgI ( s ) + e ↔ Ag ( s ) + I − - 0.151
PbSO4 ( s ) + 2e ↔ Pb( s ) + SO 2− 4 - 0.350
Cd 2+ + 2e ↔ Cd ( s ) - 0.403
Zn 2+ + 2e ↔ Zn( s ) - 0.763
- ٤٨ -
אא ١٩٠ א
אא א א
WאאאאK٦
K ٠{١Ce4+٠{١Fe2+100
אKE F١٩٠،١١٠،١٠١،١٠٠{١،٩٩{٩٩،٩٩،٩٠،٥٠،١٠W
אא
KNernst equationאאא
RT [Ox ]
a
E=E + 0
ln
nF [Re d ]b
E = E0 +
0.0591
log
[Ox ] a
n [Re d]b
=[Ox]،8.314 JK-1mol-1א=R،אא=E0،אאא=E
=T،96485 C (coulombs)אא=F،אא=[Red]،אא
Kא=n،log2.303=אא=ln،(298)אאא
Wאא
Fe2+ → Fe3+ + e- [E0 = 0.75V]
Ce4+ + e- → Ce3+ [E0 = 1.45V]
Wאא
[Fe3+]/[Fe2+]אK١
⎡Fe3 + ⎤
0.0591 ⎢ ⎥⎦
E = E0 + log ⎣
1 1 1 ⎡Fe 2 + ⎤
⎢⎣ ⎥⎦
- ٤٩ -
אא ١٩٠ א
אא א א
[Ce4+]/[Ce3+] אK٧
⎡Ce 4 + ⎤
E 0
=E +
0.0591 ⎢
log ⎣
⎥⎦
1 2 1 ⎡Ce3 + ⎤
⎢⎣ ⎥⎦
E1 EFאא
[Fe3+]/[Fe2+]= 10/90, E1 = 0.69 10
[Fe3+]/[Fe2+]= 50/50, E1 = 0.75 50
[Fe3+]/[Fe2+]= 90/10, E1 = 0.81 90
[Fe3+]/[Fe2+]= 99/1, E1 = 0.87 99
[Fe3+]/[Fe2+]= 99.99/0.1, E1 = 0.93 99.99
Wא
[Fe3+] = [Ce3+] [Ce4+] = [Fe2+]
E10 + E 02 0.75 + 1.45
= = 1.10 V
2 2
K[Ce4+]/[Ce3+]אאCe4+ J
E2א EFאא
4+ 3+
[Ce ]/[Ce ] = 0.1/100, E2 = 1.27 100.1
[Ce4+]/[Ce3+] = 1/100, E2 = 1.33 101
[Ce4+]/[Ce3+] = 10/100, E2 = 1.39 110
[Ce4+]/[Ce3+] = 90/100, E2 = 1.45 190
WE١אFאאאאא
- ٥٠ -
אא ١٩٠ א
אא א א
1.5
1.3
1.1
E, Volt
0.9
0.7
0.5
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200
Cerium (IV), mL
אא Ce4+אW١א
WאאאK٧
WPotassium permanganateא١٧
אאאאא
%2،אאא
StandardizationאK אאא
אאאKFe2+אאאא
Kא
WK
MnO4- + 8H+ + 5e-→ Mn+2 + 4H2O
WK
- - -
MnO4 + 2H2O + 3e → MnO2 + 4OH
WK
MnO4- + e- → MnO42-
- ٥١ -
אא ١٩٠ א
אא א א
Wא
K1500אא .١
Kאאאא .٢
Fאאא
א .٣
KEאאא
Kאא .٤
אאאאא .٥
Kא
אE Fאא .٦
Kאאא
WCerium (IV)אא٢٧
Wאאאאאאא
Ce4+ + e- Ce3+
אאא
אאאKאאא
Sn , H2O2 , Fe , V , Mo, W , Ti , U،אא
Kא
WPotassium dichromateא٣٧
אK2Cr2O7א
אאKEאF
Wאא
2- + - 3+
Cr2O7 + 14H + 6e → 2Cr + 7H2O
Kאאא
- ٥٢ -
אא ١٩٠ א
אא א א
WPotassium bromateא٤٧
א א KBrO3א
WאאBr2אא
BrO3- + 5Br- + 6H+ → 3Br2 + H2O
،Br2אאאאאאאא
אאאאא
אא،KBrאא
אאאאאKאאאאא
WאאKIאא
2I- + Br2 → I2 + 2Br-
אNa2S2O3אאאא
Kאאאאאא
WIodineא٥٧
אאאאאא
אא Potassium iodide, KIא
KאאאWאאאאאI3-
I2 + I- I3-
WDirect methods (Iodimetric methods)אא
،As(III)אא
אאאאאSO32-،H2S،Sn(II)،Sb(III)
Kא
- ٥٣ -
אא ١٩٠ א
אא א א
WIndirect methods (Iodometric methods)אא
אאאKIאא
Wאאאאאא،
-
Aox + I → Ared + I2
KאאאA
Wאאאאא
I2 + 2S2O32- → 2I- + S4O62-
KCr3+Cu2+،ClO-،Br2،Cl2،Cr2O72-א
Wאא
،Cr2O72-אCr3+א0.2
EאI-אFאא،KIאא
אא0.1אS2O32-א
Kאאאאא،22.15
Wא
Wאאאא
2- + - 3+
Cr2O7 + 14H + 6e → 2Cr + 7H2O (i)
2I- → I2 + 2e- (ii)
Wאא3C(ii)א
2- - + 3+
Cr2O7 + 6I + 14H → 2Cr + 3I2 (iii)
אאK אKIאאEiiiFא
Wא
- ٥٤ -
אא ١٩٠ א
אא א א
2S2O32- → S4O62- + 2e- (iv)
I2 + 2e- → 2I- (v)
WEvFEivF
2S2O32- + I2 → S4O62- + 2I- (vi)
Wאא
3+ 2- 2-
2Cr ≡ Cr2O7 ≡ 3I2 ≡ 6S2O3
W
Cr3+ : S2O32-
2 : 6
1 : 3
KS2O32-א
22.15
number of S2O32− moles = × 0.1
1000
number of S2 O32− moles = 2.215 × 10−3 moles
KCr3+
1
number of Cr 3+ moles = × number of S2 O32- moles
3
1
number of Cr 3+ moles = × 2.215 × 10 −3
3
number of Cr moles = 7.38 × 10−4 moles
3+
- ٥٥ -
אא ١٩٠ א
אא א א
Wאאא
number of moles × atomic weight × 100
Cr 3+ (%) =
sample weight (g)
7.38 × 10−4 × 52.0 × 100
Cr 3+ (%) =
0.2
Cr 3+ (%) = 19.19%
WReducing agents and their applicationsאאאK٨
،אאאאא
אאאאאאK
Wאאא
WIron (II)אא١٨
Fe2+Fe(NH4)2(SO4)2.6H2Oאאא
0.5Fאאא
KאאEא
،א،א אאאא،א
אאאFe2+א،אאא
Kאאאא
WPotassium thiosulfateא٢٨
E٢FאE١FאאאאK2S2O3א
WאאאS4O62-K
2S2O32- → S4O62- + 2e-
- ٥٦ -
אא ١٩٠ א
אא א א
Kאאאאאאאאאא
WRedox titration indicatorsאאאאK٩
אא אאאאאא
אאאאKאאא
Kאאאאאא،אאאWא،א
WSelf indicatorאאא١٩
אאאאאאKMnO4א
WאאאMn2+Fe2+
MnO4- + 8H+ + 5e-→ Mn+2 + 4H2O
Mn7+ + 5e- → Mn2+
אאאאאאאא
Kאאא
E אFFe2+אאEאFא
אMn2+MnO4-Mn7+אא
א MnO4-אEFe3+Fe2+אFא
KאאאMnO4-
WSpecific indicatorsאא٢٩
אאאאאאאא
אאאא אאאאKא
Kא
EאFFe3+אאKSCN-אאא
אאאאאאאEאFTi3+א
- ٥٧ -
אא ١٩٠ א
אא א א
אTi3+אאFe(SCN)2-
WאאFe3+אאSCN-אFe3+
Fe (SCN)2+ → Fe3+ + SCN-
א
אE אFאאאאא א
Kאאאאאא
WTrue oxidation-reduction indicatorsאאאא٣٩
א،אאא
Kאא،א
-
Inox + ne → Inred
EFEF
אא(II)א 10,1،אא
K(Phen)3Fe2+א
1.06 Vאאאא
K
(Phen)3Fe3+ + e- (Phen)3Fe2+ (E0 = 1.06 V)
- ٥٨ -
אא ١٩٠ א
אא א א
E١Fאאאאא
אFe2+אאKEאE٢Fאא
E٣Fא،1.10 V אEאFאCe4+א
KEF(II)א10,1אאא
- ٥٩ -
אא ١٩٠ א
אא א א
אאאאWE٣Fא
E0In אא אא אא
+1.1V IIא١٠{١
+0.85V א
+0.28V א אא
- ٦٠ -
אא ١٩٠ א
אא א א
Wאא
אא
WK١
אאאאאאא
אאK א אאאא
Kאאאאאא
אאאאאאאא
אא،אאאא
אK אאאאאאא
אאKאאאאא
Kאאאאאאאא
WאאאK٢
Wאאא
WSample dissolutionאא١٢
K120100אאא J
Kאאאאאא J
Kאאאא J
Wאא٢٢
W،אאאא
Kא אK١
Kא K٢
Kאאאאא K٣
Kא K٤
- ٦١ -
אא ١٩٠ א
אא א א
WPrecipitationא٣٢
אאאאאא
Kא
WIgnitionאDryingא٤٢
א120100אא
אאאאא
Kאא
W
Fe(OH)3אאאא
אאאאKאאAl(OH)3א
KאאאPrecipitated form
Al2O3אFe2O3אאאאא
W
2Fe(OH)3 → Fe2O3 + 3H2O
2Al(OH)3 → Al2O3 + 3H2O
אאאF
אאאIgnitionE אאא
KWeighed formאאאאאאא
KאאאאAl2O3 Fe2O3
WאאאאK٣
KEאאFאאא K١
אאאא K٢
،
Kאאא
Kאאא K٣
- ٦٢ -
אא ١٩٠ א
אא א א
Kאאאאאא K٤
WSolubility Product RuleאאK٤
אאאא Wאא
Kא،א
אאאאAaBb
Kאאא
AaBb aAm+ + bBn-
WKאאאEאאאFא
a b
⎡⎣ A m + ⎤⎦ × ⎡⎣ Bn − ⎤⎦
K= (1)
[ AaBb]
⎡⎣ A m + ⎤⎦ × ⎡⎣ Bn − ⎤⎦ = K [ AaBb ]
a b
(2)
kKא AaBbא
W[AaBb]
W(2)א
a b
⎡⎣ A m + ⎤⎦ ⎡⎣ Bn − ⎤⎦ = kK (3)
WSolubility product constantאאKspkK
a b
Ksp = ⎡⎣ A m + ⎤⎦ × ⎡⎣ Bn − ⎤⎦ (4)
- ٦٣ -
אא ١٩٠ א
אא א א
WאאאW
2+ -
Ba(IO3)2 Ba + 2IO3
WKspאא
Ksp = [Ba2+] × [IO3-]2
W
Ksp = AgClאאAgClאSאא
W
1.02 x 10-10
Ag+ = SCl- = SאWא
K sp = ⎡⎣ Ag + ⎤⎦ × ⎡⎣Cl− ⎤⎦
K sp = S × S
K sp = S2
K sp = 1.02 × 10−10 = S2
S = 1.02 × 10−10 = 1.01× 10−5 mol / L
WאאאאאאK٥
Wאא١٥
Kאאאאאאאאא
Wאא٢٥
KאBaSO4H2SO4
BaSO4 Ba2+ + SO42-
H2SO4 2H+ + SO42-
- ٦٤ -
אא ١٩٠ א
אא א א
Ba2+ אSO42-אאאאא
KEאFאאאאאאא
Wא٣٥
Kאאא
Wאאאאאא٤٥
אאאאאWאא
Kאאא
Wאא٦
אאאא
KGravimetric factorאאאאא
WGravimetric factorאא١٦
WGravimetric factor (GF)אא
MW (or atomic weight) of analyte a
GF= ×
MW of weighed substance b
W
KאאWMW
KאאאWanalyte
KאאWWeighed substance
KאאאWa
- ٦٥ -
אא ١٩٠ א
אא א א
KאאWb
KאאאE٤Fא
אאWE٤Fא
אא אא אאא
Cl-ﺍﻟﻮﺯﻥ ﺍﻟﺬﺭﻱ ﻟـ
AgCl Cl-
AgCl ﺍﻟﻮﺯﻥ ﺍﳉﺰﻳﺌﻲ ﻟـ
2 × Fe ﺍﻟﻮﺯﻥ ﺍﻟﺬﺭﻱ ﻟـ
Fe2O3 Fe3+
Fe2O3 ﺍﻟﻮﺯﻥ ﺍﳉﺰﻳﺌﻲ ﻟـ
5 × HgO ﺍﻟﻮﺯﻥ ﺍﻟﺬﺭﻱ ﻟـ
Hg5(IO6)2 HgO
Hg5(IO6)2 ﺍﻟﻮﺯﻥ ﺍﳉﺰﻳﺌﻲ ﻟـ
Wאאא٢٦
Wאאא
Weight of analyzed substance (g) = GF × weight of precipitate (g)
Wאאאא٣٦
Wאאאא
GF × weight of precipitate (g)
Weight % of analyzed substance = × 100
weight of sample (g)
- ٦٦ -
אא ١٩٠ א
אא א א
W
אא(AgCl)אאא0.204אא
אא0.5א35.5Clאא143.3AgCl
Kאא
Wא
35.5
GF =
143.3
GF = 0.2478
Weight of Cl- = 0.2478 × 0.204
Weight of Cl- = 0.05 g
0.2478 × 0.204
Cl- (%) = × 100 = 10.11%
0.5
- ٦٧ -
אא ١٩٠ א
אא א א
EאאF١אא
Kאאא
Kאאאא K١
Kאאאא K٢
Kא אK٣
Kאאא K٤
Kאאאאא אK٥
Kאאא אK٦
EאאF٢אא
Kאא
Kא א.١
Kאאאא א.٢
Kאא .٣
Kאאאאאאא .٤
15א10 .٥
KאאK0.04א
EאאF٣אא
Wאא
א0.1א50pHא .١
K55،50،5،0WאNaOHK0.1א
אKאאאאאא .٢
Kאאא
KK
KK
KK
- ٦٨ -
אא ١٩٠ א
אא א א
EאאאF٤אא
Wאא
Wאא א.١
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKEFאKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKEF
אKKKKKKKKKKKKKKEFאאא
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKEFאKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKEFKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKEF
KאE،F .٢
Wא .٣
Kאאא،אאאK
KאאK
KאאK
אאאאFאא א.٤
KEא
EאאF٥אא
Wאא
Kאאא .١
Kאאאא .٢
Wא א.٣
KH2O2EF،Cr2O72-EF،Fe2(SO4)3EF،KNO3EF،FeCl3EF
Wאאאאא .٤
N2O4 → N2OEF،OCl- → ClO3-EF،SO2 → SO3EF،MnO2 → MnO4EF
Wאאאא א.٥
Cr2O72- → Cr3+
Fe2+ → Fe3+
W .٦
KאאאאאאאEF
KאאאאאאEF
KאאI2אאאEFאEF
- ٦٩ -
אא ١٩٠ א
אא א א
EאאF٦אא
Wאא
Kאאא א.١
Kאאאא א.٢
אאאאAg2CrO4א(S)א א.٣
KKsp = 1.9 x 10-12אא
Fe2O3Feא0.2010 .٤
KאאאאאאKא0.1106
- ٧٠ -
אא ١٩٠ א
אא א א
١אאא
אאאא K١
KEאאFEאאFא
אאאאאא K٢
Kא
Wא K٣
אWEKKK،א،א،אFאא J
450EPyrexאFאא
K24א
PTFEאא Wאא J
Kpolytetrafluoroethylene
אאאאאאאאא
WאKE45F
KEbiodegradationFאאא4
Kאא
אאא،א
Kאאא(pH = 2) אא
Kאאא K٤
،אאא،אW
אאאאא K٥
Kא،אא
١W٣א אאא K٦
Kאא
- ٧١ -
אא ١٩٠ א
אא א א
٢אאא
Wא .١
Kאא .١
Kא .٢
KEאFאאאא .٣
K .٤
Kאאאא .٥
Wאאאא .٢
Kאאאא .١
K אא .٢
Kאא א.٣
Kאאאא .٤
אאאאאאא .٣
KאאStoichiometricאא
Kאא .٤
K0.06 .٥
- ٧٢ -
אא ١٩٠ א
אא א א
٣אאא
KpH = 1.00،NaOH0 K١
KpH = 1.09،NaOH5
KpH = 7.00،NaOH50
KpH = 11.68،NaOH55
א אKKK٢
אאאNH4Clא
H+
Wאא
NH4Cl + H2O NH4OH + H+ + Cl-
Kאאאא
אאא pHK K
Kאאאאאאאאא
אאאאK
WאאCH3COONaא
CH3COONa + H2O CH3COOH + Na+ + OH-
אאKאאאא
Kא
- ٧٣ -
אא ١٩٠ א
אא א א
٤אאא
KאאKEF،אKEF،אKEF،אKEF،אKEF،אKEFK١
WאpH = 8אK٢
אאאאאאK
.אא
CrO42- + 2H+ → Cr2O72- + H2O
אKאאאאK
אKאאא
Kאא
Ag+ + OH- → AgOH
K٣
KאWא،אאWא،אWאK
KSCN- + Ag+ → AgSCN↓K
KFe3+ + SCN- → Fe(SCN)2+↓K
אאאאFluorescein indicatorEאFאאK٤
Kאאא
אאאאאא
KIn-אא
אאCl-אאאWא
،אאאאAdsorbedא
Kאאא
- ٧٤ -
אא ١٩٠ א
אא א א
AgClאא
אאאאAg+א
KאאאIn-אא،
אא،אאאא
Kא
- ٧٥ -
אא ١٩٠ א
אא א א
٥אאא
אאאא אאאK١
K
Kאאא אK٢
EF،S = +6،Fe = +3،O = -2EF،N = +5،O = -2،K = +1EF،Fe = +3،Cl = -1EFK٣
KH = +1،O = -1EF،Cr = +6،O = -2
KאאEF،אאEF،EF،EFK٤
KCr2O72- + 6Fe2+ + → 2Cr3+ 7H2O + 6Fe3+K٥
אאאEF،אEF،אEFK٦
אאאKIא
אאא،
Kא
٦אאא
KאאEF،אEF،אאEF،אאEF K١
K٢
KEאאFאאא K١
،אאאא K٢
K(Filter)אאא
Kאאאאא K٣
אאאאאא K٤
K
K7.8 X 10-5=S K٣
K٪38.49=אא،א0.07735=א K٤
- ٧٦ -
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