INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTER PERIPHERALS AND MEMORY SOMPUTER PERIPHERALS Users of a computer cannot communicate direetly with C Similarly the CPU cannot output data directly to the user of « computer Such communication is jone via devices which establish a workable interface between the computer and the outside world. These devices are referred to as peripherals. Peripheral devices can be one of the X following types: . (1) Input Devices 1D Output devices | (ID Memory (IV) Secondary Storage Devices. Input devices are used to feed data and instructions to the computer. (DAINPUT DEVICE: They are as follows: 1) KEYBOARD: - The keyboard is a device that enables input to the computer Us layout is. very similar to that of a type-writer. A typical computer keyboard Includes Alphanumeric keys in the centre. Numeric keypad to the right, set of function keys, Curser movement keys and other ' special keys. A typical PC Keyboard contains between 84 and 101 key. 5 ~— A mouse is a pointing device that is used to point to various objects on the 2) MOUSE: computer screen. It has two or three buttons on the top and a ball on the underside, The mo Froved on a flat surface. Its movement causes the rotation of the hall, The ball on the underside is able to track the direction of movement 3) MAGNETIC. INK CHARACTER READER (MICR):-MICR is an input device used to BASED mes topes map ne Cho SNF rs printed using a special magnetic ink. Cheques written in magnetic ink are read by 4) OPTICAL MARK READER (OMR):- OMR is an input device used to read marks on a paper form. These preprinted forms are designed with boxes, which can be marked in dark pencit tr ink. OMR converts these marks into electrical pulses which are transmitted to computer. OMR are used in objective tests, market surveys, population surveys, order forms etc. 5) OPTICAL CHARACTER READER (OCR):- OCR is an input device used to read any (ext either in handwritten or printed form. The text is scanned by OCR and converted to a machine rmatted, stored and printed. OCR improves the accuracy readable form) This text can then be refor Of data entry, It is expensive and used in situations where large quantities of documents are (o be entered in computer. 6) LIGHT PEN: - A light pen is n similar to pen in size and shape and is used for pointing objects oon screen. It consists of a light sensor (photodiode or phototransistor) and an amplifier. Light pen is brought near the screen for pointing to an object. During . scanning when the cathode ray passes the light pen tip, a signal is generated by light pen and is sent to computer. Computer can determine the position of light pen on screen from this signal. 7, JOYSTICK: - It is most commonly used games controller, It consists of a box (the base). Joy stick coming out of it (the controller) and one or more buttons. The stick can be moved in different directions to cause the movement of objects on screen. The button is usually used to fire guns, missiles in games (hence called fire button) or for some other purposes in other programs e.g. menu selection. Two types of joystic! d digital. The analog joysticks k are available analog an i are more popular. They use two potentiometers, controlled by X and Y movements of the stick.8. TOUCH SCREEN:-A touch screen is 9 particular ki Plastic layer. Behind this layer are crisscrossed invieivie. arrangement enables someone (o select actions or commun by wer lh Touch screens are easy 10 use, especlaly when people, neo in eine sr commonly used at automated teller machines (ATM's), informatics to” Aulckly, laptops as a pointing devi On Centers, wid tone *e h Monitor se) on =A track ball consists of a ball which m, ove, on rollers or wheels; two of them are placed at right cmleniene| in alt di thon, measurement. When the ball is rotated, the rollers also rotate, rier Me And gy measured by using potentiometer or a roating disk which acts au digin ro Ol can be spinned in anyone direction and it will continue to produce rent M0": A wa \ bu irec : specialized di computer for broadcast over the internet. 1 video cameras that capture images ang im Ml then w : At copies and reproduces text as well as j types of scanners. SH as images, ‘there Ney A d mer: It is much like a flat photocopier. A scanner head move } and transmits the image on the page through a cable plugged into an expense na computer. Flat bed scanners are useful foPscanning graphics, oversized drew sont from books. (This is same to Xerox machine.) ‘mts and pay, B) Drum Scapner: It is used by publishing industry to capture more detail images, p to be scanned is mounted on the glass cylinder. At the centre of cylinder there 1 splits light into 3 beams. Each beams of light is sent through a circular filter into phay . tube and it converts into electric signals. © ulin 121 BAR CODE READERS: - Photo electric scanners read bar code on product conta Super markets use it as Universal Product Code. 7 [uses microphone, soundcard and special software. It is able to record dictation in English o DEVICES: - Output devices are used to get results from the computer They as follows: 1) MONITORS: Monitor enables visual output (text and graphic) from the signals as rein from CPU. It is very much like TV screen. It acts as a window which displays a part oft information. Different types of monitors are used depending upon the type of displ caw in the system. Quality of picture is depending on pixel size. Different types of monitor: aE LCD etc. ae 2).PRINTER: Printer is a commonly used output device. The printer allows a hard copy oft: output. There are many kinds of printers available in market. Two broad categories of pres are: a) Impact Printers: In these printers image is created by pressing a typeface against an inkl ribbon which makes mark on the paper. (Physical contact) e.g. Dot Matrix Printers, Daisy ¥> Printers etc. b) Non-Impact Printers: In these printers image is created without any direct contact wit paper ¢.g. Ink Jet Printer, laser printer, Thermal printer etc. s Thermal Printer:-A thermal printer uses heat elements to produce images on heat sensti paper they are widely used in professional art & design work for higher quality work.3) PLOTTER: - A plotter is an output device used to produce good quality drawings and graphs. They are of two types: a) Drum Plotter: - Up to 4 or 8 pens are used in drum plotters to generate colored drawings. A drafn plotter consists of a drum and a pen mounted on a carriage. The drum can rotate in clockwise or anticlockwise direction. The pen also can be raised or lowered. The paper is mounted on plotting surfa \¢ movements of carriage are controlled by the computer to generate drawings. A digadvantage of this plotter is the limited paper size that can be used. This plotter is also called as X- ¥ plotter. b) Flatbed Plotter: - A head is sliding according to signal from computer on a paper or sheet. This type of plotter is used for large size drawing or graphics. {101) MEMORY There are two types of computer memory type of memory which is used by the computer to store temporary values, ‘etc. RAM means Random Access Memory is organized in such a way going through all the previous ide the computer, RAM and ROM. JLRAM: -RAM is a data, programs, results that any part of the memory can be accessed without serially memory locations. RAM isa volatile Memory. The volatile memory is memory which fF the computer, Any information in the looses its content when the power supply is switched of hard disc CD-ROM RAM is transferred to some permanent storage device such as floppy disc, before switching off the computer. ‘The miore the capacity of RAM, the larger the programs you can run. 2, ROM: -ROM means Read Only Memory. It is the memory which can be read only, one Cannot write any information into it. It is non-volatile memory i.e. it does not loose its content when power supply is switched off. Any part of this memory can be accessed without going serially through the computer ROM. The information in the ROM is stored by the manufacturer of the computer. The special sets of instructions which the computer needs when it is started (booted) up are stored by the manufacturer. (1V) SECONDARY STORAGE DEVICES Primary memory (RAM) of the computer is of volatile in nature. Therefore, secondary memory is required to store our data. Some of the secondary storage devices are: - N 1) MAGNETIC TAFE Magnetic Tape provides facilities for reading, storing, and erasing the information. It is widely used when large amount of data is to be stored sequentially. It is made of plastic that is coated on one side with metallic oxide. When the tape tears, some data will always be lost. when any information is required one will have to run Magnetic tapes provide serial access i.e. the tape from initial position to that point where it is recorded. 2, FLOPPY DISK iLis flexible plastic disk coated with metallic oxide and kept in protective plastic jacket with a opening, to allow access to the magnetic medium. y er org oe a \si