Running head: IMPACT OF ASU ATHLETIC GAMES ON STUDENT BODY

Impact of ASU Athletic Games on Student Body

Vanessa De La Torre

Arizona State University

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Abstract

This paper is talking about the impact of Arizona State University sporting events on the student

body of ASU. This research dives into the bigger picture of community that the different events

bring, as well as focusing on individual stories of first-encounter students and university faculty

who have observed students’ behavior in relation to a sporting event. Another aspect is looking

closer at the societal expectations that ASU students have brought to game day, and why it is so

important that we must attend. Most of the research is coming from football games, as it attracts

the largest student audience out of the sports offered at ASU, but not limited to. Students of

different cohorts, majors, campuses and sports backgrounds were interviewed. Both home and

away games were utilized to observe student behavior at the stadium, in their classrooms, and in

their on - campus living.

Keywords​: football, student behavior, societal expectations

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Impact of ASU Sports Events on Student Body

Section 1, Question Bank

Here at Arizona State University, every college sporting event is free to a student with

access to a phone and their student ID. I am curious about why that statement is true, versus at

other universities where students pay for their individual tickets in the student section or buy the

yearly pass to be able to attend. I hope to discover the purpose of the behind the scenes to

sporting games. I want to find the motives of the clubs that organize the pregame events as well

as find out what the phrase “game day” means to students on a more individual level.

Central Research Question:

● What effect do sports games have on the ASU student body?

General Inquiry/Observation Questions:

● Who goes to the big stadium games? (mostly Football but also basketball)

● How does game day affect student’s way of viewing themselves and their community?

● What are the motives of the university and university affiliated organizations when they

put in so much time, effort and money to making game day or sporting game related

events possible?

General Interview Questions

For the students:

● Why do you go to sports games?

● What does game day bring to your community?

● What’s your game day routine?

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● How do sports affect your close group of friends and how do you believe that it affects

the larger picture of the ASU student body?

● Do you believe that sports have any relation to academics, say the day before or the next

class day after?

● Expand on this: Students that attend the big sports games are more likely to … ?

● Expand on this: Gameday is where I … ?

● When you think of the phrase “pregaming activities” what do you automatically think of?

What do you think they bring?

● Who do you believe goes to ASU sporting events?

For faculty:

● How do you believe sports games affect students socially in the classroom?

● How do you believe sports game affect students academically?

● What is your viewpoint on the game? Should students go? Why?

● What does gameday bring to students in comparison to other weekend activities?

 IMPACT OF ATHLETICS ON STUDENT BODY
Sites of Inquiry
The Sun Devil Stadium, a
football field that holds 70,000
people total. Tempe, AZ
The floor ten lounge at Taylor
Place residential hall at the
Downtown ASU Campus.
Phoenix, AZ
The floor four lounge at Tooker
House residential hall at the
ASU Tempe campus.
The University of Southern
California Coliseum Football
Stadium. Los Angeles, CA
The Taylor Place dining hall,
containing three TV’s for
student’s to freely use.
Taylor Mall, ASU Downtown
Campus home for pregame
tailgates.
Mill Mall, ASU Tempe Campus No Contact
home for pregame tailgates. Mill Mall campus courtyard area,
5
Section 2, Sites of Inquiry
Contact / Location Dates / Times
No Contact ASU vs. UTSA - Sept. 1
500 E Veterans Way, Tempe, AZ ASU vs. Michigan State - Sept 8
85287 ASU vs. Oregon State - Sept 29
Holds 20,000 students in student ASU vs. Stanford - Oct 18
section alone ASU vs. Utah - Nov 3
No Contact ASU @ San Diego State - Sept
120 E Taylor Street, Phoenix, AZ 15
85004 ASU @ Colorado - Oct. 6
Two Barrett Honors College floors ASU @ Oregon - Nov. 17
connected by one common area
with TV
No Contact ASU @ Washington - Sept. 22
500 E University, Tempe, AZ
85281
Common area with TV on co-ed
floor of engineering students
No Contact ASU @ USC - Sept 27 12:00pm
3911 S Figueroa St, Los Angeles,
CA 90037
Private University’s football
stadium with tickets starting at $70
No Contact ASU @ San Diego State - Sept
120 E Taylor Street, Phoenix, AZ 15
85004
Only dining hall on downtown
campus
No Contact ASU vs. UTSA - Sept. 1
555 N Central Avenue, Phoenix, ASU vs. Michigan State - Sept 8
AZ 85004 ASU vs. Oregon State - Sept 29
Courtyard that hosts activities by ASU vs. Stanford - Oct. 18
student run organizations ASU vs. Utah - Nov 3
ASU vs. Utah - Nov 3
Tempe, AZ 85281
Tailgating space open for student
run organizations to host activities,
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alongside families who tailgate

independently with tents and RVs
Section 3, Inquiring into Objects /Artifacts

Arizona State University has a long tradition of filling the student section with the “sea of

gold.” As a student, it is a custom in the community to wear yellow-gold attire, more specifically

T-shirts, illuminating the bleachers with Sun Devil pride. It’s origin came from the ASU fight

song, “Cheer, cheer for A-S-U, fight for the old maroon and gold!” Due to this, university

funding is even used for giving out free gold shirts at orientation, encouraging to wear them to

sports games. One of the observations I looked into was the motive behind picking one color,

versus filling up the student section with maroon and gold like how most collegiate sports

sections use both their team colors to resemble the enthusiasm of the school. Alisa Murphy, a

sophomore majoring in journalism, says it brings life to a routine. “If every game you wear

yellow, it becomes a meaningless habit. ‘Maroon Monsoon’ or ‘Blackouts’ leave people on their

toes, and gives everyone a chance to plan their outfits together. I’ve seen girls go out to the mall

together looking for their maroon tops together, and overheard guys having conversations about

buying black paint to paint their chests together for game day.” No matter what campus you’re

from or year, major, ethnicity, race, or gender you are, you always belong to something special

with a gold t-shirt on and your pitchfork held high above your head here at ASU.
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Principle Quotes or Observations with an explanation of value:

1. “Game day and wearing gold brings pride and rivalry! When I see a Wildcat roaming

around Tempe or Phoenix I make sure to flash up that fork sign. When ASU wins a big

game, I strut around with my ASU attire and yell ‘Go Devils’ to anyone who walks by

with an ASU shirt on! Football (and any sport) gives the community a day of instant

bond.” Alisa Murphy, class of 2021

The significance of this is Murphy’s emphasis on how when student’s run into

someone wearing the shirt, there is automatically a chance to remind someone that they

belong to something important and make someone’s day. Wearing ASU attire is not only

representing your roots but pridefully showcasing the enthusiasm ASU students embody

regardless of who they are talking to, expressing their genuine gratitude towards the

school is a natural part of who they are.

2. “Sports help keep kids out of trouble and gives them something to support and cheer. It

brings the ASU student body closer together” Alexis Paynter, class of 2022

The significance of this is is Paynter’s idea of why Arizona State does not charge

students to attend any sports games, while other universities include some sort of ticket

or season pass payment to attend a game. One other important artifact is their ticket itself,

as it symbolizes the reward that the school wants to give to their students for their hard

work and dedication in the classroom. The university encourages students to attend

games to make connections, demonstrate our devotion to boost student success on the
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field and make memories as broke young adults already having to pay for loans,

textbooks, etc.

3. “Gameday is where I rally. I eat lots good free food and I let out all the energy I had

during the week to go run around, tailgate and throw a football around with the guys. You

can’t really do that during the week with all the studying as a med student, but once that

Friday hits, it’s time to relieve the stress of needing to get a good score on my test the

Monday following, especially on game day.” Kevin Perreault, class of 2022

The significance of this is the phrase “free food” because many different

organizations by students and companies paid by the university/alumni association spend

funding on providing free food to students in order to ease them into the pre-game events,

leading them to the game. This is another large contribution to the amount of students

attending, as the majority of them are on limited meal plans and will take any food given

to them.
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Although there weren’t many objects to really analyze the importance of, of the ones that

I could it was very evident how big the impact is throughout the entire student community. ASU

has four campuses: Tempe, Downtown, West and Polytechnic and students from all four still

make a strong effort to exemplify the integrity and character of a Sun Devil by commuting the

long distance away that the sporting events take place at. For example, the downtown campus

purposely hosts their tailgate about five hours before the game itself, so that when it ends three

hours before the game commences there is plenty of time to light rail from downtown to Tempe.

I observed many conversations of downtown students conversing with each other as they wait in

the very long line to purchase their light rail pass and introduce themselves. I overheard different

people actually meet other students from their major and as we hopped off the light rail they

were talking about meeting up later in the week to student for an exam together as they are

taking the same classes. One student in particular, junior Rhodes Martin, spoke about meeting

his roommate at a game, when they had never seen each other on the downtown campus. “I

ended up sitting next to [my roommate] at the game because it was the only available seat I could

find. Turns out he’s in my major, in Barrett, and we instantly became best friends. Next thing

you know, we are roommates this year. It’s crazy how you meet super cool people at the games,

I’ve made most of my memories and my friends on game day.” Martin also expressed that he

engages with anyone wearing a gold T-shirt on the street because “those are my people, we are

proud of who we are and no one is left out. It’s not hard to be friendly.” Here at Arizona State

University, gold t-shirts aren’t just for “gold fridays” or for matching with your roommate for

instagram, it’s a badge of recognition, because being a Sun Devil means being a person of

charisma and great passion.

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Section 4, Inquiring into Place

Although the most obvious choice to focus on would be to observe behavior at the home

stadium itself, I decided to take a different position. Home is where the heart is, so every student

feels like a part of something important surrounded by 20,000 others going through similar paths.

Another place where students and sporting games collide is the lounge on each floor of a

residential hall. At Taylor Place, the downtown campus residential hall, two floors of the same

college are connected by one lounge with couches and a television. Every home game there is a

watch party. In reality, most college students have a TV in their room nowadays, but they prefer

to go outside to watch it in the lounge. According to Lance Lim a freshman living on the Barrett

floors, “It’s not about the game. It’s about getting together in your pajamas to yell at the TV

together. People bring out their speakers, others bring out their laptops to do homework, and the

residential assistants put little flyers on doors to remind us when the next watch party is.

Sometimes I see people at the watch party and I’ve never even realized they live 3 doors down

from me, and they end up being really fun!” Floor lounges bring a diverse atmosphere, giving the

students a space to relax and relieve stress while they watch the game, even if it’s a home game.
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Principle Quotes or Observations with an explanation of value:

4. “I like the atmosphere in the floor ten lounge. Sometimes I try to do my homework out

there on game day, but we all know that isn’t going to happen. But for the record, I at

least talk about my assignments with my floormates, then we do it together like the next

day or something. I remember meeting [one of my floormates] at a watch party for SDSU

and then the next day we studied for our chem test, which we both got a 90 on by the

way!” Celina Lozano, class of 2022

The significance of this is the impact of sporting games on academics. According

to “Athletic Success and NCAA Profit-Athletes' Adjusted Graduation Gaps​”, s​ tudents

who perform well on the field tend to do well in the classroom. Student athletes are

minimizing graduation gaps by making sure to keep up their grade point average.

Therefore, it’s no surprise that the student achievement is spreading into the bleachers (or

in this case lounge, and showcasing that students who get together to watch the game also

gather to work on their studies together. Success comes in all different platforms and

ASU students will encourage all personal and academic growth of their college mates.

5. “You wouldn’t think you could get serious business connections on game day, but with

all the pregame events going on, there are tons of tents to visit on Mill so you meet

people that actually could benefit your career. For example, I actually went to check out

the study abroad table last semester to get information about a program in Spain, and now

I work at that table on game day! Super cool because I can put that experience on my

resume.” Alisa Murphy, class of 2021

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The significance of this is the networking that goes on during the tailgate at Mill

Mall on the Tempe campus. Not even purposely are the companies or organizations out

there to recruit students, but where there is an opportunity, you take it.

6. “One of my favorite times of the year is family weekend. Going to the game with my

mom, dad and younger brother is super fun because I get to show them different parts of

campus while we still cheer on our team. Well, my team. They are wildcat fans, but when

it’s family weekend it’s about their son, so wildcats don’t matter. Go sun devils! It brings

me closer to my family, it feels like those perfect family scenes in the movies where the

kids and dad are playing football and the mom is just laughing and taking pictures of us.”

Rhodes Martin, class of 2020

The significance of this is not only growing closer to those at who attend ASU,

but as well as family. When you move away from home, it’s hard to keep motivated in

your studies because you miss your family. Those small moments throughout the

semester can fuel lots of moments of gratitude and motivation. It is important for students

to also connect with their family and game day can make that happen.
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For the student athletes participating in the game, football serves as their outlet. Marco

Salas, freshman offensive line playing for the team, says that “football gives me a sense of home,

along as giving me a place to thrive. I’m not the best at school stuff, but it definitely helps me,

and not even because I have to keep my grades up to stay on the team. A lot of the team actually

gets together to work on stuff, and we all push each other in our studies and on the field, too. Us

Devils have to win the game!... or at least try our best effort to.” Game day bring opportunity for

personal growth through growing closer to friends, networking and meeting business people, as

well as building a stronger foundation of academic dedication. Another example of this is the

annual trip that the alumni association sponsors. Every year, the organization fundraises to take

three hundred students of different majors and cohorts on a 24 turnaround trip to a USC or

UCLA game versus Arizona State, costing only $50 or less, while the actual cost is $250 per

student. In order for the student to be able to attend the trip, they must be in good academic

standing. Sporting events not only impact the grades of students, but also give students a chance

to connect with their classmates. “Every Monday after a game, my professor always likes to talk

about the game for about three minutes to bring up the energy in the room. Even the people that

didn’t watch the game get to laugh along with the class as the professor talks about his opinion

on what happened the Saturday night prior.” Freshman Celina Lozano speaks about her view on

how games give people a reason to talk to each other, because “you can talk about football with a

stranger and it won’t be awkward, rather than something you personally did this weekend. They

don’t really care, you don’t really care much to tell them either. Football makes life easy.”
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Section 5, Inquiring into Activities/Events

As Catholics attend mass on Sundays, students make it a tradition every home game in

football and basketball to attend. “Devils on Mill” is Tempe’s traditional campus wide tailgate

where families bring their RVs, clubs bring out their tents and students spend quality time

thinking of where they are going to take their instagram picture and what they are going to title

it. In “The Holy Game” Finebaum writes about how college football days are looked at such a

serious scale they are like the new “holy days” and comparing religion to the customs that are

entitled to the phrase “Gameday”. Another big activity I wanted to dig into was the tailgate

downtown, “Devils on Mill” and the difference in environment on a completely diverse campus

in a more urban area and with a smaller population. Since they are different majors and different

perks to being a Downtown student versus a Tempe student, I wanted to observe the small details

that are shifted when in comparison to Devils on Mill, as this is another audience to address. Last

but not least, I wanted to get behind the scenes on why the Alumni Association puts such an

emphasis on this trip every year, as the answer “because it is fun” doesn’t seem to fit the motive

behind all the planning, time and effort. Why would so much money and time go to one trip if it

wasn’t that big of a deal?

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Principle Quotes or Observations with an explanation of value:

7. “The USC trip really gets the Medallion Scholarship Program together every year, as

those are the students we take every year. When we arrive in California we have a bunch

of team builders ready for the students to do before kickoff , so it really brings out the

leadership in the group. And of course leadership doesn’t have to come from one person

leading, the whole group in collaboration is really what defines leadership in my

opinion.” Doug Owczarczak, ASU Alumni Association and professor

The significance of this is the emphasis of leadership that grows in students in a

sports related activity. Sports give a chance for teams to be formed, literally and

metaphorically, and that’s where students learn to develop character, social skills,

become more outgoing and start to become more conscious of what’s going on around

them.

8. “To be honest, when I hear “pregaming” I instantly think of alcohol, but the second thing

that comes to mind is tailgating, and activities like Devils on Mill. I love Devils on Mill, I

think it is a great way for the community to connect before the game. There’s nothing

that can bring a community together, especially college students, like free food!” Alisa

Murphy, class of 2021

The significance of this is that at other universities are known for party tailgates

with alcohol and drugs, but with ASU being a Dry Campus, it’s very easy for find

activities to bond over that are dry. No drugs, no alcohol, nothing but a good time.

9. “Students that attend the big sports games are more likely to join clubs and build their

resume if I’m being honest.” Kylee Vold, class of 2020

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The significance of this is the idea of students being involved in clubs and

involving themselves in other extracurriculars outside of the classroom. You don’t need

to like sports in order to be involved, but if you go to the home games, you’re more likely

to be an outgoing person and really making an effort to build up your credentials for

when you need recommendation letters or a resume. If you leave your room to go support

the team, you probably leave your room for club events, too.
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Getting to sit back and observe during the USC turnaround trip was definitely a learning

experience I am grateful. As I also was one of the students who was fortunate enough to attend, it

felt like I was looking into an exhibit as I was observing from the outside, not really doing much

for a while to notice little things in the behavior of everyone on the trip. There was a point in the

trip where we got off the bus and played the game “Human Bingo” where we had to ask people

questions to get to know them, and if the person could answer the question they would sign the

page. The objective was to get the whole template full of signatures. I saw people talk to

complete strangers and start conversations on topics so random like cowboy boots or their

favorite year of their life as examples. I realized that not only do we get to meet the people from

our scholarship program, but we actually get to gain leadership and independence with events

like these. Learning how to get from downtown to the Tempe on the light rail was a lesson I had

to learn by myself since I was not a Phoenix native. I also attended the Devils on Taylor

downtown tailgate for every home game, hosted by the residential assistants of all the floors at

Taylor Place. Since the campus is so unique, they had special activities or decorations related to

the majors on that campus. For example, they had a table where sports journalism kids would

“anchor” and practice their skills on telling the audience their predictions on that days game,

with a live camera set up as pretend and the whole studio production crew “working”. The perks

of living downtown is a more personalized experience, not feeling like you’re just one in a

million on such a big campus like Tempe. That is the energy and the vibe of the student section

on game day. You’re a part of something.

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Section 6, Inquiring into People/Person

As the student section at sporting events is an obvious choice to interview different

people on their experience, I decided to take another route. For people that literally dedicate their

whole career to analyzing the events on the field and reporting the facts, I wanted to understand

what sports journalism majors people the student body’s impact is on the player’s performance.

This is the other way around, not how do games impact the student body, but in fact how does

the energy and support of the students in the bleachers affect how the game plays out, essentially

the success of the part of the student body that is playing on the field. According to Sergio Sazo,

sports journalism major in the 2022 cohort, “the louder the crowd, the less they can hear

themselves doubt themselves.” The support of the friends and classmates of these players starts

to affect the little details of their performance. I believe that if they are destined to win, they will

come close. If they are bound to lose, there was no hope in the first place. But when you hear all

the screaming and excitement in the crowds, it might make you run just a little harder, but

enough to catch the ball to score the winning touchdown.

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Principle Quotes or Observations with an explanation of value:

10. “The fans are just important as the players. It’s like an ecosystem, one can’t live with the

other.” Evan Lis, class of 2022

The significance of this is the word “ecosystem” as the terminology used,

signaling that the support of the student body and the support of the faculty is needed for

the team to succeed. The student’s in the bleachers serve as motivation for the student’s

on the field, and Saturday night football is an event that motivates students to get their

work done during the week so they don’t have to stress on Saturday while they are at the

game.

11. “If I’m being honest, I wouldn’t be who I was without the coaching staff. They really

aren’t only telling me how to improve my conditioning but it feels like they really believe

in every aspect of me, like when I mess up they get really, really disappointed. If they

didn’t care, then they wouldn’t say anything.” Marco Salas, class of 2022

The significance of this is the emphasis of the coaching staff’s tremendous impact

on the students growth in all parts of their character. They teach them how to become a

better overall person that learns discipline and perseverance, such traits that have left a

mark on students for the rest of their lives (which also crossovers to personal and

academic selves).

12. “Whoever gives the guys on the field the ability to play because they are on scholarship

really touches me, because not only is sports an outlet for some people as they have gone

through rough eras in their life - I would know, that’s why I joined gymnastics - but they

are giving them money to get an education to further their careers past the collegiate
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sports stage. Recruiters literally change lives, and the guys on the team really get the

better end of the stick. Playing what gets them through the days, practicing with some of

their best friends that will be there for the rest of their lives ​and g​ etting your school paid

for? They are really living their best lives.” Alisa Murphy, class of 2021

The significance of this is the impact that athletic scholarships have had on

student athletes. Without the money to go to school, these athletes would not be able to

go to college, or maybe not be motivated to. The game is about more than just winning,

it’s about keeping them in school to graduate and live a better life than they were

planning to before this stage in their life.

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This part of the project really made me reflect on the idea of scholarships and how they

have really changed our school’s environment. I am honored enough to be a Medallion scholar,

awarded by the ASU Alumni Association, and my “outlet” in this case is service and leadership.

In order to keep the scholarship, we have to have completed a certain amount of hours of

community service for the scholarship to renew the next semester. This just shows to prove that

extracurriculars really do inspire the student body because, of course, we are here to have fun,

but most importantly get our degree. Athletics fuel a chance to touch hearts and touch lives. It’s

more than chasing a ball around on grass. It’s more than making matching gold t-shirts with your

friends and painting black lines on your face for when you scream your lungs out in the student

section. I believe that if students really started to reflect on the opportunities they have been

given to distract themselves from the pressure of school in a healthy way, like how athletics have

served as a purposeful activity for student athletes and my Medallion scholarship community

service has served the same purpose, they would start to see how lucky and fortunate they really

are in the hard times. Athletics is just one of the things that students have to be grateful for.

Recruiters tend to look at stories to really look at the dedication of students, regardless of their

background. They pick the players that they feel best will give a strong team on the field, as well

as off. Not only is performance examined, but they are bringing character to a family, so they

have to really dig into the charisma and vibe the player brings to each room they enter.
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Section 7, Soundscape Links

ASU fight song with lyrics:

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TIH5bbkwK_s​ (0:31)

2012 Arizona State University Football Intro "Stomp the Bus":

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-am06CSoskE (1:44)

Arizona State The Best Student Section In Football?:

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=C7p4XUu8Tgw​ (2:35)

Since I was in the hospital I did all my interviews and work over the phone, so I do not

have any actual soundscapes for the project itself. However, I added 5 minutes worth of video

that really highlights the ideologies behind sports and what they mean to students. It’s always

going to be more than just a simple good time on a Saturday night in college. Athletics bring out

the determination and compassion in students.

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Section 8, WP3 Proposal

The research I have conducted has shown the grand impact of athletics on the student

body, by bringing dedication to the classroom and charisma to the bleachers. There is so much

that goes to making game day happen, and it is all to benefit the students on the field and in the

crowd. Athletics bring a platform to shine in, a network to grow in and a activity to escape in a

healthy manner reduce the pressure of academics. There are different people impacted by the

athletics programs, and as Lis calls it an “ecosystem”, the faculty, team and fans cannot fulfill

their purpose without the help of the other two. Coaches go out and change the lives of soe

students who would need a miracle to change their lifestyle, and those students teach them

lessons they never even knew they needed to be taught. When focused on the task at hand, you

don’t really see what your character is learning, but when you get to observe from the outside

like I was fortunate enough to, it really changes the way you view certain people or activities

from that day on. You start to think about what you’re contributing in your average day or

“everyday routine” and what that routine is contributing to you.

It was when the USC turnaround trip was first introduced that I started to question the

whole ideology. “What’s the big deal? It’s just a game where you watch people run around the

field!” Why would the Alumni Association spend $60,000 on one singular football game if it

was just for fun? I never really thought about what athletics bring on the other side of the

spectrum of involvement in the game, as well as for what it brings to those actively playing. Due

to that curiosity, I wanted to dig in to what the staff thinks it brings us students. From the

perspective of a student, it was important to see my position in comparison to other students with

similar experiences here at ASU, but I also wanted to see if the professors really saw a difference
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in their students after a major game or anything in relation to athletics. As for the project, I made

it about the ASU Student Body, making myself become an outsider and looking through the lens

that outsiders look into us and or culture, taking my perspective into a way different spot.

I think these questions need to be answered because like I previously was, I don’t believe

students are conscious of the opportunities they are given in front of them and their extreme long

term benefits. When I asked students, “What’s the first word you think of when I say ‘ASU

Sports Games’, what do you think of?”, about 85% of the sample size responded with the word

“fun”. As I would agree, the games are fun, ​but they are so much more. I​ ’m hoping this project

would open up the eyes of students to finding deeper meaning in the “fun” in their life. Given my

research, I propose an essay that will inform its audience about the role of college sports games

on the university’s student body.

IMPACT OF ATHLETICS ON STUDENT BODY
25

References

1. Southall, R. M., Eckard, E. W., Nagel, M. S., & Randall, M. H. (2015). Athletic Success

and NCAA Profit-Athletes’ Adjusted Graduation Gaps. Sociology of Sport Journal,

32(4), 395–414. ​https://doi-org.ezproxy1.lib.asu.edu/10.1123/ssj.2014-0156

2. Finebaum, P. (2018). The Holy Game. Time, 192(5/6), 67–70. Retrieved from

http://search.ebscohost.com.ezproxy1.lib.asu.edu/login.aspx?direct=true&db=aph&AN=1

30942210&site=ehost-live

3. Daily, T. (2018). Forks up! A game day lookbook. Retrieved from

https://thechicdaily.com/2018/09/17/forks-up-a-game-day-lookbook/