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FEM For Engineering Applications Exercises With Solutions
FEM For Engineering Applications Exercises With Solutions
Jonas Faleskog
KTH Solid Mechanics
August 2008
L
E,
A,
A,
Determine the rotation of the corner B by use of an
E,
L
energy method (neglect possible contributions
from normal forces and shear forces to the energy B
expression).
EI, L
stiffness EI. Use complementary elastic energy
and Castigliano’s theorems in the analysis.
B P
– 1.1 (10) –
FEM for Engineering Applications—Exercises with Solutions / August 2008 / J. Faleskog
EI, L
EI, L
proven to be to compliant in an application.
The system is therefore made stiffer by use
of a torsion spring kM, see Figure (b). The
EI, L EI, L
complementary elastic energy for the sys- kM
tem is kN kN
3 2 2
L 1 2 M 2 1 ( P – M ⁄ L ) - 1--- -------------------
(M ⁄ L) -
W = ------ --- ⎛⎝ P + ⎛⎝ P – -----⎞⎠ ⎞⎠ + --- ---------------------------- + ,
EI 6 L 2 k L3 ⁄ EI 2 k M L ⁄ EI
N
where M is the moment arising in the torsion spring when the system is loaded by a point force
3
P. The stiffness of the springs can be expressed as k N = α EI ⁄ L and k M = β EI ⁄ L , where α
= 3 in the current application. Determine β, such that the stiffness of the system increases by a
factor of two, i.e. such that the displacement at P in (b) becomes half compared to the case in
(a). Hint: problem (b) is statically indeterminate.
P
1.11 A freely supported beam with bending stiff-
ness EI and total length 3L is loaded by a point A B
force, P, according to the right hand figure. Deter-
mine the deflection at point B.
– 1.2 (10) –
FEM for Engineering Applications—Exercises with Solutions / August 2008 / J. Faleskog
A 2L B
1.12 A plane frame is composed of three beams connected
at the stiff joints B and C, see the figure to the right. The D
L
bending stiffness of all beams are EI. The frame is loaded 2L
by a point force. Determine the vertical displacement of C
point C and evaluate the distribution of bending moment in P
the frame.
The examples below are taken from “Exempelsamling i Hållfasthetslära” , Eds. P.-L. Larsson & R.
Lundell, KTH, Stockholm, january 2001. The solutions to these problems (in Swedish) are based on
Castigliano’s theorems.
L
1.13 Determine the horizontal displacement at point B. The M
bending stiffness of each beam in the planar frame is EI. C
B
L
A
L L
A D
1.15 A beam with circular cross section (diameter
P
d) is shaped as a U, see the figure to the right. The
beam is clamped at point A and loaded by a point
force P, acting perpendicular to the plane of the
beam, at point D. Calculate the displacement at L d
point D in the direction of the point force.
B C
L
– 1.3 (10) –
FEM for Engineering Applications—Exercises with Solutions / August 2008 / J. Faleskog
P P
1.17 A rectangular planar frame with measurements
according to the figure is clamped at point A and point D. B C
Two point forces is applied perpendicular to the frame in L
opposite directions at points B and C, respectively. The
bending stiffness of the frame is everywhere equal to EI A D
and its torsional stiffness is GK, with EI ⁄ ( GK ) = κ ,
where κ being a non-dimensional constant. Calculate the 2L
displacements perpendicular to the plane at the points B
and C, respectively.
– 1.4 (10) –
FEM for Engineering Applications—Exercises with Solutions / August 2008 / J. Faleskog
Solutions
1.1
RB Equilibrium R = M ⁄ ( 3L )
Introduce reac- B 0
tion forces: RA gives:
M0 RA = R B = M ⁄ ( 3L )
M
RB = ------0-
M0 3L
M1 M1 M0 M2 M2
RA = -------
3L
Equilibrium requires: M 1 = M0 ⁄ 3 M 2 = – 2M 0 ⁄ 3
2 2 2
LM 2LM M0L ∂W M0 L
Complementary elastic energy: W = ----------1- + -------------2- = ----------
- ⇒ θ = ---------- = ----------
-
6EI 6EI 6EI ∂M 0 3EI
1.2
1.3
– 1.5 (10) –
FEM for Engineering Applications—Exercises with Solutions / August 2008 / J. Faleskog
1.4
Cut and use the symmetry M0
V Equilibrium: ------- – M R – VL = 0
properties! 4
M0/4
V M0/4 V => 1 statically indeterminate, e.g. MR
∂W- M ∂W M0L
---------- =0 ⇒ M R = – ------0- ; Rotation: θ = ---------- = -----------
-
∂M R 8 ∂M0 16EI
1.5
P
MR Equilibrium, beam: Total complementary elastic energy:
2
: –V – N + P = 0 L 2 N
V W = Wbeam + Wspring = --------- MR + ------
N : MR – PL + NL = 0 6EI 2k
2
L 2 N
=> 1 statically indeterminate, = --------- ( PL – NL ) + ----------------------3-
EI 6EI 2ηEI ⁄ L
k = η -----3- chose e.g. N
3
L L 3
= --------- ⎛⎝ P + N ⎛⎝ 1 + ---⎞⎠ – 2PN⎞⎠
2 2
6EI η
∂W- ηP
Principle of least work: ------- = 0 ⇒ N = ------------- ;
∂N 3+η 3
∂W PL 1
Deflection at the right end (Castigliano’s 2nd theorem): δ P = -------- = --------- -----------------
∂P EI ( 3 + η )
1.6
6EI
k = --------
3
-
L Equilibrium gives
N
R M0 – M R Note! one statically
N = --------------------
- indeterminate exists!
MR M0 M0 M0 M0 L
Complementary 2
L 2 2 L 2 N L 2 2
elastic enerrgy: W = --------- ( MR + M R M0 + M0 ) + --------- ( 3M0 ) + ------ = --------- ( MR + 3M 0 )
6EI 6EI 2k 4EI
∂W- L
Condition to determine the unknown ---------- = --------- 2M R = 0 ⇒ M R = 0
reaction force: ∂M R 4EI
∂W 3 M 0 L-
Rotation at the point where the external moment is applied : θ = ---------- = --- ----------
∂M 0 2 EI
– 1.6 (10) –
FEM for Engineering Applications—Exercises with Solutions / August 2008 / J. Faleskog
1.7
M0
M1 M2 P0
N P0 N
EI Equilibrium: Equilibrium:
k = η -----3-
L : M 0 – P0 L + NL = 0 M1 = NL = P 0 L – M 0
N = P0 – M0 ⁄ L
⇒
M2 = P0 L
Complementary elastic energy:
2 2
M1 L M2 L N2 3
L -⎛ 2 ⎛M 0⎞
2 2P M
0 0⎞
3
L -⎛ 2 ⎛ M 0⎞
2 2P M
0 0⎞
W = ----------
- + ----------- + ------ = -------- 2P + ------
- – ----------------
- + ------------ P + ------
- – ----------------
-
6EI 6EI 2k 6EI ⎝ 0 ⎝ L ⎠ L ⎠ 2ηEI ⎝ 0 ⎝ L ⎠ L ⎠
∂W 3 + 2η
δ P0 = --------- = 0 (given condition) ⇒ M0 = ---------------- P0 L
∂P0 3+η
1.8
3
∂W PL
Case (a): no torsion spring (M = 0), kN = 3EI / L3 ⇒ δa = -------- = ---------
∂P M=0
EI
1.9
2P
P P
Equilib: : M 0 = PL
P M0 M0 M0 P (statically indeterminate probl.)
P P
L
2 2 3
M- ⎧ x⎫ P L
Total complementary elastic energy: W = 2 ∫ -------- dx = ⎨ M( x) = PL --- ⎬ = ------------
2EI ⎩
L⎭ 3EI
0
3
∂W 2 PL
Displacement at the point force (Castigliano’s 2nd theorem): δ P = -------- = --- ---------
∂P 3 EI
– 1.7 (10) –
FEM for Engineering Applications—Exercises with Solutions / August 2008 / J. Faleskog
1.10
RA Q
Equilibrium: RA + RB – Q = 0 Note! one statically
indeterminate, choose
Qx/L M A + RB L – Q2L = 0
MA RB for instance MA.
QL x 2
M ( x ) = -------- ⎛⎝ ---⎞⎠
M(x) 4 L
x
2L M ( x ) 2
L
Complementary elastic energy: W = --------- ( M A + MA QL + ( QL )2 ) + ∫ --------------- dx
2
6EI 0 2EI
∂W QL 3Q 5Q
----------- = 0 ⇒ M A = – -------- ; R A = – ------- ; R B = -------
∂M A 2 2 2
1.11
L 2 2
The comp. elastic energy in the beam becomes: W = ------------ ( 4P + 7PQ + 4Q )
18EI
3
∂W 7- PL
Displacement at B (Castigliano’s 2nd theorem): δB = -------
- = ----- ---------
∂Q Q = 0 18 EI
1.12
2 equilibrium Eqs. and 3 unknown reac-
RA tion forces (RA, RD and MD). Thus, the
RD problem has one statically indetermi-
nate. Treat RA as known when calculat-
MD ing the complementary elastic energy.
P
L 2 2
Complementary elastic energy in the beam: W = --------- ( 76RA – 40RA P + 8P )
6EI
∂W
--------- 5
The unknown RA is given by: = 0 ⇒ RA = ------ P
∂RA 19 3
Displacement in point C (Castigliano’s 2nd theorem): δ C = ∂W -------- = 52
------ PL
---------
∂P 57 EI
Bending moment diagram:
18
10 ------ PL
------ PL 10 19
19 ------ PL
19
10
------ PL
19
– 1.8 (10) –
FEM for Engineering Applications—Exercises with Solutions / August 2008 / J. Faleskog
1.13
1.9
1.14
1.15
1.16
– 1.9 (10) –
FEM for Engineering Applications—Exercises with Solutions / August 2008 / J. Faleskog
1.18
1.17
– 1.10 (10) –
FEM for Engineering Applications—Exercises with Solutions / August 2008 / J. Faleskog
k3
2.1 A system of five springs are connected as k1
shown in the figure to the right. All the spring
constants ki are in the current application
k4
equal to k. Furthermore, D1 = D4 = 0, F3 = 0 k5
and F2 = P. Determine the displacements and k2
reaction forces.
D1, F1 D2, F2 D3, F3 D4, F4
4a
2.2 Three springs are connected according
to the figure to the right, also showing the
applied external force P. The spring con- k2
stants are: k1 = 5k, k2 = k and k3 = 2k. k1 3a
Determine the displacements at the points k3
where the springs are connected and evalu- rigid beam
ate all the reaction forces.
P
1 2
(−1,1) y/L
(1,1)
– 2.1 (12) –
FEM for Engineering Applications—Exercises with Solutions / August 2008 / J. Faleskog
2
2.5 A plane truss structure consists of three truss elements con-
nected to four nodes, as shown to the right. All trusses have cross L L/2
sectional area A and elastic modulus E. The length of each truss
3
element is evident by the figure. A point force, P, is acting on node
4. Calculate the displacements at the nodes and the reaction forces
at nodes 1 and 2, respectively. Show also that global equilibrium is L
satisfied in the vertical direction. 4
EA,L
stant for both springs is k = ηEA ⁄ L . The truss ele- P
ments are of length L, have cross sectional area A and α
elastic modulus E. The structure is subjected to a point EA, L k φ
force P according to the figure. The displacement will
for the present structure always be in the direction of the
force P. Determine the relation between δ and P. π-
k -- –φ
2
L
elements have the same length L, cross sectional area A P
E,
A,
and elastic modulus E. The stiffness of the left spring is
A,
E, ϕ
k 1 = 0.75 EA ⁄ L . A point force P is applied on the struc-
L
– 2.2 (12) –
FEM for Engineering Applications—Exercises with Solutions / August 2008 / J. Faleskog
2.9 An adjustable crane consists of two rods which are connected at node
e1
3, see the figure to the right. The elastic modulus of the rods is E. Rod e1
θ 3
has a cross sectional area A and a length l. Rod e2 is composed of two
cylindrical tubes to facilitate adjustment of its length by use of a hydrau-
lic actuator, where its length L is given by the angle ϕ. The effective cross 2
sectional area of rod e2 is 3A . The relations θ = 2 ϕ and L = 2l cos ϕ ϕ
are valid here. Determine the displacement of node 3 and the normal l m
force acting in rod e2 (the force acting on the hydraulic actuator), when
the crane is loaded by a mass m for the case ϕ = 30° . The acceleration e2 g
of gravity is known and denoted g.
1
Hint: the normal force can be determined by use the reaction forces act-
ing on node 2.
2P
2.10 A structure of three truss elements is loaded by two point
forces (P and 2P), see the figure to the right. The elastic modu-
lus, the cross sectional area and the length of each truss are E, 2A, 2L
E, A, L
shown in the figure. Analyse the structure by use of a matrix
formulated method and determine the reaction forces at all the
nodes. P
E, A, L
.
2.11 The truss structure to the right contains two truss elements and 90o
one spring element, with spring constant k = 2EA ⁄ L . The structure
is loaded by a point force P according to the figure. The truss ele-
k 45o
ments are of length L, have cross sectional area A and elastic modulus 45o
E. Determine the displacements at the nodes where the elements are EA
L P
connected. Evaluate also all reaction forces.
EA, L
The examples below are taken from “Exempelsamling i Hållfasthetslära” , Ed. P.-L. Larsson & R.
Lundell, KTH, Stockholm, january 2001.
– 2.3 (12) –
FEM for Engineering Applications—Exercises with Solutions / August 2008 / J. Faleskog
1 2
Node x/L y/L
k-
------
k
1 0 2
--k- 2 4
2 1 2 2
k- Q
3 1 1 stel 3 ------
4 0 0 2 x
– 2.4 (12) –
FEM for Engineering Applications—Exercises with Solutions / August 2008 / J. Faleskog
Solutions
2k –k –k 0 0 R1
2.3
D4
Element stiffness matrix: k e = ki r –r
D2 D3 –r r
D1 e2 Element 1: x k 1 = k, r= 1 0
y 0 0
1 x
e1 D8 D6
Element 2: −45o k 3 = 2k, r= 1 ⁄ 2 –1 ⁄ 2
e3
D5 –1 ⁄ 2 1 ⁄ 2
D7
x 2
B.C.: 2
D1 = D 2 = 0 D 3 = D4 = 0 Element 3:
45o k 2 = 2k, r = 1⁄2 1⁄2
1⁄2 1⁄2
D5 = D 6 = 0 D8 = 0 1
x
Assembly:
1 0 –1 0
0 0 R1 Reactions-
0 0 0 0
1 –1 –1 1 R2 forces
0 0
K = k1 + k2 + k 3 = k –1 1 1 –1 R3 Equation (7) gives
1 1 –1 –1 R4
0 0 1 1 –1 –1 F =
3kD 7 = P
R5
–1 0 –1 1 – 1 –1 3 0
⇒D
R6 P
0 0 1 –1 – 1 –1 0 2 = ------
P 7 3k
R8
– 2.5 (12) –
FEM for Engineering Applications—Exercises with Solutions / August 2008 / J. Faleskog
2.4
D2 D4 Boundary conditions:
D1 D3 D1 = D2 = D3 = D4 = D5 = D6 = D7 = D10 = 0
F8 = −P, F9 = −P
e1 D10 e2
D6
Element stiffness matrices:
D9 D5 2 c = cos φ
Ke = k i a –a , a = c sc ,
e4 e3
–a a 2 s = sin φ
sc s
D8
1
D7 e1& e4: k 1 = k 4 = 2k, a = { φ = – 45 ° } = --- 1 –1
2 –1 1
1
a = { φ = 45° } = --- 1 1
e2: k 2 = 2k, e3: k 3 = 4k, a = { φ = 90° } = 0 0
2 1 1 0 1
Assembly of global stiffness matrix:
Eqs. (8) & (9):
1 –1 –1 1
0 0 0
⇒
–1 1 1 –1
D8 D8 P
0
1 1
0 0
–1 –1 k 5 1 = –P = – --------- 2
1 1 –1 –1 1 3 D9 –P D9 14k 4
0 0 0 0
K = k 0 0 0
0 4 0 –4 Normal force in element 4: N = k 4 δ
0 0 1 –1 –1 1
0 0 0 –4 –1 5 1 –1
where k 4 = 2k and δ = u 2 – u 1
– 1 1 –1 –1
0
–1 1 3 –1 D9
1 –1 –1 –1 1 –1 –1 3
u1 1 D 10 1 D
= Tde = ------- 1 – 1 0 0 = – ------- 9
u2 2 0 0 1 –1 D7 2 D8
⇒ N = 3---------
7
2
-P
D8
– 2.6 (12) –
FEM for Engineering Applications—Exercises with Solutions / August 2008 / J. Faleskog
2.5
Boundary conditions: D1 = D2 = D3 = D4 = D5 = D7 = 0; F6 = 0; F8 = −P
D2
D4 2 c = cos φ
e1 D1
e2
Element stiffness matrices: K e = k i a –a , a = c sc ,
D3 –a a 2 s = sin φ
sc s
EA 1
D6 e1: k 1 = -------, a = { φ = – 45 ° } = --- 1 –1
L 2 –1 1
D5
e3
2EA
e2: k 2 = -----------, a = { φ = 90° } = 0 0
L 0 1
D8
EA 1
D7 a = { φ = 45° } = --- 1 1
e3: k 3 = -------,
L 2 1 1
Assembly of stiffness:
Eqs. (6) & (8) (reduced system of equations):
1 –1 0 –1 1 0
–1 1
0 0 0
1
0
–1
0
0
EA
------- 6 –1
2L – 1 1 D
D6
= 0
–P
⇒ D6
D8
PL
= – ----------- 2
5EA 12
EA 0 4 0 –4 8
K = -------
2L – 1 1 0 0 2 0 –1 –1
Reaction forces in node 1 & 2 ( D.O.F.:s 1 - 4):
1 –1 0 –4 0 6 –1 –1
EA P EA P
–1 R 1 = ------- D 6 = – ---
–1 1 1 R 2 = ------- ( – D 6 ) = ---
0 0 –1 –1
2L 1 1
5 2L 5
R3 = 0 4EA 4P
R 4 = ----------- ( –D 6 ) = -------
2L 5
P 4P
Global equilibrium in vertical dir.: R 2 + R4 + F6 + F 8 = + --
- ------
- + 0 – P = 0 OK!
5 5
2.6
2 Boundary conditions: D1x=D1y=D2x=D2y=D3x=D3y=D4x=D4y=0
2 The element stiffness contribution to node 5:
e2 e1: EA
------- 1 0 ; e2: EA
------- 0 0 ;
2 3 L 0 0 L 0 1
1 e3
1 φ
1
e1
2
e3: η EA
2 c = cos φ
5 1 ------- c sc
1
π
L 2 s = sin φ
⎫⎪
sc s
–φ
⎛⎝ ⎛⎝ ⎞⎠ ⎞⎠
e4 ---
2 π
2
cos – --- – φ = sin φ
2 ⎪⎬ ⇒ η EA 2
------- s – s c
⎛⎝ ⎛⎝ ⎞⎠ ⎞⎠ ⎪⎪ L –sc c
4 e4:
π 2
sin – --- – φ = – cos φ
2 2
2
⎭
K = ------- 1 + η ( c + s ) η ( sc – sc )
Assembly: EA EA
= ( 1 + η ) ------- 1 0
(only node 5) L 2 2 L 0 1
η ( sc – sc ) 1 + η ( c + s )
Eq. system:
EA
( 1 + η ) ------- 1 0
L 0 1 D
D 5x
= P cos α
sin α
⇒ D 5x
D 5y
= ------------------------- cos α
PL
( 1 + η )EA sin α
5y
D5y δ
Thus: α
D5x
⇒ δ = -------------------------
PL
( 1 + η )EA
– 2.7 (12) –
FEM for Engineering Applications—Exercises with Solutions / August 2008 / J. Faleskog
2.7
D4 D6 Boundary Condistions:
D3 D5 D1 = D2 = D3 = D4 = D5 = D6 = 0; F7 = Pcosϕ; F8 = Psinϕ
3 1
e1: k 1 = --- k 0, a = { φ = 0° } = 1 0 e3: k 3 = k 0, a = { φ = 60° } = --- 1 3
4 0 0 4
3 3
1
e2: k 2, a = { φ = 0° } = 1 0 e4: k 2 = k 0, a = { φ = 120° } = --- 1 – 3
0 0 4
– 3 3
EA
where k 0 = -------
L
Assembly Ki and implementation of B.C. gives the reduced Equation system:
1.25k 0 + k 2
0
0
1.5k 0 D 10
D9
= P cos ϕ
sin ϕ
But D should aligned
with the external force
⇒ D 10
D9
= D 0 cos ϕ
sin ϕ
Eq. 9: 1.25k 0 + k 2 = P ⁄ D 0 ⎫⎬ ⇒ ⇒k EA
⎭
1.25k 0 + k 2 = 1.5k 0 2 = 0.25k 0 = -------
Eq. 10: 1.5k 0 = P ⁄ D 0 4L
2.8
D2
Boundary Conditions: D1 = D2 = D3 = D4 = D5 = D6 = 0
D1
y F7 = – mg sin ϕ, F 8 = – mg cos ϕ
a i – ai
e1 Element stiffness matrix: Ki = k i
–a i a i
D8
D7 where
x 1 1
e2 e3 a 1 = 0 0 , a 2 = --- 3 3 , a 3 = --- 3 – 3
D4 0 1 4 4
D6 3 1 – 3 1
D3
ϕ
D5
mg
Assembly of the stiffness matrix:
a1 0 0 – a1 Eq. (7) & (9):
⇒
0 a2 0 – a2
= – mg sin ϕ = – ----------- sin ϕ
K = k 3--- 1 0 D 7 D7 2mg
k
0 0 a3 –a 3 2 0 1 D cos ϕ D8 3k cos ϕ
8
–a1 –a2 –a3 a1 + a2 + a3
– 2.8 (12) –
FEM for Engineering Applications—Exercises with Solutions / August 2008 / J. Faleskog
2.9
D6
Boundary Cond.: D1 = D2 = D3 = D4 = 0, F 5 = 0, F6 = – mg
o D5
60 e1
D4 Element stiffness matrices:
D3 a i – ai EA EA
mg Ki = where a 1 = ------- 3 3 , a 2 = ------- 1 3
–ai ai 4l 4l
30o e2 3 1 3 3
y Assembly of stiffness matrix: 1 3 0 0 –1 – 3
D2
x 3 3 0 0 – 3 –3
D1 a2 0 – a2
EA 0 0 3 3 –3 – 3
K = 0 a1 –a1 = -------
4l
0 0 3 1 – 3 –1
–a2 –a1 a1 + a2
–1 – 3 –3 – 3 4 2 3
– 3 –3 – 3 –1 2 3 4
– 2.9 (12) –
FEM for Engineering Applications—Exercises with Solutions / August 2008 / J. Faleskog
2.11
D6 D4
2 Boundary conditions: D2 = D3 = D5 = D6 = 0,
D5 e3
3 D3
1 2 F1 = P, F4 = 0
1 2
e1 e2
D2
Element stiffness 2 c = cos φ
1 K e = k i a –a , a = c sc ,
2 D1 matrices: –a a 2 s = sin φ
sc s
1
EA 1 1 –1 EA 1 1 1
e1: k 1 = -------, a = { φ = – 45 ° } = --- e2: k 2 = -------, a = { φ = 45° } = ---
L 2 –1 1 L 2 1 1
2EA
e3: k 3 = -----------, a = { φ = 0° } = 1 0
L 0 0
2 0 –1 –1 –1 1
Eqs. (1) & (4):
0 2 –1 –1 1 –1
EA – 1
⇒
Assembly: –1 5 1 –4 0
K = ------- EA 2 – 1 D 1 D1 2PL
2L – 1 –1 1 1 0 0 ------- = P = ---------- 1
2L – 1 1 D 0 D4 EA 1
4
–1 1 –4 0 5 –1
1 –1 0 0 –1 1
EA EA
Reaction forces: (2): R 2 = ------- ( – D 4 ) = – P (Node 1) (5): R 5 = ------- ( – D 1 ) = – P (Node 3)
2L 2L
EA EA
(3): R 3 = ------- ( – D 1 + D 4 ) = 0 (Node 2) (6): R 6 = ------- ( D 1 ) = P (Node 3)
2L 2L
2.12
6 Boundary conditions:
3 3 0 0 0 0 –3 – 3
4 5 3 1 0 0 0 0 – 3 –1 D 1 = D2 = 0
0 0 6 –2 3 0 0 –6 2 3 D 3 = D4 = 0
3 k
8 K = --- 0 0 –2 3 2 0 0 2 3 –2
D 5 = D6 = 0
4
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
7 0 0 0 0 0 12 0 – 12 F 7 = P, F 8 = 0
2
–3 – 3 –6 2 3 0 0 9 – 3
1 – 3 –1 2 3 –2 0 – 12 – 3 15
F1 – 12 – 0.3636
F2 –4 3 – 0.2099
F3 P – 21
Equation- Reaction- = P – 0.3664
⇒ D7 = ------
P 15 P
= --- 0.4545
–1 33 7 3
D = K F = --------- F4 0.3674
system: D8 33k 3 k 0.0525 forces:
F5 0 0
–3 3 – 0.1575
F6
– 2.10 (12) –
FEM for Engineering Applications—Exercises with Solutions / August 2008 / J. Faleskog
2.13
1 –1 0 0 0 0 0 0 –1 1 Boundary conditions:
–1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 –1 D1 = D2 = 0
2 4 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 –1 –1
0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 –1 –1 D3 = D4 = 0
1 3 k 0
K = --- 0 0 0 1 1 –1 –1 0 0 D5 = D6 = 0
2 0 0 0 0 1 1 –1 –1 0 0
10 6
0 0 0 0 –1 –1 2 0 –1 1 D8 = 0
9 5 0 0 0 0 –1 –1 0 2 1 –1 F 7 = 0, F 9 = – P, F 10 = 0
–1 1 –1 –1 0 0 –1 1 3 –1
8
1 –1 –1 –1 0 0 1 –1 –1 3
7
F1
2
F2
–2
D7
Equation- Reaction- F3
⇒
–2 3
–1 P P
D = K F D9 = ------ – 5 F4 = --- 3
system: 6k forces: 6
D 10 –1 F5 1
F6 1
–2
F8
2.14
2 Boundary conditions:
1 –1 0 0 –1 1
1 –1 1 0 0 1 –1 D1 = D2 = 0
1 k
K = --- 0 0 2 0 –2 0
D3 = D4 = 0
e1 2 0 0 0 0 0 0
6 4
–1 1 –2 0 3 –1 D6 = 0
2 5 e2 3 1 –1 0 0 –1 1
F 5 = –P
1 2
Equation-
system:
–1
D = K F ⇒ 2P
D 5 = ------- – 1
3k
Reaction- F1
F2
1
forces: P
–1
F3 = --- 2
3
F4 0
F6 1
The normal force, N, in one element is given by f e = kTD e ,
where N = f2 .
Element 1: D1
–1 1
1
k = k 1 –1 ; T = ------- 1 – 1 0 0 ; D e =
2 0 0 1 –1
D2
D5
⇒ f = ------k2- –DD –+DD –+DD +–DD ⇒ N = – ------32-P
1 2 5 6
1 2 5 6
D6
Element 2: D5
k = k 1 –1 ; T = 1 0 0 0 ; D e =
–1 1 00 1 0
D6
D3
⇒ f = k –DD –+DD ⇒ N = 2--3- P
5 3
5 3
D4
– 2.11 (12) –
FEM for Engineering Applications—Exercises with Solutions / August 2008 / J. Faleskog
2.15
4
2
1 –1 0 0 0 0 –1 1
1 3 –1 1 + 2 0 0 0 – 2 1 –1
8 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
k
7 K = ---------- 0 0 0 2 2 0 0 0 –2 2
2 2 0 0 0 0 1 1 –1 –1
6 0 – 2 0 0 1 1 + 2 –1 –1
stel –1 1 0 0 –1 –1 2 0
5
1 –1 0 –2 2 –1 –1 0 2+2 2
D6 –6+4 2
Boundary conditions:
⇒
Equation- – 0.3431
–1 Q Q
D = K F D7 = ---- – 3 + 2 2 = ---- – 0.1716
D1 = D2 = 0 system: k k
D8 5–4 2 – 0.6569
D3 = D4 = 0
F1 –3 2+4
D5 = 0 (p.g.a. stel bom) – 0.1716
Reaction- F2 6 2–8 0.3431
F 6 = F 7 = 0, F 8 = – Q forces Q
F3 = ------- 0 = Q 0
2
F4 8–5 2 0.6569
F5 0.1716
3 2–4
2.16
6 4
16 12 – 16 – 12 0 0 Boundary conditions:
5 12 19 – 12 –9 0 – 10 (rigid support)
3 D1 = 0
2 1 e2 2 k – 16 – 12 21 12 –5 0
K = --- D4 = 0
e3 2 5 – 12 –9 12 9 0 0
1 2 e1 0 0 –5 0 5 0 D5 = D 6 = 0
“rigid” 1 0 – 10 0 0 0 10 F 2 = – Q, F 3 = 0
1
F1
Equation- Reaction- – 20 – 0.2353
system: D –1
= K F ⇒ D2
D3
Q
17k – 4
Q
= --------- – 7 = ---- – 0.4118
k – 0.2353
forces F4 Q 15
= ------
85 20
= Q 0.1765
F5 0.2353
F6 70 0.8235
Element 1:
–1 1
1
k = 5k 1 – 1 ; T = --- 4 3 0 0 ; D e =
5 0 0 43
D2
D3
⇒ f = k –3D – 4D
3D + 4D
⇒ 5 2
N = ------ Q
17
3
2 3
D4
D5
Element 2:
–1 1
1
k = k 1 – 1 ; T = --- 1 0 0 0 ; D e =
5 0 0 1 0
D6
D3
⇒ f = k –DD ⇒ N = – 3 4
------ Q
17
3
D4
D1
Element 3: k = 2k 1 – 1 ; T = 0 1 0 0 ; D e =
–1 1 0 00 1
D2
D5
⇒ f = 2k –DD ⇒ N = 14-----17- Q
2
2
D6
– 2.12 (12) –
FEM for Engineering Applications—Exercises with Solutions / August 2008 / J. Faleskog
3.1 The solution to a specific one-dimensional problem is governed by the differential equa-
tion (strong form)
d- ⎛ dφ
----- D ------⎞ – qφ + Q = 0 for x 1 ≤ x ≤ x 2 ,
dx ⎝ dx ⎠
where the primary variable φ depends on x. Also D, q and Q may depend on x. Derive the
weak form and identify the essential and natural boundary conditions.
d dφ
3.2 The weak form to ------ ⎛⎝ D ------⎞⎠ – qφ + Q = 0 is
dx dx
x2 x2 x2
x2
dv
------ D dφ dφ
∫ dx dx
------ dx + ∫ vqφdx = ∫
vQdx + vD ------ ,
dx x1
x1 x1 x1
where v(x) is an arbitrary weight function. Derive the FEM-equation for one element. Use a
linear interpolation for the primary variable and use Galerkin’s method, regarding the choice
of the weight function.
– 3.1 (15) –
FEM for Engineering Applications—Exercises with Solutions / August 2008 / J. Faleskog
------ ⎛ EA du
d
------⎞ – k x u + AK x = 0 .
dx ⎝ dx⎠
(a) Show that the weak form is
L L L
dv
------ EA du
L
∫ dx
------ dx + ∫ vk x udx = ∫ vK x Adx + [ v ( σA ) ] 0 ,
dx
0 0 0
where σ denotes the normal stress and v is an arbitrary weight function.
(b) Derive the FEM-equation (use Galerkin’s method) to the weak form above for one ele-
ment, i.e. identify the quantities in the equation
ke d e = f e .
(c) Divide the bar into two linear elements of the same length and analyse the problem.
Evaluate the node displacements. Apply the boundary conditions: u = 0 for x = 0 and
σA = Q for x = L. Assume that E and A are constants and that the spring constant
2
k x = 3EA ⁄ ( 2L ) and the body force K x = Q ⁄ ( AL ) .
3.5 Figure (a) to the right shows a uniform bar loaded (a) (b)
by its dead weight, ρg, where ρ is the density of the bar
and g is the acceleration of gravity. The bar has elastic
x EA
modulus E and cross sectional area A. The displace- x
ρ
ment, u, is given by the solution to the differential x=L
equation g
P
d du x = 2L
------ ⎛ EA ------⎞ + A ρ g = 0 .
dx ⎝ dx⎠ k
x=L
x = 3L
(a) Assume that E, A, ρ and g are constants and
show that the weak form is
L L
dv du L
EA ∫ ------ ------ dx = [ v ( σA ) ]0 + ρ gA ∫ vdx ,
dx dx
0 0
where σ is the normal stress in the bar and v an arbitrary weight function.
(b) Derive the FEM-equation (use Galerkin’s method) to the weak form above for one ele-
ment, i.e. identify the quantities in the equation
ke d e = f e .
– 3.2 (15) –
FEM for Engineering Applications—Exercises with Solutions / August 2008 / J. Faleskog
(c) In an application, a bar (E, A) is connected to a linear spring with spring constant k, see
Figure (b) above. The bar is loaded by a point force applied at the x = L and by its dead
weight. Divide the bar/spring structure in three elements with nodes placed in the
points: x = 0, L, 2L and 3L. Thus, the bar should be divided into two equal elements.
Let k = 2EA ⁄ L , where EA is constant, and calculate the displacements at the nodes.
2 2 x = −L kz x=L
d - ⎛ ---------
d w⎞
------- ⎜ EI ⎟ + kz w – q = 0 .
2 2
dx ⎝ dx ⎠
T
M T M
(b) Derive the FEM-equation (use Galerkin’s method) to the weak form above for one ele-
ment, i.e. identify the quantities in the equation ke d e = f e .
z,w
(c) Divide the beam into a two-node beam element (2
x M0
D.O.F. per node) and determine w′ ( L ) . Assume
4
that EI is constant, k z = λEI ⁄ L and q = 0. The
boundary conditions are shown in the figure to the x = −L x=L
right.
– 3.3 (15) –
FEM for Engineering Applications—Exercises with Solutions / August 2008 / J. Faleskog
2 2 M T M
d - ⎛ ---------
d w⎞
------- ⎜ EI ⎟ + ρ gA = 0 .
2 2
dx ⎝ dx ⎠
(a) Assume that ρ, g and A are constants and show that the weak form is
L L
2 2 L L
d-------v- d---------
w dv
∫ 2
EI 2
dx = [ vT ] – ------ M – ρ gA ∫ vdx ,
dx dx –L dx
–L –L –L
where v is an arbitrary weight function, T is shear force and M is moment (defined
according to the figure above). The relations T = – ( EIw″ )′ and M = – EIw″ have
been utilized at the boundaries.
(b) Derive the FEM-equation (use Galerkin’s method) to the weak form above for one ele-
ment, i.e. identify the quantities in the equation ke d e = f e .
(c) The figure to the right shows a cantilever beam
attached to a linear spring with spring constant g z,w
3
k = η EI ⁄ L . The beam is loaded by its dead weight k
and by a point force P. Analyse the beam by use of a x
two-node beam element and calculate its deflection
P
and rotation (slope) at x = L for the special case that x = −L
η = 1 ⁄ 2 , P = ρ gAL and EI = constant. x=L
3.8 The figure to the right shows a beam with bending stiff-
z,w Q
ness EI subjected to a distributed triangular load acting down-
wards with a total resultant force equal to Q. The beam has x
elasticity modulus E and moment of inertia I. The deflection
x = −L x=L
of the beam (vertical displacement), w, is given by the solu- T
tion to the differential equation
M T M
2 2
d - ⎛ ---------
d w⎞ ⎛ x⎞ Q
------- ⎜ EI ⎟ + 1 + --- ------ = 0
2 2 ⎝ L⎠ 2L
dx ⎝ dx ⎠
(a) Show that the weak form to the differential equation is
L L
2 2 L
d-------v- d---------
w L dv 1 x dx
∫
EI dx = [ vT ] – ------ M –Q∫ v --- ⎛ 1 + ---⎞ ------ ,
2 2 –L dx 2 ⎝ L⎠ L
dx dx –L
–L –L
where v is an arbitrary weight function, T is a shear force and M is a moment (see the
figure above). The relations T = – ( EIw″ )′ and M = – EIw″ have been used at the
boundaries.
(b) Derive the FEM equation of the weak form above for one element, i.e. identify the
quantities in the equation ke d e = f e (use Galerkin’s method).
– 3.4 (15) –
FEM for Engineering Applications—Exercises with Solutions / August 2008 / J. Faleskog
d- ⎛ dT
----- kA ------⎞ + qA – hP ( T – T∞ ) = 0 .
dx ⎝ dx ⎠
Here, q [W/m3] is a continues distributed heat source and T∞ is the ambient temperature (the
last term represents convection to the surrounding medium).
(a) Show that the weak form to the differential equation is
3L ⁄ 2 3L ⁄ 2 3L ⁄ 2
dv 3L ⁄ 2
∫
------ kA dT
------ dx + ∫
vhPTdx = [ v ( – Q ) ] + ∫
v ( qA + hPT ∞ )dx ,
dx dx 0
0 0 0
where v is an arbitrary weight function and Q is heat flow, where Q = – k AdT ⁄ dx
(Fourier’s law) has been used at the boundaries.
(b) Derive the FEM-equation (use Galerkin’s method) to the weak form above for one ele-
ment, i.e. identify the quantities in the equation ke d e = f e .
(c) Divide the cooling fin into three linear elements (two nodes per element and one tem-
perature d.o.f. per nod) and determine the temperature at the nodes. The boundary con-
ditions are described by T = 4T ∞ at x = 0 and T = T∞ at x = 3L ⁄ 2 . Assume that k,
2
A and P are constants, q = 0 and that hP = 12kA ⁄ L .
(d) Change the boundary conditions in x = 3L ⁄ 2 from prescribed temperature to convec-
tion. Assume that the relation between the surface of the perimeter and the surface of
the end of the fin is LP = A ⁄ 96 .
3.10 The figure to the right shows a model for heat con-
duction in a one-dimensional rod, where heat exchange Convection
by convection between the surface of the rod and the Heat conduction
surrounding medium is taken into consideration. The x
ambient temperature of the surrounding medium is T ∞ . x = x
1 T(x) x = x2
The rod has cross sectional area A [m2], perimeter P
[m], thermal conductivity k [W/m/oC] and convection
heat transfer coefficient h [W/m2/oC]. The temperature T [oC] in the rod as a function of posi-
tion at steady state conditions is given by the solution to the differential equation
– 3.5 (15) –
FEM for Engineering Applications—Exercises with Solutions / August 2008 / J. Faleskog
d- ⎛ dT
----- kA ------⎞ – hP ( T – T ∞ ) = 0 .
dx ⎝ dx ⎠
x1 x1 x1
FORMULAS
1D: φ1
φ ( ξ ) = N1 φ 1 + N 2φ 2 = N1 N2 N1 = 1 – ξ N2 = ξ
1 φ2
L 2
φ1 φ2 N
ξ L L
T
L dN N- --1- 1 – 1
0 1
T
--- 2 1
∫ N Ndx = { dx = Ldξ } = 6
---------- -----
∫ dx dx dx = L
1 2 –1 1
0 0
2 2
Beam element: d N 1d N
Deflection: w ( ξ ) = N 1 d 1 + N 2 d 2 + N 3 d 3 + N 4 d 4 = Nd e , B = ---------2- = -----2 ---------2-
dx L dξ
d1 d3 3 2 3
2L, EI N 1 = ( 2 – 3ξ + ξ ) ⁄ 4, N2 = L ( 1 – ξ – ξ + ξ ) ⁄ 4
3 2 3
d2 d4 N 3 = ( 2 + 3ξ – ξ ) ⁄ 4, N4 = L ( – 1 – ξ + ξ + ξ ) ⁄ 4
ξ
−1 0 1
3 3L – 3 3L 78 22L 27 – 13L
L L
2 2
T 1 - 3L 4L – 3L 2L
-------- T L - 22L 8L 13L – 6L 2
--------
2
∫ B Bdx = 3 ∫ N Ndx =
105 27 13L 78 – 22L
2L – 3 – 3L 3 – 3L
–L –L
2 2 2 2
3L 2L – 3L 4L – 13L – 6L – 22L 8L
L 9
1--- ⎛
T x---⎞ dx
------ 1
------ 4L
∫ N 2 ⎝ 1 + L⎠ L = 30
21
–L
– 6L
– 3.6 (15) –
FEM for Engineering Applications—Exercises with Solutions / August 2008 / J. Faleskog
Solutions
x2
d dφ
3.1 (i) Weighted residual: v ⎛ ------ ⎛ D ------⎞
∫ ⎝ dx ⎝ dx ⎠
– qφ + Q⎞ dx = 0 , where v is an arb. weight fcn.
⎠
x1
x2 x2
x2
d dφ dφ dv dφ
(ii) Integration by parts ∫ v ⎛ ------ ⎛ D ------⎞ ⎞ dx = vD ------ – ∫ ------ D ------ dx gives
⎝ dx ⎝ dx ⎠ ⎠ dx x1 dx dx
x1 x1
Weak form:
x2 x2 x2
x2
dv
------ D dφ dφ dφ dφ
∫ dx dx
------ dx + ∫ vqφdx = ∫
vQdx + vD ------ φ = φ 0 eller D ------ = D ------ på x = x i
dx x1 dx dx 0
x1 x1 x1
Essential B.C.
Natural B.C.
φ1
3.2 Approximation function: φ(ξ) = Nφ e , N = 1 – ξ ξ , φe =
φ2
dφ
⇒ ------ = dφ
------ dξ
------ = 1--- dN
------- φ = Bφ e , where l is the element length
dx dξ dx l dξ e
T T T
Weight fcn. (Galerkin’s method): v ( ξ ) = Nβ = β N where β = β 1 β 2 (arbitrary)
T
dv dv- -----
dξ- T 1 dN T T
------ = -----⇒ = β --- ---------- = β B
dx dξ dx l dξ
Inserted into the weak form gives
1 1 1
T T T T T T dφ 1
β ∫
B DBldξ + ∫ N qNldξ φ e = β ∫
N Qldξ + N D ------
dx 0
0 0 0
kD kq fQ fs
N Qldξ = l ∫ 1 – ξ Qdξ
T
fQ = ∫
ξ
0 0
– 3.7 (15) –
FEM for Engineering Applications—Exercises with Solutions / August 2008 / J. Faleskog
L T L T L
T
3.3 (b) k e de = f e , where k e = ∫
B EAB dx and fe = ∫
N K x A dx + [ N ( σA ) ] .
0
0 0
3.3 (c) Node/element division: D1 D2 D3 2 QL
D 2 = --- --------
9 EA
2 –2 0 0 R1 2
Eqn. system: EA ⇒ R 1 = – --- Q
------- – 2 3 –1 D 2 = Q⁄3 9
2L
0 –1 1 0 R 3 + 2Q ⁄ 3 7
R 3 = – --- Q
9
3.4(a)
L
d du
Weighted residual: ∫
v ------ ⎛⎝ EA ------⎞⎠ – k x u + AKx dx = 0 (1)
dx dx
0
L L
d du du L dv du
Integration by parts: ∫ v ------ ⎛ EA ------⎞ dx = v ⎛ EA ------⎞ – ∫ ------ EA ------ dx (2)
dx ⎝ dx⎠ ⎝ dx⎠ 0 dx dx
0 L L L 0
(2) inserted into (1) L
dv
------ EA du
du
gives the weak form: ∫ dx
------ dx + ∫ vk x udx = ∫
vAK x dx + v ⎛⎝ EA ------⎞⎠
dx dx 0
0 0 0
du
3.4(b) Displacement interpolation: u = Nd e ------ = dN------- de = Bd e
dx dx
T
T T dv T dN T T
Weight function: v = Nb e = b e N -----
- = be ---------
- = be B
dx dx
T T T T T T Le
be ∫
B EAB dx + ∫
N k x N dx de = b e ∫
N K x A dx + [ N ( σA ) ] 0
Le L Le
⎧ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎨ e⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎩ ⎧⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎨ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎩
ke fe
T
but b e is arbitrary ⇒ k e d e = fe
3.4(c)
Le = L/2 Le = L/2 2
N = (1 – ξ) ξ B = --- – 1 1
D1 D2 D3 L
1
⎫
L 2EA
B EAB --- dξ = ----------- 1 –1
T ⎪
Element- ∫ 2 L –1 1 ⎪ 1
matrices: ⎪ EA T Q L Q 1
ke = ------- 18 – 15 ; ∫ N ------- A --- dξ = ----
0
⎬⇒ AL 2 4 1
1
⎪
8L –15 18
T 3EA L
- N --- dξ = EA
0
∫
N ---------- ------- 2 1 ⎪
2 2 8L 1 2 ⎪
2L ⎭
0 reaction force
18 –15 0 D 1 1 R
EA
Assembly: ------- – 15 36 –15 D 2 = Q
---- 2 + 0
8L 4 point force
0 –15 18 D 3 1 Q
D2 QL QL
Equation (2) & (3): ⇒ = ----------------- 74 = -------- 0.525
D3 141EA 140 EA 0.993
– 3.8 (15) –
FEM for Engineering Applications—Exercises with Solutions / August 2008 / J. Faleskog
3.5(a)
L
d du
Weighted residual: ∫ v ------ ⎛⎝ EA ------⎞⎠ + Aρg dx = 0 (1)
dx dx
0
L L L
d du du dv du
Integration by parts: v ------ ⎛ EA ------⎞⎠ dx = v ⎛ EA ------⎞
∫ dx ⎝
– ∫ ------ EA ------ dx (2)
dx ⎝ dx⎠ dx dx
0
0 0
(2) inserted into (1) L L
du dv du L
with σ = E ------ gives the weak form EA ∫ ------ ------ dx = [ v ( σA ) ] + Aρg ∫ vdx
dx dx dx 0
0 0
du
3.5(b) Displacement interpolation: u = Nd e ------ = dN
------- de = Bd e
dx dx
T
dv
------ = b Te dN
T T T
Weight function: v = Nb e = be N ---------- = b Te B
dx dx
Inserted into the L
L
L
T T T T T
weak form gives: be EA ∫ B Bdx d e = be [ N ( σA ) ] 0 + Aρg ∫ N dx
0 0
⎧⎪ ⎨ ⎪ ⎩ ⎧⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎨ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎩
ke fe
T
but be is arbitrary ⇒ k e de = fe
3.5(c)
Diskretization: L1 L2 L3 Element lengths: L1 = L2 = L3 = L
D1 D2 D3 D4 Boundary conditions: D1 = D4 = 0
Element matrices: (reaction forces: R1 & R4)
1 1
EA AρgL
k e = EA ∫ B BLdξ = ------- 1 – 1 fe = Aρg ∫ N Ldξ = -------------- 1
T T
Truss element:
L –1 1 2 1
0 0
EA
Spring element: ke = k 1 – 1 where k = 2 -------
–1 1 L
1 –1 0 0 R1 1
EA AρgL
Assembly: K = ------- – 1 2 –1 0 F = P + -------------- 2
L 0 –1 3 –2 0 2 1
0 0 –2 2 R4 0
2
EA D2 D2 PL AρgL
Eqs. (2) & (3): ------- 2 – 1 = P + AρgL ⇒ = ----------- 3 + ---------------- 7
L –1 3 D AρgL ⁄ 2 D3 5EA 1 10E 4
3
– 3.9 (15) –
FEM for Engineering Applications—Exercises with Solutions / August 2008 / J. Faleskog
3.6(a)
L
Weighted residual: ∫
v [ ( EIw″ )″ + k z w – q ]dx = 0 (1)
–L
L L
L
Integration by parts: ∫
v [ ( EIw″ )″ ]dx = [ v ( EIw″ )′ ] – ∫
v′ [ ( EIw″ )′ ]dx =
–L
–L –L L
L L
= [ v ( EIw″ )′ ] – [ v′ ( EIw″ ) ] + ∫
v″EIw″dx (2)
–L –L
–L
(2) inserted into (1) with T = – ( EIw″ )′ and M = – EIw″ gives the weak form:
L L L
L L
∫
v″EIw″dx + ∫
vkz wdx = [ vT ] – [ v′M ] + ∫
vqdx
–L –L
–L –L –L
2 2
d---------
w d N
3.6(b) Displacement interpolation: w = Nde 2
= ---------2- d e = Bd e
dx dx
2 2 T
T T d-------v- T d N T
Weight function: v = Nb e = be N = b e
------------ = b Te B
2 2
dx dx
L L L
T L
T T T T T dN T L
be ∫
B EIB dx + ∫
N k z N dx d e = be ∫
N q dx + [ N T ]
– ---------- M
–L dx –L
–L –L –L
⎧⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎨ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎩ ⎧⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎨ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎩
ke fe
T
but b e is arbitrary ⇒ ke d e = f e
3.6(c)
– 3.10 (15) –
FEM for Engineering Applications—Exercises with Solutions / August 2008 / J. Faleskog
3.6(d)
1 R1 Reaction
L
force & moment
where Fb = ------ ∫ N dx = ---- L ⁄ 3
Q Q
Fs = R 2
T
2L 2 1 External point
–L
0
–L ⁄ 3 force & moment
0
Displacement boundary conditions: w1 = θ1 = 0. The reduced equation system becomes
3
EI- 6 – 3L w 2 Q w2 QL
--------
3
= ---- 1 ⇒ = ------------ 5L
2L – 3L 6L θ 2
2 2 –L ⁄ 3 θ2 27EI 1
3.7(a)
L
Weighted residual: ∫
v [ ( EIw″ )″ + ρgA ]dx = 0 (1)
–L
L L
L
Integration by parts: ∫
v [ ( EIw″ )″ ]dx = [ v ( EAw″ )′ ] – ∫
v′ [ ( EIw″ )′ ]dx =
–L
–L –L
L
L L
= [ v ( EAw″ )′ ] – [ v′ ( EAw″ ) ] + ∫
v″EIw″dx (2)
–L –L
–L
(2) inserted into (1) with T = –( EIw″ )′ and M = – EIw″ gives the weak form:
L L
L L
∫
v″EIw″dx = [ vT ] – [ v′M ] – ρgA ∫ vdx
–L –L
–L –L
2 2
d---------
w d N
3.7(b) Displacement interpolation: w = Nde 2
= ---------2- d e = Bd e
dx dx
2 2 T
T T d-------v- T d N T T
Weight function: v = Nb e = be N = b e
------------ = b e B
2 2
dx dx
L L T
T L but be
T T T T dN
L T
be ∫
B EIB dx d e = be [ N T ] – ---------- M – ρgA ∫ N dx
–L dx –L is arbitrary
–L –L
⎧⎪ ⎨ ⎪ ⎩ ⎧⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎨ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎩ ⇒ k e d e = fe
ke fe
– 3.11 (15) –
FEM for Engineering Applications—Exercises with Solutions / August 2008 / J. Faleskog
3.7(c)
1 R1 Reaktion
L
force/moment
where Fdistributed = – ρgA ∫ N dx = – ρgAL L ⁄ 3 F point = R 2
T
1 –P External point
–L
–L ⁄ 3 force/moment
0
P = ρgAL inserted gives:
– 3.12 (15) –
FEM for Engineering Applications—Exercises with Solutions / August 2008 / J. Faleskog
3.8 (c)
d1 d3
2L, EI
FEM, discretization:
(one element) d2 d4
ξ
−1 0 1 3 3L – 3 3L
L
2 2
EI
K = ∫ B EIBdx = --------3- 3L 4L – 3L 2L
T
Element stiffness matrix:
2L – 3 – 3L 3 – 3L
–L
2 2
3L 2L – 3L 4L
3.9(a)
3L ⁄ 2
d dT
Weighted residual: ∫
v ------ ⎛ kA ------⎞ + qA – hP ( T – T ∞ ) dx = 0 (1)
dx ⎝ dx ⎠
0
3L ⁄ 2 3L ⁄ 2
d dT dT 3L ⁄ 2 dv
Integration by parts: ∫ v ------ ⎛⎝ kA ------⎞⎠ dx = v ⎛⎝ kA ------⎞⎠ – ∫
------ ⎛ kA dT
------⎞ dx (2)
dx dx dx 0 dx ⎝ dx ⎠
0 dT 0
(2) inserted into (1) with – Q = kA ------ gives the weak form:
dx
3L ⁄ 2 3L ⁄ 2 3L ⁄ 2
dv 3L ⁄ 2
∫
------ kA dT
------ dx + ∫
vhPTdx = [ v ( – Q ) ] + ∫
v ( qA + hpT ∞ )dx
dx dx 0
0 0 0
dT- dN
3.9 (b) Temperature interpolation: T = NT e ----- = ------- T e = BT e
dx dx
T
dv
------ = b e dN
T T T T T
Weight function: v = Nb e = be N ---------- = b e B
dx dx
Inserted into the weak form gives:
x2 x2 x2
T T T T T T x2
be ∫
B kAB dx + ∫ N hPN dx T e = be ∫
N ( qA + hpT ∞ ) dx + [ N ( – Q ) ]
x1
x1 x1 x1
⎧⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎨ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎩ ⎧⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎨ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎩
ke fe
T
but b e is arbitrary ⇒ ke T e = f e
– 3.13 (15) –
FEM for Engineering Applications—Exercises with Solutions / August 2008 / J. Faleskog
3.9 (c)
1 e1 2 e2 3 e3 4
FEM - model:
T1 T2 T3 T4
For one element applies:
1 1
⎧ kA ⎫
k e = ∫ ---------- – 1 kA ---------- – 1 1 --- dξ + ∫ 1 – ξ hP 1 – ξ ξ --- dξ =
1 1 L L kA
⎨ hPL = 12 ------ ⎬ = ------ 4 – 1
L⁄2 1 L⁄2 2 ξ 2 ⎩
L ⎭ L –1 4
0 0
1
⎧ kA ⎫
fe = ∫ 1 – ξ ( qA + hPT∞ ) --- dξ =
L kA
⎨q = 0 ; hPL = 12 ------ ⎬ = 3 ------ T ∞ 1
ξ 2 ⎩
L ⎭ L 1
0
4 –1 0 0 1 Q R1
kA – 1 8 – 1 0 kA 2 + 0
Assembly of system matrix gives K = ------
L 0 – 1 8 –1
and the r.h.s F = 3 ------ T ∞
L 2 0
Equation system: 0 0 –1 4 1 – Q R4
4T ∞ Q R1 4 Q R1 L ⁄ ( kAT ∞ )
4 –1 0 0 1 4 –1 0 0 3
kA – 1 8 –1 0 T2 kA 2 + 0 ⇔ –1 8 –1 0 T ⁄ T ∞
------ = 3 ------T ∞ 2
= 6 + 0
L 0 –1 8 –1 T3 L 2 0 0 –1 8 –1 T3 ⁄ T ∞ 6 0
0 0 –1 4 T∞ 1 – Q R4 0 0 –1 4 1 3 – Q R4 ⁄ ( kAT ∞ )
L
8 –1 T2 ⁄ T∞ = 6 – { –1 ⋅ 4 + 0 ⋅ 1 } ⇒
T2 T∞
= ------ 29 = T ∞ 1.3809
–1 8 T3 ⁄ T∞ 6 – {0 ⋅ 4 – 1 ⋅ 1 } T3 21 22 1.0476
3.9 (d)
T ξ2 0 –Q1
Convection at x=3L/2 gives for element 3: [ N ( –Q ) ]ξ1 c = –
–Q 2 0
Consider only the contribution from element node 2, since the contribution from
the element node 1 is cancelled by the contribution from element node 2 in element 2,
furthermore use that Q 2 = hA ( T2 – T ∞ )
· ξ
where hA = h ( PL ⁄ 96 ) = kA ⁄ ( 8L ) T kA 0 0 T 1 kA
⇒ [ N ( – Q ) ] ξ = ------ + ------
0 2
1
8L 0 1 T 8L T ∞
2
The equation system is modified according to:
4 –1 0 0 4 3 Q R1 L ⁄ ( kAT ∞ ) T2 1.3811
–1 8 –1 0 T2 ⁄ T∞ 6
= + 0 ⇒ T 3 = T ∞ 1.0491
0 – 1 8 –1 T3 ⁄ T∞ 6
0
1 1 T4 1.0119
8 T4 ⁄ T∞
0 0 –1 4 + --
- 3 + --- 0
8
3.10 (a)
x2
d dT
Weighted residual: ∫
v ------ ⎛⎝ kA ------⎞⎠ – hP ( T – T ∞ ) dx = 0 (1)
dx dx
x1
x2 x2
x2
d dT dT dv dT
Integration by parts: ∫ v ------ ⎛⎝ kA ------⎞⎠ dx = v ⎛⎝ kA ------⎞⎠ – ∫ ------ ⎛ kA ------⎞ dx (2)
dx dx dx x1 dx ⎝ dx ⎠
x1 1 x
dT
(2) inserted into (1) with – Q = kA -----
- gives the weak form:
x2 dxx2 x2
dv dT x2
------ kA ------ dx + ∫ vhPTdx = [ v ( – Q ) ]x + ∫ vhpT∞ dx
∫ dx dx 1
x1 x1 x1
– 3.14 (15) –
FEM for Engineering Applications—Exercises with Solutions / August 2008 / J. Faleskog
dT-
----- dN
3.10 (b) Temperature interpolation: T = NT e = ------- T e = BT e
dx dx
T
dv
------ = b e dN
T T T T T
Weight function: v = Nb e = b e N ---------- = b e B
dx dx
Inserted into the weak form gives:
x2 x2 x2
T T T T T T x2
be ∫
B kAB dx + ∫ N hPN dx T e = be ∫
N hpT ∞ dx + [ N ( – Q ) ]
x1
x1 x1 x1
⎧⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎨ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎩ ⎧⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎨ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎩
ke fe
T
but be is arbitrary ⇒ ke T e = fe
3.10 (c)
1 e1 2 e2 3
FEM - model:
T1 T2 T3
For one element applies:
1 1
⎧ kA ⎫
k e = ∫ ---------- – 1 kA ---------- – 1 1 --- dξ + ∫ 1 – ξ hP 1 – ξ ξ --- dξ =
1 1 L L 2kA
⎨ hPL = 16 ------ ⎬ = ---------- 7 – 1
L⁄2 1 L⁄2 2 ξ 2 ⎩
L ⎭ 3L – 1 7
0 0
1
hPLT ∞
fe = ∫ 1 – ξ hPT ∞ --- dξ = ----------------- 1
L
ξ 2 4 1
0
Assembly of the stiffness matrix gives: 1
2 kA
7 –1 0 hPLT ∞ 1 0
System matrix: K = --- ------ – 1 14 – 1
3L
and r.h.s. F = ----------------- 2 + hPLT ∞
4 –Q R
=
0 –1 7 1 -----------------
hPLT ∞
5 20
hPLT ∞ 2 ⎧ kA ⎛ hPL ⎞ T ∞ ⎫ kA 8
⇒ F = ----------------- = ⎨ ------ ⎝ --------------⎠ ------ ⎬ = ------ T∞
4 QR ⎩
L kA ⁄ L 4 ⎭ L 4Q R
1– ----------------- 4– -----------------
hPLT ∞ hPLT ∞
Equation system: = 16
T1 20 30
7 –1 0 7 –1 0 T1
2 kA kA 8 12
--- ------ – 1 14 – 1 T2 = ------ T ∞ ⇔ – 1 14 – 1 T 2 = T∞
3L L 4Q R 6Q R
0 – 1 7 T 3 = T∞ 4 – ----------------- 0 –1 7 T∞ 6 – -----------------
hPLT ∞ hPLT ∞
7 – 1 T 1 = 30 – ( 0 ) T ⇒ T 1 = -----
1- 433
T ≈ 4.46 T ∞
Eq. (1) & (2) gives: ∞ 97 121 ∞
– 1 14 T 2 12 – ( – 1 ) T2 1.25
– 3.15 (15) –
FEM for Engineering Applications—Exercises with Solutions / August 2008 / J. Faleskog
Coordinates:
1 3 2
∑ ξ
3
x(ξ) = N k xk
k=1 −1 0 1
N 1 = – ( 1 – ξ )ξ ⁄ 2
1 3 2 Primary variable:
x N 2 = ( 1 + ξ )ξ ⁄ 2
∑
3
x1 x3 x2 φ( ξ) = Nk φ k 2
k=1 N3 = 1 – ξ
K x = q0
P
4.4 The bar in the figure to the right is subjected to an
uniformly distributed axial load Kx = q0 and a point force E, A
x=0 x=L
P. Analyse the bar by use of the finite element method
with (a) one linear element and (b) two linear element. Exact solution:
2
Compare the solutions with the exact solution given Px q 0 L x 1 x 2
u ( x ) = ------- + ----------- ⎛ --- – --- ⎛ ---⎞ ⎞
below the figure. EA E ⎝ L 2 ⎝ L⎠ ⎠
P
σ ( x ) = --- + q 0 L ( 1 – x ⁄ L )
A
– 4.1 (6) –
FEM for Engineering Applications—Exercises with Solutions / August 2008 / J. Faleskog
4.5 Carry out a finite element analysis of the uniaxial bar problem shown in figure (a) below.
Divide the bar in two linear elements of the same length. A linear element with shape func-
tions is shown in figure (b) below.
N 1 L 2
K x = q0 ------3-
u1 u2
E, A m
ξ
0 1
x=0 3 x = 2L
x = --- L N 1 = 1 – ξ, N 2 = ξ dx = Ldξ
2
(a) (b)
q ( x ) [N/m] P
4.8 A cantilever beam is loaded by a point force P, a
moment M and a uniformly distributed force per unit
length q ( x ) = Q ⁄ ( 2L ) (Q is the total resultant M
x x = 2L
force) according to the figure to the right. The bend-
ing stiffness of the beam is EI and its length 2L. Ana-
lyse the beam with FEM and use a 2-node beam Exact solution:
element (3rd degree polynomial for the interpolation PL
3
x 2 x 3 ML x 2
2
w ( x ) = --------- ⎛ 6 ⎛ ---⎞ – ⎛ ---⎞ ⎞ + ----------- ⎛ ---⎞
of the deflection). Carry out the analysis using (a) 6EI ⎝ ⎝ L⎠ ⎝ L⎠ ⎠ 2EI ⎝ L⎠
one element and (b) two elements. Compare the 3
QL 1 x 2 1 x 3 1 x 4
results with the exact solution shown below the fig- + ---------- ⎛ --- ⎛ ---⎞ – --- ⎛ --- ⎞ + ------ ⎛ ---⎞ ⎞
EI ⎝ 2 ⎝ L⎠ 6 ⎝ L⎠ 48 ⎝ L⎠ ⎠
ure.
– 4.2 (6) –
FEM for Engineering Applications—Exercises with Solutions / August 2008 / J. Faleskog
4.9 The figure below shows a cantilever beam, which is subjected to a distributed force, a
moment and a point force. The bending stiffness of the beam is EI. The beam is during a FEM-
analysis modelled by two 2-nodes beam element. The coordinates of the three nodes used in
the FEM-model are: x = { 0, 2L, 3L } . Determine the force vector, where also the reaction
forces should be indicated.
Q x N-
q(x) = ------ ⋅ --- ---
z 2L L m
P
M x
x=0 x = 3L
x = 2L
FORMULAS
1D: φ1
φ ( ξ ) = N1 φ 1 + N2 φ 2 = N 1 N 2 N1 = 1 – ξ N2 = ξ
1 φ2
L 2
φ1 φ2 N
ξ L L
∫ ∫ dN
T
L N- 1
N Ndx = { dx = Ldξ } = --- 2 1 dx = --- 1 – 1
T
0 1 ---------- -----
6 1 2 dx dx L –1 1
0 0
2 2
Balkelement: d N 1d N
Deflection: w ( ξ ) = N 1 d 1 + N 2 d 2 + N 3 d 3 + N 4 d 4 = Nd e , B = ---------2- = -----2 ---------2-
dx L dξ
d1 d3 3 2 3
2L, EI N 1 = ( 2 – 3ξ + ξ ) ⁄ 4, N2 = L( 1 – ξ – ξ + ξ ) ⁄ 4
3 2 3
d2 d4 N 3 = ( 2 + 3ξ – ξ ) ⁄ 4, N4 = L( – 1 – ξ + ξ + ξ ) ⁄ 4
ξ
−1 0 1
3 3L – 3 3L 78 22L 27 – 13L
L L
1 1 1 –6
N dξ = L ⁄ 3
1
N ξdξ = ------ – L
T T
∫ ∫ 15 6
1
–1 –1
–L ⁄ 3 –L
– 4.3 (6) –
FEM for Engineering Applications—Exercises with Solutions / August 2008 / J. Faleskog
Solutions
4.1
Displacement in the element: u = N 1 u 1 + N 2 u 2 = δ 0 + ε 0 ξL = { x = ξL } = δ 0 + ε 0 x
du
(a) Strain in the element: ε ( x ) = ------ = ε0
dx
(b) The case ε0 = 0 results in the rigid body motion since u ( x ) = δ0
N 2 = ( 1 + ξ ) ( 1 – 3ξ ) ( 1 + 3ξ ) ⁄ C 2 N (1) = 1 ⇒ C = – 16
2 2
N 3 = ( 1 + ξ ) ( 1 – ξ ) ( 1 – 3ξ ) ⁄ C 3 N (– 1 ⁄ 3) = 1 ⇒ C = 16 ⁄ 9
3 3
N 4 = ( 1 + ξ ) ( 1 – ξ ) ( 1 + 3ξ ) ⁄ C 4 N (1 ⁄ 3) = 1 ⇒ C = 16 ⁄ 9
4 4
4.3
Strain: du du dξ
ε = ------ = ------ ------ ⎫⎪
dx dξ dx
⎪⎬ ⇒ ε = u 2 – u1 ( u1 + u 2 – 2u 3 ) 1
+ ------------------------------------- ξ -----------------------
--------- x dξ = L ( 1 – 2λξ )dξ ⎪
3 ----------------
∂N 2L L ( 1 – 2λξ )
⎪⎭
k
dx = ∑ ∂ξ k
k=1 Note! singular for 2λξ = 1
4.4
(a) One element solution, discretization: D1 D2
Element stiffness matrix: Uniform load contribution to the nodal force vector:
1 1 ALq
f b = ∫ N K x ALdξ = ALq0 ∫ 1 – ξ dξ = ------------0- 1
EA
k e = ------- 1 – 1
T
L –1 1 ξ 2 1
Boundary conditions 0 0
Reaction force
2
PL- q----------
0L
Eq. EA D = 0 ALq Eq. 2 gives: D 2 = ------ + -
system: ------- 1 –1 1
= R + ------------- 1
0 EA 2E
L –1 1 D2 P 2 1
Eq. 1 then gives: R = – P – ALq 0
e1 e2
(b) Two element solution, discretization:
D1 D2 D3
Element stiffness matrix: Uniform load contribution to the nodal force vector:
1 1 ALq 0
= f b2 = ∫ N K x A --- dξ = ------- q 0 ∫ 1 – ξ dξ = ------------- 1
EA L AL
k1 = k 2 = ------- 1 –1
T
fb1
L –1 1 2 2 ξ 4 1
0 0
Eq. 2
1 –1 0 D1 = 0 R ALq 1 Eq. 2 & 3: D 2 PL- 1 q----------
L
syst.: 2EA
----------- – 1 2 – 1 = 0 + ------------0- 2 = ---------- + 0 - 3
D2 D 2EA 2 8E 4
L 4 3
0 –1 1 D3 P 1 Eq. 1 then gives: R = – P – ALq0
Note! The point force solution is exact and independent of the number of element used,
whereas the distributed load solution is approximate. The forces acting at the nodes
are in global equilibrium, i.e. external loads are in balance with internal (reaction) forces.
– 4.4 (6) –
FEM for Engineering Applications—Exercises with Solutions / August 2008 / J. Faleskog
4.5
e1 e2 Element stiff- k = k = EA
------- 1 – 1
ness matrices: 1 2 L –1 1
D1 D2 D3
1 1
Element 2: fQ =
T
N K x ALdξ = ALq 0 1 – ξ dξ = ALq
------------0- 1
∫ ∫ 8 3
ξ
0 1⁄2
B.C. Reaction forces
1 –1 0 D 1 = 0 ALq 0 0
R1
⇒
2
Assembly: EA q0L
------- – 1 2 –1 D2 = ------------- 1 + 0 D 2 = ----------
-
L 8 16E
0 –1 1 D 3 = 0 3 R3
EA ALq EA 3ALq 7ALq
Reaction forces: R1 = ------- ( – D 2 ) = – ------------0- R3 = ------- ( – D 2 ) – ---------------0- = – ---------------0-
L 16 L 8 16
2L
ALq 0
Note! – ( R1 + R 3 ) = ∫
K x Adx = -------------
2
3L ⁄ 2
4.6 4
w ( x ) = w ( ξL ) = ∑
N i di = N 1 ( δ – Lθ ) + N 2 θ + N 3 ( δ + Lθ ) + N 4 θ
i=1
= δ ( N 1 + N 3 ) + θ ( N 2 + N 4 + L ( N 3 – N 1 ) ) = δ + θξL = δ + θx
4.7
2
d Ni
4
N 1″ ⎛⎜ N 2″ N 3″ N 4″
- θ = 2c
⎞⎟
κ 0 = – w″ = – ∑ ----------
dx
i=1
2
- d i = – --------
L
2
⎝ L
2
- θ 1 + --------
- w 1 + --------
L
2
- w 2 + --------
L
2 2
------
L
2
⎠
4
δ0 = w ( x = 0 ) = ∑
N i ( ξ = 0 )d i = ( N 1 w 1 + N 2 θ 1 + N 3 w 2 + N 4 θ 2 ) = a
ξ=0
i=1
⎛⎝ ⎞⎠
4
dN i ( ξ = 0 ) N 1′ N 2′ N 3′ N 4′ b
θ 0 = w′ ( x = 0 ) = ∑
--------------------------- d i = ------- - θ 1 + -------
- w 1 + ------- -θ
- w 2 + ------- = ---
dx L L L L 2 L
ξ=0
i=1
4.8
D1 D3
(a) Discretization, one element:
D2 D4
– 4.5 (6) –
FEM for Engineering Applications—Exercises with Solutions / August 2008 / J. Faleskog
4.8 cont.
Eq. 3 3L – 3 3L D1 = 0 R 3
system: EI- 3L 4L – 3L 2L 2 2 D2 = 0 MR Q
--------
3
= + ---- L
2L – 3 – 3L 3 – 3L D3 P 6 3
2 2 M –L
3L 2L – 3L 4L D4
3 2 3
= --------- 8 ⁄ 3 + ----------- 2 + ---------- 3
D3 PL ML QL
Eq. 3 & 4 give:
D4 EI 2 ⁄ L EI 2 ⁄ L 3EI 1 ⁄ L
D1 D3 D5
(b) Discretization, two elements:
D2 D4 D6
Element stiffness matrices: Distributed load contribution
3 3L ⁄ 2 –3 3L to the nodal force vector: 6
L⁄2
∫ 4EI 3L ⁄ 2 L 22 1
T – 3L ⁄ 2 L ⁄ 2 TQL Q
k1 = k2 = B EIBdx = --------
L
3
-
– 3 – 3L ⁄ 2 3 – 3L ⁄ 2 f b1 = fb2 = ∫ N ------ --- dξ = ------ L
–L ⁄ 2 2L 2 24 6
2 2
3L ⁄ 2 L ⁄ 2 – 3L ⁄ 2 L –1
–L
3 3L ⁄ 2 –3 3L 0 0 D1 = 0
Eq. 2 2
R 6
3L ⁄ 2 L – 3L ⁄ 2 L ⁄ 2 0 0 D2 = 0 MR
system: L
4EI – 3 – 3L ⁄ 2 6 0 –3 3L ⁄ 2 D3 Q 12
---------
3
= 0 +------
L 3L ⁄ 2 L ⁄ 2
2 2 2 24
0 2L – 3L ⁄ 2 L ⁄ 2 D 4 0 0
0 0 – 3 – 3L ⁄ 2 3 – 3L ⁄ 2 D5 P 6
2 2 M –L
0 0 3L ⁄ 2 L ⁄ 2 – 3L ⁄ 2 L D 6
Note! The solutions for P and M are exact independent of the number of beam elements
used, whereas the distributed load solution is approximate. Also note that the forces
acting at the nodes are in global equilibrium, i.e. external loads are in balance
with internal (reaction) forces.
4.9
D1 D3 D5 B.C. & kinematical constraint: D1 = D2 = D3 = 0
e1 e2 (give reaction forces/moments: R1, R2 & R3)
D2 D4 D6 1
Element 1: x = L ( 1 + ξ ) ⇒ dx = Ldξ , fb = ∫
T
N qLdξ where
Q
q = ------ ( 1 + ξ )
2L
1 –1
3
(-------------------------------
2 – 3ξ + ξ )- ----- Q- 3Q 2QL 7Q QL
f b1 = ∫
( 1 + ξ )Ldξ = ------- f b2 = ----------- f b3 = ------- f b4 = – --------
4 2L 10 15 10 5
–1
⇒F T
= R + 3Q - R2 + 2QL
1 ------
10
----------- R3 + 7Q
15
------- M – QL
10
--------
5
–P 0
– 4.6 (6) –
FEM for Engineering Applications—Exercises with Solutions / August 2008 / J. Faleskog
– 5.1 (6) –
FEM for Engineering Applications—Exercises with Solutions / August 2008 / J. Faleskog
5.5 Analyse the linear elastic planar frame work shown to the
L
right by use of FEM. Use a 2-node combined truss/beam ele-
ment allowing for both axial and bending deformation. The
cross section of the frame is displayed in the figure and the elas-
tic modulus is E. Will the FEM solution agree with the exact L
h
solution, i.e. with the Euler-Bernoulli beam theory, in the present h
case? P
5.6 The figure below shows a circular ring, which is an integral part of a flexible machine
member. The ring is subjected to diametrically opposed forces according to the figure. Deter-
mine the spring constant defined as k = P ⁄ δ by use of FEM. If the symmetry of the problem
is fully utilized, only a quarter of the ring needs to be modelled. The problem can for instance
be analysed by the Matlab based FEM program “frame2D”, available at the home page of the
course. If the displacement, δ, primarily is due to bending deformation (a good approximation
if R » h ), the spring constant of the ring can analytically be expressed as
4π EI
k = ------------------
2
- ------ ,
3
(π – 8)R
where E is the elastic modulus and I area moment of inertia. Note that in order for the FEM
solution to come close to this result, the FEM model requires that R » h .
δ⁄2 P y
“symmetric quarter”
R η P⁄2
R h δ⁄2
R
x
δ⁄2 P
– 5.2 (6) –
FEM for Engineering Applications—Exercises with Solutions / August 2008 / J. Faleskog
FORMULAS
Frames of truss/spring members (based on 2-node elements):
Global forulation for truss & spring elements
EA
y D4 Ke = k a –a spring constant for a truss element k = -------
–a a L
x 2 D3 2 c = cos φ
k φ where a = c sc
D2 2 s = sin φ
sc s
D1 2 l 12 = cos φ x = ( x 2 – x 1 ) ⁄ L
1 l12 l 12 m 12
alternativly a = m 12 = cos φ y = ( y 2 – y 1 ) ⁄ L
2
l12 m 12 m 12
Local/global transformation of nodal force vector: 2 2
L = ( x2 – x1 ) + ( y2 – y1 )
T l 12 m 12 0 0
Fe = T fe där T =
0 0 l 12 m 12
– 5.3 (6) –
FEM for Engineering Applications—Exercises with Solutions / August 2008 / J. Faleskog
Solutions
5.1
D6 D4 Element stiffness matrices:
D5 D3
1 0 –1 0 1 1 –1 –1 0 0 0 0
EA 0 0 0 0 k = EA EA 0 1
k 1 = ------- ------- 1 1 –1 –1 k 3 = ------- 0 –1
3 2 L –1 0 1 0
2 2L – 1 –1 1 1 L 0 0 0 0
D8 D2
0 0 0 0 –1 –1 1 1 0 –1 0 1
1 D1
D7 L
Q
Distributed load contribution to nodal force vector (el. 1): f b1 = ∫ NK x ALdx = – ---- 1
2 1
0
1
Q
= T f b1 = – ---- 0
T
Transformation to global coordinate system gives: F b1
2 1
with T = 1 0 0 0
00 1 0
Eq. D1 R1 – Q ⁄ 2 Bound. cond.: D1=D2=D3=D4=D5=D6=0 0
system: 2 0 –2 0
0 0 D2 R2 Give rise to the reaction forces R1 t.o.m. R6
0 0 0 0
D3 R3
1 1 –1 –1 Eq. 7 and 8 give: D7 QL
EA
0
1 1
0
–1 –1 D4 R4 = ----------- – 1
------- = D8 8EA – 5
2L 0 0 0 0 D5
0 0 R5
0 2 0 –2 D6 R6
-------, R 2 = 0, R 3 = 3Q
Eq. 1 - 6 then give: R 1 = 5Q -------
8 8
–2 0 –1 –1 0 0 3 1
D7 –Q ⁄ 2 3Q 5Q
0 0 –1 –1 0 –2 1 3 R 4 = -------, R 5 = 0, R 6 = -------
D8 –Q 8 8
D3 D5 ⎛ 1 + ---------
1 ⎞ 1 1
- – ---------- – 1 0 – ----------
1
----------
Eq. ⎝ 2 2⎠ 2 2 2 2 2 2
system: 1 1 1 1 D1 Q
– ---------- ---------- 0 0 ---------- – ---------- R2
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 0
D2 EA
------- –1 0 1 0 0 0 0 = Q ⁄ 2 + R3
L 0 0 0 1 0 –1 0 R4
D1
1 1 1 1 0 R5
– ---------- ---------- 0 0 ---------- – ----------
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 D6
0
1 1 1 1 ⎞
⎛ 1 + ---------
---------- – ---------- 0 – 1 – ---------- -
2 2 2 2 2 2 ⎝ 2 2⎠
D1 QL QL
⇒ = ----------- 3 – 2 = -------- 0.793 ⇒ R 2 R 3 R 4 R 5 = Q -0.207 -1.293 0.207 -0.207
D6 2EA EA -0.207
1– 2
– 5.4 (6) –
FEM for Engineering Applications—Exercises with Solutions / August 2008 / J. Faleskog
5.3
E, I, A, 2L D2 y D5
Equivalent P Discretization: x
D4
problem: h
4
2 D3
D1
D6
I = ------, A = h P
12
2
L 2
λ = --------- = 12 ⎛⎝ ---⎞⎠
AL
Eq. Here
λ 0 0 –λ 0 0 D1 = 0 Rx I h
system: Eq. 4 - 6 give: D 2PL ⁄ ( EA )
0 3 3L 0 – 3 3L D2 = 0 Rz 4 3 2⁄λ
PL
EI 2 D3 = 0 2 D 5 = --------- – 8 ⁄ 3 = – P ( 2L ) 3 ⁄ 3
--------- 0 3L 4L 0 – 3 L 2L = My EI
2L
3
– λ 0 0 λ 0 0 D4 D6 – 8 ⁄ ( 4L ) 2
– P ( 2L ) ⁄ 2
P
0 –3 – 3L 0 3 –3 L D5 P Eq. 1 - 3 then give the reaction forces:
2 2
0 3L 2L 0 – 3 L 4L D6 0 R x = – P, R y = P, M y = P2L
5.4
Q x
q ( x ) = – ------ ---
2L L
D2 y D5
EI, EA
One element solution: D4
D3 D1 x D6
D8
Eqn. EA EA D7
------- 0 0 – ------- 0 0 0 0
system: 2a 2a
R1
3EI- 3EI 3EI 3EI- 3EI
0 -------- --------- 0 – --------3- -------- 0 0 where a = 2L och k = --------
-
3
3 2 2 Q 2L
2a 2a 2a 2a 0 R 2 – ------
10
3EI 2EI 3EI 2EI 0
0 --------- --------- 0 – --------2- --------- 0 0 7QL
2 a a 0 R 3 – ----------- 0
2a 2a 60 D4
D4 QL
2 – 225 L P4L 1
K = – EA
------- 0 0
EA
------- 0 0 0 0 = P ⇒ D5 = ---------- ---------------
45 + ---------- 0
2a 2a D5 9Q EI EA
– ------- D6 1--- 0
3EI 3EI 3EI 3EI 10
0 – --------- – --------- 0 --------- + k – --------- 0 – k D 6 5
3 2 3 2 23QL
2a 2a 2a 2a 0 --------------
3EI 2EI 3EI 2EI 60
0 --------- --------- 0 --------- --------- 0 0 0
2 a 2 a 0
2a 2a
R8
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 –k 0 0 k
5.5
D2 y D5 Element stiffness λ 0 0 –λ 0 0
x 0 3 3L 0 – 3 3L
D4 matrices (local):
D1 el. 1 EI 2 2 A C
D3 D6 k e 1 = k e2 = --------3- 0 3L 4L 0 – 3 L 2L =
el. 2 2L – λ 0 0 λ 0 0 T
C B
Discreti- y 0 – 3 –3 L 0 3 –3 L
zation:
x 0 3L 2L
2
0 – 3 L 4L
2
Z
D8 2
L 2
λ = --------- = 12 ⎛ ---⎞
AL
here ⎝ h⎠
X D7 I
D9 T T T
T T2 0 A C T2 0 T 2 AT 2 T 2 CT 2
Element stiffness K e 1 = k e1 K e 2 = T k e1 T =
T T
=
T
0 T2 C B 0 T2 T T
matrix (globally): T 2 C T 2 T 2 BT 2
0 –1 0
Transformation matrix: T2 = 1 0 0
0 0 1
– 5.5 (6) –
FEM for Engineering Applications—Exercises with Solutions / August 2008 / J. Faleskog
5.5 cont.
Considering the displacement boundary conditions (D1=D2=D3=0)
the reduced equation system becomes:
3 + λ 0 3L – 3 0 3L D4 D4 2
0 ( h ⁄ L ) ⁄ 24
0 3 + λ – 3L 0 – λ 0 D5
0
D5
1
2 2 3
EI- 3L – 3L 8L – 3L 0 2L D6 D6 4PL 1⁄L
--------
3
= 0 ⇒ = -------------
2L –3 0 – 3L 3 0 – 3L D 7 P D7 EI 2
8 ⁄ 3 + ( h ⁄ L ) ⁄ 24
0 –λ 0 0 λ 0 D 0 D8 1
8
2 2 0
3L 0 2L – 3L 0 4L D9 D9 3 ⁄ ( 2L )
5.6
y Ne = 4
The FEM analysis is carried out by use of a 2
node combined truss/beam element. To facilitate a
comparison with the analytical solution, the
2
geometry must be chosen such that ( h ⁄ R ) « 1 . Ne = 1
2
Since, h ∼ I ⁄ A , the cross section of the ring has Ne = 2 x
2
been choose such that R » I ⁄ A .
Ne = number of elements
1.3 1
k FEM – k analytic
-------------------------------------
k FEM ⁄ k analytic
k analytic
1.2 0.1 1
2
1.1 0.01
1.0
0 4 8 12 16 0.001
1 10 100
Number of elements
Number of elements
– 5.6 (6) –
FEM for Engineering Applications—Exercises with Solutions / August 2008 / J. Faleskog
η
6.2 One way to satisfy compatibility across element
boundaries between regions of high to low order elements 1.0 3
is to use transition elements. A plane triangular transition
element is shown in Figure 4. The shape functions for the
vertex nodes of the element are displayed below the ele-
ment. Determine the shape function associated with node 4 1 4 2
and show that it fulfil standard requirements put on shape ξ
1.0
functions. N1 = 1 – ξ ( 3 – 2 ( ξ + η ) ) – η
N2 = ξ ( 2 ( ξ + η ) – 1 )
N3 = η
1 1
N 3 = – --- ( 1 + ξ ) ( 1 + η ) ( 1 – ξ – η ) , N 4 = – --- ( 1 – ξ ) ( 1 + η ) ( 1 + ξ – η ) ,
4 4
1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2
N 5 = --- ( 1 – ξ ) ( 1 – η ) , N 6 = --- ( 1 + ξ ) ( 1 – η ) , N 7 = --- ( 1 – ξ ) ( 1 + η ) , N 8 = --- ( 1 – ξ ) ( 1 – η ) .
2 2 2 2
– 6.1 (24) –
FEM for Engineering Applications—Exercises with Solutions / August 2008 / J. Faleskog
6.7 Model the plate (thickness h) shown to the right by use of a y/L
λ λ
4-noded bi-linear isoparametric element. Determine 1
(a) the coordinate transformation x ( ξ, η ) and y ( ξ, η ) , 4 3
(b) the Jacobi matrix J and its determinant J ,
(c) the strain vector ε (assume that the displacement vector de −1 1 x/L
is known),
(d) an expression for the element stiffness matrix ke.
1 λ
−1 λ 2
– 6.2 (24) –
FEM for Engineering Applications—Exercises with Solutions / August 2008 / J. Faleskog
6.9 Calculate the contribution from the force per unit volume Ky to the nodal force vector in
the above problem by use of numerical integration based on Gauss-Legendre quadrature. Use:
(a) 1 × 1 and (b) 2 × 2 point integration scheme in the element.
6.10 A traction vector t (force per unit surface) is acting between points A and B located on
the edge of a plate of thickness h. The segment between A and B is straight and of length 2L.
Consider a linear variation of the traction vector according to
1 s 1 s
t = --- ⎛ 1 – ---⎞ tA + --- ⎛ 1 + ---⎞ tB ,
2⎝ L⎠ 2⎝ L⎠
where s is a natural coordinate, tA and tB are the traction vectors at the points A and B, respec-
tively, see the figure below. Determine the contribution to the total nodal force vector if the
plate is modelled by
(a) one isoparametric 4-node quadrilateral element,
(b) one isoparametric 8-node quadrilateral element, where the mid nodes are placed in the
middle between their corresponding corner nodes.
Assume that the traction vectors along AB are composed of a constant normal stress σ0 and a
constant shear stress τ0, such that
tx σ 0 cos θ – τ0 sin θ
tA = t B = = .
ty σ 0 sin θ + τ 0 cos θ
Use the results in (a) and (b) to evaluate the contribution to the total nodal force vector along
AB if the boundary is modelled by
(c) three equal isoparametric 4-node quadrilateral elements and
(d) three equal isoparametric 8-node quadrilateral elements, see the figure below.
θ
tb (a) (b) (c) (d)
s B 4
B B B B 7
L 3 3 6
8 3 5
4 4
6 4
0 2 3
ta 7 2
y 2 A 2 A 1 1
−L A 5
1 1 A A
x
– 6.3 (24) –
FEM for Engineering Applications—Exercises with Solutions / August 2008 / J. Faleskog
6.12 A triangular 2D domain is modelled by one plane triangular CST element according to
the figure below. The bottom side of the triangle is rigidly supported and the left side (x = 0) is
T
subjected to a linearly varying pressure, p(y), described by the traction vector t = [ p ( y ), 0 ] .
The material is isotropic, linear elastic with elastic modulus E and Poisson’s ratio ν = 1 ⁄ 3 .
Determine the node displacements and the reaction forces. The shape functions of the element
and the element stiffness matrix are given in the figure below.
y/L
(0,1) Element stiffness matrix:
p( y) = 4 2 –3 –1 –1 –1
y 3
p 0 ⎛ 1 – ---⎞ 2 4 –1 –1 –1 –3
⎝ L⎠
3Eh
K e = ---------- – 3 – 1 3 0 0 1
16 – 1 – 1 0 1 1 0
(1,0)
1 2
x/L –1 –1 0 1 1 0
–1 –3 1 0 0 3
Shape functions: Node displacement vector:
N 1 = 1 – ξ – η, N 2 = ξ, N3 = η T
d e = d 1x d1y d 2x d 2y d 3x d 3y
där ξ = x ⁄ L η = y⁄L
y/L
6.13 A CST element for 2D linear elastic analysis is shown
to the right. The material is isotropic, linear elastic with 1
elastic modulus E and Poisson’s ratio ν = 1/3. 3
(a) Show that the shape functions of the element is: 2
N 1 = 1 – ξ – η ; N 2 = 2ξ ; N 3 = η – ξ , where 1
ξ = x ⁄ L and η = y ⁄ L .
x/L
(b) Calculate the stresses in the element. The displace- 1/2
ment vector of the element, d e , is given in the figure, T
d e = 0 0 1--- --------
– 1- –-----1- Lε
0
where ε0 is a reference strain. 4 108 6
0
– 6.4 (24) –
FEM for Engineering Applications—Exercises with Solutions / August 2008 / J. Faleskog
6.16 A rectangular sheet metal of thickness h is subjected to an uniaxial stress σ0. An exact
analysis of the problem can for instance be carried out by use of only one plane bi-linear 4-
node quadrilateral element as in the FEM model shown in the figure below. The position of the
element nodes are x ⁄ L = ± 1 and y ⁄ L = ± 1 . The uniaxial load is introduced in the model as
a traction vector applied on the element side (edge) between node 2 and node 3. The material
is isotropic, linearly elastic with elastic modulus E and Poisson’s ratio ν = 1 ⁄ 3 .
T
(a) Introduce the displacement vector D e = d 1x d 1y … d 4y and define the dis-
placement boundary conditions.
(b) Calculate/evaluate the nodal force vector Fe. Mark the reaction forces accord-
ing to f1x = R1x etc. (the shape functions of the element, isoparametric for-
mulation, are given in the figure below).
(c) Calculate all the reaction forces and also check that the nodal forces due to the
traction t agrees with the answer in (b) above. The element stiffness matrix
Ke and the resulting node displacement vector De are given below.
– 6.5 (24) –
FEM for Engineering Applications—Exercises with Solutions / August 2008 / J. Faleskog
y/L
4 3
2L
t = σ0 1
0
2L
x/L
σ0 σ0
1 2
Shape functions: 8 3 –5 0 –4 –3 1 0 0
η 3 8 0 1 –3 –4 0 –5 2 ⁄3
4 N1 = ( 1 – ξ ) ( 1 – η ) ⁄ 4 –5 0 8 –3 1 0 –4 3 2
3 Eh σ0 L 2 ⁄ 3
N2 = ( 1 + ξ ) ( 1 – η ) ⁄ 4 K e = ------- 0 1 –3 8 0 –5 3 –4 D e = ---------
16 – 4 E
ξ N3 = ( 1 + ξ ) ( 1 + η ) ⁄ 4
–3 1 0 8 3 –5 0 2
1 2 –3 –4 0 –5 3 8 0 1 0
N4 = ( 1 – ξ ) ( 1 + η ) ⁄ 4 1 0 –4 3 –5 0 8 –3 0
0 –5 3 –4 0 1 –3 8 0
– 6.6 (24) –
FEM for Engineering Applications—Exercises with Solutions / August 2008 / J. Faleskog
element). The inertia forces due to the angular velocity ω and the dead weight can be
2
addressed by introducing the body forces K x = ρω x and K y = – ρ g into the FEM analysis.
The shape functions Ni and the element stiffness matrix ke are given in the figure below.
(a) Calculate/evaluate the nodal force vector F, where also the reaction forces should be
included symbolically.
(b) Calculate all the displacements at the nodes de and the reaction forces.
(c) Calculate the stresses in the element.
ω y/L
(a) (b)
(0, 1)
2L 3
x/L
2
(1, 0)
2L
g 1
(0, −1)
6.19 A rectangular plate of thickness h rotates with a constant angular velocity ω, see Figure
(a) below. The material of the plate is isotropic linear elastic with elasticity modulus E, Pois-
son’s ratio ν and has density ρ. Plane stress is assumed to prevail in the plate and that ν = 0. If
the symmetry of the problem is considered and utilized, the plate can be modelled by only two
bi-linear isoparametric elements according to Figure (b) below. The node coordinates is evi-
dent from the figure. The inertia forces due to the angular velocity ω can be addressed by
2
introducing the body forces K x = ρω x and K y = 0 into the FEM analysis.
(a) Determine the contribution from the body force to the node force vector in element 2.
Hint: the coordinate transformation x = ( 3 + ξ )L , y = η L is useful in element 2.
(b) The resultant node displacements, DT, corresponding to the current load is given in the
figure below. Calculate the stresses at the three points: {x = 0, y = 0}, {x = L, y = 0}, {x
= 2L, y = 0}. The exact solution for the normal stress in the x-direction can be
2 2 2
expressed as σ xx ( x ) = ( ρω L ⁄ 2 ) ( 16 – ( x ⁄ L ) ) . How much does the FEM solution
deviates from the exact solution at the three points? At which point do the solutions
deviate the least?
Hint: the Jacobi matrix of the coordinate transformation is J = L I , where I is a unit
– 6.7 (24) –
FEM for Engineering Applications—Exercises with Solutions / August 2008 / J. Faleskog
matrix of dimension 2.
y/L
(a) ω (b)
5 4 (2, 1) 3 (4, 1)
(0, 1)
ρ, E, ν = 0
Elem.1 Elem. 2
x/L
4L
6 1 2
(0, -1)
T
D = D 1x D 1y D 2x … D 6x D 6y
2 3
4L 4 ρω L
= --- ---------------- 11 0 16 0 16 0 11 0 0 0 0 0
3 E
– 6.8 (24) –
FEM for Engineering Applications—Exercises with Solutions / August 2008 / J. Faleskog
tor D is known.
y
2a
1 e1 6 e5 11 e9 16 e13 21 e17 26 2b
2 e2 7 e6 12 e10 17 e14 22 e18 27 τ0
3 8 13 e11 18 23 e19 28
x
e3 e7 e15
4 e4 9 e8 14 e12 19 e16 24 e20 29 τ0
5 10 15 20 25 30
T T
D = D 1x D 1y D 2x D 2y D 30x D 30y F = F 1x F 1y F 2x F 2y F 30x F 30y
– 6.9 (24) –
FEM for Engineering Applications—Exercises with Solutions / August 2008 / J. Faleskog
FORMULAS
Plane (2D) triangular linear element: d 1x
d3y d 1y
y Displace- u ( x, y ) = N 1 0 N 2 0 N 3 0 d = Nd de =
d 2x
e e
d3x ments: v ( x, y ) 0 N1 0 N2 0 N3 d 2y
d 3x
d2y
1 d 3y
d1y Ae N 1 = --------- [ ( y 2 – y 3 ) ( x – x 2 ) + ( x 3 – x 2 ) ( y – y 2 ) ]
2A e
d2x
1
N 2 = --------- [ ( y 3 – y 1 ) ( x – x 3 ) + ( x 1 – x 3 ) ( y – y 3 ) ]
d1x 2A e
x 1
N 3 = --------- [ ( y 1 – y 2 ) ( x – x 1 ) + ( x 2 – x 1 ) ( y – y 1 ) ]
2A e
Strains: ε xx ∂N i ⁄ ∂x 0
ε yy = B de B = B1 B2 B3 Bi = 0 ∂N i ⁄ ∂y
γx y ∂N i ⁄ ∂y ∂N i ⁄ ∂x
Stresses: σ xx 1 ν 0 ε xx
E
σ yy = ------------------
-
2 ν 1 0 ε yy (Plane stress)
(1 – ν )
σ xy 0 0 ( 1 – ν ) ⁄ 2 γ xy
y d
4y
d3y x = ∑N x i i
η
i
d3x 4 4 3
d1y
d4x y = ∑ Ni yi
ξ
i
d2y 1 2
d1x
N 1 = ( 1 – ξ ) ( 1 – η ) ⁄ 4, N 2 = ( 1 + ξ) ( 1 – η ) ⁄ 4
d2x
x N 3 = ( 1 + ξ ) ( 1 + η ) ⁄ 4, N4 = ( 1 – ξ ) ( 1 + η ) ⁄ 4
Displace- u ( ξ, η ) = N 1 0 N 2 0 N 3 0 N 4 0 d = Nd
ments: v ( ξ, η ) 0 N1 0 N2 0 N 3 0 N 4
e e
∂N i ⁄ ∂x 0
Deformation: B = B1 B 2 B 3 B 4 Bi = 0 ∂N i ⁄ ∂y
∂N i ⁄ ∂y ∂N i ⁄ ∂x
∂N i ⁄ ∂x –1 ∂N i ⁄ ∂ξ ∂x ⁄ ∂ξ ∂y ⁄ ∂ξ
where = J J =
∂N i ⁄ ∂y ∂N i ⁄ ∂η ∂x ⁄ ∂η ∂y ⁄ ∂η
Stresses: σ xx 1 ν 0 ε xx
E
σ yy = ------------------
2
- ν 1 0 ε yy (Plane stress)
(1 – ν )
σ xy 0 0 ( 1 – ν ) ⁄ 2 γ xy
– 6.10 (24) –
FEM for Engineering Applications—Exercises with Solutions / August 2008 / J. Faleskog
Solutions
–1 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0
1
6.1 B = --- 0 – 1 0 0 0 1 ; plane stress with ν = 0 gives C = E 0 1 0
L
–1 –1 0 1 1 0 0 0 1⁄2
3 1 –2 –1 –1 0
3 0 –1 –1 –2
2
hL T T Eh 2 0 0 0
Element stiffness matrix: k e = ∫ B CBhdA = --------- B CB = -------
2 4 1 1 0
Ve
Sym. 1 0
2
– 6.11 (24) –
FEM for Engineering Applications—Exercises with Solutions / August 2008 / J. Faleskog
20 19
∂x- 1 3 ∂y
6.6 (a) ----- = --- [ ( 1 – η ) ( x 2 – x 1 ) + ( 1 + η ) ( x 3 – x 4 ) ] = --- l ; ------ = 0
∂ξ 4 2 ∂ξ
∂x ∂y 1 1 l
------ = 0 ; ------ = --- [ ( 1 – ξ ) ( y 4 – y 1 ) + ( 1 + ξ ) ( y 3 – y 2 ) ] = --- l ⇒J = --- 3 0
∂η ∂η 4 2 2 0 1
∂N 1 ⁄ ∂x ∂N 1 ⁄ ∂ξ
= --- 1 ⁄ 3 0 – ( 1 – η ) ⁄ 4 = – ----- ( 1 – η ) ⁄ 3
–1 2 1
(b) = J
∂N 1 ⁄ ∂y ∂N 1 ⁄ ∂η l 0 1 –( 1 – ξ ) ⁄ 4 2l ( 1 – ξ )
(1 – η) ⁄ 3 0
1
⇒ B1 = –"" ----- 0 (1 – ξ)
2l
(1 – ξ) (1 – η) ⁄ 3
6.7(a) x = ∑
N i x i = L ( 1 + λη )ξ, y= ∑
N i y i = Lη
J = ∂x ⁄ ∂ξ ∂y ⁄ ∂ξ = L 1 + λη 0 and J = L ( 1 + λη )
2
(b)
∂x ⁄ ∂η ∂y ⁄ ∂η λξ 1
(c)
Strain: ε = Bde, where the B-matrix is given by
∂N i ⁄ ∂x 0
∂N i ⁄ ∂x –1 ∂N i ⁄ ∂ξ
B = B 1 B 2 B 3 B 4 where B i = 0 ∂N i ⁄ ∂y with = J
∂N i ⁄ ∂y ∂N i ⁄ ∂η
∂N i ⁄ ∂y ∂N i ⁄ ∂x
= --- 1 ⁄ ( 1 + λη ) 0
Inverse of the Jacobi matrix becomes –1 1
J
L – λ ξ ⁄ ( 1 + λη ) 1
where
( 1 – η -)
–------------------- 1 – η-
∂N 1 ⁄ ∂x ∂N 2 ⁄ ∂x ---------------
1
= ------ 1 + λη 1
= ------ 1 + λη
∂N 1 ⁄ ∂y 4L ( 1 – η )λξ ∂N 2 ⁄ ∂y 4L ( 1 – η )λξ
– ( 1 – ξ ) + ------------------------ – ( 1 + ξ ) – ------------------------
1 + λη 1 + λη
1 + η- ( 1 + η )-
–--------------------
---------------
∂N 3 ⁄ ∂x 1 1 + λη ∂N 4 ⁄ ∂x 1 1 + λη
= ------ = ------
∂N 3 ⁄ ∂y 4L ( 1 + η )λξ ∂N 4 ⁄ ∂y 4L ( 1 + η )λξ
( 1 + ξ ) – ------------------------ ( 1 – ξ ) + ------------------------
1 + λη 1 + λη
– 6.12 (24) –
FEM for Engineering Applications—Exercises with Solutions / August 2008 / J. Faleskog
(d) T T T T
B 1 CB 1 B 1 CB 2 B 1 CB 3 B 1 CB 4
6.8 1 1 1 1 T T T T
= ∫------------------- , sin ∫ϕ ∫ = ∫∫
B 2 CB 1 B 2 CB 2 B 2 CB 3 B 2 CB 4
B CBhλJ dξdη =
T T 2
2 ke = 1
B CBhdA = hL ( 1 + λη )dξdη
14 = 2L 1 + λ , cos ϕ ------------------- T T T T
Ae 2 –1 –1 2 – 1 – 1 B 3 CB 1 B 3 CB 2 B 3 CB 3 B 3 CB 4
1+λ 1+λ T T T T
B 4 CB 1 B 4 CB 2 B 4 CB 3 B 4 CB 4
⎧ l14 ⎫ 1
T ⎪ dS = h ------ dη ⎪ T 2
= ∫
N tdS = ⎨ 2 ⎬ = ∫
N ξ = –1
thL 1 + λ dη
⎪
Se
⎩ ξ = – 1 ⎪⎭ –1
f 1x = f4x = p 0 hL, f 1y = f 4y = λp 0 hL
1 1
T
V = h J dξdη } = ∫ ∫
N f V h J dξdη
–1 – 1
2 1
J = L ( 1 + λη ) one obtains with λ = --- that
2
2 7 2
ρg, fb3y = f b4y = – --- h L ρg
6
2
05 05070 7 Note! f
∑ biy
= – 4hL ρg = – Ve ρg
–1 1
(b) 2 x 2 scheme: nξ = n η = 2 , ξ 1 = η 1 = ------- , ξ2 = η 2 = ------- and w 1 = w 2 = 1 .
3 3
2
⇒ fb1y = – ρghL [ N 1 ( ξ1, η 1 ) ( 1 + λη 1 ) ( 1 ⋅ 1 ) + N 1 ( ξ1, η 2 ) ( 1 + λη 2 ) ( 1 ⋅ 1 )
5 2
+ N 1 ( ξ 2, η 1 ) ( 1 + λη 1 ) ( 1 ⋅ 1 ) + N 1 ( ξ2, η 2 ) ( 1 + λη 2 ) ( 1 ⋅ 1 ) ] = – --- ρghL
6
5 2 7 2
in the same way we obtain f b2y = – --- ρghL and f b3y = f b4y = – --- h L ρg ,
6 6
i.e. the numerical integration are exact!
– 6.13 (24) –
FEM for Engineering Applications—Exercises with Solutions / August 2008 / J. Faleskog
6.10
T 2 2
Contributions to the nodal force vector: fs = ∫
N tdS , with dS = hds = h dx + dy .
Se
∂x ∂x ∂y ∂y
Here dx = ------ dξ + ------ dη and dy = ------ dξ + ------ dη , but ξ = 1 along 2-3 and thus
∂ξ ∂η ∂ξ ∂η
2 2
dξ = 0 , which give dS = h ( ∂x ⁄ ∂η ) + ( ∂y ⁄ ∂η ) dη .
x 3 – x 2⎞ 2 y3 – y2 2
which give dS = h ⎛ ---------------
- + ⎛⎝ ----------------⎞⎠ dη = hLdη .
⎝ 2 ⎠ 2
1 1
1–η 1–η hL
f 2x = ∫
N 2 tx hLdη = ∫
N 2 ⎛⎝ ------------ t Ax + ------------ t Bx⎞⎠ hLdη = ------ ( 2t Ax + t Bx ) ,
2 2 3
–1 –1
hL hL hL
and f 2y = ------ ( 2t Ay + t By ) , f 3x = ------ ( t Ax + 2tBx ) , f 3y = ------ ( t Ay + 2t By ) .
3 3 3
( 1 – η ) ( –η ) ( 1 + η )η 2
(b) 8-node element: N 2 = ----------------------------- , N 3 = --------------------- , N 6 = 1–η
ξ=1 2 ξ=1 2 ξ=1
⎧ x2 + x3 ⎫ ⎛⎛ N
N6 N6
x = ( N 2 x2 + N3 x 3 + N 6 x6 ) = ⎨ x6 = ---------------- ⎬ = + ------⎞⎠ x 2 + ⎛⎝ N 3 + ------⎞⎠ x 3⎞
ξ=1 2 ⎭ ⎝⎝ 2 2 2 ⎠
⎩ ξ=1
⎧ y2 + y3 ⎫ ⎛⎛ N
N N
y = ( N 2 y2 + N3 y 3 + N 6 y6 ) = ⎨ y6 = ---------------
- = + -----6-⎞⎠ y 2 + ⎛⎝ N 3 + -----6-⎞⎠ y 3⎞⎠
ξ=1 ⎩ 2 ⎬⎭ ⎝⎝ 2 2 2 ξ=1
2 y3 – y2 2
⎧ ∂x x 3 – x 2 ∂y y 3 – y 2 ⎫ x 3 – x 2⎞
⎛ ---------------
⇒ ⎨ ------ = ----------------, ------ = ---------------- ⎬ ⇒ dS = h - + ⎛ ----------------⎞ dη = hLdη
⎩ ∂η ∂η
2 2 ⎭ ⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠
1 1
1–η 1–η hL
f 2x = ∫
N 2 tx hLdη = ∫
N 2 ⎛⎝ ------------ t Ax + ------------ t Bx⎞⎠ hLdη = ------ t Ax .
2 2 3
–1 –1
hL hL hL
In the same way we obtain f2y = ------ t Ay , f 3x = ------ t Bx , f 3y = ------ t By ,
3 3 3
hL hL
f 6y = ------ ( 2t Ax + 2t Bx ) and f 6y = ------ ( 2t Ay + 2t By ) .
3 3
– 6.14 (24) –
FEM for Engineering Applications—Exercises with Solutions / August 2008 / J. Faleskog
6.10 cont.
In (c) and (d) we have that t Ax = t Bx = tx = σ 0 cos θ – τ 0 sin θ and
t Ay = t By = t y = σ 0 sin θ + τ 0 cos θ
(c) For a 4-node element this give f 2x = f3x = hL e t x and f 2y = f 3y = hL e ty , where
L e = L ⁄ 3 . The nodal force vector becomes (nodes 1 to 4, global node numbering)
T
after assembly: F s = hLe t x ty 2t x 2t y 2tx 2t y t x t y …
hL hL hL
(d) For a 8-node element this give f 2x = f 3x = --------e t x , f2y = f 3y = --------e t y , f6x = --------e 4t x
3 3 3
hLe L
and f 6y = -------- 4t y , where L e = --- . The nodal force vector becomes (nodes 1 to 7,
3 3
global node numbering) after assembly:
T hL
F s = --------e t x t y 4tx 4t y 2t x 2t y 4t x 4t y 2t x 2t y 4t x 4t y t x ty …
3
1 1
T ab N 1 0 N 2 0 N3 0 N4 0 0 .
6.11 f b = ∫ ∫
N fv h ------ dξdη where N = and f v =
4 0 N 1 0 N2 0 N3 0 N4 –ρg
– 1 –1
N1 0 0 1 1
T 0 N1 0 f ρ ghab (---------------------------------
1 – ξ ) ( 1 – η )- ρ ghab
N fv = = 1y ; f1y = – ---------------- ∫ ∫
dξdη = – ----------------
–ρg 4 4 4
–1 –1
T ρ ghab
⇒ fb = – ---------------- 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1
4
– 6.15 (24) –
FEM for Engineering Applications—Exercises with Solutions / August 2008 / J. Faleskog
6.12
p 0 hL ⁄ 6
d 3x 8p
0 ⇒ = --- ----0- L 1
d 3y 9E 0
Reaction forces:
3Eh p 0 hL p0 hL 3Eh p 0 hL
Eq. (1): R1x = ---------- ( – d 3x ) – ------------ = – ------------ Eq. (2): R 1y = ---------- ( – d 3x ) = – -----------
-
16 3 2 16 6
3Eh p 0 hL
Eq. (3): R2x = 0 Eq. (4): R2y = ---------- ( d 3x ) = -----------
-
16 6
– 6.16 (24) –
FEM for Engineering Applications—Exercises with Solutions / August 2008 / J. Faleskog
–1 0
1
B 3 = --- 0 1
L
1 –1
⎧ P.S. ⎫ d1
3 1 0
C =
⎪ ⎪
=
3E
------
- d e = d 2 where d 1 = 0 d2 = 1⁄4 d = 0
⎨ 1--- ⎬
⎪ν = 3 ⎪ 8 1 3 0 0 – 1 ⁄ 108
3
–1 ⁄ 6
⎩ ⎭ 0 0 1 d3
σ xx d1 1⁄2
Thus σ = σ yy = C B 1 B 2 B 3 d 2 = C [ B 1 d1 + B 2 d 2 + B 3 d3 ] = Eε 0 0
σ xy d3 1 ⁄ 18
6.14 Stiffness 3 1 –2 –1 0 0 –1 0
matrix: 1 3 0 –1 0 0 –1 –2 –1
–2 0 3 0 –1 –1 0 1 Displacements are given by: D = K F
Eh – 1 –1 0 3 0 –2 1 0
K = -------
4 0 Stresses are given by: σ = CBD
0 –1 0 3 1 –2 –1
0 0 –1 –2 1 3 0 –1
–1 –1 0 1 –2 0 3 0
0 –2 1 0 –1 –1 0 3
(a) Displ. B.C. (symmetry & remove rigid body motion): D1x = D1y = D2y = D4x = 0
Force vector: T σ 0 hl σ 0 hl
F = F 1x F 1y F 2x F 2y F 3x F 3y F 4x F 4y = R R ----------
- R 2y ----------
- 0 R 4x 0
1x 1y 2 2
⇒D T σ0
= ------ l 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0
E
T
el. 1 & el. 2: σ = σ 0 1 0 0 exact!
(b) Displ. B.C. (remove rigid body motion): D1x = D1y = D2y = 0
Force vector: F =
T
⎛⎝ R τ 0 hl ⎞⎠ ⎛⎝
τ 0 hl τ 0 hl ⎞⎠ ⎛⎝ ⎞⎠
τ 0 hl τ 0 hl τ 0 hl τ 0 hl τ 0 hl ⎛⎝ ⎞⎠
– ---------- R 1y – ---------- – ---------- R 2y + ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- – ----------
1x2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
⇒ T τ0
D = ---------- l 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0
E⁄2
T
el. 1 & el. 2: σ = τ 0 0 0 1 exact!
Note! E/2 = G (shear modulus) in this case!
(c) Displ. B.C. (remove rigid body motion): D1x = D1y = D2y = 0
Force vector: T
F = R
1x R 1y –
ρghl - ⎛⎝
-------------
2
ρghl ⎞⎠ ⎛⎝ ρghl
2
⎞⎠ ρghl
2
0 R 2y – -------------- 0 – -------------- 0 – --------------
2
6 3 6 3
⇒D
2
T ρgl T ρgl T ρgl
= – "" ----------- 0 0 – 1 0 3 9 2 15 el. 1: σ = -------- 1 – 15 – 1 el. 2: σ = -------- – 1 – 9 1
24E 24 24
– 6.17 (24) –
FEM for Engineering Applications—Exercises with Solutions / August 2008 / J. Faleskog
6.15(a)
2L
T
Consistent nodal force vector: fs = ∫
N 2–3
th ds ⇒ f 2y ≠ 0, f3y ≠ 0
2L 0 2L
⎧ s ⎫ s -⎞ σ 0 σ 0 Lh
f2y = ∫
N 2 t y h ds = ⎨x = L – ------- ⎬ = ∫
--1- ⎛ L – ------ ------- h ds = ------------
-
⎩ 2⎭ L⎝ 2⎠ 2 2
0 0
2L 2L
⎧ s ⎫ σ0 σ 0 Lh
--1- ------
s - ------
f3y = ∫
N 3 t y h ds = ⎨y = ------- ⎬ = ∫
- h ds = ------------
-
⎩ 2⎭ L 2 2 2
0 0
Zero displacement B.C.: d1x=d1y=d2y=d3x=0 => reaction forces: R1x, R1y, R2y, R3x
– 6.18 (24) –
FEM for Engineering Applications—Exercises with Solutions / August 2008 / J. Faleskog
6.16(b)
L
T
Consistent nodal force vector: fs = ∫
N 2–3
th ds ⇒ f 2x ≠ 0, f3x ≠ 0 others are
–L
equal to
L 1 zero!
– η-
1-----------
f 2x = ∫
N 2 tx h dy = ∫
σ 0 hL dη = σ 0 hL
2
–L –1
L 1
+ η-
1------------
f 3x = ∫
N 3 tx h dy = ∫
σ 0 hL dη = σ 0 hL
2
–L –1
Displacement boundary conditions give the reaction forces: R1x, R3y, R4x, R4y
T
Node force vector: Fe = R1x 0 σ 0 Lh 0 σ 0 Lh R 3y R 4x R 4y
6.16(c)
Force vector (external forces + reaction forces) can be calculated as Fe = K e D e
⇒ F1x = R 1x = – σ 0 hL ; F2x = σ 0 hL ; F3x = σ 0 hL ; F4x = R4x = – σ 0 hL
F 1y = 0 ; F2y = 0 ;F 3y = R3y = 0 ; F4y = R 4y = 0
– 6.19 (24) –
FEM for Engineering Applications—Exercises with Solutions / August 2008 / J. Faleskog
1–η 0 1+η 0
1 1
B 2 = ------
4L 0 –(1 + ξ ) , B 3 = ------
4L 0 1+ξ
Strains: –( 1 + ξ ) 1 – η 1+ξ 1+η
εx 1- 4--- σ
-----0- L [ – ( 1 – η ) + ( 1 + η ) ] 2--- σ
-----0- η
-----
4L 3 E 3E
ε = εy = B 2 d2 + B 3 d 3 = =
εy εy
γxy
γ xy γ xy
Stresses:
2 σ 2--- Note!
σx E 0 0 --- -----0- η σ η
3E 3 0 The solution based on one
σ = σy = Cε = 0 E 0 = FEM element deviates from the
εy σy
τ xy 0 0 E⁄2 exact solution:σ x = σ 0 y ⁄ L
γxy τ xy
σ y = τ xy = 0
plane stress (ν = 0.3)
– 6.20 (24) –
FEM for Engineering Applications—Exercises with Solutions / August 2008 / J. Faleskog
6.18 (a)
L ⎛ (L – x) ⎞
The contribution from the volume force is: F b =
T
N KdV = ⎜ N Khdy⎟⎟ dx
T
∫ ∫⎜ ∫
Ve 0 ⎝ –( L – x ) ⎠
Here, both f bix ≠ 0 and f bix ≠ 0 i = 1, 2, 3
L ⎛ (L – x) ⎞ L
2 2 3
⎜ 1--- ⎛ x y 2 ρω h 2 ρω hL
f b1x = ∫⎜ ∫
1 – --- – ---⎞ ρω xhdy⎟ dx = ------------- ∫ ( L – x ) xdx = -------------------
2 ⎝ L L ⎠ ⎟ L 12
0 ⎝ –( L – x ) ⎠ 0
L ⎛ (L – x) ⎞ L
2 2 3
⎜ x- 2 ⎟ dx ρω h 2 ρω hL
f b2x = ∫⎜ ∫
-- ρω xhdy⎟
= ------------- ∫ 2x ( L – x )dx = -------------------
L L 6
0 ⎝ –( L – x ) ⎠ 0
L ⎛ (L – x) ⎞ L
2 2 3
--x- + --y-⎞ ρω 2 xhdy⎟ dx = ρω
------------h- ∫ ( L – x ) 2 xdx = ρω
⎜ 1--- ⎛ hL
-------------------
f b3x = ∫⎜ ∫
1 –
2⎝ L L⎠ ⎟ L 12
⎝
0 –( L – x ) ⎠ 0
L ⎛ (L – x) ⎞ L
2
⎜ 1--- ⎛ x y ρ gh 2 ρ ghL
f b1y = ∫⎜ ∫
1 – --- – ---⎞ ( – ρ g )hdy⎟ dx = – ---------- ∫ ( L – x ) dx = – ----------------
2 ⎝ L L ⎠ ⎟ L 3
0 ⎝ –( L – x ) ⎠ 0
L ⎛ (L – x) ⎞ L
2
⎜ x ⎟ dx 2 ρ gh ρ ghL
f b2y = ∫⎜ ∫
--
- ( – ρ g )hdy
⎟
= – ------------- ∫ x ( L – x )dx = – ----------------
L L 3
0 ⎝ –( L – x ) ⎠ 0
L ⎛ (L – x) ⎞ L
2
⎜ 1--- ⎛ x y ρ gh ρ ghL
1 – --- + ---⎞⎠ ( – ρ g )hdy⎟⎟ dx = – ---------- ∫ ( L – x ) dx = – ----------------
2
f b3y = ∫⎜ ∫ 2 ⎝ L L L 3
⎝
0 –( L – x ) ⎠ 0
The displacement B.C:s : d1x = d1y = d3x = 0 give rise to reaction forces!
1 0 R1x
0 1 R1y
2 3 2
ρω hL ρghL
The total nodal force vector becomes: f = ------------------- 2 – ---------------- 0 + 0
12 0 3 1 0
1 0 R3x
0 1 0
6.18 (b)
Displacement boundary conditions: d1x = d1y = d3x = 0
Reduced equation system with 8 0 0 d 2x 2 3 2 2 0
------- 0 4 –2 d 2y = ρω
respect to the boundary: Eh hL - ρghL
------------------ 0 – ---------------
- 1
conditions, Eq. (3,4,6): 8 12 3
0 –2 3 d 3y 0 1
d 2x 2 3 1 2 0
ρω L ρ gL
⇒ d 2y = ---------------- 0 – – ------------ 5
6E 3E
d 3y 0 6
– 6.21 (24) –
FEM for Engineering Applications—Exercises with Solutions / August 2008 / J. Faleskog
Here we have 1 0 0 2 3 2 2
ρω L- 1 ρ gL 0 ρ gL 0
C = { ν = 0 } = E 0 1 0 ; d 1 = 0 ; d2 = --------------- – ------------ ; d3 = – ------------
6E 0 3E 5 3E 6
0 0 1⁄2
∂N 2 ⁄ ∂x 1 0 0 ∂N 3 ⁄ ∂x 0 –1 0
1 1-
B2 = 0 ∂N 2 ⁄ ∂y = --
- ; B = 0 ∂N 3 ⁄ ∂y = -----
L 0 0 3 2L 0 1
∂N 2 ⁄ ∂y ∂N 2 ⁄ ∂x 0 1 ∂N 3 ⁄ ∂y ∂N 3 ⁄ ∂x 0 –1
Thus
σx 1 0 0 ⎛
0 1 0 ⎛ 2 3 2 –1 0 ⎛ 2
⎞
⎜ 1- ρω L - 1 ρ gL 0 ⎞ 1 ρ gL ⎞⎟
σ = σy = E 0 1 0 ⎜ + --
0 L 0 0 ⎜ 6E --------------- – ------------ ⎟ + ------ 0 1 ⎜ – ------------ 0 ⎟⎟
1 ⎜ ⎝ 0 3E 5 ⎠ 2L ⎝ 3E 6 ⎠⎟
τ xy 0 0 --- ⎝ 0 0 1 0 –1 ⎠
2
σx 2 2 1 0
ρω L ρ gL
⇒σ = σy = ---------------- 0 – ---------- 3
6 3
τ xy 0 1
Note that the stress solution is approximate and rather poor in this case!
To obtain a better solution, many more elements are needed!
6.19(a)
– 6.22 (24) –
FEM for Engineering Applications—Exercises with Solutions / August 2008 / J. Faleskog
1 0 0 d1 = d4 = 0 2 3
Here, C = E 0 1 0 d T = d T d T d T d T where 44 ρω L
δx = ------ ----------------
1 2 3 4 e1 δ 3 E
0 0 1⁄2 d2 = d3 = x
0
⇒ σ = C ( B 1 d 1 + B 2 d 2 + B 3 d 3 + B 4 d 4 ) = C ( B 2 d2 + B 3 d 3 )
N i, ξ 0 1 0 1 0
1 1 1-
B i = --- 0 N i, η ⇒ B 2 = ------ 0 –( 1 + ξ ) ; B 3 = ----- 0 (1 + ξ)
L 4L 4L
N i, η N i, ξ –( 1 + ξ ) 1 (1 + ξ) 1
σ xx 1 0 0 δ x + δx Eδ x ⁄ ( 2L ) 1
1 22 2 2
⇒ σ yy = E 0 1 0 -----
- 0 = 0 = -----
- ρω L 0
4L 3
τ xy 0 0 1⁄2 – ( 1 + ξ )δx + ( 1 + ξ )δ x 0 0
0 y x y x
Shape functions: N 1 = 2 – ---, N 2 = --- + --- – 2, N 3 = 1 – ---
t = x L L L L
3 2 –p 0 --- L
L T
e4 f e = ∫ N y = 2L thdx ⇒ f 2y ≠ 0, f 3y ≠ 0 others zero!
0
1 L L
x x hLp 0 x x hLp 0
f 2y = ∫ --- ⎛⎝ – p 0 ---⎞⎠ hdx = – ------------ f 3y = ∫⎝
⎛1 – ---⎞⎠ ⎛⎝ – p0 ---⎞⎠ hdx = – ------------
L L 3 L L 6
0 0
Assembly of global nodal force vector including the reaction forces gives:
F1x = R 1x ; F1y = R1y ; F2x = R2x ; F3x = R3x ; F4y = R4y ; F7y = R7y
– 6.23 (24) –
FEM for Engineering Applications—Exercises with Solutions / August 2008 / J. Faleskog
f2y = ∫N 2
ξ=1
thbd η = – τ 0 hb ∫ 1 – η )-
(----------------
2
d η = – τ 0 hb f 3y = ∫N 3
ξ=1 ∫
( 1 + η)
thbd η = – τ 0 hb ----------------- d η = – τ 0 hb
2
–1 –1 –1 –1
Assembly of consistent nodal forces from elements gives non-zero components
according to: F 26y = F 30y = – τ 0 hb och F27y = F 28y = F 29y = – 2 τ 0 hb
– 6.24 (24) –
FEM for Engineering Applications—Exercises with Solutions / August 2008 / J. Faleskog
– 7.1 (3) –
FEM for Engineering Applications—Exercises with Solutions / August 2008 / J. Faleskog
Solutions
7.1
(a) Temperature distribution Boundary conditions:
FEM-analysis: 2 linear elements x = 0: T = 80 oC
∂T
x = L: – kA ------ = hA ( T – T∞ )
T1 T2 T3 ∂x
T 1 = 80°C “Reaction
0.6733 –0.1133 0 11.20 + Q R heat flow”
Equation
– 0.1133 1.3467 – 0.1133 T2 = 22.40
system
0 –0.1133 0.7133 T3 12.00
unit [W/oC] unit [W]
⇒ T2
T3
= 25.12 °C
20.81
⇒Q R = 39.82 W
(b) Displacement
FEM-analysis: 2 linear elements Boundary conditions:
x = 0: u = 0
D1 D2 D3 x = L: σA = 0
1 –1 0 D1 = 0
3
– 1.459 ⋅ 10 + R ⎧⎪ D
⇒⎨ D = 0.01823 10 m
2 –3
6
80 ⋅ 10 – 1 2 – 1
⎪⎩
D2 = 1.326 ⋅ 10
3 0.01989
3
0 –1 1 D3 3
0.133 ⋅ 10 R = 0
unit [N/m]
unit [N]
Comparison between the exact solution and FEM-solutions based on 2, 4 and 8 elements
80
70 20
Exact solution
2 element
60 4 element
Displacement / μm
Temperature / C
8 element 15
o
50
40 10
Exact solution
30 2 element
5 4 element
20 8 element
10 0
0 2 4 6 8 0 2 4 6 8
x / cm x / cm
– 7.2 (3) –
FEM for Engineering Applications—Exercises with Solutions / August 2008 / J. Faleskog
7.2
FEM-analysis: 2 linear elements
l1 l2 ∂T
Boundary conditions, x = 0: –kA ------ = hA ( T – T∞ )
∂x
T1 T2 T3 x = L: T = -5 oC
k1 k
Equation
system
----- + h
l1
– ----1-
l1
0 ⎧⎪
⇒ ⎪⎨
T1 hT∞ T1 – 2.58 °C
k1 k1 k2 k2 =
⎪⎪
A – ----- ----- + ----- – ----- T2 = A 0 T2 – 0.161
l1 l 1 l 2 l2
Q ⁄A
T 3 = 20°C
⎩Q
2
k2 k2
R
R ⁄ A = 0.242 [ W ⁄ cm ]
0 – ----- -----
l2 l2
7.3
(a) Temperature distribution, divide into two separate analysis, since T3 is prescribed.
T1 T2 T3 T3 T4 T5
⇒T 2 = 55.27°C ⇒ T4
= 50.54 °C
T5 38.87
– 7.3 (3) –