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PERL Training – 5th to 7th OCT 2010

Day 1 :

Scripting is mostly use din automation,

Coding ( programming ) lang needs to be complied and intermediate code is generated

NO DATA TYPES in scripting , hence kind of data can be used.

Text processing is easy with scripting ( regular expression in automation)

PERL : Pratical Extraction & Report Lauguage

For details :

“Cpan.org” – Inbuilt modules are present , you can use from here.

Scripting :

Types of data :

$ scalar
@ list
% associate array

PRINT & STDIN :

#!C:/PERL/bin/PERL51~1.EXE –w

Print “enter your name”;

$name=<STDIN>

Print “Hello, @name”; #interpolation

CHOP:

chop($name);# chop will chop ANY last character at the end

When user clicks on ENTER , it takes as “CARRIAGE RETURN”
Hence after you input any data in <STDIN>,
It will also take in LAST character as ENTER ( one lone of blank data )
SO use CHOP to take only the exact data required

Arithmetic operation :

All input by default is a STRING

‘+’ always converts any input to NUMERICAL values ALWAYS.

So when you give a string say “abc” , its value converts to ZERO ,
As ‘+’ operator converts to numerical.
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So when user inputs 10 + abc = 10

34abc+10 = 44 ( as 34 is taken , after that its ZERO value , till it finds numerical.
Abc34 + 10 = 10 ( as abc is alreasy zero , so it stops scanning for numerical.

Concatenating :

$concatenate="firstword"."secondword";
print "$concatenate\n";

‘.’ DOT operator is concatenation , and has HIGHER PRIORITY for DOT than ADDITION (+)

#!C:/Perl/bin/PERL51~1.EXE –w

-w is same as “Use warnings”

‘’ SINGLE quote , interpolation does not happen

$num1=2.7; # you can store any data type , also DECIMAL

$num2=4;
$num3=$num1+$num2;
print "sum is $num3\n";

by DEFAULT all variable are GLOBAL.

To make it local , use LOCAL or MY

A small difference between LOCAL & MY

You can see the difference in SUBROUTINES.

Lists & arrays

@myArray=(1,2,3,4,5,"sush",5865,"C+++"); # array or list can hold any type of data

print "array is : @myArray\n";

print "my first element is : $myArray[0]\n"; # $ is used here , as one at a time is taken , hence scalar

NO NEED to allocate MEMORY or space as in C programming ,

It is dynamically allocated ( can be expanded & shrunk )

In C prog you need to give lika Array = [4] ; ( Allocating memory )

$myLastnum=$myArray[$#myArray]; #this will access last number - $#myArray

$#myArray --- HASH itself is an operator that gives the LAST INDEX value of
an array.
SLICING :
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Accessing many elements from one array

@array1=@myArray[0,2,4];
That is , it will take elements pointing by listed indexs , so its an array.

@array1=@myArray[0,2,3];
# creating a array from an array , when LHS is $ , it can store only ONE element

What if LHS is scalar ie. $ then ?? but RHS is an array, what will happen .

If @ is used in LHS , even for SINGLE element , you can in future add more elements

But if $ is used in LHS & @ on RHS then ,

as array pushes one value each time , slicing holds only ONE element in Scalar , so only LAST element
is saved

$Scalar=@myArray[0,1,3];
print "whats this : $Scalar\n"; # takes only LAST index value element.

LENGTH of Array can also be got as :

$length=@myArray;

print "length of array is: $length \n";

or :

$myLastnum=$myArray[$#myArray]; #this will access last INDEX- $#myArray

LOOPS :

#!C:/Perl/bin/PERL51~1.EXE -w

#Loops

# WHILE loop

$i=1;

while($i<=5)

{
print "i is $i\n";
++$i;
}

#create an array , print all elements in below format

# at o index value is : 20
#at 1 index value is: 10
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@myArray=(10,20,30,40,50);

#$i=0;

while ($i<=$#myArray)
{
print "index is $i and value is $myArray[$i]\n";
++$i;
}

#FOR EACH loop , mainly to process a LIST, scalar followed by a list

foreach $v (@myArray) #more like foreach $v ( 1,2,3,4,5)

{
print "Value is $v\n";
}

foreach (@myArray) #this is without a SCALAR variable

{
print "Value is without a variable $_\n";
}

#Create array by name array1 amd store few city names

#defined a foreach loop which update each array element as city_KN

@arraycity=(Delhi,Bombay,Bangalore);

foreach $c (@arraycity)
{
print "List of cities after impeding is $c"."_KN"."\n";
}
#!C:/Perl/bin/PERL51~1.EXE -w

#String functions

$str1="bangalore";
print "my string is $str1\n"; #to show current string
$x=uc($str1);
print "x is $x\n"; # this does not update exsisting string , only give new value

#create array by empname , store few emp names.

#define for loop to update each element in below format
#uppercase of empname : lengthofempname
#RAM:3
#RADHA:5

@empName=(Sush,Saha,RAM,DEEpu);
print "Names of employess at present @empName\n";

foreach $e (@empName) # takes one string at a time and assigns to scalar

{
$e=uc($e).":".length($e);
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print join("\n",@empName);

JOIN :

Join function creates a single scalar with array elements delimiting with specified chatercter .

$join=join("-",@empName); # joins to one scalar variable

print $join;

SPLIT :

Main ideas of a DATA STRCTURE :

Create
Access
Dlete
Add
Replace

PUSH POP
SHIFT or UNSHIFT

PUSH – will add element at rear end

UNSHIFT will add in front end

POP – will remove from rear end

SHIFT – will remove from front end

SPLICE :

Insert
Delete
Replace

splice(@numlist,2,3,"x","y","z"); # this is used to REPLACE the elements

#syntax(@array,INDEX VALUE, NUMBER of ELEMENTS, Values to replace); if string is smaller, then
extra will get appended

splice (@numlist,$i,1);
splice (@numlist,$i,1,"replaced"); # if NO value is specified , then it DELETES the value

COMPARISIONS:

Cmp for string comparision : by default shows in Decending, by ASCII value

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<=>: for numerical comparision : by default shows in Ascending, by ASCII value

If you want STRING in Ascending or Numerical in Decending then ,

@slist=sort {$b cmp $a } (@numlist);

@slist1=sort {$a <=> $b } (@num1);

$b then $a shows Higest to lowest – Decending order

$a then $b shows lowest to highest – Ascending order

Reverse – simply reverse string ( no sorting nothing)

@x=reverse(@num1);

print "after reverse @x\n";

DAY 2 :

PUSH fuction RETURNS the length of the updated array.

@a1=(1,2);
print "array is @a1 \n";
@b1=push (@a1,3);

print "now array is @b1 \n"; #PUSH fuction RETURNS the length of the updated array.

print "now array is @b1 \n"; #PUSH fuction RETURNS the length of the updated array.

($x,@a2)=@a1; # stores x= first element and @a2 = all other elements in RHS array
($x,$y)=@a1 ; # stores x= first element , y = second element
(@a3,$z)=@a1; # stores a3 has all array , and z = null

while (<STDIN>)

{
chop($_);
#If you use CHOMP , error , as it chomps off even ENTER key , not realising its END of array
push(@num,$_);
}
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HASH :

Memory management is good in HASH , than list .

Every Key has a VALUE ,

There are 3 ways of defining a HASH list.

SYNTAX 1
: always use FLOWER BRACKET when defining individually .

$empID{100}="044-8467";
$empID{101}="022-841367";
$empID{102}="033-238467";
$empID{103}="012-843367";

print "100 contact is : $empID{100} \n";

print "102 contact is : $empID{102} \n";

Syntax 2 :

Or if using PERCENTAGE symbol :

%fruits=(“apple”,”red”,”papaya”,”yellow”); -- LIST context , hence PAIR should be present,

Else it will return a NULL value .

Print “apple color is : $fruit{apple} \n”;

So -> apple is key , red is value , papaya is key , yellow is value

Syntax 3 : this is best , with no confusions

%myHash=(“A”=>65,”B”=>34,”C”=>22,”D”=>87);
Print “A asciss code is : $myHash{A} \n”;

Key functionality :

@keylist= keys %empID; # use KEY functionality to get all keys , and push to an array

print "Emp ID are : @keylist \n";

KEY order is NOT in SAME order.

As memeory allocation is dynamic , so order is mixed

IXA module : import & use to SORT and print in order

Values functionalty :

Keys %myHash – gives KEYS of hash list

Values %myHash – gives only VALUES of hash list
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print "@{[%hash3]}"; # to print all elements inside a HASH

SUBROUTINES :

#used to get back a value from called function to calling function

Arguments are stored in “@_” by default

DISPLAY :
May pass the values , or may not pass the values or arguments.

sub display {
print "control is in display function \n";
print "display :@_ \n"; # by default , any arguments passed into a function , is stored is an array
}

print "control is main routine \n";

display;
print "control is back to main routine \n";

display(10);
display("hello","how");

print "List with array return is @result \n" ; #this takes full array as one big SCALAR , and prints , that
why printing HASH is circus with many brackets.

print "Odd number list using PRINT ".AddOdd(@myArray)."\n"; #this concatenation can only PRINT
ONE SCALAR value , so LENGTH of Odd list is shown

MY and LOCAL variables :

MY is only for a particular block

LOCAL is accessible to all its CHILD blocks too . Scope is for all blocks which calls that function.

BEGIN and END :

BEGIN : BEGIN is inbuild procedure , making variables as STATIC

# hence using BEGIN updates the value of x each time after a subroutinue ( so next time you can build
on previous value

END # Need not CALL the function END , it WILL execute anyways if its defined under END
{
print "End of script\n";
}

AUTOLOAD :
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AUTOLOAD { # AUTOLOAD will have an inbuilt scalar variable ,when something is not defined ,
Autoload executes
print " this is Autoload $AUTOLOAD \n";
}
Program :
AUTOLOAD { # AUTOLOAD will have an inbuilt scalar variable ,when something is not defined ,
Autoload executes
print " this is Autoload $AUTOLOAD \n";
}
sub display {

print "this is in display \n";

}
#sub show {

#print "this is in SHOW\n";

#}

print "this is MAIN block\n";

display();

show(); # since SHOW is not defined , or commented , it will show AUTOLOAD value

Regular Expressions :

Most of the time used in FILE HANDLING

1. To Find our patterns
2. Find our patterns and replace them

Applys on strings

FORMAT : $myString=~m/pattern/

“m” stands for MATCH

Pattern stands for the pattern you want to search

Above code return 1 if $myString consists of pattern you are looking for
Otherwise it will return null or zero.

$result=$myString=~m/pattern/

If $result is 1 , then pattern found in $myString.

^alphabet – means the word should START from that character

Ex: $myString2=("Sushma is my name");

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if($myString2=~m/^S/)

then TRUE , as string STARTS with “S”

alphabet$ will serach for LAST character in string

$myString2=~m/^[aieou]/i/)

Last slash “I” means its

^ check string stars with

$ edns with

[] a charater class

+previous character, check wether previous occurs miimun once , max ay time ( mandatory )

*Applicable previous, check wheather , check weather previous occurs , min ZERO , max One time
( optional)

?applicable , min Zero , max 1 time ( not unlimited )

/\.txt$/ if pattern must END with “.txt”

When using “.” Or “$” as a symbol in pattern , use BACKLASH “\”

Check string contains atleast 3 digit number :

/[0-9][0-9][0-9]/

Minimum 2 digits , max 3 digits:

/[0-9][0-9][0-9]?/ last digit is optional

“/d” also same as numbers  [0-9] instead

\/d+$/ same as \[0-9]+$/

xxx-xxxxxxx
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x indicates numbers

\^[0-9]{3}-[0-9]{10}$/
Or

\^\d{3}-\d{10}$/

Minimum 2 times , max any number , the {2,3} so min 2 , max 3

If min 2 and max anything then {2,}

Check second character is vowel

Each DOT stands for ONE charater .

/^.[aeiou]/  this means , first character is DOT ( can be anything, number or alphabet )
From second chart should be vowel

/^…[aeiou]/  this means , first 3 characters is 3 DOT’s ( can be anything, number or alphabet
)
From second chart should be vowel

First charter is must be alphabet and last must be number

.*[0-9]$/
/^[a-z]

Here “DOT and STAR “ means DOT can have any character , then STAR can be any number of
charecters.

Contains abc in order not in sequence

/a.*b.*c/

Start with a means /^a.*b.*c/

Escape characters :

\b : to check if word is there word boundry

\bwork\b/i

For one space “\s”

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/abc\s+xyz/  \s+ is once and unlimited

\s* will be zero or any number

DAY 3 :

Global Pattern

@a=$mystr=~m/[0-9][0-9]/g;

This makes to check pattern to check in FULL string ,

Else simple pattern search , look sonly inside FIRST pattern

#Regular expressions , to chekk which pattern made it MATCH , GLOBAL pattern

#GLOBAL pattern searchs ALL occurnces in entire string . else simple checks only for FIRST
occurrence

^ - start with
$ - end with
+ - min once , max anything
“*” – zero or max once ( optional ) , it might or might not be there .
? – min zero or max once
“. “- one character
\b – word boundry
\s – space
() – bound ry
\d can be used instead of [0-9]
\w can be used instead of valid alphabet , which matches all these : [0-9][a-z][A-Z] and “_”
underscore.

() boundry – starts and ends with same , used for BACk reference

Older explanation :

“+previous character, check wether previous occurs miimun once , max ay time ( mandatory )

*Applicable previous, check wheather , check weather previous occurs , min ZERO , max One time
( optional)

?applicable , min Zero , max 1 time ( not unlimited )”

() boundry :

Values are stored in buffers names \1 and \2 etc…. to refer it back

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Like :

$mystr=~/^{[a-z]).*\1/ means 

(a-z) value is stored in \1 ( which ever comes first )

Like :

Str = “ shere 100 apples eves”;

So now check if string STARTS with “S” and ends with “S”,
As “S” is the first alphabet in you string .

This “S” gets stored in \1

So :

Str = “ shere 100 apples eves”;

$x=$str=~/^([a-z]).*\1$/;

“.” Means anything can come in between that character .

$mystr= "sush made shaus"; # try matching s in first & last , and U matches second and
second last charcter

$x=$mystr=~/^([a-z])([a-z]).*\2\1$/g; # so here , first bracket stores "s" next bracket stores "u" ,
so \1 stores "s" , \2 stores "u" ,
So you have interchanged the order of alphabets while matching the ENDing of string.

print "The numbers are $x";

Negation :

~/^[^aeiou]/g; # no word should begin with vowels

# Negation - include inside the search pattern ( ^ [ ^ a ])
Above means , no word should start with “a”

$mystr= "sush 4 MADEe 20 33 shaus";

@a=$mystr=~/[^0-9]/ig; # Negation - include inside the search pattern

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print "@a"; # this takes all charcters that is NOT a NUMBER , and "ig" together makes global
and case sensitive

SUBSTITUTION :

$str = "city name is mysore";

$str=~s/my/BANG/; # this replaces "my" with "BANG" and keeps all extra charaters as it is

print "now my str is $str\n";

OUTPUT : city name is BANGsore

$str=" a house is my city ";

# check if multiple spaces are seen , remove and keep only ONE space
$str=~s/\s+/ /g; # if you give"\s" it types it , so hust give a SPACE to replace by a space
print " now string is:$str\n";

“city name 10 and 200 mysore”

~s/\b(\w+)(e)\b/$2$1/g; # this is searching only for any WORD pattern .

as “\w” includes anything as 0-9 , a-z,A-Z, and Unsderscore.

~s/\b(\w+)(e)\b/\2\1/g;
Use \1 or $1 , \2 or $2

Above result is making “nam” into $1 , then “e” into $2,

Then pattern in storing “mysor” in $1 and “e” in $2 .

$1 and $2 stores only the PATTERN and not the actual data .

So Output will be :

City enam 10 and 200 emysore

REFERENCES :

In regular Functions , any value was passed as ONE big ARRAY !!

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If you need to keeo that structure as it is , use References.

Refernce is a scalar , as it stores the Address of FIRST element of an array .

$aref =\@array; - Array reference

$href =\%hash; - hash referemce

$sref=\$variable; - variable or scalar referenc

As REFERENCE is a sclar , value is always stored in a SCALAR ,

And can be used on any type of data – array,hash or scalar.

This reference prints the ADDRESS of that Array/hash or scalar

REF function :

to find WHAT is format of the data in that address, so that you can perform functions based on
the FORMAT

$x= ref ($href);

print "x is $x\n";

if($x eq "HASH")
#ref only understands SCALAR,ARRAY,HASH words to find WHAT is format of the data in
that address
{
print "href is reference HASH\n";

Equal to :

Str1 eq str2 is for STRING values

Num1 == num2 for NUMERICAL values

less than lt
greater gt
greter than and equal to : ge
less than or equal : le

#To use Reference and print an array :

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@array1=(1,2,3,4);

$aref=\@array1;

print " first element is $array1[0] \n";

print " first element is ${$aref}[0] \n";

print " the arary is : @array1 \n";

print " the arary is : @{$aref} \n";

print "Last element is : $#array1 \n";

print "Last element is : $#{$aref} \n";

just replace “arrayname” with “$aref” , as above example.

Use {} flower bracket to make the code more visible and neat

To find LENGTH :

$len1=@array1;
print "length is $len1 \n";

give an ARRAY into a SCALAR , it always takes the LENGTH , ( not the first element of the
array into scalar !!!!)
QUOTES :

#%myHash=("apple","red","grapes","green");

%myHash=qw(apple red grapes green); # use "qw" if all are STRINGS , else have to QUOTE
each element manually
#if you need not perform any arithmetic operations then you can QUOTE
that too, such as emp ID

Anonymous ARRAY or HASH :

Usually in big data size, you will any way work only on the data ,
So why wate a variable by naming an Array or Hash ,
So simply create data directly by using a Reference .

#@a1=(1,3,4); # so you are SAVING a variable a1 , as you are anyways refrening only to that
array block , and not the NAME!
#$ref1=\@a1;
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$ref2=[3,4,2];
#[] square brackets creates an anonymous ARRAY /LIST
block
print "ref2 is $ref2";

#Anonymous HASH

$ref={"A",65,"B",66};
#{} flower brackets creates an anonymous HASH block
print "hash refrence is $ref\n";

Complex Array and HASH :

#complex arrays

my @myarray=([2,3,4],"java",[3,7,9],"excel");

one array which has refrence array or strings inside one array.

So write a program , to identify if it’s a ARRAY or string,

If its an ARRAY inside an Array ,
Then print full array , else just that string .

--++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
#complex arrays

my @myarray=([2,3,4],"java",[3,7,9],"excel");

print "array is : @myarray \n";

$x=ref($myarray[0]);
print "x is $x \n";

#get output as :
#index 0 : elements 2,3,4
#index 1 : elements java
#index 2 : elements 3,7,9
#index 3 : elements excel

$ref1=\@myarray;

print "Refernce of first element is $ref1 \n";

#foreach (@{$ref1})
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#{
#print "Index is $_ and element is @{$ref1}[$_]";

#}

$x=0;
#foreach (@myarray)

foreach (@{$ref1}) # above line is the same as this

{

if (ref($_) eq "ARRAY") # here is data type is ARRAY , then $_ will hold the word ARRAY
{
print "$x is : @{$_} \n";
}
else
{
print "$x is : $_ \n";
}
++$x;

++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++

Complex HASH :

print "@{$myHash{$_}}"; # this prints the ARRAY that is pointed by the reference key

{$myHash{$_}}  this shows the start of an ARRAY

@ {$myHash{$_}}  @ the rate lists out all the strings in that above pointed array .
NOTE :

REALLY SCARY – Want to try “Use Anonymous HASH on LSH , and COMPLEX HASH , with
anonymous HASH & Array’s inside on RHS . ( You ‘ll go MAD I m sure !!! )

FILE Handling :
By default its READ mode, if no symbol is preceeded before the file name.

Regular Expressions are extensively used in File Handling , as you usually use to find a
pattern and retrieve or write accordingly .
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Modes in File handling :

“<” READ
“>”WRITE, erase all exsitng data
“>>” append , add to existing data
“+<” read and write mode , if file exits,then write to it .(cant CREATE a file)
“>+” write plus read mode,if file does not exits,it CREATES file,but OVERWRITTES
“>>+” append and read mode, if file does not exits,it CREATES file,but adds at the LAST.

++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
Open(FH,”D:\\flower.txt”) || die “file cannot open \n”;

While (<FH>)

{
print $_;
}

Close(FH);
++++++++++++++++++++++++++

Open(FH,”<D:\\flower.txt”) || die “file cannot open \n”;

Above line :
All data inside D:\\ drive and flower.txt loads into FH,
“<” reads from the file
And remain in that cache till you close FH.

“||” means OR , so if cannot open,then print .

Print “Hello”;
Actually means
Print STDOUT “Hello”;
STDOUT throws display to screen – it’s a Handler

You can define any File Handler in any name you want .

Like FH , WFH , FH1 , FH2 .. etc

Its just a name given by you .
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PACKAGES and MODULES :

Store it as extension .pm ( means PERL MODULE)

Every package MUST return a TRUE Value ( or 1 ) !!

# PACKAGES AND MODULES

#design this below Package/module then use it in any other normal script

++++++++++++++++++ below file name is saved as “ConverterPackage.pm”

package converter ; # package is a name space

sub uppercase {

my $r=uc($_[0]);
print "result is $r \n";

sub lowercase {

my $r=lc($_[0]);
print "result is $r \n";

1; # this is to return a TRUE value

++++++++++++++++++++++++

#Use that Converter Package to work on this script

use ConverterPackage; # File Name with ".pm" extension

converter::uppercase("flower"); # LHS will be that BIG function , also called NAME

SPACE, and on RHS is the inner function name.
converter::lowercase("FLOwer");
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+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++

If the Pacxkage file is not in the SAME FOLDER AS YOUR “.PL” FILE,then there
is a inbuilt function “@INC”
Gets pathsof where all PERL is present ,
So when you say :

USE Converter ,
This statement actually invokes @INC ,
Which inturns looks for the “ConveterPackage.pm” file in all the PATHS defined
inside @INC,
If It dint find it under any of those , then throws error ,
Telling it dint find the file !

How to Download a module and use it :

Refer : “CommandpromptCodes.docx” in the PERL folder that I have saved,it’s a copy of

entire Command prompt screen.

Goto “cpan.org”
Goto PERL Module ->

CPAN search -> look for IxHash (This is used to SORT an array)

Open any of listed

Download
Save to any folder

Extract the zip file

Goto command prompt :

Goto path where you saved that module

Then type in cmd :

C:\>xyzWhateverPath>perl Makefile.pl  this EXECUTES the PERL file
C:\>xyzWhateverPath>perl Build.pl  this EXECUTES the build file

C:\>build test  this is to simply check if BUILD has been complied or not !
C:\>build install  this INSTALLS the build contents

After this , it will show what all Tie-IxHash installs :

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Building Tie-IxHash
Installing C:\Perl\site\lib\Tie\IxHash.pm
Installing C:\Perl\man\man3\Tie.IxHash.3
Installing C:\Perl\html\site\lib\Tie\IxHash.html

#How to Download a module and use it :

use Tie::IxHash; #This is to CALL the module you have used

tie (%foo,"Tie::IxHash"); # this TIES only the Array or string that YOU want ,not
ALL

$foo{c} = 3;
$foo{b} = 2;
$foo{a} = 1;

print keys(%foo);