Fed from Three phase source

C1
B1
A1
A2

B2

C2
Supplying Three phase load
Open delta
Fed from Three phase source
a1

c1
b1

B1
A1
A2

B2
a2

c2
b2

Supplying Three phase load

Open delta
Fed from Three phase source
a1

c1
b1

B1
A1
A2

B2
a2

c2
b2

Supplying Three phase load

a1

b1

c1
Open delta

a2

b2

c2
 Open delta
Fed from Three phase source a1

Supplying Three phase load

a1 a2
b1
a2
A1 A2
b1 b2
b2
c1
B1 B2
c2
c1 c2

Vab = V∠0

Vbc = V∠ − 120
 Open delta
Fed from Three phase source a1

Supplying Three phase load

a1 a2
b1
a2
A1 A2
b1 b2
b2
c1
B1 B2
c2
c1 c2
Applying KVL in loop a2b2 c2 a2:
Vab = V∠0 Vca = −[Vab + Vbc ]
= −V∠0 − V∠ − 120
Vbc = V∠ − 120 = −V + 0.5V + j 0.866V
= (0.5 + j 0.866)V
= V∠120
 Open delta
Fed from Three phase source a1

Supplying Three phase load

a1 a2
b1
a2
A1 A2
b1 b2
b2
c1
B1 B2
c2
c1 c2
Applying KVL in loop a2b2 c2 a2:
Vab = V∠0 Vca = −[Vab + Vbc ]
= −V∠0 − V∠ − 120
Vbc = V∠ − 120 = −V + 0.5V + j 0.866V
= (0.5 + j 0.866)V
= V∠120
 Phase load currents and line currents in open delta:

Vca = V∠120 a1

b1
a2
I c2 a2 = I∠120 Va2b2 = V∠0
I a2b2 = I∠0
b2
I b2c2 = I∠ − 120 c1

Vbc = V∠ − 120 c2
 Phase load currents and line currents in open
delta:

Vca = V∠120 a1

b1
a2
I c2 a2 = I∠120 Va2b2 = V∠0
I a2b2 = I∠0
b2
I b2c2 = I∠ − 120 c1

Vbc = V∠ − 120 c2

I a2 = I a2b2 − I c2 a2 = I∠0 − I∠120 = I∠ − 30

 Phase load currents and line currents in open delta:

Vca = V∠120 a1

b1
a2
I c2 a2 = I∠120 Va2b2 = V∠0
I a2b2 = I∠0
b2
I b2c2 = I∠ − 120 c1

Vb2c2 = V∠ − 120 c2

I a2 = I a2b2 − I c2 a2 = I∠0 − I∠120 = I∠ − 30 a2

I c2 = I c2 a2 − I b2c2 = I∠120 − I∠ − 120 = I∠90 b2 c2

N.B.: Line currents have the same values and angles even if the load was
star connected
 Active & reactive power of open delta:
I c2

+ 90° Va2b2 = V∠0

− 30°
st
1 Transformer : 2 nd Transformer :
I a2
Va2b2 = V∠0 Vbc = V∠ − 120
− I c2
I a2 = I∠ − 30 Vb2c2 = V∠ − 120 I c2 = I∠90
→ − I c2 = I∠ − 90
S T1
→
ST 1 = Va2b2 I * S VV ST 2 = Vb2c2 (− I c2 )*
a2

= (V∠0 )(I∠30 ) → = (V∠ − 120 )(I∠90 )

S T2 = VI∠ − 30
= VI∠30
→ → → → → 1
S VV = S T 1 + S T 2 = 3 VLine × I Line Q T1 = − Q T 2 = (VLine × I Line )
2
 De‐rating of open delta
Fed from Three phase source
I Line = I Phase

Supplying Three phase load

S ∆∆ = 3 V phase × I Phase
A1 A2
→ → →
S VV = S T 1 + S T 2 ≈ 3 VLine × I Line
= 3 VLine × ( I Phase )
B1 B2 = 3 VLine × I Phase
SVV 1
∴ ≈ ≈ 57.7%
S ∆∆ 3
 De‐rating of open delta
Fed from Three phase source
I Line = I Phase

Supplying Three phase load

S ∆∆ = 3 V phase × I Phase
A1 A2
→ → →
S VV = S T 1 + S T 2 = 3 VLine × I Line
= 3 VLine × ( I Phase )
B1 B2 = 3 VLine × I Phase
SVV 1
∴ ≈ ≈ 57.7%
S ∆∆ 3
 De‐rating of open delta
Fed from Three phase source
I Line = I Phase

Supplying Three phase load

S ∆∆ = 3 V phase × I Phase
A1 A2
→ → →
S VV = S T 1 + S T 2 = 3 VLine × I Line
= 3 VLine × ( I Phase )
B1 B2 = 3 VLine × I Phase
SVV 1
∴ ≈ ≈ 57.7%
S ∆∆ 3
 Open delta
Disadvantages:
Fed from Three phase source
I Line = I Phase - De-rated operation, 57.7% of ∆∆

Supplying Three phase load

bank; × (3/2) = 86.6% of the capacity
of the remaining two transformers
A1 A2
-Average P.F. of V bank < Load P.F.
(∼ 86.6% of balanced load P.F.);
The two transformers operate at
B1 different power factors; for a
B2
balanced load P.F. of cosφ, one
transformer has a P.F. of cos(30-φ)
while the other has a P.F. of
cos(30+φ), accordingly voltage
regulation differs.

IAB - Accordingly, increasing load (even

if perfectly balanced), causes
IB IBC terminal secondary voltages to be
unbalanced
Two single phase 150 kVA, 7200/600 V transformers are connected in open
delta configuration. Find the maximum three phase load supplied.

Rated Secondary current of either transformer = 150 000 / 600 = 250 A

This current should not be exceeded whatever was the type of connection,
Accordingly:

(S Load )maximum = 3VI = 3 × 600 × 250 = 260kVA

Available rating of two transformers = 2 × 150 = 300kVA
% Derating = 260 / 300 = 86.6%
One transformer is producing reactive power, while the other is
consuming reactive power. This energy exchange between the
two transformers is the reason for limited power output of 57.7%
instead of an expected 66.7%
 Fed from Three phase source

C1
B1
A1
A2

B2

C2
Supplying Three phase load
Open Y – Open Delta
 Open Y –Open Delta
Fed from Three phase source

Supplying Three phase load

Disadvantages:
A1 A2
- Very large return current flow
in neutral of primary

B1 B2
n