Natural Ventilation MODULE06 Climatic Data and Analysis eae NATURAL VENTILATION DEFINITION - Ventilation comes from the Latin word ventus which means movement of ai. ‘One of the principles of “bicclimatic design” (Watson and Labs 1983) PROMOTE NATURAL VENTILATION — natural ‘entiation, is a cooling strategy most applicable to hot humid climate to achieved comfortable conditions. According to Watson and Labs 1983 "Comfort is attainable by natural means in very humid over heated regions oniy with instant movement of air across the skin. In such regions, diurnal temperature range is small owing to the suppression of thermal radiation to the sky by humid atmosphere; the greatest thermal advantage in design is obtained with the use of ight weight building shells to cool off Quickly at night” Ventilation is very important for health and comfort reasons. Historically in Architecture ail sorts of techniques where Used to take advantage of natural breezes. Greek and Romans uses porticoes and atriums for shade and catching the wind. In the Middle East they used wind scoops and venting tower to catch breezes and exhaust heated air. In US Southeast “dog trot’ house plans provide natural cooling by cross. ventilation, covered porch and outdoor hallway. Filipino Architecture “pahaynabato” uses ventanillas, volada, callados and pierced celling techniques to achieved passive cooling. Such techniques where rarely used due to invention of mechanical air conditioning system. Today as energy price rises, those cooling techniques trust revive to Ive economically and confortaby Dogtrot House BahaynaBato Portico Atrium Global air movement was due to difference in air pressure and air density. The tilted position of the earth contributed to the difference in air pressure. Since tropical areas get most of the sun's ray therefore it produces hot air while polar region produces colder air. Generally cold mass of air seeks at lowest level because it contains moisture while warmer air goes up. This is known as convective heat transfer or natural convection of air. Whereas natural ventilation is driven be wind or thermal force. Air doesn’t move along in a straight path because of pressure difference, inertia and friction thus it creates turbulence. This turbulence creates small series of wind eddies from very large to very small. Generally scientists only assume that wind has a well defined path for initial understanding of air movement on buildings and other land features. As wind strikes to the building Cr any other object, its pressure increases until it forced itself over and around the object, creating a low pressure behind the Deer Perse es ee Ld PRINCIPLES OF AIR MOVEMENT 1) Ar flows from high pressure to a low pressure area. ‘TD 323. Tropical Design 302)_ Inertia — once set in motion, air tends to continue to flow in its intial direction until some intervening force is met. 3) Air flows through the path of least resistance. GLOBAL AIR MOVEMENT 1) Equator receives more radiation than Polar Regions 2) Heat from Equator move towards the Polar Regions 3) Hot air moves upwards going to Polar Regions 4) Cold air moves to equator close to earth's surface 5) Rotation of earth deflects the air-coriolis force. 6) Wind flows due to heat exchange: ‘+ Air temperature changes faster that ground temperature ‘+ _ Daily fluctuations of air temperature caused by physical conduction up to 3 meters above the ground, + Marked differences of air temperature between day and night GEOGRAPHICAL AIR MOVEMENT 1) Daytime Heating - land warms rapidly than water ‘+ Sea Breeze ~ wind from the sea directed towards the land ‘+ Strongest in the afternoon when heating variation is great 2) Nighttime Cooling ~ land cools faster than water ‘= Land Breeze ~ wind from land directed towards the sea ‘TYPHOONS & MONSOONS IN THE PHILIPPINES Since our country is located in tropical regions, tropical depression occurs between May to November. Cyclonic wind {rom typhoon must be considered in the design. Turbulent air velocities reached up to 250 kph accompanied with heavy rains. ‘The building structure must also respond to these extremely high velocities of wind. Most of the casualties in building structure. during typhoon are usually the uplifting of roof panels during the peak of the typhoon. The reason for this upliftment is due to the angled wind between 20 ~ 30 towards the eye. As the eye passes, wind direction changes into opposite cycle. ‘Cyclone Catarina in March 2004 ‘Structure of Tropical Cyclone 1) Northeast Monsoon (Aminan, Winter Monsoon) * Appears in October + Attains maximum strength in January + Gradually weakens in March + Disappears in Apri 2) Southwest Monsoon (Habagat, Summer Monsoon) * Appears early in May * Maximum flows during August * Disappears gradually in October + Persist from November to December AIR MOVEMENT IN BUILDINGS 1) Windward side — positive pressure (+) 2) Leeward side — negative pressure (-) 3) Air enters through openings located in the positive pressure zone and exits through openings of negative pressure zone. 4) Window width = 50% to increase indoor air speed Wall width 5) Window heights ~ 1.10 m for effective air movement 6) Wind deflectors, horizontal and vertical to redirect air flow. 7) Prevent wind shadows by proper placing of openings EFFECT OF LANDSCAPE ELEMENTS 1) Hedges and shrubs should not be more than 3 meters from the building 2), Tree foliage above openings promotes air motion into openings 3) Combine trees, hedge and building to achieve airflow control. 4) Lateral air channets to direct air flow. 5) Arrange trees to determine wind shadow. TD 323. Tropical Design 316) Make use of earth mounds to achieve better air flow movement. GUIDELINES IN PROMOTING NATURAL VENTILATION 1) To achieve stack effect, the inlet of air must be on windward side (high pressure) 2) To avoid "short circult” of stack effect or pushing of warm air back to the room do not: ‘@) put small opening on the windward side opposite the large opening of leeward side because it will create higher pressure of cross ventilation ) put louvers on downward position 3) To design cross ventiation, air needs way in and way out. a) small inlet & bigger outlet ~ maximum air flow 'b) equal size inlet and outlet — efficient air flow ©) big inlet & small outlet — low velocity flow ) angled opening — angled air movement fe) obstruction parallel to airflow ~ may divide air movernent with the same velocity f) obstruction perpendicular to air flow ~ creates high pressure due to suppression of air in the obstruction area 9) low inlet & low outlet - will not remove hot air fh) high inlet & high outlet ~ released hot air, activity zone lacked fresh air i) low inlet & high outlet ~ releases hot air efficiently 1) low inlet & centered outlet — hot air not release k) inlet with louvers ~ can deftect air movement 4) To induce air movement, buildings must be oblique of paralle! to wind direction. 5) To induce wind inside the building, vertical projections are recommended to “catch” the wind. 6) Remember that the higher the building the bigger the wind shadow it creates; the higher the pitch of the building the bigger the wind shadow on the leeward side. 7). Staggered arrangement of building is recommended provided that smaller buildings are placed in front of windward side. 8) Straight arrangement of building causes greater pressure on spaces between them. Lattice Work " ‘TD 323. Tropical Design 32