LONGMAN PRONUNCIATION DICTIONARY STUDY GUIDE Clare FletcherLongman Group UK Limited Longman House, Burnt Mill, Harlow, Essex CM30 2JE, England ‘and Associated Companies throughout the world. © Longman Group UK Limited 1990 All rights reserved: no part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any ‘means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written consent of the Publishers. ISBN 0 582 05386.2 Set in Monophoto Century Schoolbook. Printed in Great Britain by Richard Clay PLC., Bungay, Suffolk ¢ CONTENTS Introduction Part A: Pronunciations and variants a 2 Characters used in phonemic transcription What pronunciations are given: the layout of entries 3, Alternative pronunciations 8. 6 1. DIAGNOSTIC EXERCISE ALTERNATIVES AT THE BEGINNING OF A WORD ALTERNATIVES AT THE END OF A WORD ALTERNATIVES IN THE MIDDLE OF A WORD ‘COMBINATIONS OF ALTERNATIVES ALTERNATIVE PRONUNCIATIONS INVOLVING THE SYMBOL * (QUIZ ON ALTERNATIVE PRONUNCIATIONS Inflected and derived words APPLICATION EXERCISES ON LAYOUT OF ENTRIES. ALTERNATIVE PRONUNCIATIONS, INFLECTIONS AND DERIVED FORMS Optional sounds SOUNDS SHOWN IN ITALICS: ELISION ‘SOUNDS SHOWN BY RAISED LETTERS: INSERTION ‘CONVERSATION FOR STUDY: OPTIONAL SOUNDS Syllabic consonants Compression ‘COMPRESSION INVOLVING A CONSONANT ‘COMPRESSION INVOLVING A VOWEL. ‘CONVERSATION FOR STUDY: SYLLABIC CONSONANTS AND ‘COMPRESSION ex.-8 ex ex12 ex13 ex.ld ex15 ex.l6 exl7 ex.18 ex.19-20 ex.21-22 ex.23-26 ex27 x28 x 29-31 ex.32-35, €x.36-87 x38Part B: Stress in words and phrases 8, Pairs of words with different stress 9. Stress marking PRIMARY STRESS SECONDARY AND PRIMARY STRESS ‘TERTIARY STRESS [MIXED PATTERNS, 10, Stress shift 11. Compounds and phrases 12, Alternative pronunciations with different stress 13. Suffixes Part C: Aspects of pronunciation in the dictionary 44, American pronunciation SIX DIFFERENCES BETWEEN BRITISH AND AMERICAN ENGLISH QUIZZES ON AMERICAN PRONUNCIATION TEXT FOR STUDY: AMERICAN PRONUNCIATION 15, Homophones 16. Abbreviations 17, Names of people and places 18, Assimilation ‘TEXT FOR STUDY: ASSIMILATION 19, Pronunciations derived by rule 20. Incorrect pronunciations 21. Combining forms Key to Exercises ex.39-43 ex.ds45 ex.46-47 ex.48-50 ex.51-33 ex.54-58 ex. 64-66 ex.67-69 ex.70 ex.76-77 ex.78: ex.79 ox.80 ex8l ex.82-83 ex.84 ex.85 ex.86 INTRODUCTION ‘This study guide enables readers to make the best use of the Longman Pronunciation Dictionary. The dictionary and study guide together are a powerful aid to the study of English pronunciation. WHAT THE STUDY GUIDE CONTANE ‘* Discussion of features of English pronunciation shown in the dictionary and explanation of the conventions used to show them, # Exercises to develop effective use of the dictionary. ‘* Cross-references to relevant material in the dictionary's introduction and notes. ‘¢ Diagnostic exercises in the early sections to enable you to assess your proficiency and select appropriate material. Explicit statements of aims to show the purpose of each ‘¢ A key at the back of the book for checking the answers to exercises, where these are not immediately obvious from the dictionary ‘The cassette provides three types of material Illustration of pronunciations you see in the book and dictionary. Exercises. ¢ A means of checking your answers to certain exercises HOW TO USE THE STUDY GUIDE You can work through the guide from beginning to end, or you can plan your own programme to meet your needs. Planning a programme # Look at the Contents List. Use the diagnostic exercises in the early sections. ‘¢ Look at the aims of sections and of specific exercises. '# Select the sections and exercises which are useful for you.