226 Section 14.2 Chapter Fourteen - Fourier Series Section 14.1 Why Fourier Series? 1. The greph at the right shows the function f(a) = a(n - a) along with the first three different partial suins of the Fourier series $2(2), Sa(2), Sale). On the interval {0,) ali four graphs very nearly coincide at each point xr € [0,7 Outside (0, x} the partial sums stay close together, but the graph of f diverges from these partis! sums. 2. Suppose P(x) is a polynomial of degree & and that P(r) = asin(nz) for some a and all 2 € (0,n), Differentiate this equation A+ 1 times to get either 0 = sinfnz) or 0 = ous(suc) for all € (0,77). Both of these statements are clearly false, ths P(e) eould not be any constant multiple of sin(nx) for all « € (0,} 8. The same kind of reasoning used in Problem 2 would give (after k +1 differentiations} that D1 G sinjx) = 0. But the functions {sin jo}, are linearly independent on (0,7), whiel: would imply that ¢j = and hence ¢; = 0, for j= 1,...m. But this would imply that P(e) = 0 for all x € [0,7], a clear contradiction. Section 14.2 The Fourier Series of a Function 3,4] is SY an, cos ( "™) +, sin (222 2] + ¥ [ow (FF) +e on 38 oan 5p ‘toon ("F) de = 0.n > Land 1. The Fourier serien of f (x) = 4 on Sinve f (2 6, =0, The Fourier series is then 4, 4 [vo= is even, we have ag = 2, The Vourier series of (2) ~e oa [yi] is 2+ Shon cos (na) + by ain (na). Since i 1 J (2) = -2isodd, we havea, = 0,1 > 0, and by -2f I, sin (nna) dz = = (-1)" n> 1 ‘The Fourier series fs 2y OF vin (nna). 1 cosh (mz) is even, we have by = 9,22 100 =f cosh (xa) de h 3. Since f () * cosh (wa) enn (nmee) le = 2SUGr) oe on~2f won h ‘The Fontier series is 7 Pe 2sinh (or) A (-1)" ateSection 14.2 27 6. Note tinal since f(a) is odd and periodic of period 2, f (2) = sin (2x) is its own Fourier series, 7. Write f (x) = (9+?) — © which has even first term and odd second term to simplify ae of ed (Compute 26 > wf nos se) m= tsiee()# 4 ‘The Fourier series of x ~ a +3 is 13 8, Compute eke 25, = ag I mad [f° Corsa (aot [0+ sn (2) a] ~ = 21-2)" + Fal" = 10,021 y—3).n 21 ‘The Fourier series is ee a) thoos (7F*) Sum + eal" = oj} sin ("2") sin{(2n = 1) a]228 Section 14.3 2(-1)" ec sin (nay) 13. ‘The Fourier series of f and g wil] be the same, Since changing the value of an integrand, f, at a finite set of « values does not change the value of the integral of f,f and 9 clearly have the same Fourier coefficients, hence same Fourier series. This shows that the value of the Fourier seties of 2 function at zp need nct be the value f (20) L 14. Let f be even on [-£,£]. Then f Fla)de = f. fade + f F(a) de. In the first L integral on the right, let t= 1 But f(-t) = / (0) since f is even Hense [ Fe 2) da af reads. 15. Let f be odd on {=L, 1}. then [ “fadc= f° 70) hare f f(a) de. Now Jet ¢ = —a in the first of these two integrals, and recall f(— fiterar=—P ina f’rteyde= FG) to get roas [red = Section 14.3 Convergence of Fourier Series In Problems 1 through 10, the function f given in the problem is piecewise continuous an {—Z, L], and for each x € (—L.L), f has both a left hand derivative and a right hand derivative, At each endpoint, one-sided derivatives from the interior of the interval exist. It follows by Theorems i4.1 and 14.2 that at each z € (~L,L) the Fourier series converges to 3(f(2-} + flzt)), while at —L and x = L the series converges to 3(f(~L*) + f(L)). Note that at interior points of continuity of f, the series converges to f{e). The Fourier series and the sum of the series at each point in [~-Z, 1} is given in each problem below. Selected exercises show a plot of the twenty-fifth partial sum of the Fourier series along with /(2). Observe the Gibbs phenomenon of overshooting near each jump discontimity of f. 1. "The Fourier series of f is