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elongation (inches)
Comments… …comments cont’d
• Note: we quote the ultimate tensile • Nuts: ASTM A563
strength of the bolt • Washers: if needed, ASTM F436
– this is the benchmark for strength
statements (e.g. shear strength is some • Bolt – nut – washer sets implied so
fraction of ultimate tensile strength) far, but other configurations
• What about yield strength? available
bolts in tension
Applied force
these
bolts in
shear High-
High-strength bolts in tension can
be a source of problems!
Bolts in combined tension and shear Consider a simple joint —
bolts in
combined
bolts in shear shear and
P
tension
P
Finally...
P d
P
P{
and associated τ=
shear stress A
P/2 t
Free body P
of bolt P/2
P { a bearing force
note that this force is equal and
opposite to the bearing force shown
P previously
load
type behavior
– member strength
Physical test —
Uneven loading
of bolts –
Shear deformation
Thus…
Thus… Comments…
• The discount for length (use of 80%) is
A325 bolts : Fv = 0.50 × 120 ksi = 60 ksi conservative
A 490 bolts : Fv = 0.50 × 150 ksi = 75 ksi • If joint length > 50 in., a further 20%
reduction
— these are the values given in
• The ø – value used for this case (0.75) is
Table J3.2 of the Specification for
also conservative.
the thread excluded case. For
threads included,
included, the tabulated
values are 80% of the above.
Let’
Let’s return now to slip-
slip-critical
connections…
connections… Slip-Critical Connection
Clamping force from bolts (bolt pretension)
Slip-
Slip-critical joints specified when…
when…
Bolts in slip-
slip-critical connections…
connections… • Load is repetitive and changes
from tension to compression
(fatigue by fretting could
occur.)
• Change in geometry of
load
φ R n = μ D u h sc Tb N s
P = ks n ΣTi
no. slip planes
ks = slip coefficient (µ) clamping force
slip coefficient
n = number of slip planes (usually 1 or 2)
Ti = clamping force (i.e., bolt pretension) …terms φ, hsc and Du need to be defined
φ R n = φ Fnt A b
diameter Pult = Fu A st = Fu (0.75A b )
Needed:
Shear-
Shear-out of a Lc 1. shear-
shear-out rule
block of material t1 2. yield rule
or yielding t2
(deformation)
Shear-
Shear-out rule…
rule… Plate bearing…
σb Le
from tests: =
Shear - out is 2 ( τ ult × Lc × t ) σ pl
u d
or, R n = 2 ( 0.75 σ u × Lc × t )
⎛L ⎞
and, some arithmetic gives R n = σ b d t = σ upl ⎜ e ⎟ d t
⎝ d ⎠
and AISC rule is: R n = 1.5 Fu Lc t
valid for L e ≥ 3 d
R n = 3 d t Fu
(with a φ-value still to be inserted)
Further note re bearing…
bearing…
Failure is controlled by
ductility – not strength. There are some other requirements, including
specific case of coped beams.
Back to installation…
An example of
shear + tension
failure in a
coped beam…
beam…
Bearing-
Bearing-Type Connections—
Connections— Installation —
Installation of Bolts
seem a little 20
vague?
0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08
range of bolt bolt elongation (in.)
elongations
at snug
0.02 0.04
– Understand the requirements e.g., are
bolt elongation (in.) pretensioned bolts required?
– Monitor the installation on the site
– Proper storage of bolts is required
bolt elongation at one-half turn
• Disadvantages
– More expensive
– Pre-installation calibration required
All-
All-bolted connection
Continuing…
Continuing… Slip load (calculate at factored load level)
R n = μ D u h sc Tm N s (per bolt )
• Brace force in compression
– slip capacity of bolts (already checked for load μ = 0.35 (clean mill scale) h sc = 1.0 (std. holes)
in tension)
– shear capacity of bolts (already checked for
2 2
A b = π d / 4 = 0.60 in. (7/8 in.dia.)
load in tension) Fu = 120 ksi (A325 bolts)
– bearing capacity of plate (already checked) n = 8 bolts N s = 2 slip planes φ = 1.0
– block shear (doesn’
(doesn’t apply)
– capacity of gusset plate in compression (New) Tm = spec. min. bolt pretension = (0.75 × A b )( Fu )70%
= 0.75 × 0.60 in.2 × 120 ksi × 70% = 37.88 kips
1.5 Lc t Fu =
1.5 × 1.53 in. × 0.26 in. × 69.0 ksi = 41.2 k
Block shear
Block shear, cont’
cont’d
2.00
3@2.76=8.27 Tr = 0.45 in.2 × 69.0 ksi = 31.0 kips
Tr + Vr = φ A nt Fu + 0.60 φ A gv Fy