FLOW OF FLUIDS
THROUGH
VALVES, FITTINGS, AND PIPE
By the Engineering Division
CRANE
“ CRANE CO.
4100 5. Kedzie Avenue —~ Chicago, Illinois 60632
Technical Paper No. 410 Price $2.00
pate INU. sa, <5"
(Ninth Proving)|
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FOREWORD
The more complex industry becomes, the
more vital becomes the role played by
fluids in the industrial machine. One hun-
dred years ago water was the only impor-
tant fluid which was conveyed from one
point to another in pipe. Today, almost
every conceivable fluid is handled in pipe
during its production, processing, transpor-
tation, or utilization. The age of atomic
energy and rocket power has added fluids
such as liquid metals... . ie., sodium, po-
tassium, and bismuth, as well as liquid
oxygen, nitrogen, etc. ... to the list of more
common fluids such as oil, water, gases,
acids, and liquors that are being trans-
ported in pipe today. Nor is the transpor-
tation of fluids the only phase of hydrau-
lics which warrants attention now. Hy-
draulic and pneumatic mechanisms are
used extensively for the controls of modern
aircraft, sea-going vessels, automotive
equipment, machine tools, earth-moving
and road-building machines, and even in
scientific laboratory equipment where pre-
cise control of fluid flow is required
So extensive are the applications of hydrau-
lics and fluid mechanics that almost every
engineer has found it necessary to famil-
iarize himself with at least the elementary
laws of fluid flow. To satisfy a demand for
a simple and practical treatment of the
subject of flow in pipe, Crane Co. published
in 1935, a booklet entitled Flow of Fluids
and Heat Transmission. A revised edition
on the subject of Flow of Fluids Through
Valves, Fittings, and Pipe was published in
1942. That this work was immediately
acclaimed by both practical and scientific
engineers was indicated by its world-wide
circulation and the many favorable com-
ments received. The appearance of much
new and useful data on the subject has
made the present revision necessary. In
order to obtain the latest information,
Crane Co. sponsored a fellowship at
Armour Research Foundation under the
direction of Dr. V. L. Streeter. Mr. W. G.
Kautz, recipient of the fellowship, com-
piled much of the data upon which the
present revision is based. Development
and arrangement of these data to the form
in which they are presented, as well as the
analysis of extensive Crane Laboratory and
field test_data, required the extensive
effort of Crane Engineers for a period of
several years,
The chief endeavor in the preparation of
the present edition has heen to present the
newest available information on the flow of
fluids, in summarized form, and to include
all the auxiliary data necessary to the solu-
tion of any but the most unusual fluid
flow problems. As in the 1942 edition
nomographs are included for the use of
those engineers who prefer graphical
methods of solving some of the more simple
problems. However, the number of nomo-
graphs has been considerably reduced by
avoiding duplication; at the same time,
their range of application has been ex-
panded,
The general arrangement of the book has
been changed to present the theory in
Chapters 1 and 2... . practical application
to flow problems in Chapters 3 and 4
physical properties of fluids and flow char-
acteristics of valves, fittings, and pipe in
Appendix A... and conversion units and
other useful engineering data in Appendix
B. Furthermore, a page numbering system
has been adopted that will facilitate future
revisions of individual chapters without
affecting others.
Most of the data on flow through valves
and fittings were obtained by carefully
conducted experiments in the Crane Engi-
neering Laboratories. Liberal use has
been made, however, of other reliable
sources of data on this subject and due
credit has been given these sources in the
text. The bibliography of references will
provide a source for further study of the
subject presented
CRANE CO.Table of Contents
CHAPTER 1
Theory of Flow in Pipe
Introduction
Physical Properties of Fluids.
Viscosity
Weight density
Specific volume
Specifie gravity
Nature of Flow in Pipe—
Laminar and Turbulent.
‘Mean velocity of flow.
Reynolds number
Hydraulic radius
General Energy Equation—
Bernoulli's Theorem
‘Measurement of Pressure
Darey’s Formula—
ral Equation for Flow of Fluids.
Friction factor
Effect of age and use on pipe friction,
Principles of Compressible Flow in Pipe.
Complete isothermal equation
Simplified compressible flow—
gas pipe line formula.
Other commonly used formulas for
compressible flow in long pipe lines,
Comparison of formulas for
compressible flow in pipe lines.
Limiting flow of gases and vapors,
‘Steam—General Discussion
CHAPTER 3
W
LEE
18
Formulas and Nomographs for Flow
Through Valves, Fittings, and Pipe
Introduction
Summary of Formulas,
Formulas and Nomographs
for Liquid Flow
Velo
Reynolds number; friction factor for
clean steel and’ wrought iron pipe.
Pressure drop for turbulent flow
Pressure drop for laminar flow.
Flow through nozzles and orifices
Formulas and Nomograpl
for Compressible Flow
Velocity
Reynolds number ; friction factor for
lean steel and wrought iron pipe.
Pressure drop
Simplified flow formula.
Flow through nozzles and orifices.
31
Flow of Fluids
Through Valves and Fittings
Introduction
Types of Valves and Fittings
Used in Pipe Systems,
Pressure Drop Chargeable
to Valves and Fittings.
Crane Flow Tests
Relationship of Pressure Drop
to Velocity of Flow
Resistance Coefficient K, Equivalent Length
L/D, and Flow Coefficient C
Relationship of Equivalent Length L/D
and Resistance Coefficient K to the
Inside Diameter of Connecting Pipe
Valves with Gradually Increased Ports
Effect of End Connections.
Laminar Flow Conditions
Basis for Design of Charts for Determining
Equivalent Length, Resistance Coefficient,
and Flow Coefficient.
Resistance of Bends,
Other Resistane
to Flow
Flow Through Nozzles and Orifices.
Liquids, gases, and vapors.
‘Maximum flow of compressible
fluids in a nozzle.
Flow through short tubes.
Discharge of Fluids Through
Valves, Fittings, and Pipe
Liquid flow
Compressible flow
Examples of Flow Problems
Introduction
Reynolds Number and Friction Factor for
Pipe Other than Steel or Wrought Iron.
Determination of Valve Resistance in L,
L/D, K, and Flow Coefficient Cy.
Check Valves—Determination of Size
Laminar Flow in Valves, Fittings, and Pipe.
Pressure Drop and Velocity
in Piping Systems
Pipe Line Flow Problems,
Discharge of Fluids from Piping Systems.
Flow Through Orifice Meters.
Application of Hydraulic Radius
to Flow Problems,
Determination of Boiler Capacity
CHAPTER 2
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