FLOW OF FLUIDS THROUGH VALVES, FITTINGS, AND PIPE By the Engineering Division CRANE “ CRANE CO. 4100 5. Kedzie Avenue —~ Chicago, Illinois 60632 Technical Paper No. 410 Price $2.00 pate INU. sa, <5" (Ninth Proving)| a 1 a 2 . FOREWORD The more complex industry becomes, the more vital becomes the role played by fluids in the industrial machine. One hun- dred years ago water was the only impor- tant fluid which was conveyed from one point to another in pipe. Today, almost every conceivable fluid is handled in pipe during its production, processing, transpor- tation, or utilization. The age of atomic energy and rocket power has added fluids such as liquid metals... . ie., sodium, po- tassium, and bismuth, as well as liquid oxygen, nitrogen, etc. ... to the list of more common fluids such as oil, water, gases, acids, and liquors that are being trans- ported in pipe today. Nor is the transpor- tation of fluids the only phase of hydrau- lics which warrants attention now. Hy- draulic and pneumatic mechanisms are used extensively for the controls of modern aircraft, sea-going vessels, automotive equipment, machine tools, earth-moving and road-building machines, and even in scientific laboratory equipment where pre- cise control of fluid flow is required So extensive are the applications of hydrau- lics and fluid mechanics that almost every engineer has found it necessary to famil- iarize himself with at least the elementary laws of fluid flow. To satisfy a demand for a simple and practical treatment of the subject of flow in pipe, Crane Co. published in 1935, a booklet entitled Flow of Fluids and Heat Transmission. A revised edition on the subject of Flow of Fluids Through Valves, Fittings, and Pipe was published in 1942. That this work was immediately acclaimed by both practical and scientific engineers was indicated by its world-wide circulation and the many favorable com- ments received. The appearance of much new and useful data on the subject has made the present revision necessary. In order to obtain the latest information, Crane Co. sponsored a fellowship at Armour Research Foundation under the direction of Dr. V. L. Streeter. Mr. W. G. Kautz, recipient of the fellowship, com- piled much of the data upon which the present revision is based. Development and arrangement of these data to the form in which they are presented, as well as the analysis of extensive Crane Laboratory and field test_data, required the extensive effort of Crane Engineers for a period of several years, The chief endeavor in the preparation of the present edition has heen to present the newest available information on the flow of fluids, in summarized form, and to include all the auxiliary data necessary to the solu- tion of any but the most unusual fluid flow problems. As in the 1942 edition nomographs are included for the use of those engineers who prefer graphical methods of solving some of the more simple problems. However, the number of nomo- graphs has been considerably reduced by avoiding duplication; at the same time, their range of application has been ex- panded, The general arrangement of the book has been changed to present the theory in Chapters 1 and 2... . practical application to flow problems in Chapters 3 and 4 physical properties of fluids and flow char- acteristics of valves, fittings, and pipe in Appendix A... and conversion units and other useful engineering data in Appendix B. Furthermore, a page numbering system has been adopted that will facilitate future revisions of individual chapters without affecting others. Most of the data on flow through valves and fittings were obtained by carefully conducted experiments in the Crane Engi- neering Laboratories. Liberal use has been made, however, of other reliable sources of data on this subject and due credit has been given these sources in the text. The bibliography of references will provide a source for further study of the subject presented CRANE CO.Table of Contents CHAPTER 1 Theory of Flow in Pipe Introduction Physical Properties of Fluids. Viscosity Weight density Specific volume Specifie gravity Nature of Flow in Pipe— Laminar and Turbulent. ‘Mean velocity of flow. Reynolds number Hydraulic radius General Energy Equation— Bernoulli's Theorem ‘Measurement of Pressure Darey’s Formula— ral Equation for Flow of Fluids. Friction factor Effect of age and use on pipe friction, Principles of Compressible Flow in Pipe. Complete isothermal equation Simplified compressible flow— gas pipe line formula. Other commonly used formulas for compressible flow in long pipe lines, Comparison of formulas for compressible flow in pipe lines. Limiting flow of gases and vapors, ‘Steam—General Discussion CHAPTER 3 W LEE 18 Formulas and Nomographs for Flow Through Valves, Fittings, and Pipe Introduction Summary of Formulas, Formulas and Nomographs for Liquid Flow Velo Reynolds number; friction factor for clean steel and’ wrought iron pipe. Pressure drop for turbulent flow Pressure drop for laminar flow. Flow through nozzles and orifices Formulas and Nomograpl for Compressible Flow Velocity Reynolds number ; friction factor for lean steel and wrought iron pipe. Pressure drop Simplified flow formula. Flow through nozzles and orifices. 31 Flow of Fluids Through Valves and Fittings Introduction Types of Valves and Fittings Used in Pipe Systems, Pressure Drop Chargeable to Valves and Fittings. Crane Flow Tests Relationship of Pressure Drop to Velocity of Flow Resistance Coefficient K, Equivalent Length L/D, and Flow Coefficient C Relationship of Equivalent Length L/D and Resistance Coefficient K to the Inside Diameter of Connecting Pipe Valves with Gradually Increased Ports Effect of End Connections. Laminar Flow Conditions Basis for Design of Charts for Determining Equivalent Length, Resistance Coefficient, and Flow Coefficient. Resistance of Bends, Other Resistane to Flow Flow Through Nozzles and Orifices. Liquids, gases, and vapors. ‘Maximum flow of compressible fluids in a nozzle. Flow through short tubes. Discharge of Fluids Through Valves, Fittings, and Pipe Liquid flow Compressible flow Examples of Flow Problems Introduction Reynolds Number and Friction Factor for Pipe Other than Steel or Wrought Iron. Determination of Valve Resistance in L, L/D, K, and Flow Coefficient Cy. Check Valves—Determination of Size Laminar Flow in Valves, Fittings, and Pipe. Pressure Drop and Velocity in Piping Systems Pipe Line Flow Problems, Discharge of Fluids from Piping Systems. Flow Through Orifice Meters. Application of Hydraulic Radius to Flow Problems, Determination of Boiler Capacity CHAPTER 2 J ————— carter 4 ——___ 41 46 410 412 4415 416 418