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Ulei - Gaze - LyJ - Eea 65 2 2017 023 RO LP 000 PDF
Ulei - Gaze - LyJ - Eea 65 2 2017 023 RO LP 000 PDF
uleiuri de uz electrotehnic
(Gases forming during thermal ageing of some electrical use oils)
(Full text in Romanian)
Abstract
In order to assess the risk of explosion and fire in electrical equipment using electro-insulating fluids have been
comparative determined gases formed after thermal ageing of some electrical use oils. The comparative
experimental data obtained by gas chromatography technique on 5 different sorts of insulating fluids (a sort of
vegetable oil with high oleic content and with addition of 0.5 % antioxidant "functional model" - compared with
two commercial sorts of mineral oil, 1 mainly vegetable commercial oil, 1 commercial synthetic ester) thermal
aged at 110 ± 30°C in closed containers (limited access to atmospheric oxygen) in contact with electrically
insulating paper and / or electrical use copper, have been revealed that to mineral oils the CO 2 and CO forming is
determined both by the initial oxygen content of the oil and by insulating paper presence. To the esters-based oils,
the CO2 and CO forming is determined by the initial oxygen content and decreases in the presence of insulating
paper. To all the investigated oils the presence of copper leads to the increasing of gases forming - especially those
easily flammable (H2, CH4, C2H4 and C2H6). It has also been revealed that, under similar use conditions (tank closed
- limited access to atmospheric oxygen, contact with copper and insulating paper) at 1000 h ageing, the volume of
gases formed in mineral oils is approx. 10 times higher than in esters-based oils. The results lead to the conclusion
that the risk of fires and explosions in electric equipment with mineral oils is at least 10 times higher than with
insulating fluids based on synthetic and / or natural esters.
Keywords: insulating fluids, transformer oil, thermal ageing, gas forming, flammable gases
uleiurilor minerale cu alte fluide electroizolante mai elementelor din cupru în contact cu uleiul de
prietenoase mediului, cu stabilitate termochimică transformator [9, 15, 19, 53, 54].
mai ridicată, risc mai scăzut la explozii și incendii Radicalii liberi formați în etapa I, sunt de obicei
etc. de viață scurtă și se recombină, formând diverse
În acest context, pe lângă uleiurile siliconice și a produse, neregăsite în compoziția inițială a uleiului.
esterilor sintetici, o atenție deosebită se acordă O parte din acești produși sunt gazoși, reprezentativi
esterilor naturali [1, 14, 30–34], în special, a fiind H2, CH4, C2H4 și C2H6 — toate fiind gaze ușor
trigliceridelor acizilor mononesaturați (cum ar fi inflamabile, cu implicații majore asupra siguranței în
acidul oleic) obținute prin presare și/sau rafinare din exploatare a transformatoarelor.
semințe de uleioase (floarea soarelui, rapiță, șofrănel Din cele de mai sus, se constată că formarea
etc.). De asemenea, există preocupări pentru gazelor inflamabile în uleiurile de transformator se
îmbunătățirea caracteristicilor termice și de datorează în primul rând acțiunii simultane și
reducerea pierderilor magnetice în transformator sinergice a stresului electric și a celui termic. Totuși,
prin adaos de nanoparticule magnetice în uleiurile de au fost semnalate creșteri ale conținutului în gaze și
transformator [35–38]. în cazuri în care uleiul a fost expus unor temperaturi
Uleiurile de uz electrotehnic atât cele de origine moderate și nu a fost expus stresului electric —
minerală (fracții rezultate la distilarea țițeiului), cât fenomen denumit ca „gazare vagabondă” (stray
și cele pe bază de esteri sintetici sau naturali (uleiuri gasing) [23]. De asemenea, se constată că,
vegetale), din punct de vedere chimic, sunt deosebit cunoașterea mecanismelor de formare a gazelor în
de complexe; în general, sunt amestecuri de peste diverse uleiuri și sisteme de izolație [39, 40] precum
3000 de compuși organici [23]. În acest context, și a conținutului de gaze în uleiurile aflate în
datorită diversității deosebite atât a reactanților, cât exploatare [41–43] este de o importanță deosebită și
și a reacțiilor posibile, stabilirea unui mecanism și poate furniza informații importante necesare în
determinarea parametrilor cinetici ai proceselor elaborarea studiilor de diagnoză care vizează
chimice, care duc la degradarea parametrilor estimarea duratelor normale de exploatare [44–49].
funcționali ai uleiurilor de uz electrotehnic, este Având în vedere aceste considerente, scopul
practic imposibilă. lucrării constă în determinarea evoluției conținutului
Principial, degradarea uleiurilor cu formarea de în gaze a unor uleiuri electroizolante expuse
gaze se desfășoară prin două etape principale: solicitării termice în contact cu hârtie electroizolantă
formarea de radicali liberi (proces endoterm și cu cupru de uz electrotehnic.
cu absorbție de energie/căldură;
reacții chimice între radicalii liberi formați. 2. Partea experimentală — mod de lucru
În cinetica etapei I, un rol determinant îl are În scopul determinării cantitative și calitative a
transferul de energie ce poate fi prin ciocniri elastice gazelor formate în timpul îmbătrânirii termice a unor
și neelastice cu electroni [23] (în cazul solicitărilor uleiuri electroizolante precum și a influenței cuprului
electrice, inclusiv al descărcărilor parțiale), prin de uz electrotehnic și a hârtiei electroizolante asupra
încălziri localizate, iluminare ca rezultat al descăr- formărilor de gaze, câte 200 grame de probă de ulei
cărilor parțiale și/sau a descărcărilor corona etc. Una au fost introduse în baloane Erlenmayer cu șlif și dop
din mecanismele plauzibile constă în ciocnirea unei rodat. La fiecare sort de ulei investigat (Tabelul 1),
molecule din compoziția uleiului (notată cu Rx–Ry) cu au fost pregătite câte 4 probe, respectiv: ulei pur,
un electron rapid, proces în urma căruia rezultă o ulei cu adaos de cca. 100 cm2 folie (grosime 36±4 μm)
moleculă excitată R1–R2* și un electron lent (1), de cupru de uz electrotehnic, ulei cu adaos de cca.
urmată de relaxarea moleculei excitate prin 100 cm2 hârtie de izolație Kraft (tip 22HCC fabricat de
eliminarea unui cuantum de lumină (2) sub acțiunea Weidmann) și ulei cu 100 cm2, folie de cupru și
căruia o moleculă organică vulnerabilă R1–R2 se 100cm2 hârtie de izolație.
descompune în doi radicali (3):
Tabelul 1. Uleiurile electroizolante investigate
e–rapid + Rx–Ry → e–lent + Rx–Ry* (1)
Cod probă Compoziție Tip/fabricant
*
Rx–R → Rx–Ry + hν (2) U1 Ulei mineral MOL TO-30.01R [55]
y
U2 Preponderent ester vegetal Biotemp® [56]
R1–R2 + hν → R1· + R2· (3)
U3 Ester sintetic LUMINOL [57]
În procesele de transfer al energiei de activare un Ester vegetal cu 0,5 %
U4 MF-UPMEE;P1MF [58]
rol deosebit îl are oxigenul dizolvat în ulei care are antioxidant
U5 Ulei mineral Nynas [59]
capacitate ridicată de a capta electronii formând O 2
– specie ionizată cu timp lung de viață [23] ce revine
Baloanele cu probe astfel pregătite au fost închise
la starea inițială prin emisie de lumină în spectrul
cu dop (acces îngrădit la oxigenul atmosferic) și
ultraviolet (efect corona), favorizând astfel
expuse stocării termice la 110±3°C timp de 1000 de
procesele (3) de formare a radicalilor liberi. În aceste
ore într-o etuvă France Etuve tip XL 980.
condiții, se constată că oxigenul dizolvat în uleiurile
Înainte și periodic pe parcursul tratamentului
de transformator, mai ales în cazul sistemelor
termic, conținuturile în gaze a uleiurilor investigate
deschise, este un factor accelerator al proceselor de
au fost determinate cu un gaz cromatograf Perkin
degradare cu formare de gaze. Drept factor
Elmer 600 CLARUS (SUA).
accelerator al procesului de degradare a uleiului și,
implicit, al formărilor de gaze se remarcă prezența
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oil-dissolved gas data” in Energies 4. 2011; pp. 1138–1147. Doc. eng. Iosif LINGVAY was born in Sighetu
[49] BAKAR NA, ABU-SIADA A, ISLAM S, “A review of dissolved Marmației (RO), on Febr. 25, 1949. He
gas analysis measurement and interpretation techniques” graduated the University „Politehnica” of
in IEEE Electr. Insul. Mag. 2014; 30: pp. 39–49. Bucharest, (RO) in 1972, and in 1984 he received
[50] OPRINA G, RADERMACHER L, LINGVAY D, MARIN D, VOINA the PhD degree in electrochemistry.
A, MITREA S, “Bituminous insulations durability of He is CS I and scientific secretary at INCDIE
underground metallic pipelines: 1. Field investigations ICPE-CA, in Bucharest.
(case analysis)”, in Rev. Chim. (Bucharest). 2017; vol. 68, His research interests concern operating safety of underground
(3): pp. 581–585. pipelines and cables, marine corrosion, EMC, energy save etc.
[51] RADERMACHER L, MOSCALIUC H, MARIN D, LINGVAY D, e-mail address: coroziune@icpe-ca.ro
OPRINA G, “Innovative Technical Solution for Intrinsic
Cathodic Protection and Electric Safety of an Underground Eng. Valerica STĂNOI was born in Romania, on
Metallic Gas Pipe-Line”, in Electrotehnică, Electronică, August 11. She received a degree in chemical
Automatică (EEA). 2016; vol. 64 (2): pp. 113–118. engineering, Macromolecular Compound
[52] LINGVAY I, RADU E, CARAMITU A, PĂTROI D, OPRINA G, Technology from Polytechnic Institute “T. Vuia”
RADERMACHER L, MITREA S, “Bituminous insulations Timișoara, Romania, in 1980.
durability of underground metallic pipelines – 2. She is senior scientific researcher and Head of Fire Safety and
Laboratory study on the aging of bituminous material”, in Environmental Tests Laboratory.
Rev. Chim. (Bucharest). 2017; vol. 68, (4). Her current research interests include monitoring and diagnosis
[53] LINGVAY I, OPRINA G, MARINESCU V, MITREA S, “Behaviour of power transformer insulation condition – insulating oil testing,
of electrical purposes copper in thermal cycled insulation ageing, and alternative insulation materials for
transformer oils”, in Electrotehnică, Electronică, transformers.
Automatică (EEA). 2016; vol. 64 (4): pp. 5–10. e-mail address: lsf@icmet.ro
[54] LINGVAY I, OPRINA G, CUCOȘ A, RADU E, VOINA A, “Study
of some insulating oils aging by thermal cycling”, in
Journal of Sustainable Energy – JSE. 2016; vol. 7, (3): pp. Eng. Livia-Carmen UNGUREANU was born in
65-70. Turnu Severin (RO), on October 1, 1959. She
[55] *** MOL TO–30.01R - Ulei mineral, electroizolant, graduated the Technical University, Faculty of
neaditivat, http://www.lubrifianti.com/produs/transfor Electrical Engineering in Craiova, in 1983.
mator-897/mol-to-30-01-r.html Since 2015 she is certified as Auditor in Quality
[56] *** BIOTEMP® - Biodegradable Dielectric Insulating Fluid, Engineering.
http://www.nttworldwide.com/docs/BIOTEMP-ABB.pdf She leads the activity of the Electrical Materials Laboratory from
[57] *** LUMINOL™ TR/TRI high-efficiency electrical insulation ICMET since 2008, being responsible for chemical and electrical
fluids http://lubricants.petro-canada.ca/resource/ tests on insulating materials. During the last 5 years, she
download.aspx?type=TechData&iproduct=1780&language= managed 2 R&D projects and 2 technical projects in the field of
en power transformers and medium and high voltage dividers.
[58] *** Ulei electroizolant prietenos mediului pentru Her research interests concern: diagnosis of functional condition
echipamente electrice – UVPMEE, MF-UPMEE, P1MF: of electric power equipment (power transformers) on the basis
http://www.icpe-ca.ro/proiecte/proiecte-nationale/pn- of liquid and solid insulating materials analysis (oil, paper and
2014/uvpmee.pdf transformer board).
[59] *** Nynas Naphthenics AB “Transformatorenöl Handbuch” e-mail address: carmenung@icmet.ro
www.nynas.com/naphthenics; http://www.nynas.com
/Segment/Transformer-oils/Our-transformer-oil- Eng. Florentina ȘERBAN was born in Buzău
products/Nytro-Taurus---Standard-grade/ (Romania), on February 21, 1984.
[60] LINGVAY I, OPRINA G, UNGUREANU LC, PICA A, STĂNOI V, She graduated the University of Bucharest,
“Thermal Ageing of Some Insulating Fluids in Contact with Faculty of Chemistry (Romania), in 2008. She
Insulation Paper and Copper”, in Rev. Chim. Bucharest, in graduated Master of Environmental Quality
press. Control from the University of Bucharest,
[61] LINGVAY I, OPRINA G, STANOI V, PICA A, UNGUREANU LC, Faculty of Chemistry (Romania), in 2010.
SERBAN F, “Studies on the Influence of Copper and She is Head of ICAA SA Laboratory (Research Institute for
Insulation Paper on the Accelerated Thermal Ageing of Advanced Coatings) (Romania) and participant in various
Some Insulating Fluids”, in Rev. Chim. Bucharest, in press. national and international research projects since 2010.
[62] ÖLLERER K, “Environmental education - Between necessity His research interests concern: nano-coatings, anticorrosive
and opportunity”, in Calitatea Vieții. 2012; vol. 23 (1): pp. coatings (corrosion protection of electrical equipment), special
25-44. products with high resistance to aggressive media,
[63] BOGNER FX, “The influence of short-term outdoor ecology environmental friendly coatings.
education on long-term variables of environmental e-mail address: florentina.serban@icaaro.com
perspective”, in The Journal of Environmental Education.
1998; vol. 29 (4): pp. 17–29.
Doc. Chem. Adriana-Mariana BORȘ was born in
[64] ÖLLERER K, “Environmental education – The bumpy road
Romania, on July 06. She received a degree in
from childhood foraging to literacy and active
chemistry, Monitoring of emissions of
responsibility”, in Journal of Integrative Environmental
persistent organic pollutants to reduce
Sciences. 2015; vol. 12, (3): pp. 205–216. environmental impact at University
„Politehnica” from Bucharest, Romania, in
Acknowledgment 2007.
This work was financially supported by the UEFISCDI of She is a senior scientific researcher at the National Institute for
Romania, under the scientific Programme PN II – PCCA, Contract Researcher and Development in Environmental Protection,
100/2014 – UPMEE. Romania. Her current research interests include monitoring and
methods use in the risk assessment of environmental,
management and quality control of environmental factors.
e-mail address: adrianambors@gmail.com