14.

Column Design

Type of columns (by design method)

1. Axially loaded columns

M
e= =0
P

2. Eccentric columns
M
e= 0
P

2.1. Short columns (without buckling)

Pu M u

2.2. Long (slender) columns (with buckling)

Pu M u  δns

1. Axially Loaded Columns

Safety provision

Pu  ϕPn.max

where Pu = axial load on column

ϕPn.max = design axial strength

For tied columns

 
ϕPn.max = 0.80 ϕ 0.85 f'c Ag  Ast  fy  Ast
 
with ϕ = 0.65

For spirally reinforced columns

 
ϕPn.max = 0.85 ϕ 0.85 f'c Ag  Ast  fy  Ast
 
with ϕ = 0.70

where Ag = area of gross section

Ast = area of steel reinforcements

Ag  Ast = Ac is an area of concrete section

Page 68
For tied columns

Diameter of tie
Dv = 10mm for D  32mm

Dv = 12mm for D  32mm

Spacing of tie

s  48Dv s  16D sb

For spirally reinforced columns

Diameter of spiral Dv  10mm

Clear spacing 25mm  s  75mm

Column steel ratio

Ast
ρg = = 1%  8%
Ag

Page 69
 Determination of Concrete Section
Pu

0.80 ϕ
Ag =

0.85 f'c 1  ρg  fy  ρg 

Determination of Steel Area

Pu
 0.85 f'c Ag
0.80 ϕ
Ast =
0.85 f'c  fy

Example 14.1

Tributary area B  4m L  6m

Thickness of slab t  120mm

Section of beam B1 b  250mm h  500mm

Section of beam B2 b  200mm h  350mm

kN
Live load for lab LL  3.00
2
m
Materials f'c  25MPa fy  390MPa

Solution

Loads on slab
kN
Cover  50mm 22
3
m
kN
Slab  120mm 25
3
m
kN
Ceiling  0.40
2
m
kN
Mechanical  0.20
2
m
kN
Partition  1.00
2
m
kN
DL  Cover  Slab  Ceiling  Mechanical  Partition  5.7
2
m
kN
LL  3 
2
m

Page 70
Reduction of live load
2
Tributary area AT  B L  24 m

For interior column KLL  4

2
Influence area AI  KLL AT  96 m

4.572
Live load reduction factor αLL  0.25   0.717
AI
2
m
kN
Reduced live load LL0  LL αLL  2.15
2
m

Loads of wall

Void  30mm 30mm 190 mm 4

Brickhollow.10   120mm  Void   20 kN  1.648  kN

55
 2 3 2
 1m  m m

Brickhollow.20   220mm  Void   20 kN  2.895  kN

110
 2 3 2
 1m  m m

Loads on column

PD.slab  DL B L  136.8  kN

PL.slab  LL B L  72 kN

kN
PB1  25cm ( 50cm  120mm)  25  L  14.25  kN
3
m
kN
PB2  20cm ( 35cm  120mm)  25  B  4.6 kN
3
m
Pwall.1  Brickhollow.10  ( 3.5m  50cm)  L  29.657 kN

Pwall.2  Brickhollow.10  ( 3.5m  35cm)  B  20.76  kN

Number of floors n  6

 
PD  PD.slab  PB1  PB2  Pwall.1  Pwall.2  1.05 n  1298.219 kN

PL  PL.slab n  432  kN SW = ( 5%  7%)  PD

PD  PL kN PL
 12.015  24.968 %
B  L n 2 PD  PL
m

Page 71
 Pu  1.2 PD  1.6 PL  2249.063 kN

Determination of column section

b 300
Assume ρg  0.03 k= k 
h 500

ϕ  0.65
Pu

0.80 ϕ 2
Ag  Ag  1338.529 cm

0.85 f'c 1  ρg  fy  ρg
Ag
h   472.322  mm b  k  h  283.393  mm
k

h  Ceil( h 50mm)  500  mm b  Ceil( b 50mm)  300  mm

 b    300   mm 2
    Ag  b  h  1500 cm
 h   500 

Determination of steel area

Pu
 0.85 f'c Ag
0.80 ϕ 2
Ast  Ast  30.851 cm
0.85 f'c  fy

2 2
π ( 20mm) π ( 16mm) 2
6  6  30.913 cm
4 4

Stirrups
Main bars D  20mm

Stirrup dia. Dv  10mm

Spacing of tie  
s  min 16 D 48 Dv b  300  mm

Page 72
2. Short Columns

Safety provision

Pu  ϕPn

M u  ϕMn

Equilibrium in forces
X = 0
Pn = C  Cs  T

Pn = 0.85 f'c a b  A's f's  As fs

Equilibrium in moments
M = 0
M n = Pn  e = C     Cs   d'  T  d  
h a h h
2 2 2   2

M n = Pn  e = 0.85 f'c a b      A's f's   d'  As fs  d  

h a h h
2 2 2   2

Conditions of strain compatibility

εs dc dc
= εs = εu
εu c c
dc
fs = Es ε s = Es ε u 
c
ε's c  d' c  d'
= ε's = ε u 
εu c c
c  d'
f's = Es ε's = Es ε u 
c

Page 73
Unknowns = 5 : a As A's fs f's

Equations = 4 :
X = 0 M = 0 2 conditions of strain compatibility

Case of symmetrical columns: As = A's

Case of unsymmetrical columns: fs = fy

A. Interaction Diagram for Column Strength

Interaction diagram is a graph of parametric function, where

Abscissa : M n ( a)
Ordinate: Pn ( a)

B. Determination of Steel Area

Given: M u Pu b  h f'c fy

Find: As = A's

Answer: As = AsN( a) = AsM ( a)

Pu
 0.85 f'c a b
ϕ
AsN( a) =
f's  fs

Mu
 0.85 f'c a b    
h a

AsM( a) =
ϕ 2 2
f's   d'  fs  d  
h h
2   2
c  d'
f's( a) = Es ε u   fy
c
dc
fs( a) = Es ε u   fy
c

Page 74
Example 14.2
Construction of interaction diagram for column strength.

Concrete dimension b  500mm h  200mm

2
π ( 16mm) 2
Steel reinforcements As  5   10.053 cm
4
2
A's  As  10.053 cm

16mm
d'  30mm  6mm   44 mm
2
d  h  d'  156  mm

Materials f'c  25MPa

fy  390MPa

Solution
Case of axially loaded column

Ag  b  h

Ast  As  A's

ϕ  0.65

 
ϕPn.max  0.80 ϕ 0.85 f'c Ag  Ast  fy  Ast  1490.536 kN
 

Case of eccentric column

 f'c  27.6MPa  
β1  0.65 max  0.85  0.05  min 0.85  0.85
 6.9MPa  
a
c( a) 
β1
5
Es  2  10 MPa ε u  0.003 d t  d

d  c( a)
fs( a)  min Es ε u  fy
 c( a) 

f's( a)  min Es ε u  fy
c ( a ) d'
 c ( a ) 
d t  c( a)
ϕ( a)  εt  εu
c( a)
 1.45  250  ε t  
ϕ  0.65 max   min 0.90
 3  

Page 75
  
ϕPn ( a)  minϕ( a)  0.85 f'c a b  A's f's( a)  As fs( a) ϕPn.max
 

ϕMn ( a)  ϕ( a)  0.85 f'c a b  

h a h   h 
   A's f's( a)    d'  As fs( a)   d  
 2 2 2   2 

h
a  0   h
100

Interaction diagram for column strength

1500

1250

1000

ϕPn( a)
750
kN

500

250

0
0 20 40 60
ϕMn( a)

kN m

Example 14.3

Determination of steel area.

Required strength Pu  1152.27kN

M u  42.64kN m

Concrete dimension b  500mm h  200mm

Materials f'c  25MPa

fy  390MPa

16mm
Concrete cover to main bars cc  30mm  6mm 
2

Page 76
Solution
Location of steel re-bars

d'  cc  44 mm

d  h  cc  156  mm

Case of axially loaded column

Ag  b  h ϕ  0.65
Pu
ϕ  0.65  0.85 f'c Ag
0.80 ϕ 2
Ast   2.465  cm
0.85 f'c  fy

Case of eccentric column

 f'c  27.6MPa  
β1  0.65 max  0.85  0.05  min 0.85  0.85
 6.9MPa  
a
c( a) 
β1
5
Es  2  10 MPa ε u  0.003 d t  d

fs( a)  min Es ε u  fy

d  c( a)
 c( a) 
f's( a)  min Es ε u  fy
c ( a )  d'
 c( a) 
d t  c( a)
ϕ( a)  εt  εu
c( a)
 1.45  250  ε t  
ϕ  0.65 max   min 0.90
 3  

Graphical solution
Pu
 0.85 f'c a b
ϕ( a)
AsN( a) 
f's( a)  fs( a)

Mu
 0.85 f'c a b    
h a

AsM( a) 
ϕ( a) 2 2
f's( a)    d'  fs( a)   d  
h h
2   2

a1  134.2mm a2  134.25mm

a2  a1
a  a1 a1   a2
50

Page 77
 4
8.735 10

4
8.73 10

A sN( a)
4
8.725 10
A sM( a)

4
8.72 10

4
8.715 10
0.13418 0.1342 0.13422 0.13424 0.13426
a

a  134.23mm
2
AsN( a)  8.722  cm
2
AsM( a)  8.725  cm

AsN( a)  AsM( a) 2 π ( 16mm)

2
2
As   8.724  cm 5  10.053 cm
2 4

Page 78
Analytical solution

ORIGIN  1

Asteel( No)  k1

h
for a  cc cc   h
No
f  f's( a)  fs( a)

( continue ) if f = 0
Pu
 0.85 f'c a b
ϕ( a)
AsN 
f
( continue ) if AsN  0

fd  f's( a)    d'  fs( a)   d  

h h
2   2
( continue ) if fd = 0
Mu
 0.85 f'c a b    
h a

AsM 
ϕ( a) 2 2
fd
( continue ) if AsM  0

 a 
 h 
 AsN 
 
k  Ag

Z  AsM 
 
 Ag 
 A A 
 sN sM 
 Ag 
kk1

 T
csort Z 4 

Z  Asteel( 5000) rows( Z)  2046

a  Z  h  134.24 mm
1 1

2 2
AsN  Z  Ag  8.719  cm AsM  Z  Ag  8.728  cm
1 2 1 3

AsN  AsM 2
As   8.723  cm
2

Page 79
C. Case of Distributed Reinforcements

e Pn
b

a
d1
dn
h 0.85 f c

Tn T1
C
s,1
u

c
s,n
dn

rUb 3>1> ssrcakp©it EdlmanEdkBRgayeRcInCYr

CMuvijmuxkat;ebtug

Equilibrium in forces
X = 0
n n
Pn = C 
 T = 0.85 f'c a b 
i  As if s i
i 1 i 1

Equilibrium in moments
M = 0
n
M n = Pn  e = C     T   d  h 

h a
 i i 
2 2   2 
i 1
n
M n = 0.85 f'c a b      A  f   d  h 

h a
 s i s i  i 
2 2   2 
i 1

Page 80
 Conditions of strain compatibility
ε d c
s i i
=
εu c
d c
i
ε = εu
s i c
d c
i
f = Es ε = Es ε u 
s i s i c

Example 14.4

Checking for column strength.

Required strength Pu  13994.6kN

M u  57.53kN m

Materials f'c  35MPa

fy  390MPa

Solution

Determination of Concrete Section

Case of axially loaded column

ϕ  0.65

Assume ρg  0.04
Pu

0.80 ϕ 2
Ag   6094.36  cm

0.85 f'c 1  ρg  fy  ρg 
b
Aspect ratio of column section λ = λ  1
h
Ag
h   780.664  mm b  λ h  780.664  mm
λ

h  Ceil( h 50mm) b  Ceil( b 50mm)

 b    800   mm 2
    Ag  b  h  6400 cm
 h   800 

Page 81
 Steel area
Pu
 0.85 f'c Ag
0.80 ϕ 2
Ast  Ast  218.534  cm
0.85 f'c  fy

2 2
π ( 25mm) π ( 20mm) 2
( 4  7 4)   ( 4  5 4)   232.478  cm
4 4

800mm  50mm 2
Spacing  87.5 mm
8

Interaction Diagram for Column Strength

Distribution of reinforcements

 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 

 25 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 25 
 25 20 0 0 0 0 0 20 25 
 
 25
20 0 0 0 0 0 20 25

Bars   25 20 0 0 0 0 0 20 25  mm
 25 20 0 0 0 0 0 20 25 
 
 25 20 0 0 0 0 0 20 25 
 25 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 25 
 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 

Number of reinforcement rows n  cols( Bars)  9

Steel area

2
π Bars
As0 
4
i
i  1  n As 
i  As0
 As
2
Ast  Ast  232.478  cm

Location of reinforcement rows

Concrete cover Cover  30mm  10mm  40 mm

Bars h  d 2
1 n 1
d  Cover   52.5 mm ΔS   86.875 mm
1 2 n1

i  2  n d  d  ΔS
i i 1

T
reverse ( d )  ( 747.5 660.63 573.75 486.88 400 313.13 226.25 139.38 52.5 )  mm

Case of axially loaded column

Page 82
 
ϕPn.max  0.80 ϕ 0.85 f'c Ag  Ast  fy  Ast
  
ϕPn.max  14255.808  kN

Case of eccentric column

 f'c  27.6MPa  
β1  0.65 max  0.85  0.05  min 0.85  0.796
 6.9MPa  
a
c( a) 
β1

d  c( a)
i
fs( i a)  εs  εu
c( a)
  
sign ε s  min Es ε s fy 
d t  max( d )  747.5  mm

d t  c( a)
ϕ( a)  εt  εu
c( a)
 1.45  250  ε t  
ϕ  0.65 max   min 0.9
 3  

  n  
   Asi fs( i a)  ϕPn.max
ϕPn ( a)  min ϕ( a)  0.85 f'c a b 
     
  i 1  

 n
h 
ϕMn ( a)  ϕ( a)  0.85 f'c a b  
a A  f ( i a)   d 

h
    si s  i 
 2 2   2 
 i 1 

h
a  0   h
100

Page 83
 10000
ϕPn( a)

kN

Pu

kN
5000

0
0 1000 2000 3000
ϕMn( a) Mu

kN m kN m

Page 84
D. Design of Circular Columns

Symbols

ns = number of re-bars
Dc = column diameter
Ds = diameter of re-bar circle

Location of steel re-bar

Dc Ds
d = rc  rs cos α
i s i   rc =
2
rs =
2
2 π
α =  ( i  1)
s i ns

Page 85
Depth of compression concrete
 rc  a 
α = acos 
 rc 

Area and centroid of compression concrete

 
1 1 2
Asector =  Radius  Arch =  rc  rc 2  α = rc  α
2 2

2 sin( α)
x1 =  rc
3 α
1
1 2
Atriangle =  Base  Height =  2  rc sin( α)  rc cos( α) = rc  sin( α)  cos( α)
2 2

2
x2 =  r  cos( α)
3 c

2
Ac = Asegment = Asector  Atringle = rc  ( α  sin( α)  cos( α) )

Asector x 1  Atrinagle x 2 2 sin( α)  sin( α)  cos( α)

2
xc = = r 
Ac 3 c α  sin( α)  cos( α)

2  rc sin( α)
3
xc = 
3 α  sin( α)  cos( α)

Equilibrium in forces
X = 0
ns ns
Pn = C 
 T = 0.85 f'c Ac 
i  As if s i
i 1 i 1

Equilibrium in moments
M = 0
ns
  Dc 
M n = Pn  e = C x c 
 Ti  di  
  2 
i 1
ns
M n = Pn  e = 0.85 f'c Ac x c 
 As i f s i  d i  rc
i 1

Conditions of strain compatibility

ε d c
s i i
=
εu c
d c
i
f = Es ε = Es ε  with f  fy
s i s i u c s i

Page 86
Example 14.5

Required strength Pu  3437.31kN

M u  42.53kN m

Materials f'c  20MPa

fy  390MPa

Solution

Determination of concrete dimension

ϕ  0.70

Assume ρg  0.02

Pu

0.85 ϕ 2
Ag   2361.812 cm

0.85 f'c 1  ρg  fy  ρg 
 Ag 
Dc  Ceil 50mm  550  mm
 π 
 4 
2
π Dc 2
Ag   2375.829 cm
4

Determination of steel area

Pu
 0.85 f'c Ag
0.85 ϕ 2
Ast   46.597 cm
0.85 f'c  fy

Ds  Dc   30mm  10mm 
20mm 
  2  450  mm
 2 

 π Ds  π ( 20mm)
2
2
n s  ceil   15 As0   3.142  cm
 100mm  4

2 π Ds
Ast  n s As0  47.124 cm s   94.248 mm
ns

Interaction diagram for column strength

 
ϕPn.max  0.85 ϕ 0.85 f'c Ag  Ast  fy  Ast  3448.996 kN
 

Page 87
  f'c  27.6MPa  
β1  0.65 max  0.85  0.05  min 0.85  0.85
 6.9MPa  
5
Es  2  10 MPa ε u  0.003

a
c( a) 
β1
2 π Dc Ds
i  1  n s αs   (i  1) d    cos αs 
i ns i 2 2  i

d t  max( d )  495.083  mm

d t  c( a)
ϕ( a)  εt  εu
c( a)
 1.7  200  εt  
ϕ  0.70 max   min 0.9
 3  
d  c( a)
i
fs( i a)  εs  εu
c( a)
  
sign ε s  min Es ε s fy 
Dc
rc 
2
 rc  a 
α( a)  acos 
 rc 
2  rc sin( α( a) )
3
x c( a)  
3 α( a)  sin( α( a) )  cos( α( a) )

2
Ac( a)  rc  ( α( a)  sin( α( a) )  cos( α( a) ) )

  ns  
 
ϕPn ( a)  min ϕ( a)  0.85 f'c Ac( a) 
  As0 fs(i a)  ϕPn.max
 
  i 1  
 ns 
 
ϕMn ( a)  ϕ( a)  0.85 f'c Ac( a)  x c( a) 
 As0 fs( i a)   di  rc

 i 1 
Dc
a  0   Dc
100

Page 88
 Interaction diagram for column strength

3000

ϕPn( a)

kN
2000
Pu

kN

1000

0
0 100 200 300
ϕMn( a) Mu

kN  m kN  m

3. Long (Slender) Columns

Stability index

ΣPu  Δ0
Q=
Vu  Lc

where
ΣPu Vu = total vertical force and story shear
Δ0 = relative deflection between column ends
Lc = center-to-center length of column

Q  0.05 : Frame is nonsway (braced)

Q  0.05 : Frame is sway (unbraced)

Page 89
 Unbraced Frame Braced Frame

Shear Wall
Braced Frame
Brick Wall

Ties

Slenderness of column

The column is short, if

k  Lu  M1 
In nonsway frame:  min 34  12 40
r
 M2

k  Lu
In sway frame:  22
r

where


M 1 = min M A M B  
M 2 = max M A M B 
= minimum and maximum moments at the ends of column

Lu = unsuppported length of column

r = radius of gyration

I
r=
A

I A = moment of inertia and area of column section

k = effective length factor


k = k ψA ψB 
ψA ψB = degree of end restraint (release)

Page 90
  EIc 
  
 Lc 
ψ=
 EIb 
 L 
 b
ψ=0 : column is fixed
ψ=∞ : column is pinned

Moments of inertia

For column Ic = 0.70Ig

For beam Ib = 0.35Ig

Ig = moment of inertia of gross section

Determination of effective length factor

Way 1. Using graph

Way 2. Using equations

For braced frames:

 π  2 tan π 
ψA ψB 2 ψA  ψB    
 
π k  2 k  = 1
  1  
4 k 2
 tan 
π
 π
 k  k

Page 91
 For unbraced frames:
2
ψA ψB 
π π
  36
k =
k

6  ψA  ψB  tan 
π
k

Way 3. Using approximate relations

In nonsway frames:


k = 0.7  0.05 ψA  ψB  1.0 
k = 0.85  0.05 ψmin  1.0


ψmin = min ψA ψB 
In sway frames:

Case ψm  2

20  ψm
k=  1  ψm
20

Case ψm  2

k = 0.9 1  ψm

ψA  ψB
ψm =
2

Case of column is hinged at one end

k = 2.0  0.3 ψ

ψ is the value in the restrained end.

Moment on column

M c = M 2  δns  M 2.min δns

where
M 2.min = Pu  ( 15mm  0.03h )

Moment magnification factor

Page 92
 Cm
δns = 1
Pu
1
0.75 Pc

Euler's critical load

2
π  EI
Pc =
 k  Lu 
2

0.4 Ec Ig
EI =
1  βd

1.2 PD
βd =
1.2 PD  1.6 PL

Coefficient
M1
Cm = 0.6  0.4  0.4
M2

Example 14.6
 PD   4273.41kN 
Required strength Pu  6402.35kN   
 PL   796.25kN 
M A  77.75kN m M B  122.68kN m

Length of column Lc  7.8m

 ba   60cm   bb   65cm 
   
 60cm   65cm 
Upper and lower columns  h a    h b  
   
L   3.6m  L   1.5m 
 a  b
Upper and lower beams
 b a1   30cm   b a2   30cm 
   
 50cm   50cm 
 h a1    h a2  
   
L   6m  L   6m 
 a1   a2 
 b b1   30cm   b b2   30cm 
   
 50cm   50cm 
 h b1    h b2  
   
L   6m  L   6m 
 b1   b2 

Materials f'c  30MPa

fy  390MPa

Page 93
Solution

Determination of concrete dimension

ϕ  0.65

Assume ρg  0.03
Pu

0.80 ϕ 2
Ag   3379.226 cm
 
0.85 f'c 1  ρg  fy  ρg

b 60
Proportion of column section k= k 
h 60
Ag
h   581.311  mm b  k  h  581.311  mm
k

h  Ceil( h 50mm)  600  mm

 b    600   mm
b  Ceil( b 50mm)  600  mm    
 h   600 

Determination of steel area

3 2
Ag  b  h  3.6  10  cm
Pu
 0.85 f'c Ag 2
0.80 ϕ 2 π ( 25mm) 2
Ast   85.932 cm 20  98.175 cm
0.85 f'c  fy 4

1 1 1 1 1 1
1 0 0 0 0 1 
  2
Bars  
1 0 0 0 0 1 π Bars
 25mm As0 
1 0 0 0 0 1 4
1 0 0 0 0 1

 
1 1 1 1 1 1
i
 
i  1  cols As0 As1 
i  As0 As  As1

Ast

2
Ast  As Ast  98.175 cm  0.027
Ag

 
n s  rows As ns  6

25mm
Cover  40mm  10mm   62.5 mm
2

Page 94
 h  Cover 2
d1  Cover Δs   95 mm
1 ns  1
 62.5 
i  2  n s d1  d1
i i 1
 Δs  157.5 
 
d  d1 d  252.5 
 mm
 347.5 
 442.5 
 
 537.5 

 
ϕPn.max  0.80 ϕ 0.85 f'c Ag  Ast  fy  Ast  6634.405 kN
 

Slenderness of column

Stability index Q  0
h
Radius of gyration r   0.173 m
12
Modulus of elasticity
kN
wc  24
3
m
1.5
 wc  f'c
Ec  44MPa  
4
  2.834  10  MPa
 kN  MPa
 m3 
 

Degree of end restraint

3 3
b a1 h a1 b a2 h a2
Ia1  0.35 Ia2  0.35
12 12
3 3
b b1 h b1 b b2 h b2
Ib1  0.35 Ib2  0.35
12 12
3 3
b a h a bb hb
Ica  0.70 Icb  0.70
12 12
3
b h
Ic  0.70
12
Ec Ica Ec Ic Ec Icb Ec Ic
Σi ca   Σi cb  
La Lc Lb Lc

Ec Ia1 Ec Ia2 Ec Ib1 Ec Ib2

Σi ba   Σi bb  
La1 La2 Lb1 Lb2
Σi ca Σi cb
ψA   8.418 ψB   21.699
Σi ba Σi bb

Page 95
Effective length factor

k  0.6

Given

 π  2 tan π 
ψA ψB 2 ψA  ψB    2 k 
 
π k   =1
  1  
4 k 2
 tan 
π
 π
 k  k
k  0.5 k  1.0

k  Find( k ) k  0.969

Checking for long column

M 1  M A if MA  MB M 2  M B if MA  MB

M B otherwise M A otherwise

M 1  77.75  kN m M 2  122.68 kN m

 
max h a1 h a2  max h b1 h b2  
Lu  Lc   7.3 m
2
k  Lu  M1 
 40.834 min 34  12 40  40
r
 M2

k  Lu  M1 
The_column  "is short" if  min 34  12 40
r
 M2

"is long" otherwise

The_column  "is long"

Case of long column

1.2 PD
βd   0.801
1.2 PD  1.6 PL

b h
3 0.4 Ec Ig
Ig  EI 
12 1  βd

2
π  EI
Pc   13409.955  kN
 k  Lu 
2

 M1 
Cm  max 0.6  0.4 0.4  0.4
 M2


Page 96
  Cm 
δns  max 1  1.101
 Pu 
 1  0.75 P 
 c 
M 2.min  Pu  ( 15mm  0.03 h )  211.278  kN m

M c  
δns  max M 2 M 2.min  if The_column = "is long"


max M 2 M 2.min  otherwise

Interaction diagram for column strength

a
c( a) 
β1

d t  max( d )  537.5  mm
d t  c( a)
ϕ( a)  εt  εu
c( a)
 1.45  250  ε t  
ϕ  0.65 max   min 0.90
 3  
d  c( a)
i
fs( i a)  εs  εu
c( a)
  
sign ε s  min Es ε s fy 
  ns  
   
ϕPn ( a)  min ϕ( a)  0.85 f'c a b 
   
 Asi fs( i a)  ϕPn.max

  i 1  
 ns 
  a   h 

h
ϕMn ( a)  ϕ( a)  0.85 f'c a b      Asi fs( i a)   d i  
 2 2   2 
 i 1 
h
a  0   h
100

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 Interaction diagram for column strength
7000

6000

5000

ϕPn( a)
4000
kN

Pu

kN 3000

2000

1000

0
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200
ϕMn( a) Mc

kN  m kN  m

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