ჩიტაძე გეოპოლიტიკა

Nnika CitaZe
geopolitika
Tbilisi 2011
1
wigni gamoicema proeqtis - “saqarTvelos Tavdacvisa da usafrTxoebis seqtoris
gamWvirvalobisa da demokratizaciis xelSewyoba omisSemdgom periodSi ” farglebSi.
proeqts finansur daxmarebas uwevs norvegiis saelCo azerbaijansa da saqarTveloSi,

mcire grantebis programis farglebSi
proeqts axorcielebs arasamTavrobo organizacia – “marSalis centris

kursdamTavrebulTa kavSiri, saqarTvelo-saerTaSoriso da usafrTxoebis sakiTxebis
kvlevis centri”
arasamTavrobo organizacia – “marSalis centris kursdamTavrebulTa kavSiri,

saqarTvelo-saerTaSoriso da usafrTxoebis sakiTxebis kvlevis centri” dafuZnda 2002
wlis martSi jorj marSalis saxelobis usafrTxoebis sakiTxTa Semswavleli evropuli
centris kursdamTavrebulTa mier. evropuli centri mdebareobs qalaq garmiS-
partenkirxenSi (germaniis federaciuli respublika).
centris ZiriTad miznebs ganekuTvneba:

- intensiuri TanamSromloba jorj marSalis saxelobis usafrTxoebis sakiTxTa
evropul centrTan da am centris kursdamTavrebulTa sazRvargareTis qveynebSi moqmed
analogiur organizaciebTan;
- kursdamTavrebulTa mier centrSi miRebuli codnis (saerTaSoriso urTierTobebi,
erovnuli usafrTxoeba, demokratiuli institutebis ganviTareba, krizisebis marTva,
Tavdacvis menejmenti, konfliqtebis prevencia) praqtikul saqmianobaSi danergvis
xelSewyoba;
- saqarTveloSi da mis farglebs gareT mimdinare politikuri, ekonomikuri, samxedro-
politikuri da sxva mniSvnelovani procesebis Seswavla da analizi;
- saerTaSoriso samarTlis principebisa da normebis Sesabamisad mSvidobiani
saSualebebiT regionaluri TanamSromlobis ganviTarebis xelSewyoba;
- potenciuri konfliqturi wyaroebis aRmosafxvrelad preventuli meqanizmebis
SemuSaveba da kavkasiis regionSi arsebuli konfliqtebis daregulirebis gzebis
Zieba/analizi;
The book is published in the framework of the project: Promotion of the Transparency and
Democratization of the Defense and Security Sector in Georgia in post-war period.
The financial support of the project is provided by Royal Norwegian Embassy of Norway in
Azerbaijan and Georgia.
The project is implemented by NGO-George C. Marshall Alumni Union, Georgia-International

and Security Research Center
Mission and responsibilities of the NGO-George C. Marshall Alumni Union, Georgia-International and
Security Research Center
Non-governmental Organization George C. Marshall Alumni Union, Georgia – International and Security
Research Center was founded in 2002 by the graduates of the George C. Marshall European Center for
International and Security Studies, which is located in Garmisch-Partenkirchen (Germany) and represents the
American-German partnership educational institution. According to the Charter of the NGO, all graduates of
the Marshall Center are officially members of the Alumni Union.
Main priorities of the Center are the following issues:
 Introducing to the practical activity the knowledge (International Relations, National security, political
science, democracy, human rights, economics, International Law, International organizations, Defense
Strategy etc.), which has been gained at the Marshall Center;
 Researching and analysis of the current political, economic, security, politico-military events, which are
going on in Georgia and Caucasus Region;
 Promotion development of the Regional cooperation according to the principles and norms of the
International Law;
 Working out the approaches for the resolution of the existed conflicts in the Caucasus Region.
2
avtoris Sesaxeb
nika CitaZe daibada 1969 wlis 22 ianvars qalaq TbilisSi.

1993 wels warCinebiT daamTavra ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo
universiteti socialuri,ekonomikuri da politikuri geografiis specialobiT, xolo 1998
wels universitetis aspirantura imavespecialobiT.
1996-2000 wlebSi swavlobda saqarTvelos diplomatiur akademiaSi, romelic warCinebiT

daamTavra 2000 welssaerTaSoriso urTierTobebi/diplomatiis specialobiT.
1998 wels gaiara saswavlo kursebi politikuri mecnierebisa da saerTaSoriso

urTierTobebis sazafxuloinstitutSi (q. krakovi, poloneTi), sadac saleqcio kursebi
ikiTxeboda aSS-sa da didi britaneTis wamyvaniuniversitetebis profesorTa mier.
1999 wels swavlobda germaniaSi jorj marSalis saxelobis usafrTxoebisa da

saerTaSoriso urTierTobebissakiTxebis Semswavlel evropul centrSi. centrSi swavlebis
periodSi aseve gaiara saswavlo kursi natosStab-binaSi briuselSi (belgia).
2001 weli (noemberi–dekemberi) – evrogaerTianebis programa `tasisis~-is mier

organizebuli kursi menejmentSi – manhaimi (germania), strasburgi (safrangeTi)
2002 wels gaiara samecniro staJireba oqsfordis universitetis (didi britaneTi)

politikisa da saerTaSorisourTierTobebis kaTedraze, xolo 2003 wels centraluri
evropis universitetis (q. budapeSti, ungreTi)saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis kaTedraze.
britaneTsa da ungreTSi samecniero moRvaweobis periodSi mandaasrula sadisertacio
naSromze muSaoba da 2004 wlis maisSi daicva disertacia ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis
Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetSi Temaze: “kaspiis sanavTobo proeqtebi da saqarTvelos
satranzito roli.geopolitikuri da ekonomikuri aspeqtebi”.
2005-2006 wlebSi aqtiuri monawileoba miiRo Tbilisis politikuri swavlebis skolis
mier evropis sabWos mxardaWeriT organizebul seminarebSi “demokratiuli institutebi da
samoqalaqo sazogadoeba”, xolo 2006 wlis ivlisSi saswavlo kursi gaiara q. strasburgSi
(safrangeTi), evropis sabWos politikuri swavlebis skolebisTvis organizebul
demokratiis sazafxulo universitetSi.
2008 wlis ivlisSi saswavlo kursi gaiara nato-s Tavdacvis kolejSi (q.romi, italia),
“partnioroba mSvidobisaTvis konsorciumis” mier organizebuli programis farglebSi.
2003-2005 wlebSi miwveuli iyo leqciebis wasakiTxad natos skolaSi (oberamergau,

germania), sadac misi saleqcio kursi mieZRvna Temas “usafrTxoebis gamowvevebi evraziis
gzajvaredinze da maTi gavlena evraziaze”.
2008 wlis ivlisSi mowveul iyo eqspertad evropis sabWoSi (strasburgi, safrangeTi),
sadac man gaakeTa moxseneba Temaze: “Savi zRvis regionSi arsebuli geopolitikuri
viTareba”
2000 wlidan eweva pedagogiur moRvaweobas saqarTvelos sxvadasxva umaRles
saswavlebelSi. kerZod,politikuri mecnierebebisa da saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis
mimarTulebiT mas Catarebuli aqvs sxvadasxvasaleqcio kursi ilias saxelmwifo
universitetSi, amerikul humanitarul universitetSi, ivanejavaxiSvilis saxelobis
Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetSi, Tbilisis ekonomikisa da samarTlis akademiaSi,
kavkasiis akademiur centrSi, Savi zRvis saerTaSoriso universitetSi, qarTul-amerikul
universitetSi.
pedagogiuri moRvaweobis paralelurad wignis avtori sxvadasxva periodSi muSaobda
saqarTvelos ekonomikissaministros mecnierebisa da teqnologiebis departamentis
saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis sammarTveloSi,saqarTvelos sagareo saqmeTa saministros
sagareo politikis kvlevisa da analizis centrSi, saqarTvelosTavdacvis saministroSi -
Tavdacvis ministris moadgilis mrCevlad samxedro politikisa da
saerTaSorisourTierTobebis sakiTxebSi da saqarTvelos Tavdacvis saministros samxedro
politikisa da strategiulikvlevebis mTavar sammarTveloSi, saqarTvelos navTobisa da
gazis resursebis maregulirebel saxelmwifosaagentosa da erovnuli uSiSroebis sabWos
aparatis saerTaSoriso usafrTxoebis departamentSi.
2002 wlidan aris arasamTavrobo organizacia “marSalis centris kursdamTavrebulTa
kavSiri, saqarTvelo-saerTaSorisoda usafrTxoebis sakiTxebis kvlevis centris”
prezidenti. amJamad gaxlavT Savi zRvis saerTaSoriso universitetis socialur
3
mecnierebaTa fakultetis vice-dekani da politikisa da saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis
programebis koordinatori, aseve amerikuli humanitaruli universitetis sruli
profesori da Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis mowveuli profesori.
sxvadasxva periodSi miwveuli iyo eqspertad sxvadasxva samecniero konferenciebsa da

seminarebze aSS-Si,did britaneTSi, safrangeTSi, germaniaSi, italiaSi, norvegiaSi,
SvedeTSi, poloneTSi, ukrainaSi, TurqeTSi,rumineTSi, belgiaSi, serbeTSi.
aris 50-ze meti statiisa da samecniero naSromis, maT Soris sami wignis avtori.
4
sarCevi
Sesavali
geopolitika rogorc mecniereba 6
geopolitikis gansazRvreba 10
Tavi I
geopolitikis wina istoria 13
geopolitikuri warmodgenebi Zveli aRmosavleTis moZRvrebebSi
(CineTi, indoeTi)
antikurobis geopolitikuri ideebi
(Zveli saberZneTi da romi)
Tavi II Sua saukuneebis geopolitikuri azri 22
Sua saukuneebis arabuli samyaros geopolitikuri koncefcia
Tavi III
axali drois geopolitikuri azri 26
Jan-Jak ruso
Kkanti
monteskie
hegeli
karl fon klauzevici
Tavi IV
geopolitikuri procesebi. 30
msofliosa da epoqis suraTebi
geopolitikuri procesebisa da da msoflio geopolitikuri suraTebis cneba
geopolitikuri procesebi da axali drois msoflios suraTebi.
koloniuri imperiebis Seqmna
dekolonizacia da axali saxelmwifoebis Seqmna
omebi rogorc geopolitikuri procesebi
msoflios geopolitikuri epoqebi.
Tavi V
klasikuri geopolitika
nacionaluri skolebis formireba 37
germanuli skola
iaponuri skola
italiuri skola
britanuli da amerikuli
skolebi
franguli skola
rusuli skola
Tavi VI
klasikuri periodis wamyvani geopolitikosebis ZiriTadi ideebi 41
germanuli “organicizmuli skola” (ratceli, Celeni, naumani)
kontinenturi blokis idea (haushoferi, Smiti)
britanuli geopolitikuri azri (makinderi, f. kolombi, CerCili)
aSS-is geopolitikuri azri klasikur periodSi (meheni, sfiqmeni, boumeni, makdonaldsi)
vidal de la blaSi – franguli geopolitikuri skolis fuZemdebeli
klasikuri periodis rusuli geopolitika (semionov tian-Sanski, savicki)
Tavi VII.
geopolitikuri skolebi da Teoriebi XX saukunis meore naxevarSi 59
Tanamedrove atlantizmis Teoriebi (kirki, koeni, bJeJinski, kisinjeri)
uaxlesi atlantizmis ori versia (hantigtoni, fukuiama, konvergenciis Teoria,
mondializmi, geoekonomika)
Tanamedrove evropuli geopolitika (toinbi, kastelzi, diumoni, moro-defarJi, strigasi,)
gamoyenebiTi geopolitika (lakosta, zigfridi)
evropeli ”axali memarjveneebis” geopolitika (de benua, tiriari, lokhauzeni, parvulesko,
5
teraCano)
Tanamedrove rusuli geopolitikuri skola (gumiliovi, dugini)
Tavi VIII
msoflio wesrigi da globalizacia 82
msoflio wesrigis modelebi da ZalTa balansi
globalizaciis mTavari ganzomilebebi da geopolitika
msoflio sainformacio sivrcis globalizacia
msoflio ekonomikuri sivrcis globalizacia
ekonomikuri aqtivobis standartebis globalizacia naTlad avlens Tavs msoflio vaWrobaSi.
savaluto bazris globalizacia
soflis meurneobis produqtebis bazris globalizacia
msoflio politikuri sivrcis globalizacia: mondializmi anu policentruloba
Tavi IX
msoflios wamyvani saxelmwifoebisa da organizaciebis geopolitikuri interesebi 89
evrokavSiri
nato
amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis geopolitikuri prioritetebi
5
ruseTis adgili geopolitikur urTierTobaTa sistemaSi
iaponia Tanamedrove geopolitikaSi
TurqeTis roli da adgili Tanamedrove geopolitikaSi
centraluri aziis roli Tanamedrove geopolitikaSi
iranis geopolitikuri prioritetebi
Ggeopolitikuri viTareba Savi zRvis regionSi
geopolitikuri viTareba samxreT kavkasiaSi
suami
kaspiis zRvis regionis mniSvneloba Tanamedrove msoflio geopolitikaSiKN
xmelTaSua zRvis regionSi arsebuli geopolitikuri viTareba
axlo aRmosavleTi da sparseTis yure – umniSvnelovanesi geopolitikuri regionebi
balkaneTi da kosovos problema
CineTis geopolitika
afrikis politikuri ruka
aziis politikuri ruka
avstralia da okeaneTis politikuri ruka
amerikis politikuri ruka
evropis politikuri ruka
Tavi X
saqarTvelos roli da adgili Tanamedrove geopolitikur sistemaSi 151
saqarTvelos satranzito funqcia
saqarTvelos sagareo-politikuri aspeqtebi
saqarTveloSi arsebuli konfliqtebi da maTi mogvarebis perspeqtivebi
saqarTvelos evrokavSirSi gawevrianebis perspeqtivebi
amerika _ saqarTvelos urTierTobebi
NATO-s geostrategiuli interesebi saqarTvelos mimarT
saqarTvelos daintereseba nato-Si integraciiT
ruseT-saqarTvelos urTierToba
saqarTvelo_TurqeTis urTierTobebi
azerbaijan-saqarTvelos urTierTobebi
saqarTvelo-somxeTi
irani da saqarTvelo
saqarTvelo-ukraina
CineT-saqarTvelos urTierToba
iaponia da saqarTvelo
centraluri azia da saqarTvelo
daskvna 188
SeniSvnebi 189
gamoyenebuli literaturis sia 192
danarTebi:
danarTi 1:
saqarTvelos erovnuli usafrTxoebis koncefcia 194
danarTi 2:
saqarTvelos samxedro strategia 203
6
In the book “geopolitics” author analyses different
theoretical and practical aspects of Geopolitics. Particularly,
at the introduction part of the research there are observed
the role and place of geopolitics in the scientific system,
determination of geopolitics.
At the I chapter of the book, there are presented the

geopolitical ideas in the old Far East (India, China) and
Ancient Greece and Rome.
At the II chapter the attention is paid on the geopolitical

concepts in the Arabic World during the Middle Centuries.
The III Chapter is dedicated to the geopolitical views of the

new period in Europe.
IV chapter presents before the reader the main principles of

the geopolitical processes during the different period of
history, particularly, the wars as a geopolitical processes,
foundation of colonial empires and period of
decolonization, main geopolitical stages etc.
At the V chapter, the research is implemented related to

analysis the classical geopolitics, particularly to the
formation of National schools – German, Japanese, Italian,
British, American, French and Russian schools.
Sesavali
geopolitika rogorc mecniereba
Ggeopolitikis gansazRvreba
geopolitikis wina istoria

(CineTi, indoeTi)

Sua saukuneebis geopolitikuri azri
axali drois geopolitikuri azri

geopolitikuri procesebi,
7
nacionaluri skolebis formireba
klasikuri periodis wamyvani geopolitikosebis ZiriTadi
ideebi
germanuli
franguli
Bbritanuli geopolitikuri azriгкшшфзщтшшы
Amerikuli
geopolitikuri skolebi da Teoriebi XX saukunis meore

naxevarSi
msoflio wesrigi da globalizacia

Mmsoflios wamyvani saxelmwifoebisa da organizaciebis
geopolitikuri interesebiM
saqarTvelos roli da adgili Tanamedrove geopolitikur

sistemaSi
saqarTvelos energetikuli usafrTxoeba
saqarTvelos Tavdacvisa da erovnuli usafrTxoebis sistemis reformebis

ZiriTadi mimarTulebebi
8
Sesavali
geopolitika rogorc mecniereba
jer kidev Zveli samyaros swavlulebma SeamCnies bunebrivi kavSiri

politikur procesebsa da dedamiwis sivrces Soris, da marTlac, gana
SeiZleba politikuri xasiaTis RonisZiebebis ganxorcieleba Tu ar
gvecodineba Sesabamisi teritoriis konkretuli farTobi, reliefi,
mcenareuloba, hava, mdinareebi, sxvadasxva tipis bunebrivi dabrkolebebi,
sazRvao sivrcesTan siaxlove _ rogorc gansakuTrebuli geografiuli
faqtori politikaSi da a.S.?
gana arsebobs SesaZlebloba, miaRwio gamarjvebas omSi, Tu ar gagaCnia
im sivrcobrivi struqturisa da konkretuli adgilmdebareobis
daxasiaTeba, sadac mowinaaRmdegis SeiaraRebuli Zalebi TavianT poziciebs
ganalageben, an ar flob informacias mowinaaRmdege qveynis ekonomikuri da
samxedro potencialis Sesaxeb?
amasTanave, SeuZlebelia dakavebuli teritoriis SenarCuneba, Tu
araviTari warmodgena ar geqneba mis mosaxleobaze (raodenoba, simWidrove,
demografiuli maxasiaTeblebi, erovnuli xasiaTi, tradiciebi da a.S.)
ase rom, geopolitikuri warmodgenebi, rogorc politikuri warmatebis
ganmsazRvreli faqtori, didi xania arsebobs. sakuTriv termini Sedgeba
ori nawilisagan: `geo~ niSnavs geografiuls, ese igi geografiuli
faqtorebis gavlena am sityvis farTo mniSvnelobiT saxelmwifos
politikaze. am faqtorebs Soris ZiriTadia: teritoria; geografiuli
mdebareoba; sazRvrebis sigrZe (ganfeniloba), maTi konfiguracia – mTiani
reliefisa Tu vake adgilis arseboba konkretuli sazRvris perimetrze,
mdinareebisa da tbebis - rogorc mimosvlis gzebis arseboba, sazRvao
gasasvleli-qveynis mdebareoba zRvasTan mimarTebaSi, sanapiro xazis sigrZe,
hava (civi, zomieri, cxeli, mSrali).
niadagis xarisxi (ramdenad nayofieria igi soflis meurneobis
ganviTarebisaTvis).
infrastruqtura, samrewvelo potenciali, wiaRiseuli, ekonomikuri
zrdis uzrunvelyofis SesaZlebloba, mosaxleobis raodenoba, simWidrove,
socialuri Semadgenloba da sxva.
XX-s bolos da XXI-s. dasawyisSi fuZem `geo~ meore azric SeiZina.
axla mas ganmartaven, rogorc politikis `planetarul~, `globalur~
sazoms, supersaxelmwifoebisa an samxedro blokebis
urTierTdamokidebulebis maxasiaTeblad, rogorc `civilizaciebis
Sejaxebis~ faqtorad.
terminis meore nawili _ `politika~_mocemul konteqstSi niSnavs
dominantobis, Zalauflebis mopovebas, sivrces da am sivrcis aTvisebas.
dRevandel dRes, es terminic ganicdis cvalebadobas. Tanamedrove
geopolitikis aqtiur monawileebs naklebad ainteresebT axali
teritoriebis dapyroba da aTviseba, amitomac isini miiltvian akontrolon
maqsimalurad SesaZlebeli sivrceebi, akontrolon ara teritoria
mTlianad, aramed umeteswilad am teritoriebis sakomunikacio xazebi da
dinebebi (finansuri, saqonlis, samuSao Zalis da a.S.), amiT ki
geopolitikosTa azriT, sakuTari qveynebis ganviTarebisa da ayvavebis
saukeTeso pirobebi iqmneba.
Ggeopolitikuri disciplinis ganviTarebis klasikur periodSi (XIX
saukunis bolo, XX saukunis dasawyisi), rodesac is mecnierebisaTvis
damaxasiaTebel formebs iZenda, mniSvneloba eniWeboda saxelmwifos,
9
rogorc cocxali organizmis, Seswavlas. Tanamedrove geopolitika,
agrZelebs saxelmwifos - rogorc geopolitikuri procesis aqtoris
Seswavlas, sadac konkretul qveyanas Tanamedrove saerTaSoriso
urTierTobebSi - gaerosTan, samxedro-politikur blokebTan, regionalur
saerTaSoriso struqturebTan erTad udidesi mniSvneloba eniWeba.
Tanamedrove geopolitika moicavs aseve geopolitikur statikas (msoflio
ierarqia, saerTaSoriso politikis subieqtebis statusi da roli) da
geopolitikur dinamikas (geopolitikuri procesebi, msoflio “saWadrako
dafaze” geopolitikis aqtorebis mdgomareobis Secvla).
terminis - `geopolitika~ avtori r. Celeni gansazRvravda mas rogorc
`mecnierebas saxelmwifoze, rogorc geografiul organizmze,
dakavSirebuls sivrcesTan~1.
sawinaaRmdego pozicia ekava germanuli klasikuri skolis gamoCenil
warmomadgenels a. grabovskis, romelic geopolitikas uwodebda `Semecnebis
saSualebas~, `meTods~, da araviTar SemTxvevaSi mecnierebas, romelsac
gaaCnia sakuTari sagani, kanoni da adgili mecnierebaTa sistemaSi.
germanuli skolis aRiarebuli warmomadgeneli, TviT k. haushoferic ki,
meryeobda geopolitikis statusis saboloo gansazRvrasTan dakavSirebiT.
yvelafris miuxedavad, XIX da XXss. mijnaze geopolitikosebma TavianT
kvlevebSi gansazRvres geopolitikis obieqti (saxelmwifo, rogorc
cocxali organizmi bunebriv garemosTan urTierTqmedebaSi), da sagani
(saxelmwifos zrdis sivrciseuli kanonebi). miunhenis skolis manifestSi k.
haushoferma geopolitika gansazRvra rogorc `politikuri procesebis
dedamiwasTan kavSiris moZRvreba~ da rogorc `xelovneba, romelsac ZaluZs
praqtikuli politikis xelmZRvaneloba~2. is mouwodebda geopolitikosebs,
raTa maT mosaxleobisaTvis eswavlebinaT `geopolitikurad azrovneba~,
politikosebisTvis ki - `geopolitikurad moqmedeba~.
frangma geopolitikosma J. gotmanma 1947 wels, geopolitikas uwoda
ìstoriis geografiuli interpretacia, adaptirebuli pangermanizmis
moTxovnebTan~3.
geopolitikis terminisa da definiciis ganviTarebaSi SeiZleba
gamovyoT Semdegi aspeqtebi:
- mecniereba, romelsac gaaCnia sakuTari kvlevis sagani,
kanonzomiereba, Semecneba - romelsac garkveuli adgili ukavia
mecnierebaTa sistemaSi, an politikis Semecnebis meTodi geografiuli
faqtorebidan gamomdinare;
- obieqturi samecniero disciplina an subieqturi ideologizirebuli
fsevdomecniereba, romelic amarTlebs `sasicocxlo sivrcis~ dapyrobas4.
geopolitikuri disciplinis kategoria
geopolitikas gaaCnia sakuTari kategoriebi da koncefciebi. maT Soris

erT-erTi mTavaria gansazRvrebaasaxelmwifo rogorc cocxali organizmi:
`saxelmwifo aris organizmi, - werda f. ratceli, - romlis SemadgenlobaSi
dedamiwis zedapiris gansazRvruli nawili TamaSobs imdenad mniSvnelovan
1
Rudolf Kjellen “Die Straat als Lebensform”, 1916, p. 3.
2
Karl Haushofer “Dai Nihon”, Munich, 1913
3
L'homme, la route et l'eau en Asie sud-occidentale (1938)
4
Strausz-Hupe R. Geopolitics: the straggle for space and power. N.Y. 1942
10
rols, rom saxelmwifos yvela Tviseba ganisazRvreba misi macxovreblebisa
da teritoriis TaviseburebebiT~5.
ratcelis saxelmwifos koncefcia gamomdinareobs dedamiwis, rogorc
planetis, dedamiwis bunebisa da kacobriobis erTianobis ganmsazRvreli.
mecnieris azriT, saxelmwifo adamianTa sazogadoebis gagrZelebaa. mas ori
mTavari funqcia gaaCnia - zrda da ganviTareba. ukanaskneli, warmoadgens ra
eqspansias sxva ufro susti saxelmwifo organizmis winaaRmdeg,
gamowveulia mzardi saxelmwifo organizmis sasicocxlo energiiT. am
eqspansiis aRsawerad ratcels Semoaqvs gageba “cxovrebiseuli sivrce” 6.
ratcelis koncefciidan k. haushoferi gamoyofs sazRvris kategorias
farTo gagebiT. sazRvari, mecnieris azriT aris saxelmwifoebis gamyofi
xazic, bunebrivi sazRvaric, romelic hyofs klimatur zonebs, sanapiro
xazic, agreTve, eTnosebis, konfesiebis da civilizaciaTa Soris gamyofic7.
Tanamedrove geopolitikis umTavresi kategoria gaxda geostrategia,
misi Sinaarsic gamomdinareobs haushoferis warmodgenebidan geopolitikur
azrovnebaze da geopolitikur moqmedebaze. amasTanave, misma abstraqtul-
Teoriulma aspeqtma SeinarCuna dasaxeleba-geopolitika, xolo praqtikul
moRvaweobas Cvens droSi ewodeba-geostrategia. Aamave dros, geopolitikisa
da geopolitikuri Teoriis funqciebi gaxda: msoflios politikuri
cvalebadobis suraTis gaazreba, msoflio politikis aqtorebis
urTierTdamokidebuliba, cnobili geopolitikuri ideebis axali
generireba an transformacia, geopolitikuri koncefciebis da Teoriebis
Camoyalibeba. geostrategia asrulebs geopolitikuri Teoriebis -
romlebic doqtrinebis, programebis, koncefciebis formas iReben,
cxovrebaSi ganmaxorcielebel funqcias (sagareo politika, erovnuli
usafrTxoeba da a.S.). zogierT SemTxvevaSi, geostrategias igeben rogorc
politikuri, ekonomikuri, kulturuli damokidebulebis ganviTarebis
gansazRvrul mimarTulebad (magaliTad, aSS-is wynari okeanis
geostrategia) an sagareo-politikuri amocanebis gadawyvetis (magaliTad,
aSS-is 1964-75 ww. vietnamuri geostrategia) saSualebas. Tanamedrove
geopolitikisaTvis aranakleb mniSvnelovania geopolitikuri
(geostrategiuli) regionebis gagebac.
geopolitikis struqtura da misi adgili mecnierebaTa sistemaSi
gamomdinare iqidan, rom geopolitika iyofa Teoriul da praqtikul

(geostrategiuli) mimarTulebebad, Tanamedrove geopolitikis struqtura
SegviZlia warmovidginoT Semdegnairad:
geopolitika
Teoriuli geopolitika praqtikuli, gamoyenebiTi

(geopolitologia) geopolitika (geostrategia)
Tanamedrove geopolitikis struqtura SeiZleba daiyos mTel rig

Semadgenelze (nax. 1.1).
movlenebisa da procesebis kvlevis masStaburobiT, aqtorebis
geopolitikuri statusis Sesabamisad geopolitika iyofa globalur,
5
Friendrich Ratzel. “Politische Geographie”. 1887.
6
iqve
7
Karl Haushofer “Dai Nihon”, Munich, 1913. P. 23
11
regionalur - kontinentalur da regionalur – lokalur geopolitikad.
pirvel SemTxvevaSi, ganixileba supersaxelmwifoebis an geopolitikis
msoflio aqtorebis urTierTdamokidebulebis msoflio done; rac Seexeba
regionalur - kontinentalur geopolitikas, is ikvlevs situaciebsa da
procesebs kontinentaluri regionebis masStabSi. bolos, regionaluri -
lokaluri geopolitika dakavebulia TiToeuli qveynis regionebis
problemebiT.
geopolitika
geografiuli da demografiuli Semadgeneli:

- fizikuri geografia
- politikuri geografia
- ekonomikuri geografia
- eTnogeografia
- demografia
istoriuli da politologiuri Semadgeneli:
- msoflio istoria
- politmecnierebis istoria
- politikis Teoria
- saerTaSoriso urTierTobis Teoria
- saerTaSoriso politikuri sistemebi
- msoflio qveynebis politikuri sistemebi
- religia da politika
- eTnopolitologia
- regionaluri politika
ekonomikuri da informaciuli Semadgeneli:
- msoflio ekonomika
- ekonomikuri statistika
- marketingi
- informatika
- komunikaciis Teoria
- samxedro ekonomika
samxedro - strategiuli Semadgeneli:
- samxedro strategia
- samxedro - sazRvao strategia
- sahaero omis strategia
- samxedro xelovnebis istoria
- samxedro - sazRvao xelovnebis istoria
- saxelmwifo samxedro siZlieris (potencialis) Seswavla.
Tanamedrove geopolitikis mdgomareoba
Tanamedrove geopolitika Tavis aTvlas iwyebs meore msoflio omis

dasrulebidan da omisSemdgom msoflioSi momxdari cvlilebebidan
gamomdinare.
Mmeore msoflio omis Semdgomma istoriulma movlenebma ara marto
gardaqmna msoflio da geopolitikuri paradigmebi, aramed isini daemTxva
udidesi damangreveli Zalis – birTvuli iaraRis Seqmnas, romlebmac odnav
12
mogvianebiT Seqmnil raketmzidebTan erTad, aramarto samxedro-
strategiuli, aramed geopolitikuri roli iTamaSes kacobriobis momaval
ganviTarebaSi.
Tanamdedrove politologebi ar uaryofen politikis sxvadasxvagvar
kavSirs sivrciseul faqtorebTan. pirvel rigSi, laparakia geografiul
sivrceze, romelic, rogorc jer kidev ratcelma SeniSna, Sedgeba sami
sferosagan: geosfero (xmeleTi), hidrosfero (wyali), atmosfero (haeri). es
sferoebi dedamiwis dasaxlebul zedapirze gadaikveTeba da
urTierTmoqmedebs sxvadasxva saxiT.
xmeleTi, rogorc geopolitikuri faqtori, moicavs:
- saxelmwifo teritoriebis farTobs;
- saxelmwifoTa urTierTqmedebas zRvasTan;
- havas (temperatura, naleqebis raodenoba, sezonuroba);
- niadagis mdgomareobas noyierebis TvalsazriT;
- bunebriv resursebs;
- sasmeli wylis marags;
- mdinareebis, rogorc hidroenergiis faqtors.
rac Seexeba sawylosno sivrces, igi rogorc politikis geografiuli

faqtoris Semadgeneli, SeiZleba davaxasiaTod Semdegi TvisebebiT:
- wyali xmeleTTan urTierTdamokidebulebaSi qmnis kontinentebis,
kunZulebis, sanapiroebis, gansazRvrul formebs da moxazulobebs;
- moicavs wyalqveSa garemos Tavisi mineraluri resursebiTurT;
- iZleva TevzWeris saSualebas;
- iZleva gemTmSeneblobis, sazRvao vaWrobis, mgzavrTa gadazidvisa da
turizmis ganviTarebis SesaZleblobas;
- aCqarebs e.w. `sazRvao erebis” ganviTarebas.
Tavis mxriv, sahaero sivrce kacobriobam saxmeleTo da sazRvao

sivrceebis Semdeg aiTvisa. Mmisi damaxasiaTebeli geopolitikuri
Tvisebebia:
- gverdi auaros winaaRmdegobebs dedamiwis uswormaswori zedapiris
saxiT;
- umokles droSi gadailaxos sazRvao sivrceebi;
- mkveTrad izrdeba gadaadgilebis siswrafe;
- SesaZlebelia dedamiwis zedapiris Znelad da miuRwevel adgilebSi
miRweva;
- adre miuRweveli simaRleebidan dedamiwis zedapiris efeqturi
Seswavla;
- saomari moqmedebis efeqturobis mkveTrad gazrda mtris poziciebis
masiuri bambardirebis gziTa da xarisxiani sahaero dazverviT;
- mgzavrTa swrafi gadayvana. aseve gadazidvebi politikuri miznebiT
(saxelmwifo moRvaweebis oficialuri vizitebi da a.S.).
aseTi saxiT, politikis kavSiri fizikur samyarosTan, geografiasTan
bolo ori saukuneSi kidev ufro gaZlierda. Tu Zvel samyaroSi
ganixileboda xmeleTisa da zRvis brZolis sakiTxi, xolo klasikuri
geopolitikis periodSi am ansambls sahaero garemosac uerTebdnen,
Tanamedrove periodSi ukve mas unda davumatoT kosmosuri sivrce.
kosmosuri sivrcis aTviseba `kosmosur~ saxelmwifoebs aZlevs

SesaZleblobas:
13
- gaaZlieron da xarisxianad gaaumjobeson dedamiwis sivrcis
kontroli, gaxadon igi WeSmaritad globaluri;
- dedamiwis wiaRis da zedapiris Semdgom aTvisebasa da efeqtur
Seswavlas;
- axali, metad efeqturi lazeruli iaraRis da kosmosuri raketebis
Seqmnas, romlebic SesaZloa gamoyenebul iqnen birTvuli iaraRis
matareblad;
- mzis sistemis planetebis aTvisebisaTvis placdarmis Seqmnas.
geopolitikis fizikur-kosmiuri faqtoris yoveli sferos
mniSvnelovneloba dRevandel dRes kidev ufro gaizarda. zrda ganapiroba
Semdegma faqtorebma:
- oikumenis teritoriebis aTviseba da misi sazRvrebis praqtikulad
CrdiloeT da samxreT polusebze gadatana;
- metnaklebad sacxovreblad vargisiani teritoriebis dasaxleba, maTi
macxovreblebisaTvis civilizirebuli pirobebis Seqmna;
- msoflio okeanis akvatoriis aTviseba Tanamedrove teqnologiebis
saSualebiT;
zemoaRniSnulis garda politika kavSirSia socialur faqtorebTan,
Aanu iseT movlenebTan da procesebTan, romlebic sazogadoebis SigniT
viTardeba da romlebic adamianTa urTierTobaSi ibadeba. saxelmwifoebis
urTierTdamokidebuleba ZiriTad determinirebulia iseTi demografiuli
maCveneblebiT, rogoricaa:
- mosaxleobis raodenoba da simWidrove;
- konkretuli teritoriisadmi kuTvnileba (avtoqtonuri mosaxleoba,
mosuli mosaxleoba, Tanamedrove migrantebi).
Tanamedrove demografiis TvalsazrisiT amas unda daematos iseTi
problemebi, rogoricaa:
- sicocxlis xangrZlivobis maCvenebeli;
- mamrobiTi da mdedrobiTi mosaxleobis, xandazmulTa da axalgazrda
Taobis Tanafardoba mosaxleobis sqesobriv-asakobriv struqturaSi;
- ganaTlebis done;
- saqalaqo da sasoflo mosaxleobis Tanafardoba;
- alkoholis, Tambaqos, narkotikebis moxmarebis done.
Mmeore, sakmaod mniSvnelovani geopolitikuri faqtoria fsiqologiuri
faqtori, romelic dakavSirebulia geopolitikuri xasiaTis
gadawyvetilebis miRebis iseT fsiqologiur determinantebTan, rogorebic
gaxlavT:
_ qveynis liderebis, sxvadasxva safexuris saxelmwifo aparatis
muSakebis, aseve yvela im samTavrobo Tu arasamTavrobo struqturebis
warmomadgenelTa fsiqologiuri mdgomareoba, romlebic met-naklebad
dakavSirebulebi arian qveynis geopolitikuri koncefciebis SemuSavebasTan;
_ fsiqologiuri mikroklimati, romelic sufevs qveynis umaRles
eSelonebSi;
_ mmarTveli elitis fsiqologiuri mdgomareoba;
_ fsiqologiuri viTareba mocemul qveyanaSi, regionSi da msoflioSi
mTlianad da a.S.
zustad aseve SegviZlia yuradReba gavamaxviloT politikis
eTnografiasa da eris eTnologias Soris kavSirze, anu gansazRvrul
teritoriebze dasaxlebaze, erovnuli xasiaTis gansazRvruli Tvisebebis
formirebaze, eTnogenezisis gansazRvruli etapis gavlaze, sxva
eTnoprocesebze, romlebzec ara marto politika axdens gavlenas, aramed
eris Semdgomi bedic.
14
gansazRvrul gavlenas geopolitikaze axdens ideologiuri faqtori,
anu mocemuli qveynis wamyvani partiebis politikuri orientacia da a.S.
geopolitikuri koncefciebi xSirad ganicdian ama Tu im sferoSi
arsebuli erovnuli interesebis zemoqmedebas. ama Tu im erovnul niadagze
dafuZnebuli erTi da igive geopolitikuri problema iRebs qveynisTvis
damaxasiaTebel, erovnul elfers.
eWvgareSea geopolitikaze ekonomikuri procesebis gavlenac. Aam mxriv
mniSvnelovania yuradReba gamaxvildes samrewvelo sawarmoebisa da
soflis meurneobisaTvis gamosadegi miwebis farTobze, ekonomikuri
infrastruqturis ganlagebaze gansazRvrul geografiul pirobebSi –
zRvasTan, mezobel qveyanasTan siaxlove da a.S.
Cvens mier ganxilul iqna is ZiriTadi faqtorebi, romlebic
politikaze zemoqmedeben. yvela isini determinirebulia geografiuli
mdgomareobiT da es yvelaferi erTobliobaSi warmoadgens geopolitikas.
magram Tanamedrove geopolitika ganviTarebis impulsebs iRebs ara marto
zemoaRniSnuli wyaroebidan, aramed arsebobs geopolitikis e.w.
virtualuri sferoebi, romlis gareSe dRes SeuZlebelia misi arseboba.
pirvel rigSi es sferoa eTeri, romelsac XIXs. fizikosebi
aRiqvamdnen, rogorc materialurs. Tanamedrove eTerze aRibeWdeba
kulturaTa brZola, subieqtebis interesebis dapirispirebebi lokalur,
regionalur da msoflio politikis doneze. globaluri eTeris dros omis
mdgomareoba garTulebulia im faqtiT, rom mis subieqtebad gvevlinebian
ara marto erovnuli saxelmwifoebi, aramed transnacionaluri kompaniebi,
saerTaSoriso sazogadoebrivi organizaciebi, mas-mediis saSualebebi da
sxva.
virtualuri geopolitikis meore sferos warmoadgens internetis
saerTaSoriso kompiuteruli qseli.
internet-sivrcis qseluri organizacia saSualebas gvaZlevs
msoflios SevxedoT gansxvavebuli TvalebiT, vidre is politikur ruqazea
warmodgenili.
Zveli samyaros filosofosebis warmodgenebSi geopolitika, rogorc
mecniereba politikuri da geografiuli faqtorebis, saxelmwifosa da
sivrcis kavSiris erTobliobas warmoadgenda, romlis drosac moqmedebebi
xmeleTsa da zRvis sivrceSi viTardeboda, xolo klasikosi
geopolitikosebis warmodgenaSi mTavari procesebi geosferoSi,
hidrosferoSi da atmosferoSi hpoulobda TavianT ganviTarebas.
Tanamedrove geopolitikuri paradiqmebi operireben rogorc realuri
(xmeleTi, wyali, haeri, wyalqveSa sfero, kosmosi), aseve virtualuri
(radio da teleeTeri, beWdviTi organoebi, mecnierebisa da xelovnebis
sferoebi, internet-qseli da a.S.) sferoebiT, romelSic sivrciseuli
faqtori, politikurTan erTobliobaSi – qmnis geopolitikas.
garda amisa, Tu geopolitika warmoadgens saxelmwifoTaSoriso
konfliqtebis globalur dones, maSin Zveli samyaros geopolitikur
movlenebad warmodgenilia saxelmwifoTaSorisi omebi, magaliTad
berZnuli polisebis kavSiri sparseTis winaaRmdeg, romi karTagenis
winaaRmdeg. Aamave dros, regionaluri masStabis geopolitikur movlenebad
warmogvidgeba aTenis xelmZRvanelobiT warmoebuli peloponesis omi
spartis winaaRmdeg, CineTis samefoebs Soris dominirebisTvis brZola.
klasikuri geopolitikis aRmoceneba daemTxva msoflios evrocentristuli
suraTis Camoyalibebas, rodesac mimdinareobda evropuli saxelmwifoebis
brZola kontinentze dominirebisTvis, Tavisi kolonialuri
samflobeloebis gafarToebisa da msoflio batonobisaTvis. amave dros,
15
klasikuri periodis geopolitikam gaarRvia oikumenis (berZnuli sityva-
dasaxlebuli teritoria) sazRvrebi, man gaaerTiana dayofili kontinentebi,
xeli Seuwyo dapyrobiTi omebis warmoebas da uzarmazari saxmeleTo
teritoriebisa da msoflio okeanis akvatoriis aTvisebas, Tumca man jer
kidev ver miiRo globaluri xasiaTi, radganac XIX-s bolosa da XX-s.
dasawyisisaTvis msoflios wamyvani qveynebi jer kidev ar iyvnen
erTmaneTTan mWidrod SekavSirebulebi, ver xedavdnen planetisaTvis
damaxasiaTebel saerTo realur safrTxes (mag: globaluri daTboba) da
gamiznulni iyvnen axali sivrceebis dapyrobisken. geopolitika TandaTan
xdeboda sakontinentTaSoriso, magram msoflio jer kidev ar warmoadgenda
im universalur sociums, romelsac Cven dRevandel dRes vxedavT
Tanamedrove realobebidan gamomdinare. amitom geopolitikam ukve miaRwia
planetis yvelaze Soreul adgilebSi.
ganviTarebis Tanamedrove etapze geopolitika icvlis
evrocentristul saxes universaluris mimarTulebiT. DdRevandel
dResEbrZola mimdinareobs ara gansazRvruli teritoriis dapyrobisa da
SenarCunebisaTvis, aramed masze kontrolis damyarebis mizniT. Kkontrolis
damyarebis mcdelobam geosferoze, hidrosferoze da atmosferoze sazRvao,
sahaero da kosmosuri teqnikis saSualebiT SeiZina WeSmaritad
saerTaSoriso, planetaruli xasiaTi. Tanamedrove geopolitikis mier
universaluri, saerTaSoriso, da planetaruli xasiaTis Tvisebebis SeZenam
ganapiroba misi globaluri xasiaTi. Gglobaluri politikis subieqtebad
dRevandel dRes gvevlinebian ara marto nacionaluri saxelmwifoebi,
aramed agreTve universaluri saerTaSoriso organizaciebi (gaero da misi
specializirebuli dawesebulebebi), transnacionaluri korporaciebi,
regionaluri organizaciebi, kerZo pirebi da a.S.
Sesabamisad, geopolitikis struqtura diferencirebulia globalur,
regionalur da lokalur doneebze.
Ggeopolitikis gansazRvreba
Ggeopolitika warmoadgens msoflmxedvelobas da ukeTesi iqneboda

misi Sedareba ara mecnierebasTan, aramed mecnierebaTa sistemebTan. igi
imyofeba imave doneze, romelzecaa dafuZnebuli calkeuli politikuri Tu
ekonomikuri Teoriebi, anu sazogadoebisa da istoriis Seswavlis,
ganxilvisa da gaanalizebis is sistemebi, romelTa mizania ZiriTad
principebad raime umniSvnelovanesi kriteriumebis gamoyofa da adamianisa
da bunebis mravali aspeqtis maTze dayvana.
E geopolitikis gansazRvramde aucilebelia yuradReba gavamaxviloT
ekonomikur mecnierebaze. ekonomikur mecnierebaSi arsebuli ori ZiriTadi
mimarTuleba - marqsizmi da liberalizmi kacobriobis arsebobis
safuZvelSi erTnairad aTavseben ekonomikur mxares, “ekonomikis, rogorc
bedisweris” princips. Aam SemTxvevaSi umTavresi mniSvneloba ar eniWeba im
faqts, rom es ori ideologia erTmaneTisagan radikalurad gansxvavdeba -
marqsi xazs usvams antikapitalisturi revoluciis aucileblobas, xolo
liberalizmis Teoriis avtori adam smiti da misi mimdevrebi Tavisufali
bazris arsebobas qveynisa da sazogadoebis yvelaze srulyofil modelad
miiCneven. igive SeiZleba iTqvas politikuri reJimebis Sesaxebac. Tu
dasavleTis wamyvani qveynebis mecnierebi da ideologebi saxelmwifos
ganviTarebis winapirobad, masSi demokratiuli normebis danergvis
aucileblobaze saubroben, yofil komunisturi banakis qveynebSi
16
miiCnevdnen, rom saxelmwifos mowyobis yvelaze misaRebi formaa
komunisturi totalitaruli reJimis-rogorc saxelmwifos stabilurobis
uzrunvelyofis umniSvnelovanesi formis arseboba. rogorc pirvel, ise
meore SemTxvevaSi mecnierebi iyeneben istoriuli procesis vrclad
ganxilvis meTods. zemoaRniSnuli ekonomikuri da politikuri
mimdinareobebi im ZiriTad modelebad rCebian, romelTa safuZvelze
adamianebi ubralod warsulSi ganviTarebuli movlenebis gaanalizebas ki
ar axdenen, aramed qmnian momavlis ganviTarebis koncefcias.
swored amgvarad mdgomareobs saqme geopolitikis mimarT, romelic
dafuZnebulia Tezisze: “geografiuli reliefi, rogorc bediswera”8.
geografia da sivrce geopolitikaSi igive funqcias asrulebs, rasac
fuli da sawarmoo urTierTobebi marqsizmsa da liberalizmSi. Tu Cven
visaubrebT marqsizmisa da klasikuri politikuri ekonomiis Sesaxeb, da
movaxdenT garkveul msgavsebas geopolitikasTan, Cven SegveZleba gavakeToT
daskvna, rom Tu ekonomikuri ideologiis warmomadgenlebi qadageben
gansakuTrebuli kategoriis - “ekonomikuri adamianis” (homo economikus)
Sesaxeb, geopolitika saubrobs “sivrcul adamianze”, romlis
CamoyalibebaSi udidesi wvlili miuZRvis sivrcis specifikur
maxasiaTeblebs - reliefsa da landSafts. Ees ganpirobebuloba naTlad
mJRavndeba adamianis iseT masStabur socialur gamovlinebebSi,
rogorebicaa saxelmwifo, eTnosi da kultura, civilizacia da a.S.
geopolitikis ZiriTadi postulati - adamianis damokidebuleba sivrceze
_ calkeuli individebisa da sazogadoebrivi jgufebisaTvis mxolod
garkveul manZilze iCens Tavs. swored amitomac, Ageopolitika (miuxedavad
winapirobebisa) ver iqca ganyenebul ideologiad, Fufro zustad,
“masobriv ideologiad”. Mgeopolitikuri naSromebi, am naSromebSi
gakeTebuli daskvnebi, Seswavlis sagani da ZiriTadi Tezisebi gasagebia
mxolod im socialuri instanciebisTvis, romlebic uSualod arian
CarTulni iseTi msxvilmasStabiani problemebis gadaWriT, rogoricaa
strategiuli dagegmareba, globaluri, socialuri da istoriuli
kanonzomierebebis gaazreba da a.S. sivrce Tavis Tavs amJRavnebs did
ganzomilebebSi, amitom geopolitika dakavSirebulia im socialur
jgufebTan, romelTac saqme aqvT zogad realobebTan _ qveynebTan,
xalxebTan da a.S.
geopolitika warmoadgens xelisuflebis msoflmxedvelobas, igi aris
mecniereba xelisuflebis Sesaxeb da xelisuflebisaTvis. Ggeopolitika
mxolod maSin aCens sakuTar mniSvnelobas, azrs, sargeblianobas, roca
calkeuli individi miuaxlovdeba socialur simaRles, am procesamde ki
igi abstraqciad aRiqmeba. Ggeopolitika _ politikuri elitebis (rogorc
mmarTveli, aseve opoziciuri Zalebis) disciplinaa. Ggeopolitikuri
mecnierebis istoria damajereblad adasturebs, rom sxvadasxva
geopolitikuri xasiaTis naSromebze muSaobdnen swored is pirovnebebi,
romlebic samecniero moRvaweobasTan erTad aqtiurad monawileobdnen
qveynebisa da erebis marTvis procesSi, an emzadebodnen am funqciis
Sesasruleblad (saubaria istoriuli pirobebis gamo xelisuflebidan
CamoSorebuli, alternatiuli, opoziciuri banakebis Sesaxeb).
8
Friendrich Ratzel. “Politische Geographie”. 1887. P. 12
17
geopolitikis mTavari kanoni
Grac Seexeba geopolitikis mTavar kanons, misi mTavari principia

fundamenturi dualizmi, romelSic asaxvas hpovebs msoflios geografiuli
mowyobisa da civilizaciebis istoriuli tipologia. aRniSnuli dualizmi
gamoixateba saxmeleTo (“Telurokratiisa”) da sazRvao (“Talasokratiis”)
mmarTvelobebis dapirispirebaSi. Ppolitikuri ideologiis TvalsazrisiT,
es aris “demokratiisa” da “ideokratiis’ dualizmi9.
D dualizmisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia misi ori Semadgeneli polusis
erTmaneTTan dapirispireba, Tumca am mtrobis xasiaTi SeiZleba icvlebodes
konkretuli istoriuli epoqisa da politikuri procesebidan gamomdinare.
“Telurokratia” anu “saxmeleTo mmarTveloba”, dakavSirebulia sivrcis
mdgradobasTan, misi Tvisobrivi orientaciebisa da maxasiaTeblebebis
simyaresTan. Mmisi damaxasiaTebeli Tvisebebia konservatizmi, sazogadoebis
wevrTa erTmaneTze damokidebuleba. xmeleTis (gansakuTrebiT mkvidri)
xalxebisaTvis ucxoa individualizmi, samewarmeo suliskveTeba. maTTvis
damaxasiaTebelia koleqtivizmi da ierarqizmi.
“Talasokratia” anu “ sazRvao mmarTveloba” warmoadgens sapirispiro
Rirebulebebze dafuZnebul civilizaciur tips. igi gamoirCeva
dinamiurobiT, da axasiaTebs samecniero-teqnikuri progresisaTvis swrafva.
misi damaxasaTebeli Tvisebebia zRvaosnoba, vaWroba da individualuri
samewarmeo suliskveTeba. individi da misi interesebi, aRiarebulia
sazogadoebis umaRles faseulobad10.
K kacobriobis istoriis didi nawili mimdinareobs civilizaciis am ori
tipis brZolis fonze. msxvili politikuri warmonaqmnebis
(saxelmwifoebisa da imperiebis) xasiaTs miT ufro STambeWdavad gamoxatavs
stiqiaTa dualizmi, rac ufro universaluria civilizaciuri tipis done.
civilizaciaTa am ori ZiriTadi mimarTulebebis geopolitikuri gavlenis
teritoriebi naTladaa gamosaxuli e.w. “makinderis rukaze”. Aam rukaze
saxmeleTo mmarTvelobis zona vrceldeba Crdilo_aRmosavleT evraziis
Sidakontinentur sivrceze (romelic zogadad emTxveva ruseTisa da yofili
ssrk_s teritorias). Talasokratiis gavrcelebis areals ki evraziis
kontinentis sanapiro zona, xmelTaSuazRvis areali, atlantis okeane da is
zRvebi warmoadgens, romlebic evrazias samxreTidan da dasavleTidan
esazRvrebian.
Aamgvarad, msoflio ruka ingliseli geopolitikosis makinderis mixedviT
iZens aseT geopolitikur saxes:
“1)Sidakontinenturi sivrceebi warmoadgenen “uZrav platformas”, Suagul

miwas, “istoriis geografiul RerZs”, romelic myarad inarCunebs
saxmeleTo civilizaciis specifikas.
2)”Sida anu kontinenturi naxevarmTvare”, “sanapiro zona”, warmoadgens
intensiuri kulturuli ganviTarebis sivrces. sadac cxadad Cans “sazRvao
mmarTvelobis” niSnebi, romlebic gawonasworebulia “saxmeleTo
mmarTvelobis” mravali tendenciiT.
3)”gare anu kunZulovani naxevarmTvare” warmoadgens “Seuswavlel miwebs”,
romelTan dakavSireba SesaZlebelia mxolod sazRvao saSualebebiT.
pirvelad igi Tavs iCens savaWro saxelmwifoebSi-karTagensa da finikiaSi,
9
a. dugini. Ggeopolitikis safuZvlebi. 1998 w. gv. 15
10
iqve. gv. 16
18
rodesac maT garedan moaxdines zemoqmedeba evropis “Sida
11
naxevarmTvareze” .
sazRvao da saxmeleTo mmarTvelobis urTierTdamokidebulebis aRniSnuli

geopolitikuri suraTi Tavis potenciur asaxvas hpovebs romsa da
karTagens Soris mimdinare punikuri omebis Semdeg. am suraTma saboloo
saxe me-17_18 saukuneebSi miiRo, rac emTxveva inglisis did sazRvao
saxelmwifod Camoyalibebis periods. Mme-15 saukunis bolos dawyebulma
“didi geografiuli aRmoCenebis epoqam” dasabami misca sazRvao
mmarTvelobis damoukidebel msoflio warmonaqmnad Camoyalibebis process.
sazRvao mmarTvelobis zonebma mTlianad moiyara Tavi anglosaqsur
samyarosa (britaneTi, amerika) da sazRvao qveynebis kolonialur
samflobeloebSi. Aanglosaqsuri kapitalizmi da Tavisufali samewarmeo
garemo, “axali karTagenis” saxiT, erT mTlianobad iqna Camoyalibebuli,
ris gamoc geopolitikurma dualizmma SeiZina mkveTrad gansxvavebuli
ideologiuri da politikuri xasiaTi.
Mme-18_19 saukuneebSi sazRvao zesaxelmwifos, britaneTis poziciuri
dapirispireba kontinenturi saxelmwifoebis (avstria-ungreTis, germaniisa
da ruseTis) winaaRmdeg, gaxldaT am Teoriis naTlad gaanalizebis Sedegi.
Uukve meore msoflio omis Semdgom periodSi planetaze ganviTarebuli
procesebis Sedegad Talasokratiis mTavari burji xdeba aSS.
1946_1991 wlebis “civi omis” dros, ZvelisZvelma geopolitikurma
dualizmma Tavis piks miaRwia: Talasokratias warmoadgenda aSS, xolo
Telurokratias - ssrk.
11
H.J. Mackinder, On the Scope and Methods of Geography, Proceedings of the Royal Geographical Society and Monthly
Record of Geography, New Monthly Series, Vol. 9, No. 3 (Mar., 1887), pp. 141-174; J. F. Unstead, H. J. Mackinder and the
New Geography, The Geographical Journal, Vol. 113, (Jan. - Jun., 1949), pp. 47-57
19
civilizaciis, ideologiis, socialur-ekonomikuri formaciis, kulturis,
orma globalurma tipma dasrulebuli geopolitikuri saxe miiRo da
stiqiaTa dapirispirebis mTeli geopolitikuri istoria damamTavrebel
fazaSi Sevida. amave dros aRsaniSnavia is faqtic, rom Camoyalibebul
geopolitikuri dualizmis formebs sakuTari ideologiuri mimarTuleba
gaaCnda - marqsizmis da liberalur_kapitalisturi ideologiis saxiT.
“civi omisaTvis” damaxasiaTebeli geopolitikuri dualizmi pirvel
etapze, aSS_s saboloo gamarjvebamde, Talasokratiisa da Telurokratiis
mier maqsimaluri sivrculi, strategiuli da Zalismieri arealis mopovebis
mimarTulebebiT viTardeboda. gamalebuli SeiaraRebis dros - orive mxaris
mier birTvuli potencialis dagrovebis gamo, zogierTi pesimisti
geopolitikosi am procesis savaraudo dasasruls metad Sav ferebSi
xatavda, vinaidan msoflios sxvadasxva regionSi sakuTari geopolitikuri
gavlenis gavrcelebis Semdeg, am or Zalas maT Soris arsebuli
konfrontacia an dedamiwis farglebs gareT-kosmosur sivrceSi unda
gadaetana an erTmaneTi unda gaenadgurebina.
miuxedavad amisa, “civ omSi” sazRvao Zalebis saboloo gamarjvebis
Semdeg, wminda Teoriul doneze SeiZleba gamoiyos movlenaTa ganviTarebis
ramdenime savaraudo versia:
“I varianti. sazRvao mmarTvelobis gamarjveba Zireulad auqmebs
saxmeleTo mmarTvelobis civilizacias. aRniSnul variants aqvs ori
upiratesoba:
P pirveli, igi logikurad ar aris winaaRmdegobrivi, radgan masSi SeiZleba
davinaxoT geopolitikuri istoriis ganviTarebis kanonzomieri dasasruli_
xmeleTis (tradiciuli samyaros) sruli batonobis Secvla, zRvis
(Tanamedrove samyaros) sruli batonobiT da Sesabamisad demokratiis
gafarToebiT;
Mmeore, swored es xorcieldeba dRes.
II varianti. Talasokratiis gamarjveba asrulebs ori civilizaciis
winaaRmdegobis cikls, magram Tavis models mTel msoflioze ar
avrcelebs, gadaWris ra mis problemebs, igi ubralod asrulebs
geopolitikur istorias. iseve, rogorc postindustriuli sazogadoebis
Teoriebi amtkiceben am sazogadoebaSi klasikuri politekonomiis (da
marqsizmis) ZiriTadi winaaRmdegobriobis problemis ararsebobas, aseve
zogierTi mondialisturi Teoriac asabuTebs, rom momaval msoflioSi
xmeleTisa da zRvis dapirispireba saerTod aRar iarsebebs.
Oorive zemoT moyvanili analizi Telurokratiis damarcxebas ganixilavs
Seuqcevad da aRsrulebad faqtad. Semdegi ori varianti am sakiTxs
sxvagvarad xsnis
III varianti - Telurokratiis damarcxeba droebiTi movlenaa. Eevrazia
axali formiT ubrundeba Tavis kontinentur misias. amasTan
gaTvaliswinebuli iqneba is geopolitikuri faqtorebi, romlebmac
katastrofamde miiyvana kontinenturi Zalebi (axal kontinentur bloks
eqneba sazRvao sazRvrebi samxreTsa da dasavleTSi, anu ganxorcieldeba
“monros doqtrina evraziisTvis”). aseT SemTxvevaSi msoflio kvlav
bipolaruli iqneba, oRond gansxvavebuli doniTa da xarisxiT.
IV varianti (warmoadgens winas ganviTarebas). Aaxal dapirispirebaSi
imarjvebs saxmeleTo mmarTveloba. igi miiswrafvis sakuTari
civilizaciuri modeli gadaitanos mTel planetaze da TviTon
“daasrulos istoria”. mTeli msoflio tipologiurad xmeleTad gadaiqceva
da yvelgan “ideokratia” gamefdeba”.
20
Ggeopolitikuri “rimlendis” principi
Talasokratiisa da Telurokratiis ori ZiriTadi principis gansazRvris

Semdeg, kidev erT umniSvnelovanes geopolitikur zonas warmoadgens
“sanapiro zona” (Rimland). Ees gaxlavT sakvanZo kategoria, romelic
safuZvlad udevs geopolitikur kvleva-Ziebas.
Rimland warmoadgens gansakuTrebul geopolitikur sivrces, romelsac aqvs
potenciuri SesaZlebloba iyos an Talasokratiuli, an Telurokratiuli
mimarTulebis teritoria. Ees aris rTuli da kulturuli TaviseburebebiT
mdidari regioni.
Mmiuxedavad amisa, Rimland es ar aris mxolod raRac gardamavali garemo,
romlis garSemoc mimdinareobs saxmeleTo da sazRvao mmarTvelobis
urTierTdapirispireba. es gaxlavT damoukidebeli teritoria, romelic
udides gavlens axdens Talasokratiasa da Telurokratiaze. Ees aris ara
istoriis obieqti, aramed aqtiuri subieqti.
sanapiro zona (Rimland) warmoadgens sasazRvro zonas, sartyels.
imis gamo, rom geopolitikis erT-erT umTavres mizans warmoadgens
orive - sazRvao da saxmeleTo Sexedulebebis Seswavla, sanapiro zona
ganixileba gansakuTrebul realobad - sazRvrad, amave dros, misi
orientacia damokidebulia imaze, Tu mocemul seqtorSi romeli impulsia-
saxmeleTo Tu sazRvao.
Ggeopolitikis aseTi aRTqma Tavis daRs asvams sazRvrebTan dakavSirebuli
ufro kerZo problemebis gaanalizebis procesze. igi qveynebs Soris
arsebul saxelmwifo sazRvrebs ganixilavs “gardamavali moculobis
zonebad”. Aam moculobis cvlileba – misi Semcireba an gafarToeba
damokidebulia kontinentSi mimdinare procesebze. Aaqedan gamomdinare, es
zonebi icvlian formasa da traeqtorias garkveul farglebSi.
“geopolitikuri sazRvrebis” cnebis qveS SeiZleba igulisxmebodes
saxelmwifoebs Soris arsebuli geopolitikuri mniSvnelobis mqone
teritoriebi. magaliTad, meore msoflio omis dawyebamde ruseTsa da
germanias Soris “sanitaruli kordonis” inglisuri idea gulisxmobda
“sayaimo” - inglisze orientirebuli zonis Seqmnas, romelic Sedgeboda
baltiispireTisa da aRmosavleT evropis saxelmwifoebisagan. meore
msoflio omamde ruseTisa da germaniis kontinenturi politika ki, piriqiT,
miiswrafoda am zonis xazad gadaqcevisaken (brest-litovski, rapalo,
ribentrop-molotovis paqti).
21
Tavi I
geopolitikis wina istoria

(CineTi, indoeTi)
pirveli saxelmwifoebrivi warmonaqmni CineTis teritoriaze,

saxeldobr xuanxes Sua dinebaSi, warmoiSva Cvens welTaRricxvamde III-II
aTaswleulebis mijnaze. es iyo sias tomebis kavSiri. ramdenime saukunis
Semdeg, kerZod II aTaswleulis dasawyisSi gabatonda inis tomi. inis
dinastia marTavda pirvel Cinur saxelmwifos II aTaswleulis bolomde,
vidre inis vani (mmarTveli) damxobil iqna jous tomis meTauris u vanis
mier.
jous tomis CineTma gamoiara centralizaciis periodi (Cv. w-aR-mde
VIII saukunemde). Aam periodSi adgilobrivi mmarTvelebi usityvod
emorCilebodnen mmarTvel dinastias, Tumca, mogvianebiT daiwyo
decentralizaciis periodi (VIII-VII ss. Cv.w.aR-mde), rodesac vanis
Zalaufleba ukve formaluri iyo, xolo jous warmomadgenlebi erTmaneTs
ganuwyvetliv eomebodnen. CineTis istoriis es monakveTi cnobilia rogorc
`samefoebis brZolis~ (`jango~) periodi.
Cv.w.aR-mde VII s_Si jous imperia ganicdida momTabare tomebis
Semotevebs, romlebic savaraudod skviTuri warmoSobis unda yofiliyvnen.
momTabareebTan brZola xels uSlida Zvel Cinelebs Soris eTnikuri
erTobis damyarebas. SemdgomSi Semosevebma gamoiwvia jous imperiis jer
dasusteba da Semdeg misi dacema. amavdroulad, swored am periodSi,
Zveli CineTis axalSeqmnili sazogadoebis, gansakuTrebiT samecniero
wreebis masobriv SemecnebaSi Camoyalibda samyaros `Cinuri centristuli~,
ufro sworad jous centristuli geopolitikuri suraTi (maSin jer kidev
ar arsebobda warmodgena CineTze mis Tanamedrove sazRvrebSi), romlis
Tanaxmad cocxali samyaros centrSi (cisqveSeTis centrSi, anu Cinurad-
`tiansia~) imyofeba RmerTis mier Seqmnili jous Sualeduri imperia. sxvaTa
Soris, aqedan gamomdinareobs TviT CineTis saxeli _jungo (jun - `Sua
adgili~, go-saxelmwifo). Aam imperiaSi, romelic sargeblobda xelsayreli
geopolitikuri mdebareobiTa da RmerTebis mfarvelobiT _ jous vani
atarebda `zecis Svilis~ tituls. teqnikis, kulturis da samxedro Zalebis
ganviTarebis doniT es saxelmwifo win uswrebda `cis qveSeTis~ yvela
qveyanas _ aqedan momdinareobs geopolitikuri warmodgenebi CineTis
imperatorebis RvTisagan kurTxevis, imperiis mesianuri rolis Sesaxeb
cocxal samyaroSi, misi TviTkmarobisa da avtarkiis gamarTleba anu misi
mizanSewonilad miCneva.
jous samefos eWira xuanxes mxolod Sua nawili, magram
TandaTanobiT `Sualeduri samefos~ gafarToebis kvalobaze, warmodgena
`cisqveSeTis~, rogorc mTeli cocxali samyaros Sesaxeb, gatanil iqna
gacilebiT ufro farTo teritoriaze. imave dros, Cv. w. aR-mde I
aTaswleulis Sua periodSi, gaCnda pirveli warmodgenebi saxelmwifos
samxedro Zalebis Sesaxeb. ramdenadac samxedro wyobis safuZvels
warmoadgendnen saomari etlebi, amitom saxelmwifos samxedro Zlierebac
maTi raodenobiT ganisazRvreboda. idealur, uZlevel saxelmwifod `cis
qveSeTSi~ miCneuli iyo is xelisufleba, romelsac 10 000 sabrZolo etli
hyavda (`van Cengo~).
samefoebis brZolis epoqa, romelic daiwyo Cv. w. aR-mde V saukuneSi,
damTavrda Cv. w. aR-mde III s-Si, rodesac xelisufleba miiRo cinis
22
dinastiam (Cv. w. aR-mde 221w.), Semdeg ki-xanis dinastiam (Cv. w. aR-mde 206w.) am
saxelmwifomac gamoiara samefos centralizaciisa da sazogadoebis
konsolidaciis (Cv. w. aR-mde III saukune _ Cv.w. aR-is III saukune) da
decentralizaciis periodi (III-VII ss.). xanis imperiam gaafarTova misi
samflobeloebi jous samefos sazRvrebisagan bevrad ufro Sors,
amasTanave is eqspansias awarmoebda xanis eTnocentrizmisa da `cis
qveSeTis~ imperiis `Sualedurobis~ poziciebze dayrdnobiT. swored cinebs
an xanebs, Zveli CineTis istoriaSi yvelaze mZlavri imperiebis saxelebs
uwodeben sakuTar Tavs Tanamedrove Cinelebi.
didi geografiuli aRmoCenebis epoqaSi evropelebs Soris Cinelebis
mimarT damkvidrda eTnonimi `cini~. aqedan momdinareobs CineTis italiuri
saxelwodeba _ Cina da inglisuri China. rusuli saxelwodeba warmoiSva XI
s-Si, sunis dinastiis mmarTvelobis periodSi, romelic ganuwyvetlad
eomeboda monRolurenovan kidanebs, romlebmac miitaces `Sualeduri
imperiis~ CrdiloeTi. Ddasaxeleba `kidans~, Turqulad gadmoTargmnili _
`kitaia~ daedo safuZvlad.
momTabareebTan brZola CineTis istoriis sakmaod did periods
moicavs da gvevlineba Cineli imperatorebis geopolitikis ganuyofel
nawilad. kidanebis mogeriebis Semdeg iwyeba manjurielebis winaprebTan,
jurjenebTan omebis periodi, romelic grZeldeboda mTeli XII saukune.
XIII-XIVss mongolebis mier Cinuri miwebis dapyrobis periodia, rodesac
CineTis teritoria xuanxes CaTvliT, Sedioda monRoleTis saxelmwifos
SemadgenlobaSi. momTabareebTan mudmivi brZola CineTis sazogadoebis
winaSe ayenebda igive amocanebs, romlis winaSec idgnen Zveli saberZneTi da
romi barbarosebTan brZolebis periodSi. es amocanebi gulisxmobda
sazRvrebis teqnikur gamagrebas (kerZod, didi Cinuri kedeli), sagangebo
jarebis Seqmnas sazRvrebis mudmivi dacvis mizniT, axali teritoriebis
dapyrobas sazRvrebis usafrTxo teritoriebze gadatanis mizniT da
SemdgomSi am teritoriebze dasaxlebuli punqtebis Seqmnas da a. S.
rac Seexeba aziis kidev erT uZveles saxelmwifos – indoeTs, mis
teritoriaze, indis vakeze ukve III aTaswleulis Sua periodSi arsebobda
protoinduri (xarapuli) civilizacia. daaxloebiT II aTaswleulis
(Cv.w.AaR-mde.) Sua periodSi indoeTSi Crdilo-dasavleTidan SeiWrnen
arielebis meomari tomebi, romlebic TandaTan ganlagdnen subkontinentze
da Seqmnes pirveli saxelmwifoebrivi warmonaqmnebi. am saxelmwifoebis
mmarTvelobis geopolitikur warmodgenebs SeiZleba gavecnoT arielebis
sulieri kulturis uZvelesi Zeglis _ vedebis mixedviT. vedebis mixedviT,
cocxali samyaro gvevlineba rogorc okeane, romelSic dacuravs lotosis
yvavili. es lotosi, anu padma aris swored dasaxlebuli xmeleTi.
amasTanave, lotos-padmis didi furclebi aRniSnaven did subkontinentebs _
dvipebs anu naxevarkunZulebs, romelTac orive mxridan akravs zRva:
CrdiloeTis-kuru-dvipa, samxreTis-Jambu-dvipa, dasavleTis-ketumalasi-dvipa
da aRmosavleTis-badrazvas dvipa. oTxi dvipa warmoadgens did
geopolitikur saxelmwifos (anu teritorias). lotos-padmas did furclebs
Soris moTavsebulia rva mcire dvipa. mcire dvipebi warmoadgenen mcire
saxelmwifoebis simboloebs. magaliTad, pegu-dvipa ukavSirdeba irans, ava-
dvipa-arabeTs a. S. lotos-padmis yvavilisagan gancalkevebiT okeaneSi
curaven lotosis foTlebi, romlebic sxva kontinentebisa da kunZulebis
simboloebs warmoadgenen. unda aRiniSnos, rom lotosi, misi furclebi da
foTlebi okeanesTan erTad erT mTels Seadgenen. es niSnavs aramarto
miwisa da zRvis erTianobas, aramed saxelmwifosa (politikis) da
geografiis urTierTqmedebas. garda amisa padmas, rogorc cocxal
23
organisms, aqvs nayofi _ meru (albaT himalai) da ganayofierebis organoebi
_ mtvrianebi, romlebic calkeul gansakuTrebiT maRali mwvervalebis da
mTagrexilebis simboloebia, sadac saTaves iReben msoflios mTavari
mdinareebi.
aseTia Zveli arielebis pirveli geopolitikuri warmodgenebi, rac
kargad aqvs aRwerili XIXs-is germanel geografs k. riters. am
warmodgenebis Tanaxmad, buneba (okeane da xmeleTi) da adamianTa
sazogadoeba (saxelmwifoebi) _ erTiani organizmia (am azrs Tavis droze
ganaviTareben k. riteri da f. ratceli). samyaros centrSi mdebareobs
sakuTari xalxi (eTnocentrizmi) da saxelmwifo, sazogadoeba da kultura
(indocentrizmi), es axasiaTebs praqtikulad klasikuri geopolitikis
TiTqmis yvela skolas.
indoeTis subkontinentze, iseve rogorc CineTSi mTeli istoriis
manZilze Cndeba da iSleba samefoebi da didi imperiebi. daSlis yoveli
periodi xasiaTdeba calkeul samefoebs Soris aTgzis gaafTrebuli
brZolebiT, im samefoebs Soris brZoliT, romlebic adre imperiis
SemadgenlobaSi Sediodnen. mag: Cv. w. aR-mde VI-II ss-Si md. gangis dablobis
samefoebs Soris gabatonebuli iyo magadahas samefo, Cv. w. aR-mde IV-VIss-Si
mauriebis imperiam sakuTari xelisuflebis qveS gaaerTiana indostanis
didi nawili, Cveni welTaRricxvis I-IIIss-Si ganviTarda guftebis imperia.
aqauri geopolitikuri problemebi identuria CineTis problemebTan:
momTabareebTan brZola, sxvadasxva civilizaciebs Soris dapirispireba,
samefoebis Sinaomebi hegemoniis mosapoveblad, imperiis Seqmna, ayvaveba,
daknineba da dacema.
lao-Zi (579-499 Cv. eramde)
Cineli filosofosi li eri, romelsac ewoda lao-ùxucesi~, (“Zi”-

niSnavs `maswavlebels,~ ase eZaxdnen filosofosebs, romlebmac sakuTari
skolebi Seqmnes,) cxovrobda VI-V ss-Si Cv. w. aR-mde Cus samefoSi.
lao-Zi msaxurobda jous samefos karis arqivariusad da imis gamo,
rom irgvliv - samefoSi sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis srul gadagvarebas
xedavda, gadawyvita civilizebuli sazogadoebis mitoveba. samxedro razmis
ufrosma samefos dasavleT sazRvarze mas mosTxova sabaJo gadasaxadis
gadaxda, xolo brZenma Tavis mxriv gadasaxadis magivrad datova misi
xelnaweri _ `dao de-Zini~, romlis saTauric ase SeiZleba gadavTargmnoT _
`gza saTnoebisaken~ anu wigni “Zalisa da moqmedebis Sesaxeb~. mas Semdeg
aravis araferi smenia lao-Zis Sesaxeb.
xelnawerSi `dao de-Zini~ daaxloebiT 5000 ieroglifia, magram maT
Soris cotas gaaCnia raime geopolitikuri mniSvneloba. Mmag: 61-e
paragrafSi, sadac saubaria didi da mcire samefoebis Sesaxeb, SeiZleba
aRmovaCinoT hidravlikuri Teoriis Canasaxi (didi mdinareebis gavlena
sazogadoebis ganviTarebaze da Sualeduri imperiis Seqmnaze),
geopolitikuri koncefcia `didi saxelmwifos mier patarebis mozidvis~
Sesaxeb, aseve, geopolitikuri sivrcis àTviseba~ SeTanxmebebis, kavSirebis,
koaliciebis saSualebiT im saxelmwifoebs Soris, romlebic Sedian am
sivrceSi.
konfuci (551-479 Cv. eramde)
gadmocemis Tanaxmad lao-Zi Sexvedria konfucis da didi pativiscemiT

mopyrobia mas. AamasTanave, lao-Zis axalgazrda mecnierisaTvis ramdenime
24
rCeva miucia. mogvianebiT, konfucim codniTa da popularobiT gauswro
kidec lao-Zis, misi gamonaTqvamebi, romlebic misma mowafeebma Seitanes
wignSi _ `lun-iui” (`saubrebi da gamonaTqvamebi~) amkvidrebda garkveul
socialur wyobas Cinur sazogadoebaSi. konfucis TiTqmis ar dautovebia
gamonaTqvami geopolitikis Sesaxeb. mis naSromebSi aseTad SeiZleba
miviCnioT me-6 Tavis 23-e gamonaTqvami, romelSic konfuci amtkicebs, rom
`Tu samefoSi - ci (es iyo Zlieri, magram despoturi samefo) moxdeba
gardaqmnebi, maSin ci gauTanabrdeba lus (lu - susti, moraluri samefo).
xolo, Tu lu gardaiqmneba, maSin lu miaRwevs zneobrivi marTvelobis
mwvervalebs12.
men-Zi (daax. 372-289 Cv. eramde)
Cineli filosofosi menke daibada lus samefoSi (samxreT-aRm. CineTi,

amJamindeli Sandunis provincia). is swavlobda Zi sisTan, konfucis
SviliSvilTan. swavlis damTavrebis Semdeg mogzaurobda CineTis mraval
samefoSi, sadac cdilobda mmarTvelTa dainteresebas saxelmwifos marTvis
miseuli ideebis mimarT, raTa am ideebs momavalSi praqtikuli
ganxorcieleba hqonoda. miuxedavad amisa, man mxolod cota xniT SesZlo
cis saxelmwifoSi darCena. Sin dabrunebis Semdeg men-Zim daaarsa skola da
sakuTar ideebs avrcelebda mowafeebis daxmarebiT. aseve man dawera wigni _
`men-Zi~. ludvig foierbaxma men Zis uwoda udidesi Cineli filosofosi
konfucis Semdeg.
men-Zis moZRvreba sxva sakiTxebTan erTad moicavs geopolitikur
aspeqtebsac. kerZod, xelisufleba òTxi zRvis farglebSi~ anu samyaros
oTxive mxares - nebismieri geostrategiuli mimarTulebiT SeiZleba
gavrceldes im SemTxvevaSi, Tu saxelmwifos mmarTvelebi ixelmZRvaneleben
konfucis ideebiT – ufrosebisadmi pativiscemis, xalxze zrunvisa da
Sewyalebis Sesaxeb. ama Tu im geopolitikuri miznis ganxorcielebis dros,
gansakuTrebiT ki samxedro xasiaTis qmedebaze - `rodesac vans jari
gamohyavs~, mmarTveli jer unda dafiqrdes SesaZlo Sedegebze (àwon
dawonian da maSin Seatyoben wonas~) da gansazRvros is ZiriTadi
safrTxeebi da gamowvevebi, romlebic SeiZleba dadges xalxisa da
saxelmwifos winaSe13.
`siuan-vanis diad survils~ (romlis saxiTac SegviZlia vigulisxmoT
nebismieri mmarTveli) men-Zi advilad amoicnobs Semdegs: `gindaT
gaafarTovoT Tqveni teritoria, aiZuloT Cunisa da cinis samefoebi, rom
dagnebdnen, marToT mTeli Sualeduri imperia da daaSoSminoT
barbarosebi~?14 am survils, cxadia, imitom uwodeben diads, rom igi
gadawyvetda Zveli CineTis nebismieri mmarTvelis geopolitikur
problemebs.
magram SeZlebs ki mis ganxorcielebas ci - CineTis cxra samefodan
erT-erTis mmarTveli, Tu mas winaaRmdegobas uwevs rva danarCeni samefo?
12
Confucius (2003). Confucius: Analects—With Selections from Traditional Commentaries. Translated by E.
Slingerland. Indianapolis: Hackett Publishing. (Original work published c. 551–479 BC) ISBN 0-87220-635-1.
13
The Mencius 7:A1 in Chan 1963: 78
14
1. The Mencius 6:A11 in Chan 1963: 58
25
men-Zi amasTan dakavSirebiT ganzogadebul geopolitikur azrs gamoTqvams:
`ra Tqma unda, mcire ver gauwevs winaaRmdegobas dids, erTeuls, cxadia, ar
SeuZlia mravalTan dapirispireba, susti ver moereva Zliers.~ magram
`diadi survilis~ ganxorcieleba SeiZleba, Tu daeyrdnobi mmarTvelobis
`swor principebs~, romlebic Camoayaliba men-Zim. Aaq igulisxmeba
samarTliani, kacTmoyvare principebi. Aam SemTxvevaSi Cineli mecnieris
azriT - moxeleebi, vaWrebi, miwaTmoqmedebi, mogzaurebi, agreTve
ganawyenebuli adamianebi mzeras miapyroben samarTlian mmarTvels,
romelic SesZlebs gaxdes yvela adamianis bedis gamgebeli cisqveSeTSi im
SemTxvevaSi, Tu is sikeTis keTebas aswavlis adamianebs. Aam SemTxvevaSi is
moaxerxebs, rom yvela misi qveSevrdomi iyos maZRari, inaxavdes ojaxs da
aWmevdes purs mSoblebs15.
artxaSastra (II-III Cv.w. aR-mde)
artxaSastra (`mecniereba saxelmwifos marTvis Sesaxeb~, `mecniereba

politikis Sesaxeb~) Zveli induri kulturis uZvirfases istoriul,
politikur, samarTlebriv da literaturul Zegls warmoadgens, romelic
Seicavs mniSvnelovan cnobebs Zveli induri sazogadoebis cxovrebis
sxvadasxva aspeqtis Sesaxeb. induri tradiciis Tanaxmad, artxaSastra
dawerilia brahman kautilias mier, romelic uZRveboda saxelmwifo
saqmeebs mauriebis dinastiis damaarseblis, Candragupta I-is (IV-III ss. Cv. w.
aR-mde) dros. evropeli mecnierebis monacemebis mixedviT ki, artxaSastra
iqmneboda mravali wlis ganmavlobaSi ramdenime avtoris mier daaxloebiT
II-III ss. Cv. w. aR-mde.
geopolitikuri TvalsazrisiT sayuradReboa wignis II nawilis me-19
Tavi, romelSic laparakia carieli an dapyrobili teritoriebis
dasaxlebis wesebze. artxaSastra Seicavs teritoriebis mowyobis,
raionebad dayofis, xelisuflebis saolqo, raionuli da saubno centrebis
Seqmnis, sxvadasxva socialuri jgufisaTvis miwis nakveTebis gamoyofis,
mcxovrebTaTvis SeRavaTebis micemisa da maTi gadasaxadebisagan
ganTavisuflebis, aseve sasamarTlos Sesaxeb kargad mofiqrebul da albaT
aprobirebul normebs. NnaSromSi ar aris gamotovebuli iseTi
mniSvnelovani geopolitikuri sakiTxi, rogoricaa dapyrobili an xelaxla
dasaxlebuli miwebis sasazRvro zolis mowyoba. “dasaxlebaTa sazRvrebi” 16,
- aRniSnulia artxaSastraSi, - “man (mmarTvelma) unda daadginos
teritoriis mniSvneloba mdinareebis an mTebis, tyveebis, ekliani buCqebis,
miwayrilebis mixedviT e.i. bunebrivi an xelovnuri mijnebis mixedviT”17.
calke aris mocemuli cixesimagreebis adgilis SerCevisa da mSeneblobis
wesebi axlad dasaxlebul olqSi. swored am ukanasknelis SuagulSi unda
aSendes gamagrebuli ganZTsacavi, axali provinciis xelisuflebis centri,
15
The Mencius 1B:8 in Chan 1963: 62
16
Mabbett, I. W. (April 1964). "The Date of the Arthaśāstra". Journal of the American Oriental Society (Journal of
the American Oriental Society, Vol. 84, No. 2) 84 (2): 162–169. doi:10.2307/597102. ISSN 0003-0279.
http://jstor.org/stable/597102
17
Mabbett 1964
Trautmann 1971:5 "the very last verse of the work...is the unique instance of the personal name Viṣṇugupta rather than
the gotra name Kauṭilya in the Arthaśāstra.
26
romelic sjobs gaSendes mdinareebis adgilebze an uSrobi wyalsacavis
piras.
samxedro, ekonomikuri, socialuri politikis sferoSi aseTi qmedebebis
ase mkacrad da zustad dakavSireba zogadad ladSaftTan da kerZod
konkretul adgilmdebareobasTan, gvafiqrebinebs, rom Zvel indoeTSi
nebismieri politika sakmaod mkacrad iyo gansazRvruli bunebrivi
faqtorebis gaTvaliswinebiT, e.i. politika da geografia erTmaneTTan
axlos iyo dakavSirebuli.

jer kidev straboni, romelic cxovrobda Cv-aR-mde I saukuneSi,

aRniSnavda, rom geografia, iseve rogorc politika, emsaxureba
saxelmwifos da saxelmwifo mmarTvelobis amocanebs. Mecnieris azriT,
politikasa da geografias Soris Suamavalis rols asrulebs adamianTa
gansakuTrebuli klasi – mmarTvelebi. straboni mis `geografiaSi~,
gamoxatavs ra antikurobis cnobili geografebis (geopolitikosebis?)
Tvalsazriss, xatavs dedamiwis zedapiris sakmaod realur suraTs TviT
dRevandeli warmodgenebis Tanaxmadac ki18.
strabonis mixedviT, dedamiwa aris sfero, romelzedac ganlagebulia
zRviT (okeaniT) garSemortymuli xmeleTi. xmeleTi man pirobiTad dayo
(ekvatoris xaziT) CrdiloeT da samxreT naxevarsferoebad, aseve xuT
klimatur sartyelad, romelTagan sami (ori polaruli da ekvatoruli)
dausaxlebelia Zalian civi an Zalian cxeli havis gamo. zomieri
sartyelebi _ ekvatoris orive mxares qmnian dasaxlebul xmeleTs e. i.
oikumens19.
geografiisa da politikis urTierTkavSirs aRiareben agreTve Zveli
romaeli swavlulebi. Mmag: markus tulius ciceroni, cnobili romaeli
samarTalmcodne da oratori, amtkicebda, rom jer kidev romulma, didi
romis daarsebis dros gansakuTrebuli yuradReba miaqcia adgils, sadac
safuZveli eyreboda momaval `msoflio dedaqalaqs~. ciceronis azriT,
sagangebo yuradReba unda mivaqcioT mdebareobas zRvis mimarT, agreTve
mdinaris, rogorc satransporto magistralis aresebobas, mtknari wylis
marags(wyaroebi, Webi), borcvebis ganlagebas cixesimagreTa
mSeneblobisaTvis da havas.
Zveli berZeni swavluli _ istorikosi herodote, romelic cxovrobda
V s-Si Cv. w. aR-mde, Zveli berZnuli civilizaciis ganviTarebis gadamwyvet
momentad miiCnevda berZnul-sparsul omebs, kacobriobis istoriis arsad ki
_ winaaRmdegobas dasavleTsa da aRmosavleTs, zRvasa da xmeleTs, berZnul
federaciasa da barbarosebs, demokratiasa da Zalmomreobas, Tavisuflebasa
da iZulebas Soris.
geopolitikuri ideebis ganviTarebaSi garkveuli wvlili Seitana
berZenma istorikosma da strategma Tukididem. misi SexedulebiT, istoria
warmoadgenda ara faqtebisa da miTebis jaWvs (rogorc amas fiqrobda
18
Strabonis Geographica, Book 17, Chapter 7
19
Geography Book XII Chapter 3 Section 15, "Amaseia, my fatherland".
27
herodote), aramed rogorc erTian samxedro-politikur process, radganac
mecnierma TiTqmis mTeli misi Segnebuli cxovreba gaatara peloponesis
omis (431-404 ww. Cv. eramde) dros, rodesac erTmaneTs ebrZodnen aTenis
sazRvao kavSiri da peloponesis kavSiri spartis meTaurobiT – rodesac
samxedro dapirispireba arsebobda aTenis mier gansaxierebul sazRvao
Zalasa da saxmeleTo Zalas Soris - spartis armiis xelmZRvanelobiT. am
omis regionaluri xasiaTis miuxedavad, misi masStabiTa (monawileobdnen
berZnuli polisebi da koloniebi) da mniSvnelobiT, rogorc berZnebisTvis,
ise sxva xalxebisTvis (erTi an meori mxaris gamarjveba niSnavda zRvis an
xmeleTis Zalebis didi xniT batonobas, demokratiis an oligarqiis,
progresis an konservatiulobis damkvidrebas), didi geopolitikuri
mniSvneloba eniWeboda.
filosofosi aristotele ki cxovrobda im dros, rodesac eqspansiis
kanonis Tanaxmad, romelic f. ratcelma Camoayaliba XIX s-Si, Zvelma
berZnulma civilizaciam aleqsandre makedonelis meTaurobiT daiwyo im
drois msoflioSi arsebuli mniSvnelovani teritoriebis dapyroba. ufro
metic, TviT aristotelem aRzarda am namdvili geopolitikuri laSqrobis
meTauri, Tumca, misi mowafe ar asrulebda maswavleblis yvela miTiTebas.
aristotele mis TxzulebaSi _ `politika~ garkveviT akavSirebs
erTmaneTTan saxelmwifos, mis teritorias da mosaxleobas, miaCnia ra, rom
`saukeTeso~ an `SesaniSnav~ saxelmwifos sWirdeba teritoria mTeli misi
mosaxleobis interesebis gasaTvaliswineblad. amasTanave, ar SeiZleba
teritoriis xelovnurad gafarToeba, radgan es gamoiwvevs
saxelmwifosTvis ucxo mosaxleobis SemoerTebas, romelTa marTva
gaZneldeba arsebuli kanonebiT. miuxedavad amisa, saxelmwifo ar unda iyos
teritoriuli TvalsazrisiT Zalian patara, radgan man SeiZleba dakargos
damoukidebloba. gansakuTrebuli yuradReba unda mieqces geografiul
mdebareobas, pirvel rigSi ki mis zRvasTan siaxloves da zRvaosnobis
ganviTarebas. idealuri saxelmwifo aramarto unda ifurCqnebodes, aramed
mzad unda iyos TavdacvisTvis da zRvasa da xmeleTze megobari
saxelmwifoebisTvis daxmarebis gasawevad. amgvari ayvavebuli saxelmwifos
simbolod aristoteles miaCnda qveyana _ kreta mikenis epoqaSi, xolo am
saxelmwifos ganviTarebis mTavar mizezad ki _ xelsayreli geografiuli
mdebareoba.
Hherodote (daaxl. 484 – 431-425 wlebs Soris Cv. w. aR-mde)
herodotes, rogorc erT-erTi yvelaze cnobili berZeni istorikosis

cxovrebisa da samecniero moRvaweobis Sesaxeb Zalzed mcire cnobebi
moipoveba. Mmisi moRvaweobis TariRebic ki miaxloebiTaa dadgenili,
cnobilia mxolod, rom is daibada halikarnasSi (mcire aziis samxreT-
dasavleTSi, kariaSi) SeZlebul aristokratiul ojaxSi. im dros
halikarnasSi xelisufleba ekuTvnoda tiran ligdamis, romlis
winaaRmdegac gamodioda SeTqmulTa jgufi, maT Soris iyo axalgazrda
herodote. SeTqmuleba marcxiT damTavrda da herodote iZulebuli Seiqmna
gaqceuliyo mSobliuri polisidan kunZul samosze, romelic maSin erT-
erTi uZlieresi saxelmwifo iyo mcire aziis ionur sanapiroze.
politikuri devnilis cxovrebis momdevno periodi ukavSirdeba
mogzaurobas. aTi wlis ganmavlobaSi man daaTvaliera egvipte, libia,
babiloni, asureTi, sparseTi, moiara mTeli mcire azia, helesponti (Savi
zRvis yureebi da mTeli SavizRvispireTi, rogorc samxreTi, ise
28
CrdiloeTiT qalaq olviamde), imyofeboda dasavleT xmelTaSua
zRvispireTSi, maT Soris siciliaze, balkaneTSi (makedonia, Trakia),
egeosis zRvis mraval kunZulze. igi yvelgan aqtiurad swavlobda da
aRwerda tomebisa da saxelmwifoebis istorias, eTnografiul da
geografiul Taviseburebebs.
daaxloebiT V s-is (Cv. w. aR-mde) 40-iani wlebis Sua periodSi, ukve
momwifebul _ akmes asakSi (ormoc wels miRweuli) is dasaxlda aTenSi,
romelic im dros Zalian ganviTarebul saxelmwifos warmoadgenda (450-430
w.w. Cv. w. aR-mde). iq herodotem gaicno perikle da Sevida mis wreSi
(perikles coli _ aspazia, filosofosi anaqsagore, moqandake fidiasi,
dramaturgi sofokle da sxva). man miiRo perikles winadadeba
exelmZRvanela aTenis axali koloniisaTvis _ foriebisaTvis (italiis
samxreTSi), sadac igi sakmaod didxans eweoda politikur moRvaweobas.
aqedan momdinareobs sxvadasxva saxeli, romelsac Zveli berZnebi
uwodebdnen mecniers: dabadebis adgilis mixedviT _ halikarnasi,
marTvelobis adgilis mixedviT furieli. ucnobia ramden xans cxovrobda
herodote furiebSi da rodis da sad gardaicvala (furiebSi Tu aTenSi?).
garda politikuri moRvaweobisa, herodotem ufro metad saxeli
gaiTqva rogorc istorikosma. Tanamedrove mkiTxvelisaTvis Zveli
saberZneTis istoria iwyeba herodotedan. aranakleb afasebdnen mas
antikurobis swavlulebi, ciceronma herodotes uwoda ìstoriis mama~,
Tanamedrove istorikosebs herodotes ìstoria~ miaCniaT gardamavlad –
gadmocemis logografiuli meTodidan samecniero-istoriulisaken.
Tanamedrove geopolitikosebis umravlesobis azriT, swored herodotes
TxzulebebSi Cans aSkarad antikur tradiciebSi arsebuli geopolitikuri
midgoma.
mis mTavar nawarmoebs, romelic moicavs sxvadasxva dros Segrovebul
istoriul, politikur, samxedro-strategiul, miTologiur, eTnografiul
da geografiul masalebs, herodotem daarqva `movlenebis gadmocema~
/Histories Apodeixis/. mas Semdeg terminma ìstoria~, romelic niSnavs agreTve
`gamokvlevas~, àRweras~, Secvala am mecnierebis dargisaTvis arsebuli
termini - `logosi~ - ìproza~, `metyveleba~, `moTxroba~, `moZRvreba~20.
herodotes ìstoria~, romelic SemdgomSi (II s.) aleqsandrieli
swavlulebis mier daiyo 9 wignad muzebis dasaxelebis mixedviT, moicavs
avtorisaTvis cnobil mTels istoriul process, miTologiuridan
dawyebuli, rodesac `colebis motaceba~ sxvadasxva xalxebis mier omis
gaCaRebis sababad gadaiqceoda xolme, aTenis òqros saukunemde~.
miuxedavad misi proelinuri poziciisa, herodote cdilobs obieqturad
aRweros istoriuli faqtebi, kidevac aRwers ucnauri barbarosuli
Cveulebebis Sesaxeb da amasTanave zogjer aRiarebs barbarosebis
upiratesobas elinebze, miuTiTebs berZnuli kulturis egvipturidan
warmomavlobaze.
herodotes istoriis 9 wigni Sinaarsis mixedviT SeiZleba gaiyos or
nawilad: pirveli (I-IV wignebi da V wignis dasawyisi) eZRvneba sparseTis
gabatonebas aziaSi, rodesac xelisuflebaSi Zveli kirosis, igive kiros II
didis (559 w. Zv. w-aRricxviT) mosvlis Semdeg sparseTma Tanmimdevrulad
daipyro mcire aziis qveynebi, babiloni, egvipte da gaxda, rogorc Cvens
20
New Oxford American Dictionary, "Herodotos", Oxford University Press
29
droSi ityodnen, udidesi geopolitikuri saxelmwifo. herodote
dawvrilebiT mogviTxrobs sparseTis mier dapyrobili qveynebisa da
xalxebis Sesaxeb, maT mier dasaxlebuli adgilebis geografiul
mdebareobas da zne_Cveulebebs, aanalizebs sparseTis aRzevebis saerTo
suraTs.
ìstoriis~ meore nawilSi (V-IX wignebi) herodote ikvlevs eladis
mdgomareobas da saberZneT_sparseTis omebis mimdinareobas, aanalizebs
armiis, gansakuTrebiT ki flotis rols. es nawili herodotes, ueWvelad,
mTavar nawilad miaCnia, xolo pirveli nawilis daniSnuleba ki aris
mkiTxvelis Seyvana movlenaTa kursSi, sparselebis mier eladis winaaRmdeg
galaSqrebis mizezebisa da miznebis garkveva. im periodSi eladam sparsuli
safrTxis arsebobis gamo Sewyvita Sinaomebi, gaerTianda da gadaiqca
sazRvao-samxedro federaciad, romelmac Rirseuli winaaRmdegoba gauwia
Zlier metoqes da sabolood daamarcxa agresori.
herodotes induqciuri meTodi mdgomareobs istoriuli procesis
aRweraSi kerZodan zogadisaken, `qvemodan zeviT~, calkeuli
mmarTvelebidan, politikuri moRvaweebidan, tomebidan, polisebidan,
qveynebidan maTi regionalur `zesaxelmwifoebad~ gaerTianebamde, erTis
mxriv evropis, da meores mxriv aziis mravali saxelmwifos gaerTianebamde.
am kontinentaluri gigantebis dapirispireba mogvagonebs Tanamedrove
kontinentalur-regionalur geopolitikas. (SemTxveviT ar aris, rom erT-
erTma cnobilma Tanamedrove frangma geopolitikosma iv lakostma mis mier
gamocemul samecniero Jurnals daarqva `herodote~).
qvemoT mocemulia Tanamedrove kartografis mier V saukunis (Cv.
eramde) oikumenes Sesaxeb herodotes warmodgenebis safuZvelze Sedgenili
ruka.
30
Tukidide (460-396 Cv.w.aR-mde)
Tukidide daibada aTenSi mdidar aristokratiul ojaxSi. mamamisi

Trakiis mefis oloris pirdapiri STamomavali iyo, dedac aseve ekuTvnoda
didgvarovan TrakielTa ojaxs. Ggasageb mizezTa gamo Tukidide swavlobda
misi drois saukeTeso maswavleblebTan, romelTa Soris aRsaniSnavia:
filosofosi anaqsagora, sofistebi protagora da gorgia, igi agreTve
ismenda orator antifontes sityvebs. udidesi STabeWdileba moaxdina
Tukidideze periklem. swored amitom, miuxedavad ojaxuri tradiciisa da
naTesaobrivi kavSirisa aristokrati oligarqebis dajgufebebTan, igi iyo
demokratiuli partiis momxre.
peloponesis omis dros (431-404 Cv. w-aR-mde) Tukidide airCies (424 w.
Cv. w.-aR-mde) aTi strategiis kolegiis wevrad (faqtiurad es iyo aTenis
mTavroba), Semdeg ki rogorc strategi igi gaxda mTeli SeiaraRebuli
Zalebis meTauri, romelic ganlagebuli iyo TrakiaSi. brasidis spartanuli
armiis TrakiaSi laSqrobis dros Tukidide moeqca nomaldebis eskadris
saTaveSi da ver daexmara droulad Trakiis poliss _ amfipols, romelic
aiRo brasidma. amis gamo Tukidides miusajes samudamo gandevna aTenidan.
(423 w. Cv. eramde) sadac is mxolod oci wlis Semdeg dabrunda (404 w. Cv. w-
aR-mde).
zusti cnobebi imis Sesaxeb, Tu ras akeTebda Tukidide devnilobis
periodSi ucnobia. rogorc Cans is cxovrobda winaprebis samSobloSi _
TrakiaSi da Tavisufali dro dauTmo cnobili ìstoriis~ daweras,
SesaZlebelia man am dros imogzaura xmelTaSua zRvis sanapirozec
(makedonia, sicilia, italia, sparta). ar aris cnobili Tu ra viTarebaSi da
sad daiRupa cnobili mecnieri, ician mxolod, rom misi neSti gadmoasvenes
da dakrZales aTenSi. Tavis ìstoriaSi~ Tukididem miznad daisaxa
`poloponeselebis aTenelebTan brZolis aRwera, Tu rogor ebrZodnen isini
erTmaneTs~21. Tavis SromebSi, Tukididem gamoikvlia ara imdenad
globaluri, rogorc regionaluri xasiaTis problema, magram am problemas
gaaCnda Tavisi geopolitikuri elferi, radgan omi aTensa da spartas
Soris eladaSi gabatonebas, pirvelobas isaxavda miznad. garda amisa, Tu
gaviTvaliswinebT dapirispirebas sazogadoebriv wyobebsa da mmarTvelobis
formebs Soris, am omma gadawyvita berZnuli polisebis Semdgomi
ganviTarebis mimarTuleba. rogorc ukve avRniSneT, saqme exeboda
alternativas (arCevans) demokratiasa da oligarqias Soris, ganviTarebis
savaWro-samrewvelo da tradiciul sasoflo-sameurneo gzebs Soris, farTo
kosmopolitur da spartanul-patriotul eToss (azrovnebis wess) Soris.
Tukidide pirvelad, Zvel berZen istorikosebs Soris pragmatulad
ganixilavda istoriul process (da ara epikurad, rogorc herodote),
rogorc politikuri, samxedro-politikuri movlenebisa da samxedro
Setakebebis jaWvs. misTvis istoria pirvel rigSi sagareo politikaa, maT
Soris samxedro politika. swored amaSi gamoikveTa misi geopolitikuri
midgoma.
omma warmoaCina armiis gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba, rodesac
aTenelebis aSkara upiratesobis miuxedavad kulturaSi, xelovnebaSi da
mrewvelobaSi, gaimarjva spartam. Tukididem xazgasmiT warmoaCina flotis
21
Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War1.117
31
roli, gansakuTrebiT sanapiro da kunZulovani saxelmwifoebis _ polisi,
korinTo da kunZul kretas geopolitikuri mniSvneloba. korinTo,
magaliTad, flotisa da vaWrobis wyalobiT gadaiqca eladis erT-erT
yvelaze Zlier saxelmwifod samxedro da ekonomikuri TvalsazrisiT.
kretas kunZulovanma saxelmwifom, gamoiyena ra misi gansakuTrebiT
xelsayreli geografiuli mdgomareoba (magaliTad xelsayreli sanapiro
zonebis arseboba naosnobis gansaviTareblad da sxva saxelmwifoebze
kontrolisaTvis) SeZlo mieRwia hegemoniisaTvis (gabatonebisaTvis)
xmelTaSuazRvispireTSi Cv.w.aR-mde II aTaswleulSi.
Tukididem aRniSna samxedro-sazRvao flotis upiratesoba im
qveynebTan saomari dapirispirebis procesSi, romelTac ZiriTadad
saxmeleTo armia hyavdaT. Mmisi azriT, swored Zlieri flotis da zRvaze
batonobis wyalobiT miaRwies ionelebma upiratesobas sparselebTan omSi22.
qsenofonte (daaxl. 430-370 ww. Cv. eramde)
qsenofonte daibada aTenSi mdidar aristokratiul ojaxSi, sadac man

miiRo SesaniSnavi ganaTleba, romelic man SemdgomSi kidev ufro srulyo
sokratesTan urTierTobis periodSi. Qqsenofontes moRvaweobis periodSi
ukve dasrulebulia aTenis ayvavebis – „oqros saukune“, perikles
mmarTvelobis periodi da eladaSi aTenis hegemoniis (batonobis) saukune da
iwyeba peloponesis omi (431-404 Cv. w. aR-mde), rogorc wina qveTavebSi iqna
aRniSnuli, samrewvelo-savaWro da kulturuli TvalsazrisiT
ganviTarebul, demokratiul aTensa da konservatiul-tradiciul, magram
mZlavr samxedro, oligarqiul spartas Soris. Tumca omis dawyebis
mizezebi ufro Rrma iyo vidre dapirispireba aTensa da spartas Soris
(savaWro konkurencia aTensa da korinTos - spartis mokavSires Soris
pirvel rigSi xmelTaSua zRvis dasavleT nawilSi, korinTos savaWro
`mamulSi~. AagreTve aTenis Careva korinTosa da kerkiris dapirispirebaSi;
winaaRmdegobani demokratiul da oligarqiul partiebs Soris, romlebic
funqcionirebda eladis yvela polisSi; brZola teritoriuli, adamianuri
da bunebrivi resursebisaTvis).
miuxedavad imisa, rom qsenofonte aTeneli iyo, igi ekuTvnoda
oligarqiul partias da sparta miaCnda ara marto saxelmwifo wyobilebis
nimuSad, aramed centradac, romlis garSemoc unda gaerTianebuliyo mTeli
elada. qsenofonte aRizarda samxedro garemocvaSi da samxedroebis wreSi,
faqtiurad samoqalaqo omis pirobebSi. unda aRiniSnos, rom peloponesis
omis dros mkveTrad Seicvala berZnuli armiis socialuri Semadgenloba.
Tuki adre berZnuli flangis safuZvels Seadgendnen politebi _ saxalxo
molaSqreebi, polisebis mcxovrebni, SemdgomSi wamyvani adgili ekavaT
daqiravebulebs, profesional meomrebs, romelTaTvisac gamarjvebis
mTavari mizani imdenad ara mSvidobis damyareba gaxldaT, aramed samxedro
warmateba maTTvis warmoadgenda fulis Sovnis saSualebas.
ucnobia qsenofontes roli politikur procesSi aTenSi 30 tiranis
mmarTvelobis periodSi, romlebic spartam daniSna, magram peloponesis
kavSiris damarcxebis Semdeg (404 w. Cv. w. aR-mde) is daqiravebul
spartelebTan erTad erTi qvedanayofis meTaurad wavida mcire aziaSi
kiros umcrosis (401 Cv. eramde) samsaxurSi. gaecno ra kiross, qsenofonte
daTanxmda mis winadadebaze gamxdariyo misi mrCeveli. am Tanamdebobaze is
aTi wlis ganmavlobaSi emsaxureboda kiross, romelic miznad isaxavda
22
Cochrane, p. 179; Meyer, p. 67; de Sainte Croix
32
taxtisTvis brZolaSi misi mowinaaRmdegis _ artaqserqses damarcxebas,
Tumca sabolood man es mizani ver ganaxorciela.
Cv. w. aR-mde 394 wels qsenofonte dabrunda eladaSi, magram ara
aTenSi, aramed spartaSi spartelebis armiasTan erTad da monawileoba
miiRo koroneasTan brZolaSi, romelSic spartam daamarcxa antispartanuli
koaliciis jarebi. mSobliuri polisis winaaRmdeg brZolaSi monawileobis
gamo qsenofontes miusajes aTenidan gandevna. samxedro samsaxuris
mitovebis Semdeg is dasaxlda sofelSi olimpiasTan axlos.
Cv. w. aR-mde 370 wels olimpia da misi midamoebi daikaves spartelTa
mowinaaRmdegeebma _ elas warmomadgenlebma. qsenofonte gaiqca korinToSi,
sadac male gardaicvala.
mis ZiriTad naSromebSi _ ànabasis~ (iTargmneba rogorc àRmasvla~ _
sadac saubaria kiros umcrosis aziis siRrmeSi laSqrobis Sesaxeb) da
`saberZneTis istoria~, qsenofonte brZolebisa da mmarTvelTa moRvaweobis
aRweris garda gvawvdis saintereso eTnografiul cnobebs, cdilobs
samxedro-politikuri movlenebi daukavSiros geografias. mdidari
cxovrebiseuli gamocdileba, codna da Cvevebi, romelic man SeiZina
geografiasa da samxedro strategiaSi, aseve misi farTo zogadi
Tvalsawieri saSualebas gvaZlevs misi naSromebi SevafasoT (gansakuTrebiT
`saberZneTis istoria~) rogorc namdvilad saintereso geopolitikuri
TvalsazrisiT, radgan maTSi asaxulia iseTi mniSvnelovani sakiTxebi,
rogoricaa xmeleTisa da zRvisa dapirispireba, armiisa da flotis
mSeneblobis mniSvneloba saxelmwifos Zlierebis misaRwevad, zRvaze
batonoba da a. S.
aristotele (384-322 Cv. w. aR-mde)
aristotele daibada qalaq stagirosSi, romelic daarsebul iqna

rogorc berZnuli kunZulis androsis kolonia makedoniis samxreTSi da
IVs-Si Cv. w. aR-mde ganixileboda rogorc eladis nawili. aristoteles mama
nikomaqe iyo cnobili eqimi da msaxurobda makedoniis mefe aminta III-sTan,
amitom aristotelem bavSoba gaatara makedoniis dedaqalaq – pelaSi,
samefo karze, sadac mis megobrebs Sors iyo mefis vaJi, momavali mefe –
filipe II. aristotelem miiRo im droisaTvis SesaniSnavi ganaTleba,
exmareboda ra mamamiss samedicino saqmeebSi, daeufla eqimis profesias.
gamoCenil berZen filosofoss ukve TxuTmeti wlis asakSi daeRupa
mSoblebi da amis Semdeg igi ZmasTan da dasTan erTad dabrunda
stagirosSi, sadac maT aRzrdaze zrunavda meurve prokseni, romelmac ori
wlis Semdeg aristoteles aTenSi swavlis gagrZelebis neba darTo (367 w.Cv.
w. aR-mde). iq is Sevida platonis akademiaSi. akademiis damTavrebis Semdeg
mecnieri iqve darCa maswavleblad da amgvarad man akademiis kedlebSi
gaatara 20 weli. platonis sikvdilis Semdeg aristotelem miatova akademia
da xuTi wlis xetialis Semdeg miiRo makedoniis mefis mowveva misi vaJis
aRzrdis Taobaze. mefis vaJi maSin 13 wlis iyo, amgvarad aleqsandrem
aristoteles xelmZRvanelobiT Seiswavla homerosis ìliada~ da sakuTari
ideali aRmoaCina aqilevsis saxiT, romelic iyo yvelaze Zlieri,
warmatebuli da uZleveli meomari mTels eladaSi.
339-336ww. aristotelem gaatara stagirosSi. am dros (338w. Cv.w-aR-mde)
filipem sabolood daamarcxa berZnebi da gaxda mTeli eladis xelmwife,
ris Semdgomac makedoniis mefes gamiznuli hqonda mcire aziaSi galaSqreba.
garemo, romelSic izrdeboda aleqsandre, xels uwyobda misi
geopolitikuri azrovnebis Camoyalibebas. MmogvianebiT, aristoteles
33
rCevis miuxedavad, romelic dapyrobili teritoriebis kolonizacias
exeboda, aleqsandrem sxvagvari gadawyvetileba miiRo, romelic
dakavSirebuli iyo axali saxelmwifos mSeneblobasTan, Camosuli
berZnuli da adgilobrivi mosaxleobis SerCevasa da dedaqalaqis
babilonSi gadatanasTan.
335 wels aristotele aTenSi gadasaxlda, sadac Seqmna akademia –
likeioni. aleqsandre makedonelis sikvdilma gamoiwvia (323w. Cv.w. aR-mde)
ajanyeba aTenSi, romlis warmatebis Semdeg promakedonuri partiis
warmomadgenlebs devnidnen, maT Soris aristotelesac. mas mouxda gaqceva
aTenidan, gzaSi is daiRupa kuWis daavadebiT, romelic mas mTeli
cxovrebis manZilze awuxebda.
geopolitikuri TvalsazrisiT aristoteles TxzulebebSi
yuradRebas iqcevs mis mier aRmoCenili kavSiri bunebriv garemosa da
saxelmwifo wyobas Soris, teritoriis farTobsa da saxelmwifo Zalas
Soris. aristoteles azriT `saukeTeso saxelmwifo wyobileba ver
Camoyalibdeba Sesaferisi garemo pirobebis gareSe.~23 amasTanave, garemo
pirobebSi berZeni filosofosi gulisxmobda rogorc bunebriv, aseve
socialur maxasiaTeblebs. usafrTxo arsebobis mniSvnelovan socialur
pirobebs warmoadgens mosaxleobis raodenoba da misi Tvisebebi, pirvel
rigSi Tavisufali adamianebis raodenoba, romelTac saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi
SeuZliaT gaxdnen „goplitebi“ (mZimed SeiaraRebuli mebrZolebi), aseve
monebis raodenoba. polisis Tavisufal mosaxleobaSi unda dacul iqnes
proporcia miwaTmoqmedebis, xelosnebis, vaWrebis raodenobas Soris, radgan
ìs saxelmwifo, sadac bevri xelosania da cota mZimed SeiaraRebuli
(mebrZoli), ar CaiTvleba did saxelmwifod (e.i. Zlier saxelmwifod)~ 24.
polisis teritoriis maxasiaTeblebi miCneulia mniSvnelovan bunebriv
pirobebad. ìs (teritoria) Znelad misadgomi unda iyos SeWrisaTvis, magram
unda hqondes moxerxebuli gasasvlelebi~. `qalaqi (polisi) ise unda
moawyon, rom is kargad iyos ganlagebuli zRvasTanac da saxelmwifos
danarCeni nawilis mimarTac~. aristotelesTan ganmartebulia agreTve
sazRvao Zalis roli saxelmwifos gaZlierebis saqmeSi. `ra Tqma unda,
mtris mogerieba ufro advilia, roca daxmarebis miReba orive mxridan
erTdroulad _ xmeleTidan da zRvidanaa SesaZlebeli, aseve SeiZleba
dartymis erTnairad miyeneba, roca saxelmwifos orive gza gaxsnili aqvs~25.
gansakuTrebulad `geopolitikurad~ gamoiyureba kunZulovani
saxelmwifos _ kretis hegemoniis dasabuTeba saberZneTSi pirveli
aTaswleulis (Cv. w. aR-mde) dasasruls. `kunZuli kreta TiTqos bunebis
mier aris gansazRvruli saberZneTSi batonobisaTvis, misi geografiuli
mdgomareoba SesaniSnavia: is esazRvreba zRvas, romlis garSemoc TiTqmis
yvela berZens aqvs dasaxlebis sakuTari adgili. erTis mxriv igi ar aris
Sors peloponesidan, meores mxriv _ aziidan, saxeldobr triopiidan da
rodosidan. swored amitom minosma daimkvidra Zalaufleba zRvaze da
kunZulebidan erTi nawili daimorCila, sxvebi daasaxla.~26
23
McLeisch, Kenneth Cole (1999). Aristotle: The Great Philosophers. Routledge. p. 5. ISBN 0-415-92392-1
24
Politics 1253a19-24
25
Aristotle (Greek philosopher) – Britannica Online Encyclopedia". Britannica.com.
http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/34560/Aristotle. Retrieved 2009-04-26
26
Kelvin Knight, Aristotelian Philosophy, Polity Press, 2007, passim
34
polibiusi (210-128 Cv. eramde)ALAU
polibiusi, cnobili Zveli berZeni istorikosi da politikuri

moRvawe, daibada polisSi _ megapoli (samxreT arkadia) saxelganTqmuli
politikosisa da mxedarTmTavris ojaxSi. mamamisi likorti oTxjer airCies
aqaiis kavSiris _ peloponesis polisebis federaciis strategis
Tanamdebobaze, romelic etoliis (etolia) kavSirTan erTad
ewinaaRmdegeboda makedoniis gabatonebas saberZneTSi.
axalgazrdobaSi polibiusma, iseve rogorc mdidar berZnul ojaxebSi
dabadebulma yvela bavSma, miiRo SesaniSnavi ganaTleba da mamamis msgavsad
adre daiwyo politikuri da samxedro moRvaweoba.
polibiusi politikuri moRvawe iyo im dros, roca makedoniis
batonoba saberZneTSi icvleboda romis ZalauflebiT. am procesis
gadamwyvet momentad iqca Cv. w. aR-mde 198 weli, rodesac aqeelebi
daTanxmdnen romis winadadebas makedoniasTan erToblivi brZolis Sesaxeb.
magram iseve rogorc berZnul polisebs Soris, am or Zalas Sorisac ar
iyo azrTa erTianoba am problemasTan dakavSirebiT.
likorti da polibiusi ekuTvnodnen damoukideblobis partias
(romisagan). wyaroebSi ar aris miTiTebuli polibiusis samxedro-
politikuri moRvaweobis arcerTi TariRi. cnobilia mxolod, rom 170 wels
Cv. w. aR-mde polibiusi iyo arCeuli hiparqad (cxenosanTa meTaurad),
strategad ki _ arxonti, romelic aseve iyo damoukideblobis partiis
momxre.
169 wels polibiusi asrulebda elCis misias romis konsulTan _
kvintus marciusTan, romelic ibrZoda saberZneTis CrdiloeTSi
makedonielebis winaaRmdeg da moiTxovda mxardaWeras aqeelTa
kavSirisagan.
168 wels Cv. w. aR-mde makedoniis armiaze pidnasTan gamarjvebis Semdeg
romaelebma damoukidebloba waarTves mTel saberZneTs. polibiusi
aTasobiT cnobil berZen politikur moRvawesTan erTad gadaiyvanes
italiaSi. magram mas gaumarTla. scipion emilianas, karTagenis momavali
dammarcxeblis daxmarebiT polibiusi datoves romSi, sadac es ukanaskneli
gaxda romaeli mxedarTmTavris megobari da mrCeveli.
polibiuss mieca romis istoriis da politikuri institutebis
Seswavlis SesaZlebloba, agreTve Sansi imisa, rom gaecno da urTierToba
hqonoda romis saxelovan moRvaweebTan, Camosul elCebTan, politikosebTan
da mefeebTan, romlebic maTi polisebis da maTi samefoebis saqmeebs
agvarebdnen romis senatSi. polibiusis Tvalwin romi gadaiqca msoflios
geopolitikuri mniSvnelobis saxelmwifod. romSi moRvaweobis periodSi is
bevrs mogzaurobda (167-150 ww. Cv. aR-mde), mcire aziaSi, Crd. afrikaSi,
gadadioda alpebze.
mxolod 150 wels Cv. w. aR-mde, mas samasamde gadarCenil berZenTan
erTad aTasobiT gadmosaxlebulTa Soris, mieca samSobloSi dabrunebis
ufleba. magram momdevno wels romaelebma igi miiwvies samxedro eqspertad
(mimdinareobda karTagenTan omis daskvniTi etapi). 146 wels is eswreboda
karTagenis Sturmsa da cnobili mxedarTmTavris, gasdrubalis datyvevebas.
am dros aqeelTa kavSiris saTaveSi movida radikaluri antiromauli
dajgufeba, dies da kritolaes meTaurobiT. Tumca maT mier
Camoyalibebuli jari romaelebma daamarcxes. polibiusi, romelic
saberZneTSi Cr. afrikidan dabrunda, Seeswro am dramis mxolod bolo aqts
_ aqeelTa kavSiris umsxvilesi qalaqis-korinTos dangrevas. polibiusi
35
cota xniT darCa saberZneTSi, sadac igi romis senatis davalebas
asrulebda kanonebis Sedgenis mimarTulebiT, romelTa mTavar mizans
warmoadgenda davebis ganxilva yofili aqeelTa kavSiris qalaqebSi.
rogorc swavlulma, polibiusma saxeli gaiTqva „sayovelTao
istoriis“ 40 wigniT, sadac aRwera movlenebi, romelTa mowme da monawile
TviTon iyo. man aseve gaanaliza mniSvnelovani politikuri problema:
`rogor gaxda romi mokle droSi oikumenis yvelaze Zlieri
saxelmwifo?“(oikumenis anu maSin cnobili dasaxlebuli samyaros). man
aRmoaCina garkveuli kanonzomierebani, romelTac mogvianebiT uwodeben
geopolitikurs, mag; `raSi mdgomareobs saxelmwifos Zlierebis da kerZod
romis respublikis Zlierebis mizezebi? KkerZod, upirveles yovlisa unda
ilaparakon konkretuli miwis Sesaxeb, rogoria misi Tvisebebi da rogoria
misi ganlageba. . . Cven ukeTesad gavigebT garkveul movlenebs, Tu winaswar
iqneba aRwerili qveynebi da movlenebis adgilebi~27.
mxolod geopolitikurad moazrovne adamians SeuZlia Tqvas, rom yvela
cnoba dedamiwis aRwerili adgilebis geografiuli mdgomareobis Sesaxeb
mocemulia ìm eniT, rom Txroba iyos gasagebi adamianebisaTvis, romlebic
ar icnoben am qveynebs~. aRwers ra, magaliTad, hanibalis laSqrobas,
polibiuss saWirod miaCnia geografiulad gansazRvros istoriuli
procesi. is amtkicebs: ìmisaTvis, rom Cveni monaTxrobi ar darCes sruliad
gaugebari mkiTxvelebisaTvis, romlebic ar icnoben am qveynebs, Cven unda
vTqvaT saidan gamovida hanibali, ramdeni da romeli qveynebi gamoiara man
da italiis romel adgilebSi mivida is~28.
ciceroni (106-43 Cv. w. aR-mde)
markus tulius ciceroni _ cnobili Zveli romaeli politikosi,

iuristi, oratori, daibada q. arpiniumSi SeZlebul, magram arc Tu ise
didgvarovan ojaxSi, romelic samxedroTa fenas miekuTvneboda.
axalgazrdobaSi, rodesac ciceronma miiRo misi wrisaTvis Sesaferisi
ganaTleba, is Cavida romSi, sadac srulyofda sakuTar ganaTlebas cnobil
filosofosebTan urTierTobis procesSi. KkerZod, mas kavSiri damyarebuli
hqonda epikurel fedrasTan, platonikos filonTan da stoikos
diodotesTan. amis Semdeg, misi drois tradiciis mixedviT, mecnierma
saganmanaTleblo mizniT imogzaura saberZneTSi (79 w. Cv. aR-mde), sadac
kunZul rodosze daumegobrda filosofoss da geografs posidons.
ciceroni romis politikur cxovrebaSi CaerTo sxvisi daxmarebis
gareSe, misi oratoruli niWis wyalobiT. politikuri moRvaweoba man
daiwyo sulas diqtaturis (81 w. Cv. eramde) opoziciaSi gaerTianebiT. man
saxeli gaiTqva 36 wlis asakSi, rodesac gamovida sasamarTlo procesze
sulas partiis warmomadgenlis varesis winaaRmdeg (70 w. Cv. eramde).
pirveli politikuri sityva man senatSi warmoTqva pompeusis dasacavad 66
27
Hannibal at New Carthage: Polybius 3. 15 and the Power of Irrationality Author: A. M. Eckstein, Classical Philology,
Vol. 84, No. 1 (Jan., 1989), pp. 3-4
28
The Historians of Ancient Rome, Ron Mellor
36
wels Cv. w. aR-mde. ciceronma, man rogorc politikosma da oratorma
didebis mwvervals miaRwia katilisnas (63 w. Cv. w. aR-mde) SeTqmulebis
winaaRmdeg senatSi gamosvlebis mTeli seriis wyalobiT. amis Semdeg, misi
roli senatSi TandaTan Semcirda. xolo pirveli triumviratis (pompeusi,
krasusi, keisari _ 60 w. Cv. w. aR-mde) dros, 57 wlis agvistoSi pompeusi
dauaxlovda krasuss keisris winaaRmdeg, amitom pompeusma daabruna
devnili ciceroni, romelic iZulebuli gaxda gahyoloda pompeusis
politikur gzas. krasusis daRupvam parTiasTan omSi ufro gaamZafra
brZola pompeusis da keisris partiebs Soris. ciceroni dainiSna
prokonsulad kilikiaSi, sastiki politikuri dapirispirebidan moSorebiT
(51-50 Cv. w. aR-mde). romSi dabrunebis Semdeg, is moxvda ufro mwvave
dapirispirebaSi pompeusisa da keisaris momxreebs Soris, rac sabolood
samoqalaqo omSi gadaizarda (49-47 ww. Cv. w. aR-mde). ciceroni cdilobda
pompeusisa da keisris Serigebas, magram am ukanasknelis gamarjvebis Semdeg
ciceroni gaxda respublikuri partiis meTauri senatSi.
ciceroni daiRupa Cv. w. aR-mde 43 wels, rodesac meore triumviratTan
brZolaSi senatis damarcxebis Semdeg (markus antoniusi, oqtaviane
avgustusi, lepidusi ciceroni), igi moklul iqna represiebis Catarebis
dros.
ciceronis ZiriTad Txzulebebad, garda gamosvlebisa da werilebisa,
miCneulia misi dialogebi _ `saxelmwifos Sesaxeb~ da `kanonebis Sesaxeb~.
politika, misi azriT, mWidrod aris dakavSirebuli geografiasTan, risi
mravali magaliTi arsebobs. Tundac is, rom romulma romis dafuZnebisas
Zalian sworad airCia momavali dedaqalaqis adgili. amasTan dakavSirebiT
ciceroni aRniSnavs: `visac surs maradiuli saxelmwifos Seqmna, Zalian
windaxeduli unda iyos“. „gansakuTrebuli yuradReba unda mieqces qalaqis
mdebareobas zRvis mimarT, sasurvelia mdinaris, wyaroebis, borcvebis da
jansaRi havis arseboba. saxelmwifos usafrTxoebisaTvis unda miiRon swori
kanonebi da marTon mtkiced, magram samarTlianad“29.
straboni (64/63 _ 23/24 Cv. w. aR-mde)
cnobili Zveli berZeni geografi da istorikosi straboni daibada

qalaq amasiaSi, pontos samefoSi, didgvarovan da mdidar berZnul ojaxSi,
romlis mravali Taoba emsaxureboda pontos mefeebs, Tumca, TviT pontos
mefeebi strabonis moRvaweobis periodSi ukve romis imperiis vasalebs
warmoadgendnen.
strabonis ojaxi, iseve rogorc mravali berZeni didgvarovanis ojaxi
im droSi, romis momxre iyo, miT ufro rom romis batonoba
uzrunvelyofda maT socialur da politikur stabilurobas.
rogorc misi wris yvela axalgazrdam, strabonma miiRo kargi
ganaTleba, romelic daasrula q. nisuSi gadasvlis Semdeg cnobil
gramatikos da ritorikos aristodemesTan. Semdeg man imogzaura
aleqsandriaSi da romSi, sadac usmenda filosofos qsenarqes da
mecadineobda gramatikos tiranionTan.
MmTeli cxovrebis ganmavlobaSi strabonama bevri imogzaura,
somxeTidan sardiniamde, Savi zRvidan eTiopiis mTebamde (zemo nilosi).
29
Plutarch, Cicero1.3–5
37
didxans cxovrobda romSi, sadac trialebda cnobili politikosebisa da
swavlulebis wreSi.
misi pirveli Txzuleba _ ìstoriuli Canawerebi~ Cafiqrebuli iyo
rogorc polibiusis `sayovelTao istroiis~ gagrZeleba da moicavda
movlenebis farTo wres _ korinTos da karTagenis ngrevidan sazRvao
brZolamde aqciumTan (31w. Cv. w-aR-mde), romlis Semdeg oqtaviane avgustusi
antoniusis damarcxebis Semdeg gaxda romis erTpirovnuli mmarTveli da
aRadgina samoqalaqo mSvidoba saxelmwifoSi. samwuxarod strabonis
ìstoriuli Canawerebi~ dakargulia.
strabonis meore Txzuleba _ `geografia~, romelic Sedgeba 27
wignisagan, atarebs aSkara geografiul elfers, rac mdgomareobs
geografiuli da politikuri debulebebis erTianobaSi. mag; I wignSi igi
aRniSnavs rom `geografiis didi nawili gamosadegia saxelmwifosTvis,
radgan saxelmwifos moqmedebis arena _ miwa da zRva _ adamianis
sacxovrebeli adgilia~30. magram adamiani, rogorc Suamavali geografiasa
da politikas Soris, strabonis azriT mSromeli, Semoqmedi adamiani an
xalxi ki ar aris, aramed mmarTveli, romelic xalxis beds wyvets. swored
mas, politikos-mmarTvels sWirdeba geografia, romelic `rogorc erTi
mTliani sagani pirdapir aris dakavSirebuli mmarTvelis saqmianobasTan,
radgan is rukaze ganalagebs materikebs da zRvebs. . .~31
Zalian sainteresoa diskusia oikumenis (dasaxlebuli samyaros)
sazRvrebis da misi garkveul nawilebad dayofis Sesaxeb. straboni
iziarebs eratosTenes, hiparqes, posidoniusis, polibiusis Sexedulebebs.
strabonis azriT, dedamiwas zRvasTan erTad sferos forma gaaCnia. is
SeiZleba pirobiTad daiyos Crdilo da samxreT naxevarsferoebad, aseve 5
havis sartyelad, romlebic SemosazRvrulia Crdilo da samxreT
polaruli wriT da aseve Crdilo da samxreT tropikebiT. yvela isini
(wreebi da tropikebi) ekvatoris paraleluradaa ganlagebuli. amgvari
dayofa pirvelad Semoitana posidoniusma _ stoicizmis cnobilma
warmomadgenelma, kunZul rodosis samecniero skolis meTaurma, ciceronis
maswavlebelma. rogorc straboni fiqrobda, havis 5 sartyelidan 2
(polaruli) aris civi da dausaxlebeli, ori zomieri sartyeli
praqtikulad Seuswavlelia geografebis mier, oikumena, strabonis mixedviT
gadaWimulia iberiidan (axlandeli espaneTi) indoeTamde da Tavsdeba
zomier da nawilobriv cxel sartyelSi. formiT oikumena hgavs qlamidas
(Zvel berZnul labadas), romelic Caxazulia paralelogramSi. oikumena
viwrovdeba dasavleTiT da aRmosavleTiT da farTovdeba CrdiloeTiT da
samxreTiT xazze, romelic mihyveba niloss.
30
Strabonis Geographica, Book 17, Chapter 7
31
iqve
38
Mmsoflios ruqa strabonis mixedviT
eratosTene (III s. Cv. w. AaR-mde)
eratosTene didi xnis ganmavlobaSi iyo aleqsandriis biblioTekis

gamge da werda naSromebs istoriis, geografiis, filologiis, maTematikis,
astronomiis dargebSi (romlebmac ver moaRwia Cvenamde) rogorc strabonis
`geografiidan~ Cans, am swavluls samyaro warmodgenili hqonda oTxi
Semadgeneli sfarigdis (sferos, nawilis) saxiT, romlebic gayofili iyo
pirobiTi xazebiT _ `CrdiloeTi-samxreTi~ da `dasavleTi-aRmosavleTi~, da
moicavdnen garkveul qveynebs Sesabamisi mosaxleobiT. eratosTenes rukaze
kargad Cans, rom Crdilo-dasavleT sfarigdas warmoadgens evropa, romelic
moicavs eladasac, samxreT-dasavleTs - libias, romelic Seesabameba
Tanamedrove afrikas. berZnebi afrikas mxolod nilosamde icnobdnen.
Crdilo-aRmosavleT sfarigdas qmnis mcire azia berZnuli sanapiro
polisebiT, sxva saxelmwifoebiT, romelTac akontrolebda sparseTis
saxelmwifo da agreTve ufro CrdiloeTiT mdebare skviTebis qveyana,
romelic gadaWimuli iyo mTels Tanamedrove did rusul dablobze. unda
avRniSnoT, rom adrindeli berZeni geografebi, mag; hekateosi (VIs-is
dasasruli Cv. w. aR-mde), skviTebis CrdiloeTiT mdebare adgils
uwodebdnen naxevrad miTologiuri qveynis _ hiperboreas saxels. samxreT-
aRmosavleTi sfarigda, eratosTenes mixedviT, Sedgeba arianisagan _ aribis
qveynisgan (Tanamedrove irani) da indoeTisagan. amgvarad, `dasavleT-
aRmosavleTis~ da CrdiloeT-samxreTis urTierTmimarTebis da
Tanafardobis problemebi antikur epoqaSi ukve cnobili iyo.
strabonma gadawyvita sxva geopolitikuri amocanac _ Tanafardoba
geografiul mdebareobas, zRvis mimarT qveynis mdebareobas, geografiuli
garemos zegavlenas da sazogadoebis ganviTarebas Soris. is amtkicebs, rom
zRva gansazRvravs xmeleTis moxazulobas, mas aniWebs an arTmevs
cxovrebisTvis xelsayrel pirobebs. zRva mdinareebTan erTad landSaftia
(mTebi, dablobebi), kunZulebi da yureebi ki qmnian `Tvisebebs romelebic
dakavSirebulia adgilmdebareobasTan da ar aris adamianis xeliT
39
Seqmnili~32. am bunebrivi Tvisebebis cvalebadoba (e.i. geografiuli
pirobebis) gavlenas axdens sazogadoebis ganviTarebaze, polisebis,
saxelmwifoebis ganviTarebaze. sacxovrebeli garemos gauaresebas, agreTve
bunebis kataklizmebs (miwisZvra, vulkanebis amofrqveva, cunami) SeuZlia
Seanelos polisebis ganviTareba an gaanadguros mTeli qveynebi, magaliTad,
atlantia.
oikumenis Seswavlas straboni amTavrebs aRweriT, risTvisac iyenebs
Tanamedrove terminologias. igi aRwers romis imperiis administraciul-
teritoriul dayofas e.i. gvTavazobs regionalur geopolitikis problemis
gadaWras, romelic Zveli romis teritoriis metismetad gazrdis gamo
gadaiqca globalur-regionaluri geopolitikur amocanad.
Mmsoflios ruqa eratosTenes mixedviT
32
[Eratosthenes' Geography – Fragments collected and translated, with commentary and additional material, by Duane
W. Roller, Princeton UP, Princeton (2010)
40
Tavi II Sua saukuneebis geopolitikuri azri
arabi eris Camoyalibebas safuZveli arabeTis naxenarkunZulze Caeyara

romelic mdebareobs evraziis materikis samxreT-dasavleT nawilSi da
uWiravs Sualeduri adgili evropis, centralur da samxreT azias da
Crdilo-aRmosavleT afrikas Soris. arabeTis naxevarkunZulis zedapiris
farTobia-3 mln. Kkv. Km. (evropis farTobis meoTxedze meti). mas akravs
xmelTaSua (Crdilo-dasavleTidan), wiTeli (samxreT-dasavleTidan),
arabeTis (samxreT-aRmosavleTidan) zRvebi da sparseTis yure (Crdilo-
aRmosavleTidan).
bunebrivma pirobebma (cxeli da mSrali hava, naxevarkunZulis
teritoriis udides nawilze mdebareobs qviSiani udabnoebi da
naxevradudabnoebi, aseve arabeTis zegani stepis mcenareulobiT, romlis
mxolod mcire nawilia gamosadegi miwaTmoqmedebisaTvis) gansazRvra
arabuli eTnosis istoriuli ganviTareba, romelic Tavidanve iyo dayofili
adgilobriv miwaTmoqmedebad da momTabare mejogeebad. miwaTmoqmedebis
kultura gaCnda naxevarkunZulis samxreTSi ukve I aTaswleulSi Cvens
welTaRricxvamde. im periodSi funqcionirebda ganviTarebuli
melioraciis qseli, romelic Seiqmna jer kidev VIIIs-Si Cv. w. aR-mde. Aaseve,
am teritoriaze moqmedebda saqaravno gza – romelic iwyeboda dofaris
mTebSi da gadioda arabeTis samxreT sanapiroze, Semdeg igi grZeldeboda
CrdiloeTiT wiTeli zRvis gaswvriv da mTavrdeboda xmelTaSua
zRvispireTis portebSi. swored aq gaCnda pirveli arabuli saxelmwifo _
ximiari, romelmac daamyara savaWro-ekonomikuri kavSirebi indoeTis da
eTiopiis saxelmwifoebTan. naxevarkunZulis CrdiloeTSi viTardeboda
momTabare mecxoveleoba. momTabare arabebs _ beduinebs hyavdaT aqlemebi,
cxenebi, cxvrebi, Txebi, magram iqac xelosnobisa da vaWrobis ganviTarebis
kvalobaze gaCnda adgilobrivi kulturis oazisebi. amgvarad, samxreTisa da
CrdiloeTis, miwadmoqmedTa adgilobrivi kulturisa da beduinebis
momTabareTa kulturis dapirispirebis geopolitikuri problema arsebobda
arabTa istoriaSic.
VIIs-Si (Cveni welTaRricxva) geopolitikur situacias arabeTis
naxevarkunZulze gansazRvravda Zalebis Tanafardoba im drois wamyvan
saxelmwifoebs - bizantias, iransa da eTiopias Soris, romlebmac
`surnelebaTa momgebiani gzis~ gakontrolebis surviliT samxreT arabeTi
gaaCanages. bevri arabuli ojaxi iZulebuli gaxda gadasuliyo
CrdiloeTSi, xijazis raionSi. am raionebis qalaqebis _ meqis, medinas,
taifis mosaxleoba inarCunebda ekonomikur da naTesaur kavSirebs
beduinebTan, awarmoebda tyavs, moipovebda vercxls, aseve dakavebuli iyo
miwaTmoqmedebiT.
am droisaTvis ukve sakmaod ganviTarebuli iyo monoTeisturi (erTi
RmerTis) religiuri mimdinareobebi _ iudaizmi da qristianoba, romelTac
arabeTSi mravali Tayvanismcemeli hyavdaT. arabeTis elita acnobierebda
religiis gamaerTianebel rols sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi da saxelmwifos
Camoyalibebis procesSi. miuxedavad amisa, Zveli tradiciebi da tomis
ritualebisadmi Tayvaniscema, pirvel rigSi ki `Savi qvis~ Tayvaniscema
kaabis taZarSi (meqaSi) aferxebda erovnuli ganviTarebis process.
erTi RmerTis Tayvaniscemis erT-erTi mqadagebeli gaxda muhamedi (570-
632 ww.), romelic arabeTis CrdiloeTSi moRvaweobda qalaq meqaSi. Tumca,
misi mSobliuri qalaqis mcxovrebni imdenad undoblad Sexvdnen mis
41
qadagebas, rom is iZulebuli gaxda 622 wels gadasuliyo mezobel medinaSi.
meqidan wasvla (xijra) yvela musulmanisaTvis axali welTaRricxvis
dasawyisia. geopolitikuri TvalsazrisiT musulmanobis miRebam arab ers
Camoayalibebina erTiani saxelmwifo _ xalifati da xeli Seuwyo am
saxelmwifos geopolitikuri gavlenis gafarToebas ara marto mTels
arabeTis naxevarkunZulze (es moxda muhamedis sicocxleSi), aramed aziis,
afrikisa da evropis ukidegano teritoriebze. TviT axalma musulmanma
winaswarmetyvelma, tradiciis Tanaxmad, mimarTva gaugzavna arabeTis
naxevarkunZulTan axlos mdebare regionebis yvela geopolitikur subieqts:
bizantiis imperator erekles, iranis Sahs xosrov II-s, eTiopiis mmarTvels,
bizantiis arab vasals gasanids, egviptis bizantiel mmarTvels giergis,
omanis, iemenis, baxreinis, iamamis mmarTvelebs, romlebic aRiarebdnen
marTlmadideblobas, monofizitobas, zoroastrizms, anda isev tomis
RvTaebebs scemdnen Tayvans, da mouwodebda maT musulmanobis miRebas. am
mimarTvidan iwyeba islamis gadaqceva msoflio mniSvnelobis religiad da
msoflio muslimanuri imperiis-xalifatis Seqmna.
muhamedis moulodneli sikvdilis Semdeg (632 w.), arabebis samxedro-
religiuri eqspansia gaagrZeles pirvelma xalifebma (winaswarmetyvelis
moadgileebma), romlebsac airCeodnen muhamedis Tanamoazreebisa da
naTesavebisagan, xolo es ukanasknelni Tavis mxriv flobdnen umaRles
politikur da religiur xelisuflebas. am periodSi (632-661ww.) arabebma
daipyres palestina da siria (640 w.), egvipte (642 w.), afrikis mTeli
CrdiloeTi TviT karTagenamde (649 w.). xangrZlivi omis Sedegad daemxo
iranis sasanidebis saxelmwifo (634-651 ww.). xalifatis vasalebad gadaiqcnen
somxeTi da saqarTvelos nawili (qarTlis samefo). dapyrobiTi omebis
dros arabebi saxldebodnen dapyrobil qveynebSi, agreTve xalifatis sxva
nawilebSi, sadac gavcelebuli iyo arabulis monaTesave kultura da ena
(SuamdinareTi, siria) da sadac mimdinareobda adgilobrivi mosaxleobis
aqtiuri gaarabeba.
ganviTarebis procesSi arabeTis xalifatma gaiara rogorc
ganviTarebis, aseve dezintegraciisa da samoqalaqo omis periodi. pirveli
Sida omi daiwyo jer kidev mesame xalifas _ osmanis (644-656 ww.)
mmarTvelobis dros. Oomis dawyeba ganapiroba arabuli sazogadoebis
socialurma diferenciaciam, rac gamowveul iqna samxedro meTaurebis
qonebis usaSvelod gazrdiT (dapyrobili miwebi, samxedro tyveebi,
warmoeba, gaZarcvuli qoneba). Aaseve, omis dawyebis erT-erTi mizezi iyo
tomebis didgvarovnebis gamdidreba da rigiTi mebrZolebis siRaribe, aseve
samxedro nadavlis gayofiT gamowveuli ukmayofileba. xalifa osmanis
politika tomis aristokratiis wisqvilze asxavda wyals, ramac gamoiwvia
dabali fenebis ukmayofileba, romlebic miCveulni iyvnen met demokratias
islamis ganviTarebis adreul da adrefeodalur xanaSi. Aam procesebis
Sedegad osmanis politikuri kursiT ukmayofilo arabebi gaerTiandnen
alis garSemo, romelic iyo muhamedis biZaSvili da siZe (alis colad
hyavda muhamedis qaliSvili fatima). Aalis momxreebs uwodes Siitebi (`Sia~
_ arabulad niSnavs `dajgufebas~, `partias~). amgvarad, Siitebis dajgufeba
Seiqmna rogorc ZalauflebisTvis mebrZoli gaerTianeba, magram
erTmarTvelobis pirobebSi tipiur klans ufro waagavda. Siitebs miemxrnen
felaxebi da beduinebi im imediT, rom Siitebis xelisuflebaSi mosvlis
Semdeg xalifatSi ufro samarTliani mmarTveloba damyardeboda da
beduinebi ganTavisufldebodnen gadasaxadebisagan. pirveli samoqalaqo omi
xalifatSi 5 wlis ganmavlobaSi mimdinareobda (656-661 ww.). 656 wels
Siitebma mokles xalifa osmani da rigiT meoTxe xalifad airCies ali.
42
magram am ukanasknelma ver SeinarCuna momxreebad is dajgufeba, romelmac
wamoayena socialuri Tanasworobis ufro radikaluri moTxovna da
nadavlis Zveleburi gayofisa da miwiT saerTo sargeblobis moTxovna, rac
arsebobda àdreuli islamis~ periodSi. am partias SemdgomSi ewoda
`xarijitebi~ (e.i. `wasulebi~). 661 wels xarijitebma mokles ali. situaciiT
isargebla siriisa da egviptis suniturma arabulma aristokratiam,
romelsac surda status quo-s SenarCuneba (maT Soris socialuri
uTanasworobisac) islamuri kanonebis Sesrulebis TvalsazrisiT.
Sesabamisad man osmanis naTesavi omeiadebis gvaridan _ muavia gamoacxada
xalifad.
samoqalaqo omSi sunitebsa da xarijitebs Soris gaimarjves
sunitebma. mas Semdeg islamSi arsebobs sami religiuri mimdinareoba:
sunitebi, romlebic mxars uWeren oficialur `samarTlebriv~ islams,
rogoric Camoyalibda VIIs-is II naxevarSi (dRes isini did umravlesobas
warmoadgenen musulmanebs Soris _ 90%), Siitebi, romlebic moiTxoven, rom
xelisufleba memkvidreobiT gadaeces alis STamomavlebs _ alidebs (maTi
udidesi nawili cxovrobs ZiriTadad iranSi, nawili _ eraySi) da
xarijitebi, romelebic religiur seqtad gadaiqcnen.
omeiadebi xalifats marTavdnen daaxloebiT 100 wlis (661-750 ww.)
ganmavlobaSi. maT dedaqalaqi gadaitanes damaskoSi da geostrategiis
mTavar mimarTulebad airCies dasavleTi. gamoiyenes ra siria eqspansiis
gagrZelebis placdarmad, maTma SeiaraRebulma Zalebma gaiares Crd.
afrikis xmelTaSuazRvis sanapiro (berberebis dasaxleba) da mividnen
giblartaramde, romlis Semdegac daipyres TiTqmis mTeli espaneTi (711w.).
daaxloebiT amave dros xalifatis mmarTveloba sabolood damkvidrda
somxeTSi, qarTlsa da albaneTSi (iranis azerbaijanis nawili). 712 wels
arabebi SeiWrnen indoeTSi, Seitanes iq musulmanoba da gaavrceles is
indoeTis ramdenime provinciaSi. aq maT daipyres sindis olqi md. indis
qvemo dinebaSi. Aam movlenam momavalSi safuZveli daudo islamuri
saxelmwifos _ pakistanis Seqmnas indoeTis miwaze. CrdiloeTis
geopolitikuri mimarTulebiT xalifati gaZlierda kavkasiaSi da mivida
xazareTis sazRvramde. aRmosavluri geostrategiis farglebSi omeiadebma
daipyres xvarazmi da maveranaxri (arab. niSnavs _ `mdinaris gaRma mdebare~
igulisxmeba amudariis sanapiro). am regionSi erTmaneTs Seejaxa xalifatis
da CineTis interesebi, maTi samxedro Setakeba damTavrda musulmanTa
jaris gamarjvebiT (751 w.). am periodidan xalifati aRwevs Tavisi didebis
zenits, rodesac Seiqmna uzarmazari imperia. igi gadaWimuli iyo
atlantikidan indoeTamde, SiSis zars scemda evropul saxelmwifoebs,
bizantias, eTiopias (abisinias) da iudeur xazareTs.
omeiadebi eyrdnobodnen siriul-egviptur, sunituri mimarTulebis
arabul sagvareulo aristokratias, rac iwvevda iranul-erayul Siituri
aristokratiis uaryofiT reaqcias. es faqti ki imperias emuqreboda
dezintegraciiT, anarqiiTa da Sesabamisad politikuri stabilurobis
dakargviT. Siituri partia gamosvlebisaken mouwodebda ukmayofil iranel
glexebsa da miwaTmflobelebs, iranisa da erayis arabul mosaxleobas,
romelic Sedgeboda rogorc Siitebisagan, aseve sunitebisa da
xarijitebisagan. swored am eTnikurma da socialurma jgufebma wamoiwyes
ajanyeba, romelic meore samoqalaqo omSi gadaizarda (747-749 ww). amis
Semdeg Zalaufleba xalifatSi gadavida abasidebis iranuli dinastiis
xelSi. maT dedaqalaqad sagangebod am miznisaTvis eraySi aSenebuli qalaqi
baRdadi aqcies. abasidebi marTavdnen imperias 500 welze meti xanis
ganmavlobaSi (750-1258 ww), magram isini ufro zrunavdnen politikur
43
stabilurobasa da dapyrobili miwebis SenarCunebaze, vidre axali
teritoriebis SemoerTebaze, amitom maTi mmarTvelobis dros xalifati ar
gafarToebula. amasTanave, IX s-Si daiwyo xalifatis daSla calkeul
saamieroebad (àmiras~ pirveli mniSvnelobaa_ xalifas moadgile).
dampyrobluri omebis Sedegad (VII-VIII ss.) Camoyalibebul iqna
islamis geopolitikuri koncefcia, romlis mixedviT mTeli msoflio
dayofili iqna sam sferod:
1) islamis olqebi, romlebic moicavs im qveynebs, sadac aRiareben
islams da mmarTvelebad arian musulmanebi da danergilia islamuri
samarTali. es aris msoflios centri da aq mdebareobs
marTlmorwmuneTa politikuri dedaqalaqi da religiuri centri;
2) mSvidobiani SeTanxmebis olqi _ qveynebi, romlebic SeTanxmebis
safuZvelze emorCilebian musulmanebs. am qveynebis aramusulmanuri
mosaxleoba aris mfarvelobis qveS da amisTvis ixdis gadasaxads
(jizias). Tanamedrove geopolitikis eniT Tu vityviT, es aris
samyaros erTgvari musulmanuri naxevarperiferia;
3) saomari olqi _ aramusulmanuri qveynebi, romelTac ara aqvT
samSvidobo SeTanxmeba xalifatTan da Sesabamisad, masTan saomar
mdgomareobaSi imyofebian. es aris msoflio periferia, romelic unda
gadaiqces musulmanur naxevarperiferiad.
imisaTvis, rom mTeli msoflios mosaxleoba moeqces islamur
sarwmunoebaze, musulmanebma mudmivad unda ibrZolon rwmenisTvis _ jihadi,
romelic SeiZleba iyos sami saxis. gulis jihadi _ brZola sakuTar
naklTan. enis jihadi _ islamis mier dagmobilis akrZalva da islamis mier
mowonebulis daSveba. “RazavaTi” _ (Tavdasxma) anu “fatxi” (dapyroba,
gamarjveba). wminda omSi akrZalulia qalebis, bavSvebis, moxucebis da TviT
aramusulmanuri samRvdeloebis daxocva, magram mosaxleoba da misi qoneba
dapyrobili qveynisa miCneulia samxedro nadavlad.
amgvarad, islamis geopolitika ganxorcielda garkveuli
saxelmwifoebrivi formiT _ xalifatis dampyrobluri omebis Sedegad,
aseve, msoflios centrSi arabuli eris gamoyofiT, romelic musulmanuri
sarwmunoebiT iyo SekavSirebuli, romlis wminda adgilebi mdebareobda
meqaSi _ musulmanebis religiur centrSi. Aaseve Camoyalibda musulmanuri
geopolitikuri koncefcia - xalifatis mudmivi eqspansiis saSualebiT,
yvela musulmanis ZalisxmeviT, aucilebelia iwarmoebodes wminda omi _
jihadi.
geopolitikur mosazrebebsa da koncefciebs TavianT SromebSi
gamoxatavdnen arabi swavlulebi, romelTa Soris unda gamovyoT didi
moazrovneebi - al-farabi da ibn-xalduni.
al-farabi (870-950 ww.)
abu nasr ibn muhamed al-farabi - didi arabi filosofosi, swavluli-

enciklopedisti, politikuri moazrovne, daibada xalifatis ganapira
provinciaSi mdebare q. otrarSi, romelic mdebareobs sirdarias napirebze
mavernaxris olqSi. farabis mama warmoSobiT Turquli tomis
warmomadgeneli iyo, magram msaxurobda xalifatis jarSi. farabim miiRo im
droisaTvis brwyinvale ganaTleba baRdadis universitetSi. is swavlobda
sabunebismetyvelo, socialur, politikur mecnierebebs da filosofias.
swavleba mimdinareobda platonuri (idealizmi, cxovrebisa da politikuri
mmarTvelobis srulyofili formebis Zieba, gadmocemis dialoguri forma)
da aristoteliseuri (enciklopedizmi, codnis yvela saxis sistematizacia,
44
gnosticizmi, socialur-politikuri movlenebis bunebrivi mizezebi)
tradiciebis suliskveTebiT da islamuri dogmebis mixedviT. universitetis
damTavrebis Semdeg al-farabi Seudga mecnierul moRvaweobas.
cxovrebis pirobebma aiZula is ramdenime wliT daetovebina baRdadi.
941-950wlebi man gaatara siriaSi (damasko, alepo _ Tanamedrove xalebi), ise
rom ar Seuwyvetia SemoqmedebiT muSaoba.
al-farabim datova mdidari da mravalferovani mecnieruli
memkvidreoba. misi nawarmoebebidan cnobilia _ àristoteles Txzulebebis
komentarebi~, `traqtati mecnierebaTa klasifikaciis Sesaxeb~, ìSviaTi
sibrZnis gemebi~ (“gema” _ amotvifruli Zvirfasi qva). rogorc politikurma
da socialurma moazrovnem al-farabim saxeli gaiTqva naSromebiT,
romlebmac aRiareba hpoves arabeTSi da mis farglebs gareT, es naSromebia:
`samoqalaqo politika~, `bednierebis miRwevis Sesaxeb~, `saxelmwifo
moRvawis aforizmebi~. moRvaweobis srul periodSi man gaaerTiana sakuTari
socialur-politikuri Sexedulebebi wignSi, romlis saTauria _
`keTilmosurne qalaqis mcxovrebTa Sexedulebebis traqtati~. al-farabim
misi naSromebiT daimsaxura meore maswavleblis (e.i. meore aristoteles)
saxeli arabul samyaroSi. musulmanebs is miaCniaT arabuli politikuri
azrovnebis mamad.
al-farabis politikur ideebs aSkara geopolitikuri qveteqsti
hqondaT. is, rogorc aristotele, politikur movlenebsa da procesebs
xsnida bunebrivi mizezebiT, mudam akavSirebda erTmaneTTan politikasa da
geografias. magaliTad, misi warmodgeniT adamianTa sazogadoeba aris
`mravali adamianis erT sacxovrebel adgilas Sekreba~ e. i. geografiuli
da socialuri faqtorebis erTdrouli zemoqmedebis Sedegi. amasTanave is
sazogadoebas, iseve rogorc mTels civilizacias yofda calkeul
xalxebad, romlebic erTmaneTisgan gansxvavdebian `sami bunebrivi aspeqtiT:
bunebrivi zniT, xasiaTis bunebrivi TvisebebiT da mesame aspeqtiT, rac
adamianTa xasiaTs emyareba da garkveulwilad bunebriv sagnebTan aris
dakavSirebuli. es aris ena anu metyveleba, romelic (azris) gamoTqmis
saSualebas warmoadgens”33. amgvarad, al-farabim eTnogenezs safuZvlad
daudo bunebrivi mizezebi: xalxTa zne, xasiaTi da ena, rac misi azriT
yalibdeba geografiuli faqtorebiT. garda amisa, is yvela sazogadoebas
(saxelmwifos) yofs did, saSualo da mcire sazogadoebad. `didi
sazogadoeba _ es aris sxvadasxva xalxis erTianoba, romlebic erTmaneTs
exmarebian. saSualo _ es aris erTi xalxi. mcire _ es aris (sazogadoeba)
warmodgenili erTi qalaqiT. mis did, saSualo da mcire sazogadoebaSi
Cven advilad unda amovicnoT imperiebi, erTi eris qveynebi da polisebi.
misi azriT didi, saSualo da mcire sazogadoeba _ TiToeuli maTgani
SeiZleba iyos avtonomiuri, politikurad damoukidebeli, rac adamianebs
saqmeebsa da sazogadoebaSi ganviTarebis maqsimalur saSualebas aZlevs.
yvelaze metad ganviTarebuli al-farabis SexedulebiT, aris qalaqis Temi.
amasTanave `qalaqis da sazogadoebis~ mizania ùrTierTdaxmareba yvelafer
imis mopovebaSi, rac aucilebelia arsebobisaTvis da sxeulis dasacavad.34~
`qalaqi da gacvlis sazogadoeba _ es iseTi (mcxovrebni) arian, romlebic
exmarebian erTmaneTs keTildReobisa da simdidris mopovebaSi~. `qalaqi da
mdabio sazogadoeba _ iseTi mcxovrebni arian, romlebic exmarebian
erTmaneTs xorcieli siamovnebis miRebaSi. . . 35~ qalaqi da pativmoyvare
33
Nnika CitaZe. “geopolitika”. Ggv. 24. Tbilisi. 2008
34
iqve
35
iqve
45
sazogadoeba, iseTi mcxovrebni arian, romlebic exmarebian erTmaneTs imaSi,
rom maT pativs scemdnen sityviTa da saqmiT~, qalaqi da Zalauflebis
moyvare sazogadoeba warmodgenilia rogorc adamianebi, romlebic
36
exmarebian erTmaneTs gamarjvebaSi. . . ~ al-farabis saukeTesod miaCnda
(iseve rogorc aristoteles) `koleqtikuri qalaqi~ e.i. iseTi, sadac
TiToeul mcxovrebma unda gaakeTos, is rac mas surs. misi mcxovrebni
TviTon irCeven mmarTvels, romelic xelmZRvanelobs maT sazogadoebriv-
politikur cxovrebaSi.
saTnoebis principiT sazogadoebis, zemoT ganxiluli gradacia da
polisis sazogadoebisTvis upiratesobis miniWeba imperiulTan SedarebiT
TvalsaCinod gamoxatavs im epoqis ganwyobas, rodesac cxovrobda am
koncefciis avtori. es iyo xalifatis daSlis periodi, politikuri
arastabiluroba, rodesac TiToeuli adamiani, moklebuli saxelmwifoebriv
sayrdens da dacvas, eZebda daxmarebas da mxardaWeras ojaxSi,
mezoblebTan, qalaqis TemSi.
ibn-xalduni (1332-1406 ww.)
ibn-xalduni abd-ar-raxman abu zeidi _ cnobili arabi politikuri

moRvawe, filosofosi da istorikosi daibada da cxovrobda im periodSi,
roca arabuli civilizacia cdilobda xalifatis daSlis Sedegebis
daZlevas, im uZlieresi dartymis daZlevas, romelic mas miayenes Turq-
selCukebma. Aam ukansknelebma 1055 wels aiRes baRdadi, mogvianebiT ki
baRdadi, 1258 wels ukve monRolebma aiRes. cxovrebis didi nawili arabma
mecnierma moaxmara saxelmwifo moRvaweobas da amirebis STamomavalTa
aRzrdas. igi asrulebda mrCevlis, mTavrobis meTauris, elCis, mosamarTlis
movaleobas maRribis (Crdilo afrika) zogierT saemiroSi.
misi yvelaze cnobili istoriuli da politikuri Txzulebaa _ `didi
istoria anu saxelmZRvanelo magaliTebis wigni da cnobebis krebuli
arabebis, sparselebisa da berberebis da maT TanamedroveTa cxovrebis
Sesaxeb, romlebmac xelSi Caigdes didi Zalaufleba~ (1367w), aseve
`polegomenebi~. e.i. misi `Sesavali~ (arab. `mukadima~).
`prolegomenebi~ enciklopediuri nawarmoebia, romelsac TvalsaCino
geopolitikuri safuZveli aqvs. is moicavs cnobebs dedamiwis, misi
klimaturi zonebis (havis zonebis), planetaze mcxovrebi adamianebis, maT
istoriasa da kulturis, adamianisa da bunebis kavSiris (mecxoveleoba,
miwaTmoqmedeba, xelosnoba, vaWroba) Sesaxeb. pirveli prolegomena _
àdamianis mier samyaros aTviseba~ mTavrdeba daskvniT, rom àdamianis mier
samyaros aTviseba~ mdgomareobs adamianebs Soris TanamSromlobaSi, rac,
maT aZlevs `sakvebs da Tavdacvis iaraRs~. amasTanave TanamSromloba e.i.
adamianebis gaerTianeba da urTierTdaxmareba samyaros aTvisebis procesSi
ganuwyvetliv viTardeba. es aris swored kacobriobis ganviTarebis gza
primitiulobidan civilizaciisaken, da igi bunebrivi da aucilebelia.
adamianebis gaerTianeba sazogadoebebad da saxelmwifoebad, ibn-xaldunis
azriT, xdeba asabiis safuZvelze _ anu socialur urTierTobaTa
gansakuTrebuli saxis safuZvelze, rac gamomdinareobs Tavdapirveli
naTesaobidan, axloblebisadmi simpaTiebidan, maTi usamarTlobisa da
ubedurebisgan dacvis miswrafebebidan. mogvianebiT, civilizaciis
ganviTarebasTan erTad, da cxadia, socialur urTierTobaTa
garTulebasTan erTad, asabiia gadadis sazogadoebis yvela wevrze. asabiis
36
Nnika CitaZe. “geopolitika”. GTbilisi, 2008. gv. 24
46
safuZvelze, romelic ukve gulisxmobs `dacvas, dapyroba-moxveWas da
yovelgvar saqmes, risTvisac erTiandebian~ iqmnebian saxelmwifoebi, masve
eyrdnoba am saxelmwifoTa Zalaufleba. asabiiebis safuZvelze yalibdeba
politikuri dajgufebebi saxelmwifoSi (partiebi, fraqciebi), romlebic
ibrZvian xelisuflebisaTvis. magram ùkve gamagrebulma saxelmwifom
gverdi unda auaros asabiiebs37~ _ amtkicebda ibn-xalduni, mxedvelobaSi
hqonda ra, rom erT-erTi mebrZoli mxaris gamarjvebisa da didi
upiratesobis SemTxvevaSi mas SeuZlia erTpirovnulad marTos, ucxoelebis
daxmarebiT. ase moiqcnen muatasima da misi memkvidre, daarRvies arabTa
asabiia da daeyrdnen sparselebis, Turqebis, selCukebis daxmarebas. cxadia,
imperiis Seqmna (xalifati) e.i. mravali eTnosis gaerTianeba, saxelmwifos
siWrele iwvevs asabiiebis darRvevas _ e.i. eTnoerovnuli erTobis
darRvevas da aiZulebs gamarjvebul mmarTvels daeyrdnos ucxo
eTnonacionalur elements, rac Tavis mxriv iwvevs imperiis daSlas.
37
Nnika CitaZe. “geopolitika”. 2008. Ggv. 24E
47
Tavi IV
axali drois geopolitikuri azri
 Jan-Jak ruso
 kanti
 monteskie
 hegeli
 karl fon klauzevici
Jan-Jak ruso (1712-1778ww.)
frangi ganmanaTlebeli, filosofosi, mwerali, pedagogi da

politologi Jan-Jak ruso daibada JenevaSi, hugenoti xelosnebis ojaxSi.
momavali mecnieris ojaxis wevrebi gamoqceulni iyvnen safrangeTidan
religiuri devnis gamo. ojaxs gaaCnda Tavisi biblioTeka da ruso bevrs
kiTxulobda. mSoblebi mas male gardaecvalnen da amis Semdeg naTesavebma
igi mesaaTes miabares. 14 wlis rusom daiwyo damoukidebeli cxovreba. is
jer muSaobda monasterSi mnaTed, Semdeg grafis meuRle versalis
mosamsaxured, abat guvonis mdivnad, guverniorad d aRmzrdelad muSaobda.
1742 wels, 30 wlis ruso parizSi gadadis sacxovreblad. parizSi
cxovrebis periodSi igi Camoyalibda rogorc filosofosi, mwerali da
politologi, vinaidan im dros parizSi brwyinavdnen iseTi korifeebi,
rogoric iyo volteri, monteskie, didro, kondorse, tiurgo fontoneli.
parizSi rusos mieca SesaZlebloba CarTuliyo politikur cxovrebaSi.
1743-1744 ww. Ffrangi ganmanaTlebeli iyo elCis mdivani venaSi. parizSi
dabrunebisTanave is daukavSirda deni didros da masTan erTad
monawileobda enciklopediis proeqtis SemuSavebaSi.
1750 wels rusom gaimarjva diunos akademiis konkursSi. misi Sroma
“uwyobs Tu ara xels Cvevebis ganwmendas mecnierebisa da xelovnebis
aRorZineba?” calke wignad iqna gamocemuli.
1753 wlis konkursze misma Sromam “adamianTa Soris araTanasworobis
warmoSoba da safuZveli” marTalia premia ver miiRo, magram daimsaxura
didi Sefaseba didrosa da volterisgan.
1754 wels man gamoaqveyna Sroma “politikuri ekonomiis Sesaxeb”,
romelSic Camoayaliba marTvis sami principi.
pirveli mdgomareobs imaSi, rom rom adamiani unda miyvebodes saerTo
nebisyofas da kargad arCevdes mas kerZo nebisyofisagan.
meore aris sazogadoebrivi ekonomiis principi, romelic mdgomareobs
“sikeTis samefos” CamoyalibebaSi, calkeuli adamianis nebisyofis
Sesabamisad saerTo nebisyofasTan SesabamisobaSi.
mesame principi atarebda sufTa ekonomikur xasiaTs da mdgomareobda
imaSi, rom sakmarisi ar aris gyavdes moqalaqeebi da daicva isini. saWiroa
maTi gamokveba da sazogadoebrivi moTxovnilebebis dakmayofileba. amave
48
dros, gadasaxadebi saWiroa saxelmwifo aparatis Sesanaxad da isini unda
dawesdes kanonis Sesabamisad, xalxis TanxmobiT.
Tavis naSromebSi rusom saxelmwifo, ufro zustad ki “politikuri
organizmi” Seadara adamianis organizms.
yvelaze cnobil politikur traqtatSi “politikis principebi” ruso
anviTarebda Tavis warmodgenas saxelmwifoze, rogorc cocxal organizmze
- “rogorc bunebam Camoayaliba zrdis sazRvrebi kargad ganviTarebuli
adamianisa, kargad ganviTarebul saxelmwifosac aqvs Tavisi sazRvrebi” 38.
rusosaTvis saxelmwifo unda arsebobdes mkacrad gansazRvrul
teritoriaze da sazRvrebSi. imis msgavsad, rom kargad ganviTarebuli
adamiani ar aris arc goliaTi da arc qondris kaci, saxelmwifoc ar unda
iyos Zalian didi an Zalian mcire.
rusom, ratcelisgan gansxvavebiT (romelmac SeimuSava saxelmwifos
ganviTarebis sivrcobrivi kanoni) gamoiyvana gansazRvruli zomebis
saxelmwifos kanoni, ipova saxelmwifo organizmis gafarToebis da
Semcirebis mizezebi. man daakavSira saxelmwifos mowyoba, teritoriebis
zrda da Sesabamisad zesaxelmwifos sicocxlis drois Semcireba.
saxelmwifos sidide, rogorc politikuri organizmisa izomeba misi
teritoriiT da mosaxleobis raodenobiT. mosaxleoba mWidrod aris
dakavSirebuli miwasTan. amitom miwis xarisxi da raodenoda gansazRvravs
mosaxleobis raodenobas saxelmwifoSi da momavali omis xasiaTsac. Frangi
mecnieri aRniSnavda, rom “Tu miwebi Zalian bevria, Znelia maTi dacva,
damuSaveba. Warbi produqtebi, es aris TavdacviTi omebis mizezi. Tu miwebi
Zalian mcirea, saxelmwifo xdeba mezoblebze damokidebuli da es aris
mizezi momavali eqspansiuri omebisa”39.
kanti (1724-1804ww.)
didi germaneli filosofosi daibada q.kenigsbergSi xelosnis ojaxSi.

gimnaziis damTavrebis Semdeg is Sevida universitetSi, romlis dasrulebis
Semdeg, 1747 wlidan igi muSaobda kerZo maswavleblad sxvadasxva ojaxSi.
samagistro disertaciis dacvis Semdeg, 1755 wlidan germanelma mecnierma
pedagogiuri moRvaweoba gaagrZela kenigsbergis universitetSi, sadac 1770
wels miiRo doqtoris xarisxi.
araTavaduri warmoSobis miuxedavad is iyo samagaliTod wesieri,
spetaki, karierisa da simdidris mimarT gulgrili adamiani. man uari
ganacxada galiis universitetSi muSaobaze, sadac mas samjer meti
gasamrjelo SesTavazes. kanti ar gamoirCeoda Zlieri janmrTelobiT, rac
xels uSlida mas samecniero moRvaweobaSi. man SeimuSava sakuTari grafiki.
dgeboda dilis xuT saaTze, sauzmis gareSe muSaobda dRis pirvel
saaTamde, Semdeg sauzmobda da isvenebda megobrebTan erTad, bevrs
seirnobda da adreve wveboda dasaZineblad. am reJimma mas saSualeba misca
ecxovra 80 weli da gamoeqveynebina 30-ze meti msxvili nawarmoebi.
kanti kiTxulobda yvelafers, rac ki iswavleboda kenigsbergis
universitetSi, maT Soris geografiasac. 1757 wels man gamoaqveyna naSromi
“geografiuli leqciebis gegma”. agreTve naSromi “miwisZvrebis mizezebis
Sesaxeb”, 1756 wels, “qarebis Teoria”, 1802 wels “fizikuri geografia”, 1746
38
Dent, Nicholas, J.H. (1988). Rousseau : An Introduction to his Psychological, Social, and Political Theory. Oxford:
Blackwell
39
Rousseau: Restless Genius, p. 121
49
wels “azrebi cocxali Zalebis Sefasebis Sesaxeb”, 1775 wels “cis istoria
da Teoria”, 1788 wels “Teologiuri principebis gamoyeneba filosofiaSi”,
1789 wels “saerTo istoriis idea”, 1786 wels “adamianis istoriis SesaZlo
dasawyisi”.
Mmecnieris geopolitikuri mimarTulebis nawarmoebad SegviZlia
miviCnioT traqtati “sayovelTao mSvidoba”, romelic man 1795 wels dawera.
Tavis SromebSi kanti aviTarebda antisamxedro koncefciebs,
agrZelebda ra erazm roterdamelisa da emerik kiuses ideebs.
evropis mSvidobiani mowyobis pirveli geopolitikuri proeqti mogvca
maqsimilian siulim, romelic gaxldaT safrangeTis mefis finansTa
ministri 12 wlis ganmavlobaSi. Tavis memuarebSi man gamoaqveyna egreT
wodebuli “didi gegma”, romlis mixedviTac omebis aRsakveTad saWiro iyo
evropis dayofa 15 Tanaswor samxedro siZlieris saxelmwifod. yvela saxis
dava unda gadaewyvita specilurad Seqmnil sabWos, romelic Sedgeboda 60
kacisagan.
1693 wels viliam pentma, romelic gaxldaT kvakerebis xelmZRvaneli
pensilvaniaSi, gamoaqveyna axlandeli da momavali mSvidobis koncefcia
evropaSi, romelSic mecnieri mouwodebda mSvidobis dasamyareblad
Seqmniliyo saxelmwifoTa saerTo kavSiri.
1713-1717 wlebSi cnobili frangi diplomati Sarl de senpieri
gamoscems samtomeuls “samudamo mSvidobis proeqti evropaSi”. is saWirod
Tvlida saxelmwifoTa kavSiris Seqmnas, romelic daaregulirebda
urTierTobebs omis gareSe. es idea farTod gavrcelda civilizebul
samyaroSi. kantis naSromi “maradiuli mSvidoba” gaxldaT am
zemoaRniSnuli ideebis gamoZaxili.
amasTan erTad, mSvidobis idea aris kantis kulturis da samarTlis
eTikis ganuyofeli nawili. Kkantis azriT, namdvili mSvidoba SeiZleba
ganxorcieldes mxolod saxelmwifoebis saerTaSoriso kavSiris
samarTlebriv moedanze. amasTanave,am konteqstSi zRva ara mxolod xels
uwyobs vaWrobis ganviTarebasa da kontaqtebs adamianebs Soris, aramed
xels uwyobs mSvidobis damyarebas40. kants sjeroda, rom nebismier adamians,
romelic daicavda morals da eTikur normebs, SeeZlo gamxdariyo
msoflio samoqalaqo sazogadoebis wevri.
S. monteskie (1689-1755ww.)
Sarl lui de sekonda baroni de la bred de monteskie cnobili frangi

politologi, filosofosi, ganmanaTlebeli daibada qalaq bordosTan
axlos mdebare sakuTar saxlSi. Mman sakuTar ojaxSi miiRo kargi
ganaTleba. Semdeg swavlobda or frangul universitetSi, jer bordoSi,
Semdeg ki parizSi.
1714 wels monteskie dainiSna mrCevlis Tanamdebobaze. 1716 wels ki
parlamentis Tavmjdomared (revoluciamde es iyo sasamarTlo organo). man
anonimurad gamoaqveyda “sparsuli werilebi”, romlebic Seracxul iqna
samefo karis da eklesiis mier. darwmunda ra imaSi, rom SeuZlebeli iyo
40
Perpetual Peace (Zum ewigen Frieden)
50
Zveli meTodebiT msofliosa da adamianTa Cvevebis Secvla, igi gaemgzavra
evropaSi.
monteskie gaecno italiis, inglisis, Sveicariis, garmaniis
sasamarTlo da politikur sistemebs, socialur cxovrebas. erTi weli
darCa inglisSi, sadac Seiswavla am qveynis politikuri da samoqalaqo
sazogadoeba.
samSobloSi dabrunebis Semdeg, 1731 wels is Caiketa Tavis sasaxleSi
da daiwyo samarTlebrivi da politikuri traqtatebis wera. maT Soris
cnobilia mis mier gamoqveynebuli naSromebi “romis siZliere da dacema” _
1733 wels, “msoflio monarqia” _ 1733 wels, “kanonTa suli”. am naSromebis
gamoqveynebis Sedegad monteskie 1729 wels airCies samefo akademiis wevrad.
“sparsul werilebSi” is amtkicebda, rom sazogadoebriv cxovrebas
marTavs gansazRvruli kavSirurTierTobebi, romlebic gamomdinareobs
bunebrivi kanonebidan. xolo socialuri yofa gamomdinareobs
geografiuli, politikuri da religiuri faqtorebidan.
mTavar politikur naSromSi “kanonTa suli”, monteskies mier
Camoyalibebul iqna politikuri, religiuri da moraluri urTierTobebis
erToba, sazogadoebaSi damyarebul bunebriv kanonebze, rac ganpirobebuli
iyo bunebrivi arialiT.
monteskies kvlevis meTodebSi yuradReba gamaxvilebulia kavSirze
geografiasa da politikas Soris. is amtkicebs, rom aucilebelia kanonebi
Seesabamebodes bunebriv faqtorebs da mTavrobis mier Camoyalibebul
principebs. Ffrangi ganmanaTlebeli yuradRebas amaxvilebda kavSirze
klimatis, niadagis xarisxsa, xalxis cxovrebis wessa, fizikur Tvisebebs
Tavisuflebis xarisxs, saxelwifos SesaZlo mowyobasa da mosaxleobaSi
gabatonebul religiur mimdinareobas Soris41.
g. hegeli (1770-1831ww.)
didi germaneli filosofosi georg hegeli daibada qalaq StutgartSi

Cinovnikis ojaxSi. daamTavra klasikuri gimnazia, xolo Semdgom, 18 wlis
asakSi moewyo tiubingenis Teologiur universitetSi, sadac swavlobdnen
Selingi da gelderlini. universitetis damTavrebis Semdeg is muSaobda
maswavleblad gimnaziaSi jer bernSi - 1793-1796 wlebSi, xolo Semdeg
frankfurtSi - 1797-1799 wlebSi. mamis gardacvalebis Semdeg hegeli
gaemgzavra im drois yvelaze cnobil ienis universitetSi, sadac
swavlobdnen fixte da reingoldi. fixtes wasvlis Semdeg kaTedris
xelmZRvanelis posti daikava 32 wlis hegelis kurselma Selingma. ienis
universitetSi hegelma daicva disertacia da gamoaqveyna Tavisi pirveli
filosofiuri naSromi “fixtesa da Selingis filosofiur sistemaTa
gansxvaveba”. 1801 wels ienaSi hegelma daiwyo “kritikuli da
filosofiuli” Jurnalis gamoSveba. aqve, 1802 wels dawera “sulis
fenomenologia”.
XIX saukunis dasawyisSi warmoebulma napoleonis omebma mkveTrad
gaaZvires cxovreba evropaSi da hegeli iZulebuli aRmoCnda gadasuliyo
provinciul bambergis universitetSi, sadac mas 1803 wels SesTavazes
bambergis gazeTis redaqtoroba. erTi wlis Semdeg mecnieri gadavida
niurnbergSi, sadac daikava gimnaziis direqtoris posti, romelic mas ekava
41
Montesquieu, Considerations on the Causes of the Greatness of the Romans and their Decline, The Free
Press, http://www.constitution.org/cm/ccgrd_l.htm, retrieved 2010-06-13
51
1816 wlamde. iq man dawera Tavisi erT-erTi yvelaze rTuli nawarmoebi
“logikis mecniereba”.
1816-1817 wlebSi hegeli aswavlida haidelbergis universitetSi, sadac
gamoaqveyna “filosofiuri mecnierebis enciklopedia”. 1818 wels, igi
gadavida berlinSi, sadac igi cxovrebis bolomde aswavlida filosofiis
istorias, religiis filosofias da esTetikas. erT-erTi yvelaze cnobili
nawarmoebi, romelic man berlinSi dawera, es aris “samarTlis filosofia”.
hegelis geopolitikuri ideebi gadmocemulia leqciebSi “istoriis
filosofia”. KkerZod, naSromSi “msoflio istoriis geografiuli
safuZvlebi”. msoflio istoria hegelma daakavSira im geografiul areals,
sadac viTardeboda ZiriTadi istoriuli procesebi. istoria mas esmoda,
rogorc sulis, ideis gamoCena sinamdvilis formebSi, sadac TiToeuli
maTgani hpovebs Tavis gamoxatulebas, rogorc realobaSi arsebuli xalxi.
amasTanave, erTi romelime xalxi da eri iZens bunebriv sxvaobas sxva
xalxebTan SedarebiT da ara marto sulier gamoxatulebaSi, aramed
adgilmdebareobis mixedviTac42.
hegelis geopolitikuri midgoma gamoixateba msoflio istoriis
geopolitikur safuZvelSi. is Tvlida, rom msoflio istoriis
ganviTarebisaTvis yvelze kargia normaluri klimaturi zona. bunebriv
zonebs hegeli Tavis mxriv yofda Crdilo da samxreT zonebad da maT
Soris mecnieris azriT CrdiloeTi naxevarsfero yvelaze sasargebloa
adamianis moRvaweobisaTvis nabismier sferoSi.
rogorc profesionali geopolitikosi, hegeli aRwers axal samyaros
- Crdilo da samxreT amerikas. Mmisi azriT, aSS aris erTiani federaluri
saxelmwifo, sadac swrafi tempebiT viTardeba mrewveloba, rac
uzrunvelyofilia samoqalaqo wesrigiTa da mtkice TavisuflebiT. amave
dros, laTinuri amerikis qveynebisTvis damaxasiaTebelia politikuri
arastabiluroba, samxedro gadatrialebebi da ekonomikuri CamorCeniloba.
Hhegelis sxvaoba CrdiloeTsa da samxreTs Soris agreTve iyo is, rom
CrdiloeTis Statebi daipyres dasavleT da CrdiloeT evropis qveynebma
(holandia, safrangeTi, inglisi), xolo samxreT amerika daipyres
espanelebma gamdidrebi mizniT, romlebic Cagravdnen adgilobriv
indielebs. amerika aris momavlis qveyana ambobda hegeli. mecnieri
amtkicebs, rom xmelTaSua zRva aris Zveli samyaros guli. msoflio
istoriis geografiuli aspeqtebis analizis dros hegels istoriuli
qveynebi geografiuli pirobebidan gamomdinare da hyofs maT sam ZiriTad
kategoriad:
1. uwylo adgilebi farTo stepebiT;
2. dablobebi, romlebic irwyveba didi mdinareebiT;
3. sazRvao qveynebi.
“zRva” _ mouwodebs adamians iyos dampyrobeli, momxveWeli da
gamanadgurebeli. dablobebi adamians ajaWvebs miwasTan, xolo zRvas
gamoyavs igi am sferodan.
evropul qveynebs hegeli yofs sam jgufad:
1. samxreT evropa, mimarTuli xmelTaSua zRvisken – saberZneTi, italia.
Aam regionSi viTardeboda ZiriTadi istoriuli procesebi da igi
antikur periodSi iyo msoflio istoriuli arena;
2. evropis guli - safrangeTi, germania, inglisi.
42
Hartnack, Justus; Lars Aagaard-Mogensen, Translator (1998). An Introduction to Hegel's Logic. Hackett Publishing.
pp. 16–17. ISBN 0872204243. Hartnack quotes Hegel, Lectures on the History of Philosophy Volume I
52
3.
Crdilo-aRmosavleTi: poloneTi da ruseTi, romelTa saxelmwifoebad
Camoyalibeba SedarebiT gviandel periodSi iwyeba.
hegeli aRniSnavs, rom istoriuli procesebi viTardeba
aRmosavleTidan dasavleTisaken - aziaSi iwyeba, xolo evropaSi mTavrdeba.
“aRmosavleTma icis, rom erTia Tavisufali, berZnebma da romaelebma ician,
rom zogierTebi arian Tavisufalni, germanulma samyarom icis, rom yvela
Tavisufalia. ase rom, pirveli forma, romelsac Cven vxedavT aris
despotizmi, meore demokratia da aristokratia, mesame monarqia”43.
bavSvis asakis istoria uwoda hegelma Zveli qveynebis, asiriis,
babilonis, sparseTis, siriis, iudeis, egviptis arsebobis periods. iq
Tavisufleba arsebobda mxolod rogorc Sedegi saxelmwifo institutebis
funqcionirebisa erTpirovnuli mmarTvelis saxiT. Mmisi azriT, am qveynebSi
qveSevrdomebi ar yofilan avtonomiurebi, ar iyvnen “subieqturad
Tavisufalni”.
Mmsoflio istoriis bavSvur asaks warmoadgenda Sua da wina aziis
samyaro. albaT mecniers mxedvelobaSi hqonda sparsuli saxelmwifo da
misi gavlenis sferoSi arsebuli teritoriebi. adamianis axalgazrdul
asaks adarebda hegeli Zvel berZnul samyaros. Mmisi azriT, es iyo meore
ZiriTadi momenti msoflio istoriisa Zveli aRmosavluri periodis Semdeg.
aq ukve iwyebs Camoyalibebas subieqturi pirovnebis individualuri
Tavisuflebisa da samoqalaqo uflebebis principebis zogadi gageba.
istoriis mesame periodad hegelma daasaxela Zveli romis
saxelmwifo. misTvis damaxasiaTebelia saerTo saxelmwifoebrivi miznebidan
gamomdinare piradi miznebis miRwevisaTvis swrafva. saxelmwifos
ganviTarebis prioritetebi gardaiqmneba saerTo ganviTarebis miznad.
individebi emsaxurebian am saerTo mizans.
msoflio istoriis meoTxe periodi dakavSirebulia germanul
saxelmwifosTan da Seesabameba adamianis siberis asaks. adamianisgan
gansxvavebiT, am asakSi suli iZens simxneves da miiswrafvis erTobisken,
mxolod rogorc suli. saxelmwifo emijneba qristianul eklesias,
sulieri Zalaufleba “iZireba” samoqalaqoSi. es ukanaskneli Seesabameba
sulier principebs. Tavisufleba poulobs Tavis dasayrdens – “sakuTari
Tavis gageba, Tu rogor ganaviTaro sakuTari Tavi”. amaSia msoflio
istoriis mizani.
hegelis mixedviT istoriis Sedegia rogorc piradi Tavisuflebis
SeZena, ise subieqturi, samoqalaqo da socialuri harmoniis mopoveba.
harmonia da erToba socialuri da individualuri, sulieri da
saxelmwifoebrivi, samoqalaqo da religiuri – am winaaRmdegobebis arqona
wyvets dialeqtikur brZolas da aCerebs istoriul process44.
Hhegelma Tavisi filosofiis istoriiT da socialuri filosofiiT
moumzada safuZveli iseTi geopolitikosebis moRvaweobas, rogorebicaa f.
ratceli, r. Celeni, k. haushoferi. hegelis naSromebs efuZnebodnen k.
iasperi, a. toinbi da f. fukuiama.
karl fon klauzevici (1780-1931ww.)
cnobili samxedro Teoretikosi da strategi klauzevici daibada

prusiaSi qalaq burgSi, Cinovnikis ojaxSi. 1792 wels igi Caewera prusiis
43
Pinkard, Terry. Hegel: A Biography. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2000
44
Beiser, F.. Hegel (The Routledge Philosophers). New York: Routledge, 2005
53
jarSi da ramdenime weliwadSi gaxda oficeri. 1801-1803 wlebSi igi
swavlobda samxedro saswavlebelSi. 1803-1808 wlebSi iyo princ avgustis
adiutanti, am rangSi igi monawileobda safrangeTTan omSi 1806-1807 wlebSi.
ienasTan brZolis dros igi Cavarda tyved da dabrunda samSobloSi omis
damTavrebis Semdeg 1808 wels.
1808-1809 wlebSi igi monawileobda samxedro reformis gatarebaSi.
1810-1812 wlebSi aswavlida oficerTa skolaSi. mas ekava patriotuli
pozicia frangebis mier prusiis okupaciis gamo. klauzevici gaxda avtori
naSromisa “sami simbolos rwmena” - samxedro reformatorebis dokumentisa,
sadac igi gamovida patriotuli ideebiT. napoleonis winaaRmdeg gamarTul
saerTo saxalxo omSi, klauzevicma daiwyo samsaxuri rusul armiaSi, sadac
igi asrulebda saStabo samuSaos.
1813 wels igi iyo korpusis Stabis ufrosi. 1814 wels, rodesac
daibada misi pirveli Svili, samxedro strategi dabrunda prusiis armiaSi
igive Tanamdebobaze. 1818-1830 wlebSi klauzevici iyo im samxedro
saswavleblis direqtori, romelic TviTon daamTavra. 1830 wels is
dainiSna artileriis inspeqtorad, xolo 1831 wels igi iyo prusiis armiis
Stabis ufrosi poloneTis sazRvrebze. aq igi gardaicvala qolerisgan.
klauzevicis politikur Sexedulebebze didi gavlena iqonia
safrangeTis revoluciam. Mmisi azriT, revoluciis liberalur
Sexedulebebs gadahkravda samxedro avtoritarizmis da prusiuli
nacionalizmis elferi. Mmecnieris yvelaze cnobili naSromia “omis
Sesaxeb”, romelic gamoica 1832-1837 wlebSi berlinSi. am naSromSi man
wamoayena postulati, rom omi da saomari moqmedebebi damokidebulia
saxelmwifos politikaze _ masSi aris Cadebuli damaluli formebiT
momavali omis ZiriTadi monaxazi. amasTan erTad, klauzevicis mixedviT
politika atarebs nacionalur xasiaTs, gamoxatavs saerTo nacionaluri
institutebis interesebs.
yoveli epoqa svams Tavis amocanebs eris winaSe, romelic wina planze
wamoswevs im politikas, romelic Seesabameba am amocanebis Sesrulebas.
Sesabamisad, yvela epoqisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia sakuTari omebi, romlebic
gamowveulia sazogadoebrivi urTierTobebis cvlilebiT da mecnierebis,
teqnikis progresiT. axali pirobebi gvikarnaxebs samxedro Teoriis da
strategiis cvlilebebs, magram yovelTvis politika gansazRvravs samxedro
strategias. geostrategia gansazRvravs armiis raodenobriv da xarisxobriv
maCveneblebs, xolo geopolitika gvikarnaxebs armiis gamoyenebis
SesaZleblobas nacionaluri interesebis gadasawyvetad.
klauzevicis strategiis mixedviT omSi warmateba garda moraluri,
fizikuri, materialuri, statistikuri da sxva faqtorebisa, ganpirobebulia
“politikuri elementebiT”. amitom geopolitikuri faqtori politikurTan
erTad axdens gavlenas omis Sedegebze da gansazRvravs mis geopolitikur
Sinaarss. karl fon klauzevicma daaskvna, rom “omis warmoeba aris TviT
politika, rodesac kalami icvleba xmliT, magram politika azrovnebs isev
Tavisi kanonebis Sesabamisad”45. es faqtori ki SeiZleba Tamamad
davasaxeloT samxedro strategiis da geopolitikis mTavar paradigmad.
45
Clausewitz, Carl Von (1976, rev.1984). On War. edited and translated by Michael Howard and Peter Paret..
Princeton: Princeton University Press. ISBN 0-691-05657-9
54
Tavi VI
geopolitikuri procesebi,
rogorc cnobilia, msoflio geopolitikaSi axali era daiwyo 1492

wels, kolumbis mier amerikis kontinentis aRmoCenis Semdeg. geopolitikuri
TvalsazrisiT, axali droisa da industrializmis epoqis mTavari
gansxvaveba wina geopolitikuri epoqisagan mdgomareobs erTis mxriv -
msoflioze evropelebis Sexedulebebis ganuxrel gafarToebaSi, xolo
meores mxriv - msoflios gayofisa da gadanawilebis procesSi swrafad
icvleba iseTi geopolitikuri maxasiaTeblebi, rogorebicaa teritoria,
mosaxleoba, sasargeblo wiaRirseulis mopoveba, samrewvelo da sasoflo-
sameurneo warmoeba, mosaxleobis cxovrebis done da mTeli rigi sxva
komponentebi. geopolitikuri statikis garda, romelic aRwers `msoflio
politikuri rukis~ ama Tu im mdgomareobas, arsebobs dinamika, romelic
geopolitikur procesebSi vlindeba.
geopolitikuri procesebisa da msoflio geopolitikuri suraTebis cneba.
mniSvnelovani geopolitikuri procesebisa da cvlilebebis Sefaseba,

romelic mimdinareobda XVI-XX saukuneebSi da romelic grZeldeba axal
aTaswleulSi, SeuZlebelia `geopolitikuri procesis~ cnebis gansazRvris
gareSe. saubaria iseT procesebze, romlebic mizez-Sedegobriv
damokidebulebebSia did geografiul sivrceebTan, did kulturul
samyaroebTan, rasac Tavisi kontinentaluri anu globaluri xasiaTi
gaaCnia. geopolitikuri procesebi iwyeba kulturul sferoSi cvlilebebiT.
samecniero aRmoCenebisa da sulieri kulturis amaRlebas mivyavarT
samyaroze axali Sexedulebebis Seqmnamde. materialuri kulturis
ganviTareba xdeba bunebasTan adamianis Seguebis gziT, xolo Semdeg
adamianis moTxovnilebebisa da survilebisadmi bunebis daqvemdebarebiT.
geopolitikuri procesebs ganapirobebs sulieri da materialuri
kulturis amaRleba. ama Tu im sazogadoebis kulturis amaRleba
gansazRvrul etapze ganuxrelad iwvevs saxelmwifos Seqmnas -
umniSvnelovanes geopolitikur process. geopolitikuri TvalsazrisiT,
saxelmwifo-es aris yvelaferi rac moiazreba mis konkretul sazRvrebSi:
teritoria, geografiuli mdebareoba, bunebrivi da klimaturi
Taviseburebebi, wiaRirseuli simdidre, sazogadoeba, romelmac gaiara
istoriuli gzis monakveTi da miaRwia ganviTarebis garkveul dones.
saxelmwifo, sazogadoebis kulturis zrdasTan erTad ganicdis Sinagani
kulturis zewolas da miiswrafis sazRvrebis gafarToebisaken.
saxelmwifoebi, geopolitikis klasikosebis f. ratcelisa da r.
Celenis azriT, arian cocxali organizmebi, romlebic ibadebian, izrdebian,
aRweven TavianT zRvars da bolos kvdebian. sazogadoebis zrdasa da
ganviTarebas mivyavarT garkveul SetakebebTan da Sesabamisad
winaaRmdegobebTan, sadac Zlierebi ylapaven sustebs da amiT TavianT
sasicocxlo sivrces afarToveben. sasicocxlo ciklis procesSi
saxelmwifoebis Zlierebis komponentebi mudmivad icvleba, aqedan
gamomdinare ZalTa Tanmimdevroba msoflio arenaze cvalebadia.
Sesabamisad, msoflios axali dayofa da gadanawileba gardauvalia da es
aris mocemuli momentisaTvis ZalTa Tanafardoba.
55
ase rom, saboloo jamSi geopolitikuri procesebi gulisxmoben ara
marto abstraqtul da Teoriul warmodgenebs, aramed iTvaliswineben
saxelmwifo sazRvrebis gadawevas da did saxelmwifoebs Soris gavlenis
sferoebis gadanawilebas. AaseT procesebs SeiZleba mivakuTnoT magaliTad
finikinelebis mier xmelTaSuazRvispireTis kolonizacia, omi berZnebsa da
sparselebs Soris, Zveli romaelebis mier warmoebuli punikuri omebi,
romlebic mimdinareobda karTagenis winaaRmdeg.
geopolitikuri procesi SeiZleba vuwodoT agreTve xmelTaSua zRvisa
da Savi zRvis sanapiroebis kolonizacias Zveli berZnebis mier, romis
imperiis zrdasa da ganviTarebas. geopolitikuri iyo da aris iseTi
procesebi, rogorebicaa aborigen mosaxleobasa da damyroblebs Soris
barierebis Seqmna, aTenidan pireis portamde `grZeli kedlis~ aSeneba
romaeli legionelebis mier barbarosebisgan Tavdacvis mizniT. mdinare
dunais gaswvriv miwayrilis gakeTeba, didi Cinuri kedlis aSeneba
agresiuli momTabareebisagan Tavdacvis mizniT. aseTi xelovnuri sazRvrebi
aseve qmnian Tavisebur msoflio suraTs, gansazRvraven civilizaciaTa
Sejaxebis principebs.
GsakuTriv geopolitikuri mecniereba, misi warmoSobisTanave, XIX
saukunis bolos, Seejaxa ara marto garkveul geografiul warmodgenebs,
aramed gansazRvrul politikur realiebs - msoflios geopolitikur
suraTs, romelic maSin iyo warmodgenili erTis mxriv rogorc
metropoliebis ZalTa Tanafardoba, meores mxriv - uzarmazari koloniuri
teritoriebis arsebobis saxiT. msoflios geopolitikuri suraTi ganicdis
mudmiv transformacias ara marto am Tu im sazRvris gadaweviT, aramed
wamyvan saxelmwifoebs Soris ZalTa Tanafardobis arastabilurobis gamo.
teritoriuli cvlilebebis TvalsazrisiT udidesi mniSvneloba aqvs
sivrcobriv zrdas: mezobeli saxelmwifoebis dapyrobis gziT imperiebis
Seqmna, teritoriebis aTviseba an mitaceba romlebic sxva kontinentze
mdebareoben, da kolonialuri imperiebis Seqmna, politikuri blokebisa da
samxedro koaliciebis Seqmna, yvelaferi es cvlis geopolitikur suraTs.
xarisxobrivi cvlilebebis poziciidan, romelic yoveli qveynis
SigniT mimdinareobs, geopolitikuri analizisTvis upirvelesi mniSvneloba
gaaCnia ekonomikur da samxedro aspeqtebs. swored es faqtori, XX saukunis
CaTvliT, iyo qveynis politikuri `wonis~ mTavari maCvenebeli, am
maCveneblebiT xdeboda didi da patara qveynebis ranJireba.
geopolitikuri procesebi da axali drois msoflios suraTebi.
Turqebis mier konstantinopolis (1453 w.) dapyrobis Sesaxeb, axali

drois umniSvnelovanesi geopolitikuri procesi gaxda aRmosavleTisaken
(indoeTi, arabuli samyaro) axali savaWro gzebis Zieba. am viTarebaSi,
italiis respublikebze - veneciaze, genuaze, florenciaze, romlebic
akontroleben xmelTaSua zRvis gavliT aRmosavleTis qveynebTan vaWrobas,
upiratesobas Rebuloben sazRvao qveynebi portugalia da espaneTi. am dros
portugaliis floti Tavis aqtiurobas iwyebs samxreTis mimarTulebiT,
afrikis garSemo satransporto gzebis gakontrolebis mizniT. 1415 wels
portugaliam daipyro suetis porti, 1432 wels-azoris kunZulebi, Semdeg
madeiris kunZuli da mwvane koncxis kunZulebi. amis Semdeg am qveynis
politikuri eqspansia miemarTeba afrikis siRrmeSi. iwyeba monebiT vaWroba,
oqros Semcveli qviSis mopoveba, spilos Zvlis mopoveba. XV saukunis 60-ian
wlebSi portugalielebis koloniebs ukve warmoadgenda mdinare senegalisa
56
da gambiis sanapiro, gvineis yuris sanapiro, xolo 80-ian wlebSi
portugalielebma miaRwies mdinare kongos. sabolood, vasko da gamas
eqspediciam 1498 wels miaRwia portugalielTa saocnebo mizans-indoeTs da
kalkutis portSi CauSva Ruza. samxreTis savaWro gzis srulad
gakontrolebisaTvis portugaliam daiwyo strategiuli TvalsazrisiT
mniSvnelovan punqtebze kontrolis damyareba: sokotris kunZuli adenis
yuresTan, iranis porti ormuzi, indoeTis samxreTiT mdebare cixesimagreebi
diu da goia, kunZuli ceiloni, qalaqi malaka da malakis kunZulebi,
Semdeg taivani da makao (samxreT CineTi) portugaliis kontrolqveS moeqca.
aman misca saSualeba am evropul qveyanas gasuliyo wynar okeaneSi da
daewyo vaWroba CineTTan da iaponiasTan. portugaliis koloniuri imperia
XVI saukunis dasawyisSi gadaWimuli iyo lisabonidan malakamde evropis
teritoriebis CaTvliT da rac mTavaria qveyana akontrolebda afrikis
SemovliT savaWro gzas, rac erTaderT satransporto arterias
warmoadgenda evropidan samxreT aziis mimarTulebiT, da igi inarCunebda
aseT mniSvnelobas XIX saukunis 60-ian wlebamde, sanam suecis arxi ar iqna
aSenebuli. XVIAsaukunis 30-40-ian wlebSi ganxorcielda portugalielebis
mier Tanamedrove braziliis teritoriis okupacia.
Ggansxvavebuli gziT wavida espaneTi. kolumbi sicocxlis bolomde
darwmunebuli iyo, rom indoeTisken mimavali dasavleTis gza ipova.
amerikaSi aRmoCenil miwebs man ìndia~ uwoda, kuba ki samxreT CineTi egona,
xolo centraluri amerikis sanapiros malakis naxevarkunZulTan aigivebda.
kolumbis gancxadebam imis Sesaxeb, rom man malakas miaRwia, aiZula
portugalia xelSekruleba daedo espaneTTan, romelzec qvemoT iqneba
saubari. ipova ra indoeTisaken dasavleTis gza, magelanma daasrula
kolumbis saqme, man aRmoaCina filipinebis kunZulebi da bolos miaRwia
malakas (1521w.) kolumbis Semdeg amerikis kolonizacia daCqarebuli tempiT
mimdinareobda. haitisa da kubis Semdeg, XVI saukunis 20-ian wlebSi
espanelebma daipyres panama, meqsika da misipis SesarTavi, Semdeg ukve
gvatemalisa da hondurasis jeric dadga. 1530-1540 wlebSi espanelebma
daipyres peru, bolivia da Cile, xolo XVI saukunis meore naxevarSi _
argentina.
axali drois pirveli geopolitikuri suraTi iyo is situacia,
romelic Camoyalibda portugaliisa da espaneTis mier koloniebis
dapyrobis Semdeg, rodesac 1494 wels, romis papis aleqsandre VI
SuamdgomlobiT, dadebul iqna tordesiliasis xelSekruleba.
tordesiliasis xelSekrulebiT araevropuli msoflio gayofil iqna
dasavleT-espanuri da aRmosavleT-portugaliur koloniebad.
xelSekrulebiT gaformda e.w. `daxuruli zRvis doqtrina~, romelic
gulisxmobda espaneTisa da portugaliis uflebas, rom am qveynebs
gaekontrolebinaT sazRvao sivrce da mxolod maTi mTavrobebis
gadawyvetilebis safuZvelze miscemodaT curvis ufleba sxva qveynebs.
arsebuli wesis damrRvevebis mimarT iyenebdnen jarimebs. msoflios es
pirveli dayofa ganmtkicda 1529 wels saragosis xelSekrulebiT. es iyo
msoflios pirveli bipolaruli suraTi axal droSi, romelmac daudo
saTave tordesiliasis geopolitikur epoqas.
pirvelma geopolitikurma suraTma didi xani ver gaZlo. geografiuli
aRmoCenebi da axali miwebis dapyrobebi ganapirobebdnen kolonistebis
mozRvavebas (imaT, vinc cdilobda mieRo da Tavisi xeliT daemuSavebinaT
miwebi). kolonizatorebi kabalur mdgomareobaSi ayenebdnen adgilobriv
mosaxleobas, xolo vaWrebi, avantiuristebi, eZebdnen gamdidrebis
saSualebebs. axali savaWro teritoriebis kontrols, axali savaWro gzebis
57
aTvisebas am suraTSi gakveuli koreqtivebi Sehqonda. mezRvaurebi, saqmiani
adamianebi, vaWrebi da mekobreebi evropis sxva qveynebidanac agreTve
eZebdnen gamdidrebis saSualebebs. 1497 wels ingliselma jon kabotma,
eZebda ra indoeTisaken Crdilo_dasavleTis gzas, aRmoaCina niufandlenis
naxevarkunZuli, xolo misma vaJiSvilma sebastianma gamoikvlia CrdiloeT
amerikis aRmosavleT sanapiro. CrdiloeT amerikis kolonializaciaSi
ingliselebisa da espanelebis garda monawileoba miiRes: frangebma,
holandielebma, rusma mezRvaurebma, samxedroebma, mogzaurebma, vaWrebma,
avantiuristebma. 1535 wels frangma Jak kartiem kanada gamoacxada
safrangeTis mefis samflobelod. Tavis mxriv safrangeTis mefem xuTi wlis
Semdeg daniSna kanadis, niufandlendis, labradoris vice-mefe, riTac Seqmna
winapiroba kanadisa da akadiis teritoriebis aTvisebisa da vaWrobis
warmoebisaTvis. frangma vaWrebma, fermerebma da mogzaurebma gamoikvlies
uzarmazari teritoriebi. 1682 wels rober de la salamam gamoacxada
misisipis auzi safrangeTis mefis samflobelod da uwoda luiziana
ludoviko XIV-s pativsacemad. 1607 wels gaCnda pirveli inglisuri
kolonia amerikis kontinentze-virjinia, xolo XVII saukunis bolos camet
inglisur kolonias CrdiloeT amerikis Crdilo-aRmosavleTi sanapiro
ekava. holandielebma 1626 wels guZonis SesarTavTan daarses dasaxlebuli
punqti axali amsterdami. rusebma gadalaxes ra beringis srute, aiTvises
aliaskis teritoria da miiwevdnen CrdiloeT amerikis samxreTisaken, sanam
ar Seejaxnen espanelebs, romlebmac kalifornia TavianT koloniad aqcies.
MmogvianebiT, axali miwebis aTvisebasa da aRmoCenaSi lideris
poziciaze gadis holandia. XVI saukunis bolosa da XVII saukunis
dasawyisSi vilem barenci cdilobda Crdilo_aRmosavleT sazRvao gziT
Casuliyo CineTSi da indoeTSi, magram daiRupa da ver Seasrula es amocana.
XVII saukunis I naxevarSi holandielma mezRvaurebma vilem iancma (1606) da
abel tasmanma (1644) imogzaures ra samxreT_aRmosavleTis gziT, aRmoaCines
avstraliis sanapiro, axali zelandia da mimdebare kunZulebi.
holandiuri koloniebi daarsda CrdiloeT da samxreT amerikaSi, afrikaSi,
indoeTSi, samxreT aziaSi, CineTSi, avstraliaSi, axal zelandiaSi,
indoneziaSi. Camoayaliba ra ost-induri kompania da gamoiyena ra
portugaliis flotisa da saxelmwifos dasusteba, holandiam gamodevna
portugalia jer calkeuli teritoriebidan, Semdeg ki miitaca kunZulebi
iava, teiloni, taivani, agreTve strategiuli punqtebi, romlebic kontrols
uwevdnen vaWrobas indoeTTan, CineTTan, iaponiasTan. magaliTad: malaka, san-
tome, angola. Hholandielebma gamodevnes portugalielebi aRmosavleT
indoeTidan da bengaliidan. Pportugaliam, miuxedavad imisa rom igi darCa
kolonialur saxelmwifod (mas darCa brazilia, daibruna angola da
kunZuli san-tome), magram rogorc didma saxelmwifom man arseboba
Sewyvita. portugalielebis Semdeg dadga holandielebis Zlierebis piki.
Tu XV saukune iyo portugalielebis sazRvao Zlierebis saukune, XVI
saukune iyo espaneTis saukune, XVII saukune udavod aris holandiis
saukune. Seiqmna msoflios axali geopolitikuri suraTi, maSindeli
msoflio faqtiurad gaiyves espanelebma da holandielebma, romlebic
daeuflnen indoeTisaken mimaval samxreT gzas. ase rom, rogorc ukve
avRniSneT, axali drois geopolitikuri suraTi iyo bipolaruli, udidesi
teritoriebi gaiyves espanelebma da holandielebma. magram, aseTi viTareba
didxans ver gagrZeldeboda. espaneTi ukve ganicdida sulier, ekonomikur
da politikur kriziss, xolo axalgazrda kapitalistur holandias, Tu
miviRebT mxedvelobaSi mis mcire teritoriasa da mosaxleobas, aSkarad ar
yofnida resursebi.
58
MmogvianebiT ingliselma vaWrebma da saqmianma adamianebma
holandielebis msgavsad Camoayalibes ost-indis kampania, romelmac 1600
wels miiRo samefo qartia indoeTTan vaWrobis sawarmoeblad. dasawyisSi
ingliselebi, hqondaT ra holandiasTan da espaneTTan SedarebiT naklebi
resursebi, rCebodnen meore planze. Mmagram,G ingliseli savaWro agentebi,
zarbaznebiT SeiaraRebuli xomaldebiT sul ufro win miiwevdnen
portugalielTa `kontrolis zonisken~. AamasTan erTad, espaneTi rCeboda
udides sazRvao saxelmwifod, inarCunebda ra udides teritoriebs
CrdiloeT da samxreT amerikaSi, samxreT aziaSi, 1581 wels man daipyro
portugalia, Seqmna erTiani metropolia da gaaerTiana espanuri da
portugaliuri koloniebi da Seqmna udidesi geopolitikuri sivrce.
evropaSi espaneTi romis papis xelSewyobiT cdilobda daemxo holandia,
sxva protestantuli qveynebi da daemyarebina mTel msoflioSi erTiani
kaTolikuri imperia, romelsac marTavda kaTolike monarqi. saqme midioda
msoflios ùnipolaruli~ suraTis Seqmnisaken. espaneTis ùnipolarul~
koncefciaSi jdeboda kaTolikuri poloneTis intervecia marTmadidebluri
ruseTis winaaRmdeg XVII saukunis dasawyisSi, romelic espaneTis
daxmarebiTa da romis papis kurTxeviT mimdinareobda.
Uukve XVII saukunis pirvel naxevarSi evropul saxelmwifoebs Soris
teritoriuli uTanxmoebebis arsebobis Sedegad iwyeba ocdaaTwliani omi.
ocdaaTwliani omi (1618-1648 ww.) kaTolikur espaneTs, avstriasa da
safrangeTis samefos Soris mimdinareobda ara marto evropaSi, aramed misi
sazRvao anarekli iyo urTierTdapirispireba msoflio okeanis sivrceebSi,
pirvel rigSi atlantis okeaneSi. 1621 wels holandiaSi espanelebis
winaaRmdeg sabrZolvelad daarsebul iqna vest-indis kampania. am kampaniis
arsebobis 53 wlis ganmavlobaSi mitacebul an ganadgurebul iqna
espanelebis daaxloebiT 500 xomaldi.
1648 wels vestfaliis sazavo xelSekrulebiT SvedeTma miiRo baltiis
zRvaze sruli kontrolis ufleba. safrangeTma SeierTa elzasi da
lotaringia. wminda romis imperiam faqtobrivad arseboba Sewyvita.
oficialurad cnes evropuli saxelmwifoebi holandia da Sveicaria. omis
saerTo Sedegi gaxda geopolitikuri paradigma. `msoflio~ qristianuli
imperiis nacvlad evropasa da msoflio politikaSi wamyvani roli daekisra
erovnul saxelmwifoebs. wamyvanma erovnulma saxelmwifoebma msoflio
gavlenis zonebad gainawiles, rac ar iyo gansazRvruli vestfaliis
xelSekrulebis pirobebiT. Amitom, XVII saukuneSi warmoiqmna axali
msoflios mesame geopolitikuri suraTi, romelmac daafiqsira dayofa da
mwvave dapirispireba wamyvan saxelmwifo-erebs Soris da gamokveTa sami
ZiriTadi regioni kolonialuli interesebis Sejaxebis procesSi:
1) indoeTi da samxreTis zRvebis qveyanebi;
2) vest-indoeTi, karibis auzisa da centraluri amerikis akvatoria;
3) CrdiloeT amerika.
koloniuri imperiebis Seqmna
XVII saukunis bolos yvelaze Zlieri saxelmwifoebis ricxvSi

Sevidnen inglisi da safrangeTi. dadga inglisuri sazRvao Zlierebis era
da evropis kontinetze safrangeTis hegemoniis dro, risi Sedegic iyo
britaneTisa da safrangeTis koloniuri imperiebis mniSvneloba da
holandiuri hegemoniis dasasruli sami usastikesi omis ( 1652-1654, 1665-1667,
1672-1674 ww.) mimdinareobis Sedegad, romlebic ZiriTadad sazRvao sivrceSi
mimdinareobda, sadac holandiurma flotma miiRo aunazRaurebeli
59
danaklisi, ris Sedegadac zRvaze hegemonia gadavida inglisis mxares,
romlis kolonialuri interesebi ukve safrangeTis interesebs
ewinaaRmdegebodnen. inglis-safrangeTis rogorc savaWro, aseve samxedro
xasiaTis omebi XVII saukunis bolos daiwyo da grZeldeboda safrangeTis
did revoluciamde (1789). sargeblobda ra zRvaze upiratesobiT, britaneTi
asustebda safrangeTs. is irCevda mokavSireebad monacvleobiT xan prusias
da xan avstrias, amaragebda am qveynebs fuliTa da iaraRiT. inglisis
evropuli strategia mdgomareobda imaSi, rom ar daeSva safrangeTis mier
holandiis dapyroba, romlis teritoria SemdgomSi SeiZleba
gamoyenebuliyo safrangeTis placdarmad britaneTze SeiaraRebuli
Tavdasxmis sawarmoeblad. omebma espaneTisa (1701-1713 ww.) da avstriis (1740-
1748 ww.) memkvidreobisaTvis daasusta safrangeTis sazRvao Zliereba. ukve
1748 wels, britaneTis samxedro floti Sedgeboda 140 xomaldisagan, xolo
safrangeTis - mxolod 67 xomaldisagan. safrangeTi Seecada revanSis
aRebas napoleonis epoqaSi, rodesac XIX saukunis dasawyisSi napoleon
bonapartes armiam TiTqmis mTeli evropa daipyro, Tumca saboloo jamSi
napoleonis mier dawyebuli samxedro kampania 1815 wels safrangeTis
damarcxebiT damTavrda. napoleonis omebis epoqa dasrulda venis kongresis
gamarTviT (1815 w.) kongresze gaTvaliswinebul iqna evropis wamyvani
qveynebis - didi britaneTis, ruseTis, avstriis, prusiis poziciebi,
romlebmac Seqmnes napoleonis omebis Semdgomi msoflios axali
geopolitikuri suraTi da daamyares axali wesrigi evropaSi. KkerZod,
respublikur holandiaSi monarqiuli wyobileba damyarda da mas belgia
SeuerTda. SvedeTis samefos SeuerTda norvegia, prusias-reinis olqi,
saqsoniisa da vestfaliis nawili. avstriis imperiam miiRo lombardia,
zalcburgi da veneciis teritoriis nawili. kongresma daamtkica
poloneTis gayofa, magram amjerad ruseTma miiRo varSavis sahercogos
mniSvnelovani nawili. italia darCa gaxleCili dinastiuri principiT,
sadac wamyvani poziciebi ergoT sardiniisa da neapolitanur samefoebs,
toskanis did sahercogos, modenis sahercogosa da parmis sahercogos.
espaneTisa da safrangeTis taxtze aRsdga burbonebis dinastia, xolo
germanuli saxelmwifoebis ricxvi aTjer Semcirda da Seiqmna germanul
saxelmwifoTa liga, Tumca maTi formaluri gaerTianeba erT kavSirSi ver
uwyobda xels centralizirebuli saxelmwifos Seqmnas. Aaseve
mniSvnelovania aRiniSnos, rom kongresis dasrulebis Semdeg evropis didma
qveynebma - ruseTma, prusiam da avstriam evropis rukis SenarCunebis mizniT
"wminda kavSiri" Camoayalibes.
rac Seexeba msoflios sxva kontinentebze mimdinare procesebs, aq
aRsaniSnavia, rom XVII da XVIII saukuneebSi CrdiloeT amerikaSi
ingliselebma gadamwyveti upiratesoba moipoves safrangeTsa da holandiaze
da Seqmnes erTiani kulturuli sivrce, romelic cameti inglisuri
koloniisagan Sedgeboda. Aamave dros, axal amsterdams daerqva niu_iorki,
xolo axali niderlandebis teritoria gauqmebul iqna (1664 w.) XVIII
saukuneSi, mZlavri savaWro da samxedro flotis wyalobiT ingliselebma
moaxerxes frangebis kanadidan TandaTanobiTi gamodevneba.
rac Seexeba avstraliasa da okeaneTs, ingliselma mogzaurma jeims kukma
samjer imogzaura (1768_1779 ww.) am regionSi, gamoikvlia avstraliisa da
axali zelandiis sanapiroebi da daamtkica rom es teritoriebi ar
warmoadgenda erT materiks (axali holandia), rogorc es iTvleboda
tasmanis mogzaurobis Semdeg da ingliselebis mier aRmoCenili yvela es
miwebi ingliss SeuerTda. Sedegad, ukve 1788 wlidan britaneTis mTavroba
iwyebs avstraliis aTvisebas.
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evropaSi Svidwliani omis Semdeg inglisis ost-indurma kampaniam
mniSvnelovnad gaafarTova Tavisi sazRvrebi indoeTSic da Seaviwrova iq
holandielebi da frangebi. safrangeTis ost-indurma kampaniam ukve 1769
wels Sewyvita Tavisi arseboba. XIX saukunis dasawyisSi igive daemarTa
holandiur kampanias. ingliselebi ki, XIX saukunis Sua wlebisaTvis ukve
mTlianad akontrolebdnen indostans. britanelebi SeiWrnen afrikis
kontinetis siRrmeSi da Seqmnes koloniebi ekvatorul da samxreT afrikaSi.
XIX saukunis 40-ian wlebSi ki ingliselebi SeiWrnen CineTSi da iq
moaxdines e.w. òpiumis omebis~ (1840-1842 ww.) provocireba. XIX s. 50-ian
wlebSi ingliss CineTTan omSi daexmara safrangeTi, ris Sedegadac
saukunis bolos oTxi didi qveyana: safrangeTi, didi britaneTi, germania
da ruseTi aiZuleben CineTs, raTa am ukanasknels arendiT gadaeca CineTis
sanapiros garkveuli olqebi. swored maSin moipova ruseTma arendis
ufleba kvanturis naxevarkunZulze da aRmosavleT CineTSi rkinigzis
aSenebaze. amave dros, ingliselebma dauTmes safrangeTs kunZuli
madagaskari da zogierTi mcire, magram strategiulad mniSvnelovani
kunZulebi indoeTis okeaneSi, frangebis indoeTidan da okeaneTidan
wasvlis sanacvlod. indoeTi xdeba `yvelaze brwyinvale margaliti
britaneTis imperiis gvirgvinze~, misi msoflios siZlieris simbolo.
amasTanave, ingliselebma waarTves niderlandebs malakas sanapiroebi-
WiSkari samxreT-aRmosavleT aziaSi, romlebic malaiziis SemadgenlobaSi
mdebareobda da indoneziaSi arsebul holandiur samflobeloebs
esazRvreboda. inglisi yovelTvis did mniSvnelobas aniWebda sazRvao
strategiuli punqtebis xelSi Cagdebas, radganac swored es teritoriebi
TamaSobdnen mTavar rols britaneTis zRvaze batonobis saqmeSi, rac am
qveynis oficialuri doqtrina gaxldaT.
XIX saukunis bolos britaneTi praqtikulad flobda sazRvao gzis
yvela mniSvnelovan strategiul punqtsa da sazRvao gasasvlels:
gibraltari, kunZulebi: malta da mavriki, folklendis kunZulebi, adeni,
singapuli, hongkongi. man aseve miitaca teritoriebi karibis zRvaze -
(iamaika) da samxreT afrikaSi (gvinea). BbritaneTi warmatebiT agrZelebda
safrangeTis Seviwroebas CrdiloeT amerikaSi (kanada). XX saukunis
dasawyisSi ingliselebi SeiWrnen tibetSi da Tavs moaxvies aziis am
qveyanas araTanasworuflebiani xelSekruleba, ris Sedegadac Tavis droze
CineTis mier okupirebuli es qveyana britaneTma daimorCila. inglisi
afrikaSi daeufla egviptes, aRmosavleT sudans, kenias, ugandas, britaneTis
somals, nigeriis oqros sanapiroebs, siera-leones, gambias, xolo okeaneTSi
SemoierTa fiji da solomonis kunZulebis nawili.
Aamave periodSi safrangeTis kolonialuri imperia Tavis
SemadgenlobaSi moicavda afrikis teritoriis mesameds, maT Soris alJirs,
senegals, nigers, Cads, somalis, madagaskaris kunZuls. wynar okeaneSi
safrangeTma daipyro axali kaledonia da taiti, aseve mravali mcire,
magram strategiulad mniSvnelovani kunZulebi.
Tavis mxriv, XIX saukunis 80-ian wlebSi gaZlierebas iwyebs
axladgaerTianebuli germaniis imperia, romelmac kolonialuri dapyrobiTi
omebi inglisze da safrangeTze mniSvnelovnad gvian daiwyo. pirveli
msoflio omis dawyebis dros germania flobda afrikaSi tanganikas,
kameruns, togos, samxreT-dasavleT afrikas, okeaniaSi kunZul axali gvineis
nawils, solomonis kunZulebis nawils, bismarkis, marSalis, marianis da
karolinis kunZulebs.
antiimperialisturi poziciis miuxedavad, 1880-ian wlebSi amerikam
daiwyo havais kunZulebis SemoerTeba (daamTavra 1889 wels), sadac
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SemdgomSi daarsebul iqna samxedro-sazRvao baza perl-harbori (1887),
romelic SemdgomSi gaxda okeaniis siRrmeSi vaSingtonis momavali
eqspansiis forposti. espaneT-amerikis omis (1898 w.) Sedegad aSS daeufla
filipinebs, guamis kunZulebs da puerto-rikos. omis Semdeg amerikelebis
mier samxedro bazebi Seqmnil iqna kubaze da panamis arxis zonaSi.
iaponia-CineTis omis (1894-1895 ww.) Sedegad iaponias gadaeca kunZuli
taivani da ramdenime mcire kunZuli. Semdeg iaponiam ruseTs waarTva
kuriliis kunZulebi, saxalinis kunZulis naxevari, CineTis naxevarkunZuli
kvantuni port-arturis portTan erTad, romelic ruseTs arendis uflebiT
ekuTvnoda. ruseT-iaponiis omis (1904-1905 ww.) Semdeg iaponiam moaxdina
koreis okupacia, xolo 1910 wels misi aneqsiis Sesaxeb gamoacxada.
italiam miitaca somalis nawili, libia, dodekadosis kunZulebis
jgufi da kunZuli rodosi egeosis zRvaze.
Mmsoflios wamyvani saxelmwifoebis mier kolonialuri warmoebis
Sedegad, pirveli msoflio omis dasawyisisaTvis britaneTi flobda 33,8 ml.
kv.km. sadac cxovrobda 440 mln. adamiani.
msoflios meore kolonialuri imperia iyo ruseTi-teritoriiT 22,8
mln. kv. km. daaxloebiT 170 mln. mosaxleobiT. Semdeg modioda safrangeTi
11,1 mln. kv. km. mosaxleoba 95 mln. kaci. Semdeg germania- 3.4 mln.kv. km.
mosaxleoba-77,2 mln. kaci. aSS-9,7 mln.kv.km. mosaxleoba-106,7 mln. kaci.
iaponia 0,7 mln. kv. km, mosaxleoba-72,2 mln kaci. italia daaxloebiT- 2
mln.kv.km. mosaxleoba - 1 mln. kaci. TiTqmis mTeli msoflio pirvelad gaxda
gadanawilebuli kolonialur saxelmwifoebs Soris46.
msoflios suraTi XX saukunis dasawyisisaTvis gamoiyureboda
Semdegnairad: didi qveynebi - didi britaneTi, safrangeTi, germania, aSS,
ruseTi, iaponia, italia-akontrolebdnen mTel saxmeleTo da sazRvao
sivrces. maT koloniebs ekava 81,5 mln. kv.km. e.i. dedamiwis saxmeleTo
nawilis 61%. maTi ranJireba xdeboda sxvadasxvanairi principiT farTobis,
mosaxleobis, koloniuri teritoriebisa da samrewvelo potencialis
gaTvaliswinebiT47.
didi qveynebis garda XX saukunis dasawyisisaTvis msoflios
geopolitikur suraTs avsebdnen mcire kolonialuri qveynebi: espaneTi
portugalia, holandia, belgia romlebic flobdnen koloniebs saerTo
farTobiT 9,9 mln. kv. km. (dedamiwis saxmeleTo nawilis 7,4%), mosaxleobiT
43,5 mln. adamiani. asrulebdnen geopolitikur suraTs naxevradkoloniebi
an politikurad da ekonomiurad did qveynebze damokidebuli qveynebi:
sparseTi (irani), CineTi, TurqeTi, avRaneTi, siami (tailandi), abisinia
(eTiopia), Lliberia. maTi saerTo farTobi iyo: 14,5 mln. kv. km. mosaxleoba-
361 mln. adamiani48.
rac Seexeba laTinuri amerikis qveynebs, am regionis saxelmwifoebi XIX
saukunis dasawyisSi politikuri suveniretetis mopovebis Semdeg
ekonomiurad damokidebulni gaxdnen aSS-sa da did britaneTze.
dekolonizacia da axali saxelmwifoebis Seqmna
axali droisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli kolonizaciis procesis

paralelurad mimdinareobda meore geopolitikuri procesi-dekolonizacia.
igi daiwyo CrdiloeT amerikaSi arsebuli inglisuri koloniebis mier
46
Nnika CitaZe. “geopolitika”. 2008 w. gv. 36
47
iqve
48
iqve
62
suverinitetis mopovebiT, risi naTeli gamoxatuleba iyo 1776 wlis 4
ivliss aSS-is damoukideblobis deklaraciis miReba. Uukve 1783 wels,
inglissa da aSS-is Soris warmoebuli omis damTavrebis Sedegad, britaneTi
iZulebuli gaxda ecno aSS-is damoukidebloba. Ddekolonizaciis procesi
SemdgomSi gavrcelda samxreT amerikis kontinetze. isargebles ra
espaneTisa da portugaliis ekonomikuri dasustebiT, agreTve napoleonis
mier espaneTis armiis ganadgurebiT, XIX saukunis dasawyisSi amerikaSi
espaneTisa da portugaliis koloniebis mosaxleobam daiwyo brZola
damoukideblobisaTvis. evropaSi napoleonis damarcxebisa da espaneTSi
stabilurobis aRdgenis miuxedavad laTinur amerikaSi brZola ar
Sewyvetila. 1816 wels damoukidebloba gamoacxada argentinam, 1818-wels
Cilem, 1821 wels perum da meqsikam, 1822 wels gamocxadda kolumbiis
respublikis Seqmna, xolo braziliis koloniis teritoriaze warmoiSva
braziliis imperia. ase rom, XIX saukunis 20-ani wlebis bolos orive
amerikis teritoriaze ukve 15 damoukidebeli saxelmwifo arsebobda. XX
saukuneSi dekolonizaciis procesi daiwyo afrikaSi da aziaSi, sadac XX
saukunis dasawyisisaTvis arsebobda mxolod ramdenime damoukidebeli an
naxevrad damoukidebeli saxelmwifo. pirvelad inglisisagan
damoukidebloba miiRo egviptem (1930 w), Semdeg erayma (1936 w.), xolo 1940
wlis dasawyisisaTvis cnes siriisa da libanis damoukidebloba.
dekolonizaciis procesSi britaneTma Secvala ramdenime Tavisi koloniis
statusi (1931 wels miRebuli “vestminsteris statuti”), aRiara isini
dominionebad (kanada, avstralia, axali zelandia, samxreT-afrikis kavSiri)
da gaafarTova maTi uflebebi metropoliasTan mimarTebaSi.
gansakuTrebuli intensivobiT ganviTarda dekolonizaciis procesi meore
msoflio omis Semdeg. 1945 wlis bolos gaeroSi Sedga diskusia
koloniebis momavalze, ris Sedegad am organizaciis wesdebaSi Caiwera
debuleba, romlis Tanaxmadac gamoTqmul iqna mzadyofna, raTa
damokidebul teritoriebs miscemodaT an farTo avtonomia, an politikuri
damoukidebloba koloniebis mier suverenitetis mopovebis sul ufro
mzardi miswrafebis safuZvelze. Mmetropoliebmac Tavis mxriv Seitanes
cvlilebebi koloniebTan damokidebulebaSi. safrangeTma omis Semdgom,
kerZod 1946 wels miRebul konstituciaSi ganacxada safrangeTis kavSiris
Seqmnis Sesaxeb, romelSic togo da kameruni gamocxaddnen asocirebul
teritoriebad, danarCenma afrikulma koloniebma ki miiRes zRvisgaRma
teritoriebis kavSiris statusi. 1955 wels, mas Semdeg rac espaneTi da
portugalia gaxdnen gaeros wevrebi, am qveynebmac Seitanes TavianT
konstituciebSi cvlilebebi, romelTa mixedviTac koloniebma miiRes
provinciebis statusi. magram miuxedavad amisa, yofili koloniebi
agrZelebdnen brZolas damoukideblobisaTvis. 1947 wels damoukidebloba
miiRes indoeTma da pakistanma, 1950-iani wlebis meore naxevarSi
safrangeTisagan damoukidebloba miiRes CrdiloeT afrikis qveynebma:
alJirma, tunisma, marokom. daiwyo dekolonizaciis procesi quveiTSi,
bahreinSi da a.S. romelic gagrZeldeba 1970-ian wlebamde. 1950-iani wlebis
bolos iwyeba koloniuri samflobeloebis likvidacia ekvatorul
afrikaSi. inglisisgan damoukidebloba pirvelma 1957 wels gamoacxada
ganam, Semdeg nigeriam (1960), tanzaniam da ugandam (1962), keniam, malavim,
zambiam (1960). 1960 wels belgia iZulebuli gaxda mieca damoukidebloba
kongosaTvis, xolo 1962 wels - ruandasa da burundisaTvis.
Ggasuli saukunis 60-iani wlebis ganmavlobaSi safrangeTis 12-ma
koloniam miiRo damoukidebloba. 1960 wlisganmavlobaSi afrikis 17-ma
saxelmwifom miiRo damoukidebuleba. es weli gaeros mier gamocxadebul
63
iqna afrikis wlad. sxva evropuli saxelmwifoebisagan gansxvavebiT,
bolomde ebRauWeboda Tavis koloniebs portugalia, magram miuxedavad
lisabonis poziciisa, 1973-1975 wlebSi damoukidebloba miiRes angolam,
mozambikma, gvinea-bisaum, san-tomem da prinsipim. 1999 wels portugaliis
anklavi aziaSi - makao gadaeca CineTs. Ggasuli saukunis dasawyisSi
sabWoTa kavSiris imperiis daSlis Sedegad, dekolonizaciis procesi
faqtiurad dasrulda. Ddekolonizaciis procesis Sedegad msoflios
politikur rukaze axali saxelmwifoebi gamoCnda. Tu gaeros Seqmnis
deklaracias 1945 wels xels awerda 51 qveyana, dRevandel etapze gaeros
wevria 192 qveyana.
omebi rogorc geopolitikuri procesebi
geopolitikur procesebad SeiZleba miviCnioT iseTi omebi, romlebic

mniSvnelovnad cvlian msoflios politikur rukas. zemoT ganxilul iqna,
Tu rogor Secvales msoflios geopolitikuri suraTi ocdaaTwlianma da
napoleonis omebma. gansakuTrebiT didi cvlilebebi gamoiwvia XX saukuneSi
gaCaRebulma orma msoflio omma. pirveli msoflio omi, romelic oTx
welze metxans grZeldeboda (1914-1918 ww.) moicva 33 qveyana, mosaxleobiT-1,1
miliardi adamiani, anu dedamiwis imdroindeli mosaxleobis 62%. saomari
moqmedebebi mimdinarebda 14 qveynis teritoriaze. sul saomari
moqmedebebisaTvis mobilizebuli iqna daaxloebiT 70 mln. kaci, maTgan
daRupul iqna daaxloebiT 9,4 mln. adamiani49. pirveli msoflio omis Sedegi
iyo versalis xelSekruleba, romlis Sedegebma dasabami misca axal
geopolitikur epoqas: daiSala avstria_ungreTis, osmaleTis, germaniis,
ruseTis imperiebi, Seiqmna axali damoukidebeli qveynebi: Cexoslovakia,
ungreTi, avstria, serbebis, xorvatebis da slovenebis samefo, fineTi,
estoneTi, latvia, litva, poloneTi, TurqeTi. TurqeTs CamoSorda izmiri
da evropaSi Tavis droze osmaleTis imperiaSi Semavali TiTqmis mTeli
teritoria stambulis garda. stambuli darCa TurqeTs im pirobiT, rom is
uzrunvelyofda bosforisa da dardanelis sruteebisaTvis gaxsnil reJims.
germanias CexoslovakiasTan da poloneTTan sazRvrebis dadgenis Sedegad
CamoerTva yofili metropoliis mervedi nawili (daaxloebiT 70 aTasi kv.km),
xolo germaniis koloniebze mandati miiRes belgiam (ruanda da burundi),
portugaliam (kionga), britaneTma (aRmosavleT afrikis danarCeni nawili da
togo), safrangeTma (kameruni), samxreT afrikis kavSirma (samxreT-dasavleTi
afrika), avstraliam (axali gvineis nawili), axalma zelandiam (kunZuli
samoa), iaponiam (marSalis, marianis, karolinis kunZulebi).
meore msoflio omi pirvelTan SedarebiT kidev ufro didi
masStaburobiT gamoirCeoda. masSi monawileoba miiRo 61-ma qveyanam. saomari
moqmedebebi 50 mln. Kkv. Kkm-ze mimdinareobda. man moicva: evropa, azia,
afrikis CrdiloeTi, okeaneTi. MmasSi monawileoba miiRo 1 miliard 700
milionma adamianma, dedamiwis mosaxleobis 75%-ma. armiebis saerTo ricxvma
miaRwia 101 mln. samxedro mosamsaxures. DdaiRupa 50 mln-ze meti adamiani50.
meore msoflio omis Semdeg damarcxebuli germania or nawilad gaiyo,
komunisturi reJimi damyarebul iqna aRmosavleT evropis rig
saxelmwifoebSi (Cexoslovakia, ungreTi, bulgareTi, rumineTi, iugoslavia,
poloneTi, albaneTi). MmogvianebiT komunisturi mmarTveloba damyarda
CineTSi. rogorc ukve avRniSneT, daiwyo dekolonizaciis procesi.
49
Б. Исаев. Геополитикастр. 103
50
Б. Исаев. Геополитикастр. 104
64
koloniebi pirvelebma omSi damarcxebulma qveynebma dakarges: germaniam,
italiam da iaponiam. meore msoflio omis damTavrebam saTave daudo
msoflios or ideologiur sistemad – demokratiul da komunistur
sistemebad dayofas. Mmeore msoflio omamde arsebuli msoflios
“multipolaruli” sistema Seicvala “bipolaruli” sistemiT, romelic 1991
wlamde arsebobda. faqtiurad planetaze Seiqmna samxedro_politikuri
`bipolaroba~ (nato _ varSavis xelSekruleba) da social_politikuri da
ekonomikuri `tripolaroba~, sami ekonomikuri sistemis arsebobiT:
msoflios kapitalisturi sistema, msoflio socialisturi sistema da
mesame samyaro (afrika, azia, laTinuri amerika)-ganviTarebadi qveynebi.
msoflios geopolitikuri epoqebi.
msoflios geopolitikuri suraTi unda ganvasxvavoT geopolitikuri

epoqisagan _ rogorc ufro mdgradi da naklebad dinamiuri movlena.
amasTanave, geopolitikur epoqas rogorc wesi, ayalibebs yovlismomcveli
saerTaSoriso xelSekruleba, romelic Cveulebriv ar aris
damaxasiaTebeli msoflios suraTis cvlilebis dros.
msoflio geopolitikuri suraTis cvlilebas emsaxureba mimdinare
geopolitikuri procesebi, romlebic rogorc akumulatorebi, agroveben
geopolitikur cvlilebebs da msoflio istoriis gansazRvrul momentebSi
cvlian mTlian geopolitikur suraTs, warmoaCenen ra axal saerTaSoriso
sistemas da axal geopolitikur epoqas.
pirveli saerTaSoriso geopolitikuri sistema gaxldaT xelSekruleba
portugaliasa da espaneTs Soris (tordesiliasis xelSekruleba 1494w),
romelmac daudo saTave tordesiliasis geopolitikur epoqas, romlis
dros Seicvala msoflios ori geopolitikuri suraTi. pirveli,
dapirispireba da msoflios gadanawileba portugaliasa da espaneTs Soris;
meore _ dapirispireba espaneTsa da holandias Soris, rodesac holandiam
portugalias waarTva samxreT sazRvao gzis kontrolis ufleba.
meore geopolitikuri epoqa iwyeba vestfaliis xelSekrulebiT 1648
wels da isic gulisxmobda msoflios or geopolitikur suraTs. pirvelma
daafiqsira cvlilebebi, romelic gamowveul iqna inglisis did qveyanaTa
ricxvSi gadasvliT. meorem gamoavlina inglis_safrangeTis dapirispireba.
ase rom msoflios rigiT mesame da meoTxe suraTma Seadgina vestfaliis
geopolitikuri epoqa.
cvlilebebis Semdgom periods mivyavarT axal saerTaSoriso
sistemamde, romelic dafiqsirebulia venis 1815 wlis xelSekrulebiT. venis
geopolitikuri epoqa Seadgina msoflios mexuTe suraTma, romelic
gamoixata britaneTisa da ruseTis metoqeobaSi. yirimis omis Semdeg
(1853_1856 ww.) msoflios adekvaturad warmoadgenda meeqvse suraTi, romlis
dedaazria _ msoflioSi ramdenime Zlieri evropuli qveynis arseboba, ramac
TandaTan ganicada transformaciaA meSvideSi etapSi: antanta samTa
kavSiris winaaRmdeg. momdevno geopolitikuri epoqa iwyeba versalis 1919
wlis xelSekrulebiT(versalis geopolitikuri epoqa). aqac advilad isaxeba
msoflios ori sxvadasxva geopolitikuri suraTi. pirveli msoflio omis
damTavrebis Semdeg dominirebdnen sxvadasxva gamarjvebuli qveynebi:
britaneTi, aSS, safrangeTi, iaponia. germania, italia da sabWoTa ruseTi
droebiT garicxul iqnen didi qveynebis ricxvidan, xolo avstria_ungreTi
da osmaleTis imperia saerTod gaqrnen politikuri rukidan. am merve
suraTs `mravalpolarul~ msoflioSi adgili hqonda 1930_iani wlebis Sua
65
periodamde, sanam Tavisi samxedro_ekonomikuri Zalebi ar moikribes
germaniam, italiam, ruseTma da sanam msofliom ar miiRo axali blokuri
konfiguracia.
msoflios mecxre suraTi warmoadgenda antikominternuli paqtisa
(germania, italia, iaponia) da atlantikuri xelSekrulebis (aSS da didi
britaneTi) qveynebs Soris dapirispirebas meore msoflio omis dros,
rodesac am ukanasknels zurgs ssrk da safrangeTi umagrebda. meore
msoflio omis Semdeg, ialtis geopolitikur epoqaSi, arsebobda msoflios
ori geopolitikuri suraTi: meaTe warmoadgenda natosa da varSavis
xelSekrulebis dapirispirebas e.i. bipolaruli msoflios, xolo
meTerTmete axali ùnipolarul~ msoflio wesrigs, romlebic warmoiqmna
`civi omis~ dasrulebis Semdeg.
ase rom, Tavis geopolitikur ganviTarebaSi, ZiriTad mamoZravebel
Zalas warmoadgenen geopolitikuri procesebi, romlis Sedegad msofliom
axal droSi da industrializaciis periodSi gadaitana xuTi
geopolitikuri epoqa, an saerTo jamSi msoflios TerTmeti geopolitikuri
suraTi.
66
Tavi VII
nacionaluri skolebis formireba
geopolitikis, rogorc mecnierebis legitimizacia dakavSirebulia im

periodTan, romelsac mravali politologis azriT safuZveli daedo
germaneli mecnieris, ratcelis naSromebis gamoqveynebis Sedegad.
iseT ZiriTad naSromebSi, rogorebicaa àntropogeografia~, `dedamiwa
da cxovreba~, mecnierma daasrula Tavisi winamorbedebis Zalisxmeva iseTi
Teoriebis Sesaqmnelad, rogorebic gaxlavT –“saxelmwifo rogorc
cocxali organizmi” da “sazRvari, rogorc saxelmwifos cocxali organo”.
saxelmwifoebis sivrculi zrdis koncefcia da qveynis mosaxleobis
kavSiri dedamiwasTan da niadagTan, eqspansionizmis koncefciis ganviTareba,
romelic damokidebulia mosaxleobis simWidrovesTan da qveynis
teritoriis farTobze - swored am ZiriTadi postulatebis damkvidrebiT,
rac safuZvlianad iqna gamokvleuli ratcelis SromaSi `politikuri
geografia~ (1898 w.), dasabami mieca axali mecnieruli disciplinis
ganviTarebas, romelmac miiRo saxelwodeba geopolitika. Aamgvarad,
ratceli erTdroulad iyo rogorc geopolitikis mamamTavari, aseve
pirveli klasikosi geopolitikosi.
ratcelis Semdeg geopolitikurma mecnierebam metad swrafi tempebiT
daiwyo ganviTareba, igi swrafad vrceldeboda evropisa da amerikis
kontinentebze. gansakuTrebiT didi moTxovna geopolitikur ideebTan
dakavSirebiT arsebobda im qveynebis samecniero wreebSi, romlebsac didi
sivrce ekavaT (ruseTi, amerika), aseve SedarebiT mcire zomis, magram Zlieri
samxedro da ekonomikuri potencialis mqone qveynebSi, romlebmac
giganturi koloniuri imperiebi Camoayalibes (didi britaneTi, safrangeTi),
aseve im saxelmwifoebSi, romlebic pretenzias acxadebdnen didi
saxelmwifoebis statusze (iaponia, ruseT-iaponiis omSi gamarjvebis Semdeg),
saxelmwifoebSi, romlebic TavianT Tavs Tvlidnen Selaxulad
kolonialuri teritoriebis dayofis araTanabari gadanawilebis Sedegad
(germania, gaerTianebis Semdeg da franko-prusiis omis Semdeg, italia
risordJimentos da safrangeT-avstriis omis Semdeg). geopolitikis
mecnierebis ganviTarebis erT-erTi mTavari mizezi gaxldaT ama Tu im
qveynis omSi gamarjveba. Oomis Sedegebi yovelTvis uwyobs xels eris
konsolidacias, erovnuli kulturis ganviTarebas, aseve xels uwyobs
sulier da teritorialur eqspansias mezobel qveynebSi da sxva
kontinentebze. magram amave dros, omSi wagebac SeiZleba gamodges rogorc
katalizatori da geopolitikuri Teoriis gamavrcelebeli. es procesi
SeimCneoda magaliTad germaniaSi, am qveynis pirvel da meore msoflio
omebSi damarcxebis Semdeg, agreTve ruseTis damarcxebis Semdeg ruseT-
iaponiis omSi.
Kkidev erTi mizezi geopolitikuri Teoriebis ganviTarebisa gaxlavT
ideologiuri motivebi. iseTi ideologebi, rogorebic gaxlavT inglisuri,
franguli, espanuri, portugaliuri, belgiuri, holandiuri kolonializmi,
amerikuli eqspansionizmi, sabWoTa komunizmi, italiuri faSizmi, germanuli
nacizmi, iaponuri militarizmi, pirdapir mouwodebdnen mtacebluri omebis
warmoebisa da farTo sivrceebis aTvisebisaken, TavianTi saxelmwifoebis
sazRvrebis gafarToebisaken mezobeli qveynebis teritoriis miTvisebis
67
xarjze, aseve TavianTi politikuri gavlenis gavrcelebas dedamiwis
sxvadasxva kontinentebze. sayuradReboa aRiniSnos, rom klasikuri periodis
geopolitikur warmodgenebSi yovelTvis arsebobda adamianis mier
saxmeleTo sivrcis, zRvebisa da satransporto komunikaciebis aTvisebis
mniSvneloba, rac eyrdnoboda saxelmwifos samxedro Zlierebas, ris
gareSec SeuZlebeli iqneboda dampyrobluri omebis warmoeba da
teritoriebis aneqsia, msoflios danawileba da gardaqmna. am
geopolitikuri azrovnebis paradigmis cvlileba daiwyo pirveli atomuri
bombis gamoyenebis (1945 w.), saraketo-birTvuli iaraRis gamogonebis,
masobrivi ganadgurebis iaraRis kolosaluri maragis Seqmnis Semdeg. imis
SesaZleblobis arsebobam, rom SedarebiT mcire zomis qveyanasac SeiZleba
gaaCndes masobrivi ganadgurebis iaraRi, SedarebiT Seamcira sxvaoba
samxedro potencialSi mcire da did saxelmwifoebs Soris, daaqveiTa ra
maT Soris omis SesaZlebloba.
am cvlilebebis gacnobierebis Sedegad, rodesac XX saukunis Sua
periodSi samxedro mrewvelobaSi danergil iqna axali teqnologiebi,
dasabami mieca geopolitikis klasikuri periodis dasrulebas.
geopolitikis klasikuri periodisaTvis (XIXs. 80-iani wlebi –XX s. 50-
iani wlebi) damaxasiaTebeli iyo ara marto sxvadasxva mecnierebis
konsolidacia geopolitikuri azrovnebis erTian kalapotSi, aramed
calkeuli mimdinareobebis _ erovnuli skolebis formirebac.
germanuli skola
geopolitikur mecnierebaSi pirvelad geopolitikis germanuli skola

iqna dafuZnebuli, romelic Tavidan warmodgenili iyo, rogorc geografiis
mecnierebis nawili.
swored politikiT dainteresebulma geografebma daiwyes axali
mecnierebisaTvis safuZvelis Cayra. am wamowyebis saTaveSi idgnen k. riteri,
f. racteli, r. Celeni.
pirveli iyo cnobili geografi, meore _ upirveles yovlisa Tavs
Tvlida geograf-anTropologad, Semdeg politikur geografad da mxolod
mesame dasaxelebuli mecnieri ganixilavda sakuTar Tavs geopolitikosad.
XX saukunis 20-40-iani wlebi iTvleba germanuli geopolitikis
ayvavebis xanad. am periodSi qmnidnen Tavis naSromebs, ayalibebdnen
geopolitikur institutebs da aqtiurad axdendnen zegavlenas germaniaSi
mimdinare socialur-politikur procesebze iseTi geopolitikosebi,
rogorebic iyvnen k. haushoferi, k.Smidti, e. obsti, k. vovinkeli da a.
grabovski.
germanulma geopolitikam CamoyalibebisTanave ori mimarTulebiT
daiwyo ganviTareba:
I _ nacionalisturi _ (mas miekuTvnebian zemoT CamoTvlili
geopolitikosebi). TavianT naSromebSi am mimarTulebis mecnierebi naTlad
gadmogvcemdnen germanelebis erovnul daukmayofileblobas, romelic
gamoixateboda germaneli eris iseTi procesisgan CamocilebaSi, rogoric
gaxldaT msoflio kolonialuri gadanawileba, aseve ukmayofilebis mizezs
ra Tqma unda warmoadgenda qveynis marcxi pirvel msoflio omSi.
II _ mimarTuleba germanuli geopolitikisa iyo internacionaluri,
memarcxene socialur-demokratiuli, romelmac asaxva hpova g. grafis, k.
vitfogelis da sxva reformatoruli marqsizmis momxreebis naSromebSi. is
miznad isaxavda Seevso istoriuli materializmi geografiuli
68
determinizmiT, xalxisa da saxelmwifos ekonomikuri da politikuri
urTierToba daekavSirebina bunebasTan, miwasTan da niadagTan. Aase rom,
germanuli skolis Casaxvis periodSi, xdeboda sxvadasxva Teoriebis
dakavSireba niadagTan, geopolitika generirebda upirveles yovlisa
radikalur (memarjvene da memarcxene) politikur Teoriebs Soris,
romlebic sxvadasxvanairad afasebdnen SesaZleblobebs da germaniis
saarsebo amocanebs.
`Sua evropis~ Teoriebi (i. parCi, f. naumani) pirvel adgilze
ayenebdnen evropuli sazRvrebis gafarToebas, `faterlandis~
SemadgenlobaSi yvela eTnikuri germanelis Tavisi teritoriebiT Casmas,
Zlieri da geopolitikurad mtkice metropoliis warmoqmnas, romelic
bunebrivad gaavrcelebda Tavis zemoqmedebas TurqeTsa da axlo
aRmosavleTze.
rac Seexeba `msoflio politikis~ Teoriebs, maT TavianTi
geopolitikuri ganviTareba daiwyes moTxovniT Secvliliyo koloniuri
samflobeloebi, da miniWeboda “damoukidebloba” patara saxelmwifoebis
(belgias, holandias) koloniebs da im saxelmwifoebis samflobeloebs,
romlebic SesamCnevad CamorCnen saerTo evropul ekonomikur ganviTarebas
(espaneTi, portugalia). Ees yvelaferi ki Tavis mxriv Seesabameboda Zlieri
da ganviTarebuli germaniis interesebs. es Teoriebi, Tavis mxriv iyofoda
`sazRvao~, romelic amtkicebdnen flotis prioritets saxelmwifos
geopolitikur ganviTarebaSi (a. fon tirpici) da “saxmeleTo”, romlebic
daJinebiT moiTxovdnen aeTvisebinaT germaniis saxelmwifos mier pirvel
rigSi mezobeli da axlomdebare saxmeleTo teritoriebi (r. Celeni, e.
obsti).
germanuli geopolitikis meore gansxvavebuli Tviseba gaxldaT
saxelmwifosa da sazogadoebis mier misi amaRlebuli Secnobadoba. Aamis
mizezi, rogorc Cans iyo qveynis damarcxeba pirvel msoflio omSi, aseve am
omis Sedegad yvela kolonialuri samflobelos dakargva, uzarmazari
reparaciis gadaxdis aucilebloba da mZime safinanso-ekonomikuri krizisi,
romelmac mTeli qveyana moicva. es xels uwyobda germanelebis SegnebaSi
daemkvidrebinaT eris Teoria èvropis SuagulSi~ (f. naumani), `didi
sivrceebis~ koncefcia (f. listi), `kontinentalur blokis berlini-moskovi-
tokio” (k. haushoferi) Teoria. Aaseve, sxva germaneli mecnierebis mTavari
idea iyo dapirispireba saxmeleTo da sazRvao saxelmwifoebs Soris.
1919 wels k. haushoferma geografiis saleqcio kursSi, romelsac igi
kiTxulobda miunxenis universitetSi, gadmosca Tavisi geopolitikuri
ideebi. 1924 wels, berlinis umaRles politikur skolaSi a. grabovskim
daaarsa geopolitikuri seminari. imave wels, haushoferma e. obstomTan, o.
maulemTan da g. lautenzaxTan erTad daiwyo pirveli geopolitikuri
Jurnalis gamocema. xelisuflebaSi nacistebis mosvlis Semdeg (1933w.) man
miunhenSi Seqmna geopolitikis instituti, 1938 wels ki StutgartSi _
nacionaluri kavSiri sazRvargareT mcxovrebi germanelebis geopolitikuri
aRzrdis mizniT. germaniis yvela universitetSi geopolitika savaldebulo
sagnad iqna SemoRebuli.
nacionaluri geopolitikuri skolebi, romlebic mxars uWerdnen
espansionistur politikas, am periodSi yalibdeboda iaponiasa da
italiaSic.
69
iaponuri skola
iaponuri geopolitika – usvamda ra xazs Tavisi qveynis

“unikalurobasa da ganumeoreblobas”, calsaxad qadagebda “diadi iaponiis”
Seqmnas (s. komaki). masSi dominirebda nacionalisturi propaganda, romelic
mouwodebda iaponiis geosivrcis gafarToebas ùdidesi aziis~
mimarTulebiT.
1927w. iaponiis nacionalisturi partia mquxared miesalma e.w. `tanakis
memorandums~ (g. tanaki iyo iaponiis premier-ministri 1927-1929 wlebSi),
romelSic Camoyalibebul iqna geopolitikuri programa, romelic
manjuriis, monRoleTis, CineTis, samxreT-aRmosavleTi aziis da samxreTi
zRvebis àTvisebas~ gulisxmobda. iaponuri dapyrobiTi omebis
geostrategiuli mimarTulebebisaTvis (aSS, didi britaneTis, sabWoTa
kavSiris winaaRmdeg) Camoyalibda axali doqtrina (u. amau), romelsac
avtoris saxeli ewoda (igi iyo iaponiis sagareo saqmeTa saministros pres-
mdivani).
swored es doqtrina iTvaliswinebda aSS-is samxedro Zalebis
ganadgurebas wynar okeaneSi da iaponiis mier msoflio batonobis miRwevas.
premier-ministrebma f. konoem (geopolitikosi da doqtrinis ùdidesi
aRmosavlur-aziuri sferoebis TanaganviTarebis~ erT-erTi avtori _ 1940w.)
da x. toidzim (1942 w.) sagareo politikis ganviTarebas safuZvlad daudes
`TanaganviTarebis sferoebis~ koncefcia, romelic iTvaliswinebda
giganturi iaponiis imperiis mSeneblobas.бmokavSireebad iaponiam airCia
msoflios gadanawilebis miRma darCenili ganawyenebuli saxelmwifoebi:
germania da italia. am sam saxelmwifos Soris antikominternuli paqti
dadebul iqna premier-ministr f. konoes dros.
italiuri skola
italiuri geopolitikis formirebis dasawyisad SeiZleba CaiTvalos

florenciaSi 1903 wels Jurnal `renios~ gamoCena (`samefo~). Jurnalis
redaqtori iyo e. koradini (1865-1931 ww.). `renios~ ZiriTadi ideebi
efuZneboda italiis gaerTianebis dasrulebis aucileblobas, ucxoelebis
gamgeblobis qveS myofi italiuri miwebis dabrunebas. am miwebma miiRes
saxelwodeba àraSemoerTebuli miwebi~. aqedanac warmoiqmna termini
ìridentizmi~ _ sxvadasxva qveynis teritoriebze erTi eris
gaerTianebisaken swrafva. “araSemoerTebul” miwebs koradini miakuTvnebda
tirols, adriatikis napirebs, romlebic imyofebodnen avstria-ungreTis
Zalauflebis qveS, korsikas, savoias, nicas, romlebic safrangeTis
SemadgenlobaSi Sediodnen. garda amisa, koradini saubrobda italiis mier
koloniebis dapyrobis aucileblobaze, Tumca ar asaxelebda maT
adgilsamyofels.
1910 wels koradinim Camoayaliba nacionalisturi partia. male daiwyo
gamosvla misma beWdurma organom _ `nacionaluri idea~. 1911 wels italiis
mTavrobam nacionalistebis mxridan zemoqmedebis Sedegad, xanmokle omis
Semdeg Turqebisgan daipyro libia.
mTavar geopolitikur problemas nacionalistebisaTvis warmoadgenda
is garemoeba, rom maTi teritoriuli pretenziebi vrceldeboda im qveynebis
teritoriaze, romlebic mtrul samxedro-politikur blokebs
miekuTvnebodnen. italia, Zalian susti iyo imisaTvis, rom damoukideblad
emarTa Tavisi politika. is unda mimxroboda an antantas, an germanias da
70
avstria-ungreTs. koradini mxars uWerda germaniasTan kavSiris ideas,
poulobda ra or `dagvianebul~ ers Soris axlo naTesaobas, romlebic
Txoulobdnen Tavis àdgils mzis qveS~. sxva pozicia daikava yofilma
socialistma b. musolinim, romelmac daarsa Tavisi gazeTi `popolo de
italia~, (romlis programa saerTo TvisebebiT `nacinalistur ideasTan~
msgavsi iyo), magram dawyebul msoflio omSi, musolini mxars uWerda
antantas. 1915 wlis maisSi italia Caeba pirvel msoflio omSi am
ukanasknelis mxares.
Ppirveli msoflio omis dasrulebis Semgeg italias ergo Zalze
umniSvnelo teritoria daSlili avstria-ungreTis yofili imperiis
SemadgenlobaSi Semavali qedebis saxiT alpebSi da adriatikis zRvis
sanapiro zoli. am SenaZenebs ar hqonda arc ekonomiuri, arc strategiuli
mniSvneloba, Tavis mxriv ki antantis mokavSireebma uari Tqves dalmaciasa
da sxva miwebze, romlebsac isini dapirdnen italias, Tu ki is omSi
antantis sasargeblod Caebmeboda. versalis sazavo xelSekrulebis
sawinaaRmdegod, italiam sazRvrebis Secvlis mizniT brZola ukve 1919 wlis
seqtemberSi daiwyo, rodesac moxalise razmebma g. d’anuncios meTaurobiT
(1863-1938 ww.) daipyres qalaqi fiume, romlis macxovreblebis naxevars
eTnikuri italielebi Seadgendnen (qalaqis xorvatuli saxelwodebaa _
rieka). antantam uaryo misi italiisaTvis gadacema. male, 1922 wlis
Semodgomaze TviT italiaSi, yofili frontis mebrZolebze dayrdnobiT,
xelisufleba xelSi Caigdo musolinim (1883-1945 ww.).
italiuri faSizmis programa Camoyalibebul iqna d. jentiles (1875-
1944 ww.) mier. musolinim mxolod xeli moawera `faSizmis doqtrinis~
Camoyalibebas, romelic ìtaliur enciklopediaSi~ iqna moTavsebuli.
`faSizmis doqtrina~ ar Seicavda gansazRvrul geopolitikur programas.
jentile acnobierebda italiis samxedro da ekonomikur sisustes iseTi
Zlieri geopolitikuri mezoblebis winaSe, rogorebic iyvnen germania,
safrangeTi, didi britaneTi. magram misi miTiTebebi romis imperiis
teritoriis Sesaxeb, aSkarad miuTiTebda, rom swored uZvelesi romi iyo
ideali italiuri faSizmisa da xelsayreli pirobebis arsebobis
SemTxvevaSi, italiis pretenziebi SeiZleboda gazrdiliyo Zveli romis
imperiis farglebSi Semavali teritoriebis mimarT. Aamave dros, musolini
lavirebda evropul saxelmwifoebs Soris, cdilobda mieTvisebina
yvelaferi is, rac iyo SesaZlebeli da amiT moexdina jentiles ideebis
praqtikuli xorcSesxma.
1936 wels dapyrobil iqna eTiopia, Semdeg albaneTi. musolinim
oficialurad gamoacxada italia imperiad, xolo mefe viqtor-emanuel III
gamocxadebul iqna imperatorad. italiuri faSizmis saboloo Sedegi
yvelasaTvis cnobilia, Sesabamisad 1945 wlis Semdeg, italias gauqra
geopolitikuri ambiciebi.
italiuri skolis Teoriul geopolitikaSi didi wvlili Seitana
general dues doqtrinam haerSi batonobis Sesaxeb. misi azriT, swored
TviTmfrinavi SesZlebs daimorCilos mesame stiqia (pirveli stiqia-xmeleTi,
meore-zRva) _ haeri. amisaTvis saWiroa ganviTardes rogorc samoqalaqo,
aseve samxedro-sahaero floti. generlis azriT, momaval omebSi aviaciam
gansakuTrebuli adgili unda daikavos. moulodnel masiur dabombvas
SeuZlia omSi gadamwyveti warmatebis motana.
71
britanuli da amerikuli skolebi
agresiuli imperialisturi ideebisagan SedarebiT ufro zomieri

xasiaTis geopolitikuri ideebi arsebobda did britaneTsa da amerikaSi,
Tumca am zomierebasac gaaCnda sakmaod moCvenebiTi xasiaTi, rac aixsneboda
ori ZiriTadi faqtoriT: pirvel rigSi aSS-sa da did britaneTSi
gabatonebuli liberaluri da liberalur-konservatiuli ideebis gamo,
ris gamoc, am qveynebSi arsebuli geopolitikuri ideebi radikalurad
gansxvavdeboda im faSisturi, nacisturi da militaristuli
koncefciebisagan, romlebic Sesabamisad italiaSi, germaniasa da iaponiaSi
arsebobda. meore faqtori ki imaSi mdgomareobda, rom ingliselebi da
amerikelebi metwilad dainteresebulebi iyvnen ara TavianTi sazRvrebis
gafarToebiT, aramed TavianT daqvemdebarebaSi (mflobelobaSi) myofi
teritoriebis dacviT mosalodneli faSisturi da militaristuli
agresiisagan.
es skolebi ZiriTad upiratesobas aniWebdnen sazRvao flotis
ganviTarebis mniSvnelobis Sesaxeb msjelobas da amtkicebdnen sazRvao
saxelmwifoebis upiratesobas saxmeleTo Zalebze.
Tumca gansxvaveba am ori skolaSi iyo is, rom britanelebi ufro
kolonialuri politikis mimdevrebi iyvnen, xolo amerikelebi
eqspansionizmis politikas aniWebdnen upiratesobas. Sedegad, amerikelebma
miiRes is, rom britanelebisagan gansxvavebiT isini ukve TiTqmis saukunea
rac supersaxelmwifos warmoadgenen.
franguli skola
franguli geopolitikuri skolis damaarseblad udaod iTvleba p. vidal

de la blaSi, romelmac Tavisi geopolitikuri ideebi aago ratcelis
kritikaze. misi azriT, ratcelma zedmeti mniSvneloba mianiWa geografiul
garemoebebs da ar Seafasa bolomde adamianuri faqtori. de la blaSi
yuradRebas ufro adamianTa kulturul siaxloves aqcevda da
safrangeTisaTvis elzas-lorenis dabrunebaze ocnebobda.
franguli geopolitikis cnobili warmomadgeneli anseli ki Tvlida, rom
safrangeTs ara dampyrobeli qveynis, aramed wamyvani civilizebuli
saxelmwifos imiji unda hqonoda.
rusuli skola
sxvadasxva mimarTulebebiT ganviTarda geopolitikis rusuli skola.

pirvel mimarTulebad Cven SegviZlia miviCnioT panslavizmi. Aam ideis erT-
erT TvalsaCino warmomadgenlad gvevlineba n. danilevski, romelmac
warmoadgina sruliad slavuri federaciis Seqmnis idea centrebiT
moskovsa da konstantinopolSi. Mmeore geopolitikuri mimarTuleba asaxul
iqna rusul geografiul mecnierebaSi, romelic did mniSvnelobas aniWebda
kvlevebis Catarebas imperiis momavali ganviTarebis Sesaxeb. am skolis
warmomadgeneli gaxldaT semionov-tian-Sanski. mesame mimarTulebas ki
rusuli bolSevizmi warmoadgenda, romelic marqsistul Teorias
eyrdnoboda, romlis ZiriTadi postulati gaxldaT socialur-ekonomikuri
formaciis Secvla msoflio revoluciis gziT. Aam ideebis naTeli
72
gamomxatveli gaxldaT l. trocki, romelmac Seqmna “permanentuli
revoluciis” Teoria. rac Seexeba meoTxe mimarTulebas, es gaxldaT
evrazielebis geopolitika, romelmac Tavisi ganviTareba hpova rusul
emigraciul wreebSi da romelic darCa slavianofilebis tradiciebis
erTguli da qadagebda ruseTis unikalurobis ideas rogorc evropasTan,
aseve aziasTan mimarTebaSi. Aam mimarTulebis TvalsaCino warmomadgeneli
gaxldaT p. savicki.
Aamrigad, wamyvan skolebad, romelTa Teoretikosebma umTavresi wvlili
Seitanes klasikuri geopolitikis ganviTarebaSi, iqcnen im periodis
zesaxelmwifoebis (germania, safrangeTi, didi britaneTi, italia, aSS,
ruseTi(ssrk), iaponia) skolebi. rogorc vxedavT, isini sakmaod
gansxvavdebodnen erTmaneTisagan, Tumca maT yvelas hqonda erTi saerTo
Tviseba – TavianTi qveynebis pretenzia pirvelobaze.
73
Tavi VIII
klasikuri periodis wamyvani geopolitikosebis ZiriTadi

ideebi
germanuli “organicizmuli skola”
TavianT naSromebSi saxelmwifoebs, rogorc sivrcul organizmebs

ganixilavdnen geopolitikis mamamTavrebad wodebulni: germanelebi
fridrix ratceli da fridrix naumani da Svedi rudolf Celeni.
Mmravali mecnieris azriT, swored fridrix ratceli iTvleba
geopolitikuri mecnierebis „mamamTavrad”, miuxedavad imisa, rom sakuTar
naSromebSi mas termini „geopolitika” ar gamouyenebia. Tavisi
geopolitikuri ideebi germanelma mecnierma ganaviTara naSromSi
„politikuri geografia” (“Politische Geographie”). aRniSnuli naSromi 1897 wels
gamovida.
aRsaniSnavia is faqti, rom rodesac vsaubrobT ratcelis naSromebze,
unda xazi gaesvas im garemoebas, rom misi msoflmxedveloba daefuZna
evolucionizmsa da darvinizms.
Ffridrix ratcelma daamTavra karlsrues politeqnikuri
universiteti, sadac man geologiis, paleontologiisa da zoologis
kursebi gaiara. Ggarda amisa, igi xSirad mogzaurobda evropasa da
amerikaSi da Tavis samecniero interesebs eTnologiuri kvlevebic daumata.
1882 wels StutgardSi gamodis misi naSromi saxelwodebiT
„anTropogeografia”, romelSic Tavmoyrilia misi ZiriTadi ideebi - xalxTa
evoluciisa da demografiis kavSiri geografiul monacemebTan, reliefis
konfiguraciisa da adgilmdebareobis gavlena xalxTaA politikuri
cnobierebis Camoyalibebaze da sxva. Tumca CvenTvis sayuradgeboa misi
naSromi „politikuri geografia”.
zemoT aRniSnul naSromSi ratceli amtkicebs, rom niadagi - igive miwa,
ZiriTad da ucvlel safuZvels warmoadgens, romlis garSemoc viTardeba
msoflio istoria da brunavs sxvadasxva erebis interesebi. istoriuli
procesebis ganviTareba pirdapirkavSirSia niadagsa da teritoriasTan.
ratceli Tavis naSromebSi saxelmwifos aigivebs cocxal
organizmTan, romelic “yalibdeba reliefisa da masStabisagan xalxis mier
maTi gaazrebis Sedegad”51. Mmecnieri „normalur” saxelmwifod aRiqvams
iseT qveyanas, romelSic yvelaze bunebrivadaa Sexamebuli sxvadasxva
istoriuli procesebis ganviTarebis Sedegad Camoyalibebuli konkretuli
eris geografiuli, eTno-kulturuli da demografiuli parametrebi.
ratcelis ganmartebiT, saxelmwifoebi unda moviazroT cocxal
organizmebad, romlebic TiTieul istoriul procesSi inarCuneben sakuTar
kavSirs niadagTan. Sesabamisad, qveynebi unda Seswavlil iqnes upirveles
yovlisa geografiuli faqtorebis gaTvaliswinebiT. Mmecnieris azriT,
saxelmwifo aseve warmoadgens sivrcul movlenas da maT ganviTarebas
warmarTavs sivrce, anu saxelmwifoebi viTardebian sivrcis safuZvelze da
sul ufro metad erwymian mas. aRniSnuli mosazrebidan irkveva, rom
ratceli saxelmwifoebis sivrcul eqspansias aRiqvamda cocxali
organizmis zrdis msgavs bunebriv sasicocxlo procesad.
51
Ratzel, Friedrich". New International Encyclopedia. 1905. P. 32
74
Ggermanuli „organicizmuli skolis” warmomadgenlis, ratcelis
Tvalsazrisi naTladaa warmodgenili mis mosazrebaSi sivrcis Sesaxeb,
romelic raodenobriv-materialuri kategoriidan gadadis axal xarisxSi
da „sasicocxlo sferod”, „geobiogaremod” gardaiqmneba. Mman sivrcesTan
mimarTebaSi Camoayaliba ori axali termini: „sivrculi azri” (Raumsinn) da
„sasicocxlo energia” (Lebensenergie). es Tezisebi ratcelis geopolitikis
Zireul principebs warmoadgens, ufro metic, damokidebuleba saxelmwifos,
rogorc „sivrcobriv niadagSi Canergili cocxali organizmis mimarT”,
aris geopolitikis meTodis ZiriTadi safuZveli.
sainteresoa ratceliseuli xedva eTnossa da sivrces Soris
urTierTdamokidebulebaze. misi azriT, saxelmwifo yalibdeba da
viTardeba dedamiwis konkretul regionSi cocxal organizmad, romlis
Tvisebebic damokidebulia xalxisa da niadagis Tvisebebze. Aam Tvisebebidan
mecnieri pirvel adgilze gamoyofs: sidides, adgilmdebareobasa da
sazRvrebs, aseve niadagis tips, mcenareul safars da bolos mis
damokidebulebas dedamiwis zedapiris sxva konglomeratebTan, anu
mimdebare zRvebsa da dausaxlebel miwebTan, romlebic erTi SexedviT
TiTqosda ar warmoadgenen politikuri interesebis sferos. am Tvisebebis
Serwymis Sedegad iqmneba da viTardeba saxelmwifo. Aamave dros, rodesac
Cven ganvixilavT ama Tu im qveyanas, aq yuradReba unda gavamaxviloT
mosaxleobaze, da im yvelaferze, rac adamianis mier iqna Seqmnili. anu,
aqedan gamomdinare, wminda geografiuli cneba TandaTanobiT gardaiqmneba
qveynis mosaxleobisa da misi istoriis sulier da emociur kavSirad.
ratcelis ganmartebiT, „saxelmwifo aris organizmi ara mxolod
imitom, rom igi SemoqmedebiT unars aniWebs eris cxovrebas miwaze, aramed
imitomac, rom es kavSiri urTierTmoqmedebis Sedegad mtkicdeba da
gardaiqmneba erT mTlianobad, romelic warmoudgeneli iqneboda erTi
meoris gareSe.52”
im faqtis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom ratceli saubrobs saxelmwifoze,
rogorc cocxal organizmze, romelic ibadeba, izrdeba da kvdeba, amitomac
misi ganviTareba, gazrda da gafarToveba warmoadgens umniSvnelovanes
sasicocxlo etaps, rac Tavis mxriv gulisxmobs qveynis „sazRvrebis
urRvevobis”koncefciaze uaris Tqmas. Aaqedan gamomdinare, mecnieri
amarTlebs didi saxelmwifos eqspansionistur politikas da gamoyofs
eqspansiis Svid kanons:
1. “saxelmwifos moculoba izrdeba misi kulturis ganviTarebis

Sesabamisad.
2. saxelmwifos sivrcul zrdas Tan axlavs misi ganviTarebis sxva
gamovlinebebic: ideologiis, warmoebis, komerciuli saqmianobis,
Zlieri “mimzidveli gamosxivebis” da prozelitizmis sferoebSi.
3. saxelmwifo farTovdeba mcire mniSvnelobis mqone politikuri
erTeulebis STanTqmiT.
4. sazRvari es aris saxelmwifos ganapiras arsebuli organo.
5. sivrculi eqspansiis ganxorcielebis dros saxelmwifo miiswrafvis
Tavisi ganviTarebisaTvis daikavos regionebi, sanapiroebi, mdinareTa
auzebi, velebi, yvela mdidari da saWiro teritoria.
6. eqspansiis sawyisi impulsi momdinareobs garedan. saxelmwifos
gafarToebisaken aqezebs ufro dabali civilizaciis mqone
saxelmwifo (an teritoria).
52
75
7. SedarebiT susti erebis asimilaciis an STanTqmis saerTo tendencia
ubiZgebs mas sakuTari teritoriis ufro metad gafarTovebisaken,
romlis saSualebiTac sakuTar Tavs igi TviTonve asazrdovebs”53.
G ratcelis naSromebSi aseTi ideebis arsebobis gamo sruliad

logikuria, rom bevri kritikosi ratcels brals sdebda
„imperialistebisaTvis katexizmos” daweris gamo. Tumca mecnieris mizani
sulac ar iyo germaniis imperializmis gamarTleba, radgan mis mizans
warmoadgenda Seeqmna saxelmwifoTa da xalxTa istoriis sivrcisadmi
damokidebulebis Sesabamisi aRqmis konceptualuri instrumenti.
sainteresoa aseve ratcelis daintereseba amerikis SeerTebuli
Statebis mimarT.Mman ori wigni miuZRvna amerikas: „CrdiloeT amerikis
qalaqebisa da civilizaciebis rukebi” (1874) da „CrdiloeT amerikis
SeerTebuli Statebi” (1878-1880). AaSS-Si mogzaurobisas man daafiqsira, rom
amerikelebs „sivrcis SegrZneba” umaRles doneze aqvT ganviTarebuli,
radgan maT Zalze warmatebulad moaxerxes „ukacrieli” sivrceebis
aTviseba. am miznis warmatebiT ganxorcielebaSi Tavisi roli iTamaSa
„evropis politikur-geografiulma” gamocdilebam. Eswored es gamocdileba
daexmara amerikelebs, rom bevrad ufro mokle droSi ganexorcielebinaT
is procesebi, rasac Zveli samyaro intuiciurad da nel-nela akeTebda54.
ratcelis SromebSi vxvdebiT kidev erT mniSvnelovan geopolitikur
koncefcias, romelic dakavSirebulia „msoflio saxelmwifos” pirvel
formulirebebTan. Aam koncefciis safuZvelze da amerikis gamocdilebidan
gamomdinare, germanelma geopolitikosma swored germanias
uwinaswarmetyvela kontinenturi saxelmwifos bedi. ratcelma aseve
gansazRvra zRvis mniSvneloba civilizaciis ganviTarebaSi - wignSi: „zRva
xalxTa Zlierebis saTave” igi aRniSnavda, rom nebismierma saxelmwifom,
romelsac gaaCnia moTxovnileba miaRwios gansakuTrebul Zlierebas, unda
ganaviTaros samxedro-sazRvao Zalebi.D es procesi, misi TqmiT,
warmoadgenda aucilebel pirobas „msoflio saxelmwifos” statusis
mopovebis gzaze.
F fridrix ratcelis naSromebze wignebze daafuZvnes sakuTari
koncefciebi Svedma Celenma da germanelma naumanma.
rudolf Celenis geopolitikuri ideebi
rudolf Celeni iyo Svedi geopolitikosi, romelmac pirvelma

gamoiyena termini ”geopolitika”, romelic man ase ganmarta: „esaa
mecniereba saxelmwifos, rogorc sivrceSi ganfenili geografiuli
organizmis Seaxeb.55”
Celeni gaxldaT ufsalisa da geteborgis universitetetis
profesori, sadac igi kiTxulobda istoriasa da politikur mecnierebebs.
mogvianebiT igi aqtiurad CaerTo politikaSi da gaxda parlamentis wevri.
miuxedavad imisa, rom igi iyo Svedi, mecnieri aSkara germanofiluri
orientaciiT gamoirCeoda.
53
54
Die Vereinigten Staaten von Nordamerika (The United States of North America, 1878-80)
55
Kjellén, Rudolf, Die politische Probleme des Weltkrieges. Leipzig, 1916. P.25
76
Celenma Tavis naSromebSi SemogvTavaza oTxi axali postulati:
 Eekopolitika-“saxelmwifos ekonomikuri Zalis Seswavla”

 Ddemopolitika-“xalxis mier saxelmwifosadmi gadacemuli
dinamikuri impulsebis gamokvleva”.
 sociopolitika-“saxelmwifos Seswavla socialur aspeqtSi”.
 kratopolitika- „marTvis da xelisuflebis formebis Seswavla
samarTlisa da social-ekonomikuri faqtorebis problemebTan
mimarTebaSi”56.
marTalia, misma am postulatebma ver hpoves farTo gavrceleba,
magram termini „geopolitika” safuZvlianad damkvidrda rogorc samecniero
wreebSi, aseve mTlianad sazogadoebaSi.
rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, Celeni ratcelis mosazrebebs
iTvaliswinebda, rac kargad Cans mis naSromSi - „saxelmwifo, rogorc
sicocxlis forma”, igi ratcelis msgavsad germanuli „organicizmis”
ideebis mxardamWeri iyo. man safuZvlianad ganavrco ratcelisa da naumanis
„kontinenturi saxelmwifos” idea da aCvena, rom germania aris RerZuli
dinamizmis mflobeli sivrce, romlis garSemoc Semokrebul unda iqnen
danarCeni evropuli saxelmwifoebi. ACeleni pirvel msoflio oms
ganixilavda bunebriv geografiul konfliqtad, romlis warmoSobis
ZiriTad mizezebs warmoadgenda konfliqti germaniis mzard eqspansiasa da
germaniis iniciativiT Seqmnil “samTa kavSiris” blokTan dapirispirebul
wamyvan evropul saxelmwifoebs Soris, romelTac mecnieri “periferiul
qveynebs” uwodebda. Celenis azriT, gardauvali iyo germaniis evropasTan
geopolitikuri gaigiveba, miuxedavad misi damarcxebisa pirvel msoflio
omSi. Celenis azriT, germania „norCi” saxelmwifoa, xolo germanelebi
„norCi eri”, romlebic TavianTi geopolitikuri mdebareobidan gamomdinare
„Suaevropuli sivrciT” arian STagonebulni. Aamitomac, germaniam Zal-Rone
ar unda daiSuros, raTa Seqmnas msoflio masStabis kontinenturi
saxelmwifo, da am mizniT germanias maqsimaluri Zalisxmeva unda moexdina
daemyarebina kontroli im teritoriebze, romlebsac akontrolebdnen
„Zveli xalxebi”-frangebi da ingliselebi. rac Seexeba geopolitikuri
winaaRmdegobis ideologiur Aaspeqts, igi Celens meorexarisxovnad miaCnda.
marTalia, Celeni Svedi iyo, igi maqsimalurad cdilobda Sveduri
politikis germanulTan daaxloebas, misi geopolitikuri Sexedulebebi
germaniis adgilmdebareobis mniSvnelobis Sesaxeb, zustad emTxveva
fridrix naumanis mier Camoyalibebul „Sua evropis” Teorias.
naumanis naSromebSi naTladaa Camoyalibebuli Celenis koncefciis
Sesabamisi geopolitikuri ideebi, romlis Tanaxmadac, imisaTvis rom
centraluri evropis saxelmwifoebma da am teritoriebze mosaxle xalxebma
Tavidan aicilon iseTi organizebuli geopolitikuri warmonaqmnebis,
rogorebicaa inglisi, aSS, da ruseTi geopolitikuri gavlena, saWiroa
erTiani politikis Camoyalibeba da axali politikur-ekonomikuri sivrcis
Seqmna, xolo am sivrcis saTaveSi warmmarTveli Zala unda iyos germania.
swored esaa „Sua evropis” (Mitteleuropa) Teoria, romelic warmoadgenda
wminda geopolitikur cnebas, sadac yuradReba eTmoboda ara eTnikur,
aramed geografiuli bedis erTianobas. aRniSnuli proeqti gulisxmobda
germaniis, avstriis, dunaispira saxelmwifoebis, xolo Soreul
perspeqtivaSi safrangeTis integracias.
56
Kjellén, Rudolf, Die Grossmaechte vor und nach dem Weltkriege. Leipzig, Berlin, 1930
77
K
kontinenturi blokis idea
Kkarls haushoferi
karl haushoferis (1869-1946 ww.) samecniero Semoqmedebisa da misi

geopolitikuri mosazrebebis “wyalobiT”, es mecniereba bevri eqspertis
azriT miiCneoda ara ubralod rogorc “fsevdo mecniereba”, aramed igi
didi xnis ganmavlobaSi ganixileboda “faSistur” Teoriad.
karl haushoferi daibada miunhenSi profesoris ojaxSi. Mmis survils
warmoadgenda gamxdariyo profesionali samxedro piri. igi daaxloebiT
oci wlis ganmavlobaSi msaxurobda oficrad germaniis SeiaraRebul
ZalebSi. 1908-1910 wlebSi haushoferi gagzavnil iqna samxedro ataSed
iaponiasa da manjuriaSi, sadac man axlo urTierToba daamyara iaponiis
imperatoris ojaxTan da umaRles aristokratiasTan.
Uukve 1911 wels, susti janmrTelobis gamo haushoferi iZulebuli gaxda
Tavi daenebebina sakmaod warmatebuli samxedro karierisaTvis, igi
dabrunda germaniaSi, sadac igi eweoda Tavis samecniero moRvaweobas
sicocxlis bolomde. MmogvianebiT, man miunhenis universitetSi doqtoris
wodeba miiRo. UuniversitetSi saleqcio kursebis Catarebis ganmavlobaSi
haushoferi regularulad aqveynebda geopilitikisadmi da, kerZod wynari
okeanis geopolitikisadmi miZRvnil wignebs. Mmisi pirveli wigni iyo “Dai
nihon”, romelSic man gaanaliza iaponiis geopolitika.
1924 wlidan 20 wlis ganmavlobaSi haushoferi aqveynebda geopolitikur
Jurnals – “Geopilitik” (SemdgomSi saxeSecvlili saTauriT “Zeitschrift fur
Geopolitik”), romelsac didi saerTaSoriso mniSvneloba gaaCnda. Tavisi
samecniero Sromebis umravlesoba swored am Jurnalis sxvadasxva nomrebSi
iyo gamoqveynebuli.
1936 wlamde mas kargi urTierToba gaaCnda nacistur partiasTan, (es
garkveulwilad ganpirobebuli iyo misi megobrobiT nacistebis erT-erT
liderTan – hesTan, romlis meSveobiTac haushoferma gaicno hitleri,
rodesac es ukanaskneli warumatebeli putCis Semdeg cixeSi moxvda).
mogvianebiT ki daiwyo urTierTobebis gaciveba. hesis mier inglisSi
gaqcevis Semdeg haushoferis mimarT undobloba sul ufro da ufro
izrdeboda. DdaZabulobam kulminacias miaRwia, rodesac 1944 wels
hitleris winaaRmdeg SeTqmulebaSi monawileobis braldebiT sikvdiliT
dasajes misi Svili alberxti, ris Sedegadac haushoferi, TiTqmis, “eris
mtrad” iqna Seracxuli.
Emeore msoflio omis ukanasknel periodSi faSistebTan esoden daZabuli
urTierTobebis miuxedavad, igi mokavSireebis mier “TvalsaCino nacistebSi”
iqna Caricxuli. Kkarl haushoferma ver gadaitana mZime fsiqologiuri
dartyma da 1946 wels man Tavis colTan, marTasTan erTad Tavi moikla.
Hhaushoferis mier safuZvlianad iqna Seswavlili ratcelis, Celenis,
makinderis, vidal de la blaSis, mehenisa da sxva geopolitikosTa Sromebi.
msoflio dualizmis Teorias – “sazRvao da saxmeleTi mmarTveloba” – igi
ganixilavda im ZiriTad koncefciad, romelic warmoadgenda saerTaSoriso
politikis ZiriTad princips.
“sazRvao mmarTvelobisa” da “msoflio mmarTvelobis” msoflio
dualizmi germanias mniSvnelovani dilemis winaSe ayenebda. germanuli
saxelmwifos pilitikuri Zliereba surdaT erovnuli ideeis momxreebs, rac
gulisxmobda industriul ganviTarebas, kulturul aRmavlobasa da
geopolitikur eqspansias. Aamave dros, germaniis mosalodneli sivrcobrivi
78
da kulturuli eqspansia evropis centrSi ar Sedioda dasavleTis didi
qveynebis _ inglisis, safrangeTisa da perspeqtivaSi aSS-is interesebSi.
Tavis mxriv, “atlantisti” geopolitikosebic Riad afiqsirebdnen TavianT
uaryofiT ganwyobas germaniis – rogorc saxmeleTo qveynis mimarT da mas
sazRvao dasavleTis erT-erT mTavar geopolitikur mowinaaRmdeged
ganixilavdnen. Aaqedan gamomdinare, “didi erovnuli germaniis” momavali
dasavleTTan, gansakuTrebiT anglosaqsur samyarosTan geopolitikuri
winaaRmdegobiT viTardeboda.
swored am saerTaSoriso politikuri viTarebis ganxilvas efuZneboda
karls haushoferisa da misi mimdevrebis geopolitikuri doqtrina, romlis
arsi mdgomareobs saxmeleTo qveynebisagan “kontinenturi blokis” an
berlini-moskovi-tokios RerZis Seqmnis aucileblobaSi. Ahaushoferis
azriT, es unda yofiliyo erTaderTi srulfasovani da Sesabamisi pasuxi
“sazRvao” Zalebis strategiis mimarT, romelic Tavis mxriv ar malavda,
rom am ZalebisaTvis yvelaze did problemas Seqmnida analogiuri
evraziuli aliansis Seqmna.
ATavis mosazrebebs haushoferi sxadasxvanairad gamoxatavda Tavis
sxvadasxva naSromSi. Aam mimarTulebam miiRo dasaxeleba “Ostorientierung” anu
“orientacia aRmosavleTisaken”, radganac gulisxmobda, rom germania da
germaneli eri, germanuli kultura, warmoadgens evraziuli, aziuri
tradiciis gagrZelebas dasavleTis mimarTulebiT.
AamasTanave aucilebelia xazi gaesvas im garemoebas, rom haushoferis
“Ria aRmosavleTis” koncefcia aranairad ar gulisxmobda “slavuri miwebis
okupacis”57. Aaq ZiriTadi yuradReba gamaxvilebuli iyo ori kontinenturi
saxelmwifos – ruseTis da germaniis erTobliv civilizaciur
Zalisxmevaze, romelTac erToblivi ZalebiT unda daemyarebinaT “axali
evraziuli wesrigi”, xelaxla CamoeyalibebinaT “msoflio kunZulis”
kontinenturi sivrce ise, rom mTlianad gamoeyvanaT igi “zRvis Zalebis”
gavlenisagan. Hhaushoferis mier germanuli Lebensraum (gafarToeba) idea
gulisxmobda ara rusuli miwebis kolonizaciis, aramed meCxerad
dasaxlebuli giganturi aziuri sivrceebis aTvisebas aRmosavleT evropaSi
cvlilebebis ganxorcielebis xarjze.
praqtikuli TvalsazrisiT es yvelaferi ase naTlad ar gamoiyureboda.
Hhaushoferis wminda mecnieruli geopolitikuri Teoria, romelic
logikurad aviTarebda moskovTan “kontinenturi blokis” Seqmnis
aucileblobas, winaaRmdegobaSi Sedioda germanul erovnul
TviTSegnebasTan. es exeba istoriisadmi rasistul midgomas. Aam midgomis
yvelaze mTavar faqtors warmoadgenda rasobrivi, enobrivi da kulturuli
siaxlove da ara geografiuli an geopolitikuri specifika. am midgomis
arsebobis SemTxvevaSi germanelebis bunebriv mokavSireebad gvevlinebodnen
inglisi, aSS, radgan eTnikurad da lingvisturi TvalsazrisiT isini
germanelebTan bevrad ufro axlos idgnen. Aamave dros, slavebi da,
gansakuTrebiT, muqi kanis evrazieli xalxebi germanelebis mowinaaRmdeged
miiCneodnen. am faqtors aseve emateboda rasobriv niadagze agebuli
ideologiuri antikomunizmi, rogorc antigermanuli ideologia.
Nnacional-socialistebis mier SemuSavebuli rasistuli Teoria
pirdapir ewinaaRmdegeboda geopolitikur koncefciebs. rasizmis
57
Edmund A. Welsh S.J., The Mystery of Haushofer, LIFE Magazine September 16, 1946 pp. 107-120
79
ideologiuri TvalsazrisiT germanias unda eTanamSromla inglisTan da
aSS-sTan (anglosaqsonur erebTan), raTa SemdgomSi erToblivi ZalixmeviT
SesaZlebeli yofiliyo ssrk-sTan dapirispireba. magram amave dros, didi
xani ar iyo gasuli versalis xelSekrulebis gaformebidan, romlis
Sedegadac germaniam Tavisi teritoriis mniSvnelovani nawili, da yvela
kolonia dakarga. Aaqedan momdinareobda mesame raixis orazrovani
politika. Ees politika mudmivad iyo ori mimarTulebis, erTi mxriv
miyveboda Talasokratiul xazs, garedan gamarTlebul rasizmsa da
antikomunizms da meore mxriv wminda geopolitikur principebze
dafuZnebul evraziul Telurokratias Soris.
vinaidan haushoferi Tavis moRvaweobas konkretuli politikuri
problemebis gadawyvetisaTvis eweoda, amitomac igi iZulebuli gaxda
Tavisi Teoriebi im drois mniSvnelovan politikur movlenebTan
Seefardebina. haushoferi nawilobriv eTanxmeboda antikominternis paqtis
dadebas, anu berlini-romi-tokios RerZis Seqmnas, igi cdilobda es
xelSekruleba gaemarTlebina rogorc srulfasovani “evraziuli blokis”
Seqmnis mcdeloba, Tumca, amave dros is acnobierebda am kavSiris
anikomunistur mimarTulebas - Heartland-is centris nacvlad, Rimland-is
meorexarisxovani, naxevarkunZulovani saxelmwifos _ italiis _ gamoCenas.
aseTi politikuri komformizmiT nakarnaxevi nabijebi haushoferis
geopolitikis maCvenebels ar warmoadgenda. Mmisi ideebi ZiriTadad
efuZneboda swored germaniis “aRmosavluri bedisweris” koncefcias,
romlis ZiriTadi principi iyo myari da xangrZlivi evraziul kavSiris
Camoyalibeba.
K karl Smidti
germaneli karl Smidti (1888-1985 ww.) gaxldaT cnobili iuristi,

politologi, filosofosi da istorikosi. AamasTanave unda aRiniSnos, rom
misi samecniro kvlevebis umravlesoba mWidrodaa dakavSirebuli
geopolitikutr koncefciasTan.
Kmecniers mWidro urTierToba gaaCnda konservatiuli revoluciis
germaneli warmomadgenlebis im paradoqsul mimdinareobasTan, romelSic
gaerTianebuli iyo nacional-konservatiuli da socialur-revoluciuri
elementebi. iseve rogorc sxva konservatori revolucionerebis, aseve
Smidtis kavSiri nacional-socialistur reJimTan gaorebuli iyo. erTi
mxriv, misma koncefciebma garkveuli zemoqmedeba moaxdines nacistur
ideologiaze. NnacistebSi metad popularuli iyo germaneli mecnieris
politologiuri wignebi “politikuri Teologia” da “politikuri cneba”,
romlebSic Smitis mier dasabuTebuladaa gakritikebuli liberaluri
samarTali da “samarTlebrivi saxelmwifos ideebi”. Aam SromebSi Smitma
ukiduresi politikuri realizmi gamoavlina.
Aaseve unda aRiniSnos, rom Smidtis koncefcia efuZneboda “xalxTa
uflebebis” ideas, ewinaaRmdegeboda “adamianis uflebebis” liberalur
Teorias. Mmisi azriT yvela ers aqvs ufleba kulturul suverenulobaze,
Tavisi sulieri, istoriuli da politikuri identurobis SenarCunebaze.
aseTive ideebi gaaCnda zogierT nacional-socialistsac. MmaTi azriT aseTi
ideologia universaluri unda yofiliyo, radgan igi dedamiwis yvela
xalxisaTvis misaRebi iyo. amave dros, es koncefcia swored Sovinizmsa da
viwro nacionalistur – pangermanizmul idead gadaiqca, amitom Smidti da
misi “xalxTa uflebebis” Teoria Zlieri kritikis qarcecxlSi moeqca.
mxolod gasuli saukunis 70-ian wlebSi, zogierTi memarcxene
80
socialisturi ideologis gavlenis Sedegad, Smidtis Sromebi nel-nela
iqna reabilitirebuli da Tanamedrove etapze Smidti aRiarebulia
politologiisa da iurisprudenciis klasikosad.
Smidti amtkicebda, rom arsebobda sawyisi kavSiri politikur
kulturasa da sivrces Soris. Aamitomac man Camoayaliba “nomosis”
koncefcia. berZnuli termini “nomosi” samarTlebrivi TvalsazrisiT
niSnavs “raRac Camoyalibebuls, mowesrigebuls, organizebuls. 58” “nomosi”
aris politikuri da iuridiuli sistemebis SeqmnaSi gamovlenili
subieqturi da obieqturi faqtorebis gansakuTrebuli sinTezuri SenaerTi.
“nomosSi” mJRavndeba adamianTa koleqtivis garemosTan Sexamebuli
bunebrivi da kulturuli Taviseburebebi.
wignSi “miwis nomosi”, Smidti aanalizebs, Tu ra zegavlenas axdens
planetis ama Tu im regionis specifika masSi ganviTarebul kulturebsa da
saxelmwifoebze.
Smidtis mier SemuSavebul iqna kidev erTi geopolitikuri - “didi
sivrcis” Teoria. E es koncefcia saxelmwifos ganviTarebis process
ganixilavs, rogorc miswrafebas teritoriuli gafarToebisaken.
Ees geopolitikuri kanoni dakavSirebulia rogorc politikur, aseve
ekonomikur faqtorebTan. Smidti amtkicebs, rom garkveuli periodidan
dawyebuli konkretuli saxelmwifos moTxovnileba, aiTvisos damatebiTi
teritoriebi da ekonomikurad ganviTardes, moiTxovs Tavisi terotoriis
raodenobriv da xarisobriv zrdas. Aar aris aucilebeli, rom es
gamoixatos kolonizaciaSi, aneqsiasa an samxedro SeWraSi. “didi sivrcis”
Camoyalibeba SeiZleba mimdinareobdes sxva kanonebis mixedviTac, ramdenime
saxelmwifos an xalxis mier erTiani religiuri an kulturuli formis
miRebis safuZvelze.
“didi sivrce” garkveulwilad SeiZleba gaigivebul iqnes
saxelmwifosTanac, ufro swored imperiul warmonaqmTan (Das Reich), rac
TavisTavad gansxvavdeba Cveulebrivi saxelmwifos koncefciisagan da igi
strategiul, geopolitikur da ideologiur faqtorebze dafuZnebul
zeerovnuli ganviTarebis axal formas warmoadgens.
Smidtis “didi sivrce” dafuZnebulia kuturul da eTnikur
mravalferovnebaze, farTo avtonomiaze, romelic SezRudulia mxolod
strategiuli centralizmiTa da umaRlesi xelisuflebisadmi totaluri
loialobiT.
Smidtis mier ganxilul praqtikulad yvela TemaSi mecnieri ikvlevda
sami koncefciis kavSirs _ “totaluri mteri, totaluri omi, totaluri
saxelmwifo”. Mmisi azriT “totaluri saxelmwifo” esaa tradiciuli
saxelmwifos yvelaze srulyofili forma anu kontinentis gaZlierebis
piki.
Smidtis mier gaanalizebuli da gadmocemuli saerTo geopolitikuri
suraTi dayvanilia daZabul civilizaciur dualizmamde, romlisTvisac
damaxasiaTebelia ori “didi sivrcis” da konitinentur-evropuli
winaaRmdegoba. es ori “didi sivrce” erTmaneTTan msoflio Sejaxebas
awarmoeben, romlis mizania universalizaciisaken nabijis gadadgma, raTa
ganxorcieldes kontinenturidan globalur batonobaze gadasvla.
Tavisi samecniero moRvaweobis bolo etapze Smidtma yuradReba
gaamaxvila “partizanis” figuraze. Ees figura Smitis mixedviT aris miwis
“nomosis” bolo warmomadgeneli, romelic erTguli rCeba “civilizaciis
58
Schmitt, Carl (2004). "Theory of the Partisan: Intermediate Commentary on the Concept of the Political (1963)".
Telos (127): 78.
81
minavlebisa” da misi iuridiul-kulturuli fesvebis gaTqvefis mixedviT
Tavdapirveli mowodebisa. “partizanis” figuras, Smitis azriT, sul ufro
meti civilizaciuri mniSvneloba eniWeba, radganac “partizani” warmoadgens
istoriis is ukanasknel gmirs, romelic maqsimaluri ZalisxmeviT icavs
“saxmeleTo wesrigs” Talasokratiis mosalodneli totaluri Tavdasxmis
SemTxvevaSi. swored amitom, mas “soteriologiuri” istoriuli funqcia
eniWeba.
Bbritanuli geopolitikuri azriгкшшфзщтшшыьЫутуидщифы
helford j. makinderi
ser helford j. makinderi (1861-1947 ww.), britaneli geografi,

geopolitikosi da politikuri moRvawe iyo erT-erTi yvelaze gamoCenili
mecnieri geopolitikis klasikosTa Soris.
man miiRo geografiuli ganaTleba, aswavlida geografias oqsfordis
(1887-1900 ww.) da londonis (1900-1925 ww.) universitetebSi. londonSi
cxovrebis dros igi iyo londonis ekonomikis skolis direqtori –
avtoritetuli saswavlo dawesebuleba, romelic amzadebda specialistebs
ekonimikisa da politikis dargSi.
Tavisi politikuri SexedulebebiT makinderi gaxldaT liberali.
1910_1925ww. igi arCeul iqna da muSaobda britaneTis TemTa palataSi.
1918_1919 wlebSi monawileobas iRebda (britanuli delegaciis
SemadgenlobaSi) versalis samSvidobo SeTanxmebis momzadebaSi, romelmac
daudo safuZveli versal_vaSingtonis sistemis Seqmnas. versalis
samSvidobo SeTanxmeba Sedgenili iyo geopolitikuri ideebis zemoqmedebiT,
maT Soris makinderis Teoriis - samyaros kunZulis (harTlendi) Sesaxeb,
romelic zewolas axdens “kunZulovan” zRvis saxelmwifoebze. rogorc
cnobilia versalis SeTanxmeba ganasxvavebda omis yvela monawile qveynebs
_ gamarjvebul qveynebad (aSS, safrangeTi, britaneTi, belgia, italia da
a.S.) romlebic warmoadgendnen “sazRvao” qveynebs da damarcxebul _
(germania, avstria) “saxmeleTo” qveynebad. sabWoTa ruseTma Tavis mxriv ar
moawera xeli versalis samSvidobo xelSekrulebas da dasavleTis mxridan
darCa zRvaze gasasvlis gareSe, radgan ruseTis yofili imperiis dasavleT
nawilSi Seiqmna limitrofuli saxelmwifoebi (estoneTi, Llatvia da
litva) da fineTi.
1919-1920 ww. Mmakinderi antantis sabWos gadawyvetilebiT iyo
ukrainis umaRlesi komisari (germaniis mier okupaciis Semdeg), da
britaneli mrCevlis saxiT - prokonsulis rangSi, igi iyo denikinis armiis
Stabis wevri, romelic ebrZoda bolSevikebs. britaneli mecnieri TeTr
moZraobas ganixilavda evropuli sazRvao sistemis mokavSired da
bolSevikebs _ kontinentaluri evraziis momxreebad.
did britaneTSi dabrunebisTanave makinderma gaagrZela aqtiuri
politikuri moRvaweoba, igi iyo sxvadasxva ministrTa kabinetis mrCeveli.
1904w. makinderi geografiuli sazogadoebis sxdomaze gamovida
moxsenebiT “istoriis geografiuli RerZi”, romelSic Camoayaliba Tavisi
geopolitikuri Sexedulebebi. misi koncefciis Tanaxmad xalxTa istoriis
ganmsazRvreli faqtori aris qveynebis geografiuli mdgomareoba,
amasTanave geografiuli faqtoris zemoqmedeba kacobriobis progresze
mudmivad izrdeba ekonomikur, socialur da kulturul ganviTarebasTan
82
erTad. es faqtori gamoixateba xmeleTis da zRvis TanafardobaSi da
urTierTobaSi saxmeleTo da sazRvao xalxebs Soris, maT Soris
saxmeleTo da sazRvao sivrceebis mimarTulebiT.
AamasTanave, makinderma civilizaciis istoriaSi gamoyo sami ZiriTadi
epoqa:
1) kolumbamde epoqa. am dros samyaros kunZulis periferiis civiluri
erebi (berZnebi, romaelebi Cinelebi) cxovroben dapyrobis mudmivi
muqaris qveS “Sua miwis” (hunebis, alanebis, madiarebis, monRolebis)
momTabare xalxebis mxridan;
2) kolumbis epoqa _ am periodSi “Sida naxevarmTvaris” (sanapiro zona)
warmomadgenlebi miemarTebian jer kidev auTvisebeli teritoriebis
dasapyrobad.
3) kolumbisSemdgomi epoqa. AauTvisebeli da daupyrobeli teritoriebi
aRar arsebobs59.
Mmakinderis azriT, “evropam SesZlo Tavisi civilizaciis Seqmna gare

barbarosebis wnexis Sedegad, amitomac ar SeiZleba evropuli civilizaciis
aziuri civilizaciisagan gancalkeveba arc istoriul da arc geografiuli
aspeqtSi. “evropaSi mobindre mosaxleobaSi aRmoCndnen yofili momTabare
aziatebic aRmosavleTidan da samive mxridan mosuli zRvis yaCaRebic”60.
Mmecnieris azriT, aseve uzarmazaria dedamiwis klimatis zemoqmedeba
kacobriobis civilizaciis ganviTarebaze. “naleqebis gansxvavebuli
raodenoba xsnis im faqts, rom msoflios mosaxleobis 2/3 aris
dasaxlebuli SedarebiT mcire farTobis mqone teritoriul regionebSi,
romlebic ganlagebulia kontinentebis napirebze_atlantikis okeanis
mimdebare teritoriaze evropaSi, indoeTisa da wynari okeanis sanapiro
zonebSi”61.
civilizaciis potamiuri (berZ.”potamosi”_mdinare) Teoriaze
dayrdnobiT makinderi avrcelebs azrs, rom samdinaro, sazRvaoAda saokeano
stadiebi biZgs aZleven ganviTarebas da am faqtoris mixedviT man gaanaliza
evropaSi, CineTSi, babilonSi, indoeTSi mimdinare civilizaciis procesebi
da sabolood jamSi daskvna gaakeTa Tanamedrove evropuli da aziuri
qveynebis ganviTarebis Taviseburebebze. Mman aseve gaanaliza, rom
Tanamedrove evraziis Sua nawilSi mdebare ruseTma Tavis droze ver SeZlo
srulad gamoeyenebina sazRvao komunikaciebis upiratesobebi momTabare
tomebis mxridan ufro xangZlivi zemoqmedebis gamo da igi CamorCa evropis
ganviTarebul qveynebs da zRvisken gasasvlelebze kontrolis mogvianebiT
damyarebis gamo. XIX saukuneSi ruseTma miiRo SesaZlebloba moaxdinos
sazRvao komunikaciebTan dakavSirebuli problemis kompensacia rkinigzis
saSualebiT. rkinigza makinderis azriT aris “efeqturi civilizeburi
saSualeba evraziis uzarmazar sivrceze, amitomac am droidan ruseTi aris
“mobiluri saxmeleTo simZlavris” magaliTi, rogorc didi britaneTi _
“sazRvao simZlavris” magaliTi.”62 statiis boloSi mecnieri Tavisi
daskvnebis safuZvelze gvTavazobs msoflios geopolitikurs suraTs.
evraziis kontinenti (geografiuli TvalsazrisiT) gaxda RerZuli regioni
msoflio politikaSi. sazRvao ZalebisaTvis misi miuwvdomloba da kargi
komunikaciebi rkinigzis saxiT warmoadgenen samrewvelo da samxedro
ganviTarebis umniSvnelovanes winapirobas. Kkontinenturi qveynebi
59
Mackinder, HJ. "Geography and History", The Times. 9 February 1905
60
iqve
61
Mackinder, H.J. Eight Lectures on India. London : Waterlow, 1910
62
Mackinder, H.J. The modern British state : an introduction to the study of civics. London: G. Philip, 1914
83
TavisTavad Secvlian Sua saukuneebis monRolur imperias. “saRerZo
regionis” sazRvrebis gareT mdebareobs “didi Sida naxevarmTvare”63.
(germania, TurqeTi, indoeTi, CineTi, avstria-ungreTi.) da “gare
naxevarmTvare” (britaneTi, aSS, kanada, samxreT afrika, avstralia, iaponia).
am geografiuli mdebareobis gaTvaliswinebiT makinderis azriT
wonasworoba msoflioSi darRveuli iyo periferiuli qveynebis
sasargeblod, magram amave dros “RerZuli qveyana _ ruseTi flobs
uzarmazar resursebs da SeuZlia saxmeleTo mobilurobas daumatos
sazRvao mobilurobac, anu gaaZlieros floti da gavides msoflio
okeaneSi. es cvlis ZalTa balanss msoflioSi RerZuli imperiis
sasargeblod da amis gamo safrangeTs, italias, egviptes, indoeTs da
koreas ubiZgebs kavSiris Seqmnisaken sazRvao blokis saxelmwifoebTan
didi britaneTTan da aSS-sTan”64.
mogvianebiT, wignSi “demokratiuli idealebi da realoba” (1919),
makinderma Tavisi “RerZuli regionis” koncefciis saxe Secvala, da mas
uwoda “harTlendi” (“dedamiwis guli”) da Seitana masSi tibeti da
monRoleTi _ aRmosavleTis mxridan da centraluri da aRmosavleTi
evropa dasavleTis mxridan. am cvlilebisas mecnierma gaiTvaliswina
Semdegi procesebi: transportis ganviTareba, mosaxleobis zrda,
industrializacia. Aaqac, axal upiratesobas Tavisi teritoriis aTvisebaSi
da mTels harTlendze da msoflio kunZulze zemoqmedebis gaZlierebaSi
Tavis Tavze iReben germania da ruseTi. amave dros, periferiuli
saxelmwifoebi sul ufro da ufro saWiroeben ganaviTaron satransporto
komunikaciebis ufro gaxSirebuli da ganStoebuli qseli sazRvao
Zlierebis SenarCunebis mizniT, Tumca makinderi Tvlida rom amis
SesaZlebloba mxolod ramdenime qveyanas gaaCnda. aqedan gamomdinareobs
makinderis cnobili formula: “vinc marTavs aRmosavleT evropas is
batonobs harTlendSi. vinc marTavs harTlends is batonobs msoflio
kunZulze, vinc marTavs msoflio kunZuls is batonobs msoflioSi.” Eaqedan
gamomdinare, ZalTa balansis SenarCunebis mizniT saWiro iyo, rom sazRvao
qveynebs mieRwiaT ruseTisa da germaniis gayofisaTvis limitrofuli
qveynebis (Suamiwebis) teritoriiT65. rac gakeTda kidev versalis
konferenciaze.
SemdgomSi makinderma gaanaliza is saSiSroeba, romelic
momdinareobda gayofili “harTlendis” orive nawilidan da aqedan
gamomdinare britaneTisTvis igi ufro saSiSad Tvlida “harTlendis”
dasavlur nawils - germanias. amisTvis metad seriozuli safuZveli
arsebobda, magram ruseTic Tavis mxriv yovelTvis iTvleboda britaneTis
saSiS mowinaaRmdeged. ruseTi miiswrafvida Savi zRvis sruteebis
aTvisebisaken da mas aseve gaaCnda saSualeba daepyro indoeTi saxmeleTo
komunikaciebis gamoyenebis meSveobiT. im drois politologebma
britaneTisa da ruseTis imperiis geopolitikuri dapirispireba _ “veSapisa
da spilos brZolas” Seadares (zRvisa da xmeleTis Zalis simboloebi).
63
Mackinder, H.J. Britain and the British Seas. New York: D. Appleton and company, 1902
64
Mackinder, H.J. "The geographical pivot of history". The Geographical Journal, 1904, 23, pp. 421–37. Available
online as Mackinder, H.J. "The Geographical Pivot of History", in Democratic Ideals and Reality, Washington, DC:
National Defence University Press, 1996, pp. 175–194.
65
Mackinder, H.J. Democratic Ideals and Reality. New York: Holt, 1919. Available online as Democratic Ideals and
Reality, Washington, DC: National Defence University Press, 1996
84
mogvianebiT moxda sabWoTa ruseTisa da britaneTis interesebis Sejaxeba
centralur aziaSi (avRaneTi, buxara, xiva), Tumca sabolood yvelaferi
SedarebiT mSvidobianad mogvarda. 1943 wels makinderma statiaSi “mrgvali
samyaro da msoflios dapyroba”, kidev erTxel gadasinja Tavisi
geopolitikuri Sexedulebebi. statia daiwera amerikeli JurnalisTvis
“Foreign Affairs”. am statiis mixedviT Tu vimsjelebT, TviTon harTlendi
mecnieris warmodgenaSi Zlierad Seicvala: is gaizarda saharisa da
centraluri aziis udabnoebis masSi Setanis xarjze.66
Aaseve, makinderis azriT, omisSemdgomi periodis msoflioSi
mniSvnelovani roli unda iTamaSos “Sua okeanem” _ CrdiloeT atlantika,
romelic unda gamxdariyo harTlendis gamawonasworebeli. harTlendis
meore sapirwone sivrced makinderis azriT iqneboda aziuri ukidegano
sivrce (CineTi, indoeTi da samxreT-aRmosavleTi da samxreT aziis qveynebi).
magram harTlendi erTdroulad Semcirda ssrk-is teritoriis aRmosavleTi
regionebis harTlendidan gamoyofis xarjze. (md. lenidan aRmosavleTiT),
da am teritorias makinderma uwoda “lenalendi”. es teritoria mecnierma
miekuTvna “Sida naxevarmTvaris” zonas, anu sanapiro sivrces, romelic
SeiZleba gamoyenebul yofiliyo “kunZulovani” saxelmwifoebis mier -
radgan “lenalends” gaaCnda sakmaod meCxeri dasaxleba da auTvisebeli
teritoriebi.
miuxedavad Setanili cvlilebebisa, makinderis proeqti bolomde ver
Seesabameboda geopolitikuri situaciis cvlilebebs. pirveli msoflio
omis dros erT koaliciaSi aRmoCdnen qveynebi “gare naxevarmTvaridan” _
aSS, britaneTi da “harTlendidan” _ ruseTi. meore msoflio omis dros ki
“harTlendis” qveynebi ruseTi da germania aRmoCndnen sxvadasxva
dapirispirebul koaliciebSi. msoflio, romelic iwinaswarmetyvela
makinderma 1943 wels realurisgan mainc Sorsaa. es gansakuTrebiT naTeli
gaxda saraketo birTvuli iaraRis Seqmnis Semdeg. am iaraRma misawvdomi
gaxada harTlendis miudgomeli adgilebi da amave dros, makinderis
calkeuli ideebi (Crdiloatlantikur centrze, Zalis mesame polusze
samxreT da samxreT-aRmosavlur aziaSi, saxelmwifoebis “harTlendis”,
“gare da Sida naxevarmTvareebis” regionebisadmi mikuTvneba da sxva)
agrZeleben Tavis aqtualobas Tanamedrove geopolitikur urTierTobebSi.
f. kolombi
britaneTis samefo samxedro-sazRvao Zalebis vice-admirali filip hovard

kolombi _ gamoCenili samxedro istorikosi, geostrategi da
samxedro_sazRvao xelovnebis Teoretikosi, msoflio geopolitikur
mecnierebaSi Sevida rogorc sazRvao Zalauflebis koncefciis erT-erTi
fuZemdebeli, romelmac didi roli Seasrula anglo-amerikuli
atlantizmis skolis ideebis ganviTarebaSi.
kolombi daibada SotlandiaSi generlis ojaxSi. 1846 w. man daiwyo
samsaxuri samxedro-sazRvao flotSi. igi iyo xmelTaSua zRvis regionSi
laSqrobebis monawile, aseve monawileobda kvleviT eqspediciaSi
arqtikaSi (1854). yirimis omis dros leitenanti kolombi monawileobas
iRebda sabrZolo moqmedebebSi sveborgis cixesimagris midamoebSi.
Mkolombma datova metad mdidari praqtikuli da Teoriuli
memkvidreoba. Mman orTqlze momuSave gemebis manevrirebis Rrma
66
Mackinder, HJ. 1943. "The round world and the winning of the peace", Foreign Affairs, 21 (1943) 595-605. Available
online as Mackinder, H.J. "The round world and the winning of the peace", in Democratic Ideals and Reality,
Washington, DC: National Defence University Press, 1996, pp. 195–205
85
gaaanalizebis Sedegad SeimuSava rekomendaciebi naosnobaSi usafrTxoebis
wesebis danergvis mimarTulebiT. isini ganxilul da oficialurad
miRebulni iqnen vaSingtonSi gamarTul saerTaSoriso konferenciaze. 1889
wels kolombma daikava maRali Tanamdeboba samefo samxedro-sazRvao
ZalebSi, sadac igi atarebda kvlevebs samxedro-sazRvao operatiuli
xelovnebis da strategiis sferoebSi. SemdgomSi, kontr-admiralis wodebiT
1886 wels igi gavida TadarigSi da daiwyo kvlevebis ganxorcieleba
samxedro-sazRvao istoriisa da geostrategiis mimrTulebiT. 1896wels mas
mieniWa vice-admiralis wodeba.
Bbritanelma mecnierma Tavisi Teoriuli kvlevebis Catareba daiwyo
XIXs. 70-ian wlebSi, risi Sedegic gaxlavT 1891 wels gamocemuli
fundamentaluri naSromi “sazRvao omi, misi ZiriTadi principebi da
gamocdileba”. NnaSromi mogvianebiT mraval evropul enaze iTargmna.
“sazRvao Zalauflebis” koncefcia mkvlevarebis mier xSirad
ganixileba rogorc “mehen-kolombis” koncefcia. AaRsaniSnavia, rom orive
avtori, miuxedavad imisa rom isini cxovrobdnen erTi da igive periodSi,
TavianT gamokvlevebs praqtikulad erTmaneTisagan damoukideblad
atarebdnen. maT ganixiles qveynis Zalauflebis ganmtkicebis sakiTxebi,
romlebic saboloo jamSi dakavSirebuli iyo sazRvao vaWrobis
ganviTarebasTan. geopolitikis klasikosebi aRniSnaven, rom es ideebi
warmoadgens sazRvao civilizaciis koncefciis saboloo dedaarss.
amrigad, klasikuri geopolitikis farglebSi ganxiluli sazRvao
civilizacia, es aris “savaWro civilizacia”. kolombis azriT,
mowinaaRmdegis sazRvao vaWrobisadmi xelis SeSla da sakuTari sazRvao
komunikaciebis dacva warmoadgens sazRvao omis warmoebis ZiriTad mizezs.
mTavari gansxvaveba makinderisa da kolombis kvlevebs Soris aris
Semdegi: kolombi koncentrirebas axdens Semdeg sakiTxebze - omis
msvlelobis strategia, operatiuli xelovneba, samxedro-sazRvao flotis
kvalifikacia. is akeTebs daskvnas sazRvao Zalauflebis aucileblobaze. is
aseve xazs usvams Tavisi kvlevis praqtikul mimarTulebebs da exmaureba
amerikeli mecnieris mehenis naSromebs. A
am ukanasknelis naSromze “sazRvao Zalis zemoqmedeba istoriaze”,
kolombi aRniSnavda: “kapitan mehenis samecniero kvlevam Cven gvacnoba, rom
atlantikis meore sanapiroze, ufro niWieri kalami, ufro niWieri da Rrma
moazrovne Sromobs imave sakiTxze, razec vmuSaob me. Cveni wignebi avseben
erTmaneTs. amerikeli avtori ambobs imaze, risken mivyavarT sazRvao
Zalauflebas da me vuZRvni mas Cems naSroms sazRvao Zalauflebis
dedaarsis sakiTxis gansaxilvelad”.67
kolombi Tavis naSromebSi ar iyenebs termins “Sea Power”. amave dros
kolombis koncefciis safuZvelSi devs ori cneba: “Naval Warfare” (“sazRvao
omi”) da “Command of Sea” (“zRvaze batonoba”, “zRvis floba”).
miuxedavad Tavisi naSromebis praqtikuli mimarTulebisa, kolombi
aRniSnavs sazRvao batonobis dedaarsis - sazRvao vaWrobis Sesaxeb. misi
azriT, sistemurad organizebuli sazRvao vaWrobis gareSe SeuZlebelia
sazRvao Zalauflebis mopoveba. amasTanave, ar SeiZleba warimarTos
sazRvao omi, romelic ar iqneba mimarTuli am miznis miRwevaze.
XVI-XVII ss-mde sabrZolo moqmedebebi zRvaze warmoadgenda xmeleTze
gabatonebis ZiriTad saSualebas. zRva im periodSi ar SeiZleboda cnobili
yofiliyo rogorc brZolis warmoebis saSualeba, radgan im periodSi ar
67
Nnika CitaZe. “geopolitika”. Tbilisi, 2008. Ggv.47
86
iyo ganviTarebuli sazRvao-savaWro gzebis sistema da teqnologiurad
sakmarisad ar iyo ganviTarebuli samxedro da savaWro gemebi.
sazRvao omebis warmoeba SesaZlebeli gaxda mxolod XVI_XVII ss-Si,
rodesac sazRvao vaWrobis zrdasTan erTad sakmaod ganviTarda samxedro
gemebis mSeneblobis tempebi. im gemebisa, romlebsac SeeZloT brZola
zRvaze kontrolis dasamyareblad da am kontrolis uzrunvelyofa. Uukve
XVII s. Sua periodisaTvis im drois msoflios or wamyvan qveyanas _
holandiasa da did britaneTs gaaCndaT sazRvao omis warmoebis ori
ZiriTadi faqtori: ganviTarebuli sazRvao vaWroba da samxedro-sazRvao
xomaldebi. kolombi ganixilavda anglo-holandiur omebs (1652, 1665, 1672
ww.) rogorc pirvel sazRvao omebs kacobriobis istoriaSi. Mmisi azriT,
“sazRvao omi iwyeba da mTavrdeba zRvaze, is mimdinareobs zRvis flobis
mizniT. zRvis oms aqvs ormagi mizani: sakuTari sazRvao vaWrobis
SenarCuneba da mowinaaRmdegis sazRvao vaWrobisaTvis xelSeSla” 68.
amasTanave kolombi yuradRebas amaxvilebs “mowinaaRmdegis flotze mis
sakuTar napirebTan” Tavdasxmis mniSvnelobaze. aq SeiZleba analogi
gakeTdes mehenis strategiaze _ “anakonda” _ romelic orientirebulia
sazRvao vaWrobis “gagudvaze” mowinaaRmdegis sazRvao portebisa da
samxedro-sazRvao bazebis ganadgurebasa da blokirebaze. es strategia
SemdgomSi gadaiqca erT-erT mniSvnelovan geopolitikur strategiad
“Linkage” (”rgoli”), romlis mixedviTac unda gaerTianebuliyo calkeuli
“diskontinualuri” sartylebi, anu sanapiro seqtorebi unda gamxdariyo
kontrolirebadi sazRvao qveynebis mier, rac SemdgomSi erTian jaWvad
moedeboda mTels evrazias.…
zRvis omis strategiis ZiriTad Sinaarss kolombis mixedviT
warmoadgens brZola zRvis “flobaze” (Сommand of sea), romelic kolombma
gansazRvra, rogorc qmedunariani strategia.
mTlianobaSi, kolombi gamoyofs sazRvao sivrceze kontrolis sam
ZiriTad dones.
1) zRvis indiferentobis piroba (Indifference). praqtikuli
uqonloba raime kontrolisa sazRvao regionze;
2) sadao mflobelobis pirobebi (Disputed command). roca
sazRvao qveyanas ar gaaCnia garantirebuli upiratesoba
mowinaaRmdegeze.
3) uzrunvelyofili “flobis” piroba (Assured command).
zRvaze kontrolis sxvadasxva doneebis analizisas, kolombi

ganixilavs yirimis oms, rogorc praqtikulad erTaderT SemTxvevas
istoriaSi, rodesac mokavSire Zalebi (ruseTis mowinaaRmdegeebi) srulad
akontrolebdnen sazRvao sivrces. es SesaZlebeli gaxda Savi zRvis
sruteebis zonebis specifikis gamo. am zonebma mokavSireebs saSualeba
misca CaetarebinaT sazRvao blokadis operacia da amasTanave ruseTs
praqtikulad ar hyavda orTqlze momuSave floti, romelsac SeeZlo
winaaRmdegoba gaewia mokavSireebis (didi britaneTi, safrangeTi, osmaleTis
imperia) ZalebisaTvis. AaRsaniSnavia, rom kolombi TviTon iyo yirimis omis
monawile da did yuradRebas amaxvilebda rusuli flotis problemebze.
68
87
u. CerCili (1874-1965)
CerCili daibada hercogebis – malboroebis ojaxSi, q. vudstokis

maxloblad. Mmiuxedavad amisa, momavali politikosis mamam ver miiRo
memkvidreobiT hercogis tituli, radganac inglisuri tradiciis Tanaxmad
tituli unda mieRo ojaxis ufros vaJiSvils.
CerCilis mama gaxldaT cnobili politikosi. is didi xnis
ganmavlobaSi iyo konservatiuli partiis lideri, da sxvadasxva
saministroSi mas sxvadasxva Tanamdebobebi ekava. CerCilis deda amerikeli
biznesmenis qaliSvili iyo. tradiciis Tanaxmad, uinstoni Tormeti wlis
asakSi miiyvanes kerZo vaJTa skolaSi.
CerCili cudad swavlobda klasSi, igi erT-erT yvelaze CamorCenil
moswavled iTvleboda. skolis damTavrebis Semdeg CerCilma Caabara
privilegirebul samxedro-samefo kolejSi sadac igi bevrad ukeTesad
swavlobda da moaxerxa kolejis (1894) damTavreba, ris Sedegad mas meore
leitenantis samxedro wodeba mieniWa. УSemdgomSi igi msaxurobda husarTa
polkSi.
MmogvianebiT CerCilma Svebuleba aiRo da samxedro korespondentis
statusiT gaemgzavra kubaze, rodesac kubeli xalxi gamodioda espaneTis
batonobis winaaRmdeg. am mgzavrobis Semdeg britanelma dawera xuTi
statia rubrikiT “werilebi frontidan”, romlebic SemdgomSi iqcnen
momavali politikosis, istorikosis da mweralis pirvel publikaciebad.
1896 wels polki, romelSic msaxurobda CerCili dislocirebul iqna
indoeTSi, sadac samxedro samsaxuris gavlis paralelurad axalgazrda
oficeri bevrs kiTxulobda, mas ainteresebda istoria da samxedro saqme.
mogvianebiT man isev aiRo Svebuleba da isev korespondentis rangSi
aRmoCnda britanuli armiisa da puStunTa tomebis (indoeTis ukiduresi
Crdilo-dasavleTi nawili) Soris samxedro konfliqtis warmoebis
regionSi, sadac CerCili monawileobas iRebda brZolebSi, werda Tavis
STabeWdilebebs da agzavnida korespondenciebs londonis “deili
telegrafis” ofisSi. polkSi dabrunebisas CerCilma dawera da gamosca
wigni “malakandeli SeiaraRebuli Zalebis istoria” (1898). Aamis Semdeg
CerCili gaxda cnobili publicisti da imave wels is gaemgzavra afrikaSi,
raTa aRewera britaneTis sawinaaRmdego amboxeba sudanSi. 1899 wels
gamovida misi axali wigni “samdinaro omi“, romelic dawvrilebiT da
sakmaod praqtikulad gvamcnobda sudanis movlenebs da britanuli
samxedro sardlobis gadawyvetilebas. 1899 wels CerCilma datova samxedro
samsaxuri, man gadawyvita ecxovra literaturuli Sromebis gamocemiT da
gamoecada Tavisi Tavi politikaSi. man wamoayena Tavisi kandidatura TemTa
palataSi konservatoruli partiidan qalaq olgxemSi (CrdiloeTi inglisi),
magram waago liberalebis kandidatTan. arCevnebis Semdeg CerCili
gaemgzavra afrikaSi, sadac man monawileoba miiRo inglis-burebis omSi
(oqtomberi 1899w), sadac igi Cavarda tyved da aRmoCnda pretoriis cixeSi.
man SeZlo iqidan gaqceva da 500 kilometris gavla mowinaaRmdegis
teritoriaze satvirTo matareblis meSveobiT, ris Sedegadac man miaRwia
britanuli armiis Stabs. am gmirobis Sesaxeb mTelma qveyanam Seityo da
ukve 1900 wels CerCilma moaxerxa parlamentSi moxvedra. aq is gaxda
cnobili oratori da sakuTari konservatoruli partiis programebis
kritikosi. man gawyvita urTierToba konservatorebis partiasTan da
demonstraciulad gadajda liberalebis skamze (1904w). liberalebis
partiis mmarTvelobis periodSi igi ikavebda Semdeg Tanamdebobebs:
88
koloniebis saqmeTa ministris moadgile (1906-1910 ww.), vaWrobis ministri
(1910-1911 ww).
1911 wels, roca bevrma politikosma igrZno germaniasTan omis
gardauvaloba, igi dainiSna saadmiralo uwyebis pirvel lordad (samxedro-
sazRvao ministrad). man ganaxorciela samxedro-sazRvao flotis
reorganizacia, romelSic gaiTvaliswina tradiciuli britanuli sazRvao
Zalebis winaSe arsebuli axali saSiSroeba _ germanuli wyalqveSa navebi
da samxedro aviacia da am Zalebis sawinaaRmdego qmedebebis saWiroeba.
Sedegad, britanuli sazRvao-samxedro floti oms srul sabrZolo
mzadyofnaSi Sexvda.
I msoflio omis dros CerCilma Tavis Tavze aiRo pasuxismgebloba im
dros, rodesac sadesanto operacia dardanelis sruteSi warumateblad
iqna Catarebuli da igi iZulebuli iyo gadamdgariyo. is gaemgzavra
safrangeTSi, dasavleTis frontze da miiRo monawileoba sabrZolo
moqmedebebSi maioris rangSi (1915w. noemberi). aq igi gaxda polkis meTauri
da miiRo vice-polkovnikis wodeba, xolo Semdgom wlebSi igi gaxda
samxedro momaragebis ministri (ivlisi 1917 w). am Tanamdebobaze CerCilma
moaxdina tankebis seriuli warmoebis organizeba.
omis damTavrebis Semdgom CerCili dainiSna samxedro ministris (1919
wlis ianvari) postze. Mam Tanamdebobaze yofnisas man seriozuli
reformebi Caatara britanul armiaSi. 1921 wels CerCili xdeba koloniebis
saqmeTa ministri da mxolod 1922 wels misi partiis arCevnebSi damarcxebis
Semdeg igi droebiT darCa ministris postis gareSe.
XX s. 20-iani wlebi didi britaneTis politikur cxovrebaSi gaxldaT
liberaluri partiis dakninebis periodi, igi parlamentSi leiboristebis
mxridan did Seviwroebas ganicdida. ukve 1923 wels, parlamentSi
absoluturi umravlesobis uqonlobis miuxedavad, leiboristebis liderma
ramzei makdonaldma moaxerxa pirveli leiboristuli mTavrobis
Camoyalibeba. imave wels gardaicvala konservatorebis partiis lideri
bonar lou, romelic gaxldaT CerCilis radikaluri mowinaaRmdege. Aam
movlenam gauxsna CerCils gza konservatorul partiasTan saTanamSromlod.
1924 wlis oqtomberSi man Caatara saarCevno kompania ukve rogorc
konservatorebis wevrma. gamarjvebuli konservatorebis axalma liderma
stenli bolduinma mTavrobis formirebisas moiwvia CerCili erT-erT
mniSvnelovan Tanamdebobaze _ xazinis kanclerad (finansTa ministri). 1929
wels msoflio ekonomikurma krizisma gamoiwvia konservatorebis mTavrobis
daSla. CerCilma dakarga Tanamdeboba da mas isev mieca SesaZlebloba
dabruneboda literaturul moRvaweobas. ukve 1929 wels, gamodis
oTxtomeuli “msoflio krizisi” _ sadac gadmocemulia pirveli msoflio
omis dawvrilebiTi istoria. Aam wignze britaneli politikosi 6
weliwadze metxans muSaobda. SemdgomSi gamoica misi sxva naSromebic-
avtobiografiis 3 tomi ”Cemi adreuli wlebi”(1930w), “fiqrebi da
Tavgadasavlebi” (1932w), “didebuli Tanamedroveni” (1937w.). amasTan erTad,
CerCili muSaobda Tavisi winaprebis biografiaze, romelic saTauriT
“malboro, misi cxovreba da dro” gamovida 30-iani wlebis bolos. Mmas
SemdgomSic ar miutovebia publicistikuri da samwerlo moRvaweoba.
mogvianebiT man dawera naSromi “meore msoflio omi”, romelic 6 tomad
iqna gamocemuli (1948-1953 ww.), “inglisurenovani erebis istoria” - 4 tomad
(1956-58 ww.). Aam naSromze muSaobis Sedegad man miiRo nobelis premia 1953
wels. magram mis mTavar saqmed mainc rCeboda politika.
igi erT-erTi pirvelTagani iyo, vinc mixvda faSizmis saSiSroebas da
igi gaxda musolinisa da hitleris reJimebis erT-erTi wamyvani da
89
Tanmimdevruli kritikosi da mowinaaRmdege. germanuli samxedro
potencialis uprecedento zrdaze CerCilma upasuxa mowodebiT britanuli
SeiaraRebuli Zalebis gaZlierebis, pirvel rigSi ki samxedro-sahaero
flotis gaZlierebis Sesaxeb.
didi britaneTis omSi Cabmis Semdeg (es iyo pasuxi poloneTSi
germaniis agresiaze 03. 09. 1939 w), premier-ministrma Cemberlenma CerCili
saadmiralos pirvel lordad daniSna. miuxedavad garkveuli “siCumisa”
saxmeleTo frontze (“ucnauri omi”), CerCilma wamoiwyo aqtiuri sabrZolo
moqmedebebi sazRvao sivrceSi. 1940 wlis maisSi, mefe georg VI SesTavaza
CerCils axali mTavrobis Camoyalibeba. germaniis ssrk-ze Tavdasxmis Semdeg
CerCilma, rogorc meomari qveynis premier-ministrma, sabWoTa kavSirs
sruli Tanadgoma gamoucxada. 1941 wlis agvistoSi CerCilma da aSS-is
prezidentma ruzveltma xeli moaweres atlantikur qartias, sadac
gancxadebuli iyo faSisturi agresiis miuRebloba, faSizmis ganadgurebis
Semdeg teritoriebis dapyrobaze uaris Tqma da erTa Tavisuflebis
pativiscema, omisSemdgom periodSi msoflioSi demokratiuli wyobilebis
ganmtkiceba. 1941 wlis dekemberSi am qartias SeuerTda ssrk, ris Semdeg
msoflio geopolitikis ZiriTad sakiTxebs wyvetdnen didi sameulis
(CerCili, ruzvelti, stalini) mier gamarTul sxdomebze. ra Tqma unda
TiToeul liders sakuTari Zalebis imedi hqonda (giganturi resursebi,
britanul-amerikuli ekonomikis kolosaluri SesaZleblobebi, ssrk-Si
SromiTi resursebis faqtori da uzarmazari teritoriebi). pirvel rigSi
yovel maTgans Tavisi erovnuli interesi gaaCnda. CerCili da ruzvelti
garkveuli periodis ganmavlobaSi aWianurebdnen meore frontis gaxsnas
evropaSi, xolo stalins, romelic qartiis mixedviT meore msoflio omis
Semdeg mis mier okupirebul qveynebSi demokratiul wyobilebis
Camoyalibebaze aiRo pasuxismgebloba, saqme socialisturi banakis
Seqmnisaken mihyavda. 1945 wlis ivnisSi, potsdamis konferenciis msvlelobis
periodSi, did britaneTSi saparlamento arCevnebSi gaimarjves
leiboristebma da CerCili iZulebuli gaxda daeTmo premier-ministris
savarZeli riCard etlisTvis.
Uukve omis dasrulebis Semdeg, CerCili Tavisi cnobili sityviT
“msoflios kunTebi” warsdga venstminsteris kolejis studentTa winaSe
1946 wlis 5 marts. es iyo fultonSi (aSS) warmoTqmuli sityva da aqedanaa
misi meore saTauri, “fultonis sityva”. CerCili am periodSi ukve kerZo
pirs - yofil premier-ministrs warmoadgenda. Tavis sityvaSi man gamoxata
undobloba stalinis ssrk-is mimarT, romelic agrZelebda Tavisi
agresiuli politikis gatarebas aRmosavleT evropaSi represiebis
gamoyenebis meSveobiT. CerCilma warmoadgina evropis “rkinis fardiT”
gayofis suraTi, im “rkinis fardisa”, romelic vrceldeboda Scecinidan -
baltikaze triestamde - adriatikaSi. amave dros CerCilma aRiara ssrk-s
ufleba usafrTxoebaze da wamyvan mdgomareobaze msoflioSi. man ganacxada,
rom gamarjvebuli qveynebis mTavari mowinaaRmdegeebia _ “omi da tirania”.
CerCili Tvlida, rom omisSemdgom samarTlian msoflio mowyobaSi mTavari
instrumenti unda yofiliyo gaero, romelsac unda hyoloda sakuTari
SeiaraRebuli Zalebi raTa mas SeZleboda sakuTari funqciebis Sesruleba.
Kkidev erT moxsenebaSi omisSemdgom periodSi - “evropis tragedia”,
romelic CerCilma ciurixis universitetSi warmoTqva 1946 wlis
seqtemberSi, man evropas gaerTianebisa da “aSS-is msgavsi” struqturis
aSenebisaken mouwoda. GgaerTianebis SemTxvevaSi ki evropaSi omi
SeuZlebeli iqneboda da “beberi kontinentis” patara qveynebis rolic
90
SesamCnevad gaizrdeboda. regionaluri organizaciis aSeneba evropaSi,
CerCilis azriT ar Seuqmnida problemas gaeros arsebobas.
rodesac konservatorebi 1951 wels isev dabrundnen xelisuflebaSi, 77
wlis CerCilma isev daikava premier-ministris posti. igi sagareo
politikaSi aSS-sTan TanamSromlobas upirveles mniSvnelobas aniWebda da
marTlac, dRevandel dRemde britaneTis geopolitikaSi anglo-amerikuli
kavSirs - rogorc msoflioSi stabilurobis mTavar garants umTavresi
adgili ukavia.
CerCili gardaicvala 1965 wlis ianvarSi 90 wlis asakSi. man mogvca ara
mxolod politikuri cxovrebis xangrZlivobis magaliTi, aramed man
saparlamento karieris rekordic (60 welze meti 1901-1922 ww. 1924-1964 ww)
daamyara.
KaSS-is geopolitikuri azri klasikur periodSi
a. meheni (1840-1914 ww.)
alfred meheni bevri sxva geopolitikosisagan gansxvavebiT iyo

samxedro mosamsaxure. samxedro karierasTan erTad, 1885 wlidan mehenma
pedagogiuri moRvaweoba daiwyo Naval War College-Si.
Aamerika-espaneTis omis dros (1898 w.) meheni sazRvao komitetis
SemadgenlobaSi muSaobda samxedro strategiis mimarTulebiT. sabrZolo
moqmedebebis msvlelobas igi Tvalyurs adevnebda da axdenda amerikuli da
espanuri flotebis strategiisa da taqtikis analizs. Sedegad, man gaakeTa
daskvna geostrategiis (“omis mizezebis”) samxedro strategiaze da
taqtikaze (“sawyisi operaciebi”) zemoqmedebis Sesaxeb.
omis damTavrebis Semdeg meheni rogorc samxedro-sazRvao eqsperti,
monawileobas iRebda haagis I konferenciis muSaobaSi (meheni Seyvanil iqna
amerikuli delegaciis SemadgenlobaSi). am konferenciaze miRebul iqna
saerTaSoriso konvencia omis warmoebis kanonebisa da Cveulebebis Sesaxeb.
Aamerikeli geopolitikosis Teoriul sakiTxebSi mTavar miRwevad unda
CaiTvalos “sazRvao Zalis” Sesaxeb koncefciis Camoyalibeba, romelic
rogorc zemoT iqna aRniSnuli, man Camoayaliba erTdroulad inglisel
samxedro-sazRvao strategTan, vice-admiral kolombTan erTad. am Teoriis
Tanaxmad saokeano qveynebis samxedro-sazRvao flotebs eniWebaT
gadamwyveti roli saxelmwifos Zalauflebis uzrunvelyofis saqmeSi da am
mizniT sazRvao qveynebma: 1) mudmivad unda uzrunvelyon Zlieri samxedro -
flotis mzadyofna; 2) am miznis gansaxorcieleblad unda aaSenon sayrdeni
punqtebi mTel msoflioSi; 3) unda ganaviTaron savaWro floti, romelmac
unda uzrunvelyos qveynisTvis aucilebeli sazRvao gadazidvebi
(mSvidobianobis dros da omis periodSi). savaWro floti asrulebs
gansazRvrul amocanebs sazRvao-samxedro flotTan erTad.
М meheni gvTavazobs Tavisi koncefciis ZiriTad formulas:
N+MM+NB=SB, sadac N(Navy) –samxedro-sazRvao floti,
MM(MerchantMarine)-savaWro floti, NB(Naval Bases) - samxedro-sazRvao bazebi, SP
(SeaPower) - sazRvao siZliere69.
farTo geopolitikuri gagebiT, sazRvao siZliere Seicavs iseT
elementebs, romlebic damokidebulia ara mxolod adamianebis saqmianobaze
(socialuri elementebi), aramed bunebis Semadgenel nawilebzec. aqedan
69
The Influence of Sea Power Upon History, 1660–1783 (1890)
91
gamomdinare man gansazRvra eris sazRvao Zalis Semadgeneli elementebi
(farTo socialur da organul aspeqtSi):
 geografiuli mdebareoba;
 fizikuri wyoba, romelSic gaTvaliswinebulia niadagis
nayofiereba da klimati;
 teritoriis zoma;
 mosaxleobis raodenoba;
 eris Tvisebebi;
 mTavrobis politika.
amrigad, sazRvao siZlieris samxedro-strategiuli koncefcia
gadaizarda geopolitikur TeoriaSi, aseve ganviTarda samxedro strategiis
koncefcia zRvaze batonobis Sesaxeb. М mehenis azriT, saxelmwifos sazRvao
Zala srulad unda gamomJRavndes ara mxolod omis msvlelobis periodSi,
aramed man zemoqmedeba unda moaxdinos sruli kampaniis msvlelobaze da
sabrZolo moqmedebebis saboloo etapze. amisaTvis saWiroa flotis mier
didi upiratesobis miRweva da omis bedis gadawyveta generalur sazRvao
brZolaSi.
es strategiuli koncefcia ar gamarTlda arc I da arc II msoflio
omis dros, arc lokaluri sazRvao konfliqtebis periodSi, radganac verc
erTma qveyanam ver SeZlo sazRvao Zalis gamoyenebiTa da generaluri
brZolis mogebiT gadaewyvita omis saboloo bedi. amasTanave, portugalia,
espaneTi, holandia, da didi britaneTi _ yoveli maTgani Tavis droze
dominirebda msoflioSi imis gamo rom maT hqondaT: moxerxebuli
geografiuli mdgomareoba, Zlieri samxedro da didi savaWro floti,
mravalricxovani koloniebi da sayrdeni punqtebi mTels msoflioSi.
amrigad, omebSi romlebic mimdinareoben zRvasa da xmeleTze, floti
yovelTvis ar TamaSobs gadamwyvet rols da es gansakuTrebiT exeba
msoflio omebs, romlebSic iReben monawileobas rogorc sazRvao, aseve
kontinentaluri saxelmwifoebi, romelTa Soris zogierTi qveynis
teritoria saerTod miuwvdomelia flotisaTvis. Aam mimarTulebiT
samxedro-sazRvao strategiuli koncefcia SedarebiT moisustebs, magram,
sazRvao strategia, romelic Tavis Tavs amJRavnebs koloniebis dapyrobaSi,
gadazidvebisa da vaWrobis uzrunvelyofaSi, flotis daxmarebiT
hegemonobis mopovebaSi, anu is strategia, romelic gadatanilia globalur
geopolitikur doneze, amarTlebs Tavis Tavs da es ar aris garemoebis
SemTxveviTi damTxveva. М meheni bevrs werda amerikis “sazRvao bedze”, mis
wamyvan sazRvao Zalad da msoflio donis qveynad gardaqmnis saWiroebaze.
naSromSi “amerikis daintereseba sazRvao ZalebiT awmyosa da momavalSi”
amerikelma xelisuflebas SesTavaza Tavisi ideebis realizaciis mTeli
programa, romelic Seicavda: TanamSromlobas britanul sazRvao ZalebTan;
germanul da iaponur sazRvao interesebTan, britaneTTan erTad erTobliv
dapirispirebas; aziaSi Tavisi interesebis uzrunvelsayofad sxva evropul
qveynebTan kavSirs. es programa, mehenis azriT, daexmareboda amerikas ara
mxolod wamyvani qveynebis ricxvSi gadasasvlelad, aramed msoflio
hegemonobisaTvis brZolis warmatebiT dasrulebas. meheni Tvlida, rom am
brZolaSi uadgilo ar iqneboda strategia, romelic formulirebulia
monros doqtrinaSi, romelSic gancxadebulia urTierTCaurevlobis
principi dasavleT da aRmosavleT naxevarsferoebSi geopolitikuri
gavlenis mopovebis saqmeSi amerikelebsa da evropelebs Soris.
Mmehenma kargad Seiswavla makinderis geopolitikuri naSromebi,
magram mas sapirispiro pozicia gaaCnda. igi ar Tvlida, rom
kontinentaluri mdgomareoba (ruseTi, germania, CineTi) momgebiania da
92
qveynebis calmxrivi saxmeleTo cxovrebis wesi da ganviTarebis gza _
progresiulia. Mmisi azriT, sazogadoebis ganviTarebas stimuls aZlevs
sazRvao stiqiasTan erToba (ziareba). Aamitom, aseT qveynebTan brZolisas
saWiroa maTi sazRvao da saokeano komunikaciebisgan mowyveta. Aam ideis
ganvrcobisaTvis mehenma isesxa amerikeli generlis makkelanis “anakondis”
strategia (misi arsia _ amerikis samxreT Statebis teritoriebis sazRvao
blokireba yvela mxridan samoqalaqo omis dros). amerikeli geopolitikosi
gvTavazobs am strategiis gamoyenebas portebis, sanapiroebis, sruteebis
blokadisaTvis (Ria zRvaSi gasasvlelebis gadaketvis mizniT) da
potenciuri kontinentaluri mowinaaRmdegeebis dasustebis mizniT _
yvelaze momgebiani (moxerxebuli) zonebis gamoyvanas “saxmeleTo Zalebis”
kontrolidan. msgavsi qmedebebi araa axali, maT iyenebdnen jer berZnebi
sparselebis winaaRmdeg, romaelebi – karTagenis winaaRmdeg, napoleoni _
britaneTis winaaRmdeg, antanta _ sabWoTa ruseTis winaaRmdeg 1918 wels.
magram mehenTan es koncefciebi iReben ara samxedro - strategiuli aqciebis
xasiaTs, aramed xangrZlivi geostrategiis xasiaTs. am geostrategiis
mixedviT, sazRvao qveynebi (aSS, didi britaneTi, iaponia) da
kontinentaluri germaniac ki mivlen saxmeleTo Zalis (ruseTi, CineTi)
sawinaaRmdego kavSiris Seqmnis aucileblobisken.
mehenis Teoriebs da koncefciebs mTlianad ar CamouyalibebiaT
amerikuli samxedro da samxedro-sazRvao doqtrina, magram isini
gamoyenebulni iqnen rogorc samxedro Teoretikosebisa da
geopolitikosebis, agreTve praqtikosi politikosebis mier. magaliTad: aSS-
is SeiaraRebul ZalebSi dResac upiratesobas aniWeben samxedro-sazRvao
Zalebs da ara saxmeleTo armias. aSS-s samxedro-sazRvao Zalebi
agrZelebdnen msoflio okeaneSi hegemoniis miRwevas (Zlieri samxedro-
sazRvao bazebis dafuZneba wynar okeaneSi) “civi omis” periodSi. XX s.
meore naxevarSi mehenis mier SemoTavazebuli “anakondis strategia”
gamoyenebuli iyo nato-s (Crdiloatlantikuri sazRvao bloki) mier
varSavis xelSekrulebis (kontinentaluri qveynebis bloki) winaaRmdeg.
amasTanave, blokadaSi monawileobas iRebdnen rogorc Nnatos wevri qveynebi
da maTi samxedro-sazRvao Zalebi, aseve atlantikuri xelSekrulebis
sateliti qveynebic, romlebisganac iqmneboda SedarebiT mcire zomis
blokebi (seato, sento, anziusi) “socialisturi banakis” sazRvrebis
garSemo, rac dasavleTis demokratiuli qveynebis saerTo geostrategiaSi
Sedioda.
n. sfaiqmeni (1893-1943 ww.)
nikolas sfaiqmeni – cnobili amerikeli geopolitikosi, daibada

niderlandebSi (amsterdami), sadac man miiRo humanitaruli ganaTleba. 27
wlis asakSi igi wavida emigraciaSi aSS-Si (1920), sadac ielis
universitetSi kiTxulobda saleqcio kurss saerTaSoriso urTierTobSi.
1923 wels mas mianiWes am universitetis profesoris wodeba. MmogvianebiT
man Camoayaliba ielis universitetTan arsebuli saerTaSoriso
problemebis instituti da dainiSna amave institutis pirvel direqtorad.
man Tavisi cxovrebis udidesi nawili swored samecniero-kvleviT da
pedagogiur saqmianobas miuZRvna.
rogorc geopolitikosi, sfaiqmeni iyo – anglo-amerikuli skolis
tipiuri warmomadgeneli, igi agrZelebda meheni-kolombis xazs (isini
msoflioSi dominirebis gzas xedavdnen saxelmwifos sazRvao Zalis
93
gaZlierebaSi). Сmecnierma ganaviTara makinderis Teoria da odnav Secvala
igi.
miuxedavad imisa, rom sfaiqmeni saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi mxars uWerda
“Zalis gamoyenebas”, igi ar iyo imperialisti, arasodes ar amarTlebda
koloniuri imperiebis Seqmnas (evropuli klasikosi-geopolitikosebisagan
gansxvavebiT). is werda konkretul teritoriaze kontrolis Sesaxeb (da ara
mis dapyrobaze), saerTaSoriso usafrTxoebaze da ara “gavlenis sferoebis”
gayofaze.
sfaiqmenis ZiriTadi koncefciebi da Teoriebi gadmocemulia mis
naSromebSi: “amerikis strategia msoflio politikaSi” (1942) da “msoflios
geografia” (1944). Mman ganaviTara mehenis koncefcia da Camoayaliba
saxelmwifos siZlieris aTi kriteriumi:
1) teritoriis farTobis sidede;
2) sazRvrebis xasiaTi (saxmeleTo, xelovnuri, bunebrivi, sazRvao da
a.S.);
3) mosaxleobis raodenoba;
4) mineraluri resursebis potenciali;
5) qveynis ekonomikuri ganviTareba;
6) saxelmwifos finansuri siZliere;
7) sazogadoebis eTnikuri erTgvarovneba;
8) sazogadoebis integraciis da socialuri koncentraciis done;
9) politikuri stabiluroba;
10) erovnuli sulis siZliere.
es kriteriumebi gansazRvraven, aris Tu ara esa Tu is qveyana
damoukidebeli, suverenuli geopolitikuri Zala. AamasTanave, mecnieri aSS
–is msoflio donis geopolitikuri qveynis statuss akuTvnebda.
sfaiqmenma moaxdina makinderis Teoriis transformireba. igi
eTanxmeboda im saerTo suraTs, rodesac msoflio gayofilia sam nawilad:
centralur nawilSi (harTlendSi) istoriuli procesi praqtikulad
gayinulia; Sida naxevarmTvareSi (romelic gars ertymis “haTlends”)
istoriuli procesi yvelaze intensiurad mimdinareobs; gare
naxevarmTvareSi (axali samyaro, afrika, avstralia, Tbili zRvebis
kunZulebi) istoriuli procesi naklebad intensiuria. Mmakinderma gaakeTa
daskvna harTlendis upiratesobaze sazRvao da kontinentaluri Zalebis
dapirispirebis SemTxvevaSi, sfaiqmenma piriqiT, yuradReba gaamaxvila “Sida
naxevarmTvareze”, romelic moicavda evropis sazRvao qveynebs, xmelTaSua
zRvis auzs, axlo da Sua aRmosavleTs, indoeTs, CineTs, samxreT-
aRmosavleT aziis qveynebs da uwoda am teritorias “rimlendi” (sanapiro
zona). Ggeopolitikosis azriT, rimlendze gadioda “didi sazRvao gza”
evropis gare da Sida zRvebidan (atlantika, biskais yure, CrdiloeTis da
baltiis zRvebi) xmelTaSua, wiTeli zRvebis da indoeTis okeanis gavliT
Soreuli aRmosavleTis zRvebamde (aRmosavleT-CineTis, iaponiis, oxotis).
Ggeografiis istoria rimlendSi intensiurad mimdinareobs ara “xmeleTis
yaCaRebis” zewoliT (rasac Cven vxvdebiT makinderTan), aramed Sida
mizezebis gamo. aqedan gamomdinareobs daskvna rimlendis dominirebaze
msoflioSi. sfaiqmenma makinderis geopolitikur formulas forma
Seucvala da Semdegnairad Camoayaliba: “vinc akontrolebs rimlends, is
dominirebs evraziaze, vinc dominirebs evraziaze, mas Tavis xelSi uWiravs
msoflios bedi”70. es msoflioze gabatonebis axali formula (“msoflio
70
The Geography of the Peace, New York, Harcourt, Brace and Company (1944)
94
kontroli”) cvlis msoflio dominants, ufro zustad potencialur
SesaZleblobas imisa, rom esa Tu is qveyana mniSvnelovan geopolitikur
moTamaSed gadaiqces. makinderis formulaSi msoflio pirvelobaze
brZolaSi upiratesobas flobda ssrk, xolo sfaiqmenTan upiratesobas
flobdnen didi britaneTi da aSS.
sfaiqmenma gamoyo msoflioSi sami umsxvilesi siZlieris centri. es
iyo CrdiloeT amerikis atlantikuri sanapiro, evropis sanapiro
(dasavleTi nawili) da Soreuli aRmosavleTi. SemdgomSi is uSvebda meoTxe
simZlavris centris, indoeTis gamoCenis SesaZleblobas. Mmisi azriT,
germaniisa da iaponiis gamarjvebis SemTxvevaSi, am or qveyanas eqneboda
sruli kontroli yvela msoflio Zalis centrebze. Tu gaimarjvebda
anglo-amerikuli koalicia, amerikas momavalSic aucileblad mouwevda
gaeZlierebina did britaneTTan kavSiri, rac uzrunvelyofda kontrols
CrdiloeT atlantikaze - amerikisaTvis sasicocxlod mniSvnelovan
geopolitikur zonaze.
sfaiqmenma axleburad Camoayaliba aSS-s adgili da roli
msoflioSi. misi azriT, amerikas aqvs momgebiani centraluri poziciebi
rogorc rimlendis, aseve harTlendis mimarT. unda aRvniSnoT, rom im dros
didi britaneTi da ssrk amerikis mokavSireebi iyvnen. Aamitom, sfaiqmenis
azriT, amerikis geopolitikuri mdgomareobis upiratesoba unda
gamoyenebuliyo omisSemdgom msoflioSi kontrolis dasamyareblad aSS-is
yvela mokavSiris mier, sadac amerikas wamyvani roli unda hqonoda.
sfaiqmenma Tavisi moRvaweobis periodSi Semoitana “Suaokeanis” –
atlantikis cneba. marTlac, uaxles istoriaSi atlantis okeanis roli
analogiuria xmelTaSua zRvis rolTan Zvel msofliosa da Sua saukuneebis
periodSi. am akvatoriebis sanapiroebze Tavis droze mwifdeboda mowinave
kultura, romelic SemdgomSi am arealebis siRrmeebSi gavrcelda.
sfaiqmenis azriT, rogorc amerikaa inglisis gadidebuli proeqcia, aseve
atlantika warmoadgens xmelTaSua zRvis gadidebuli proeqcias. rogorc
xmelTaSua zRva, aseve atlantis okeane ufro aerTianeben qveynebsa da
civilizaciebs, vidre ganacalkeveben maT.
amrigad, yvelaze mniSvnelovani, rac sfaiqmenma ganaviTara
geopolitikaSi – es gaxlavT sazRvao siZlieris Teoriis ganviTareba da
makinderis Teoriis revizia. GgansakuTrebiT es SeimCneoda “rimlendis”
cnebis formulirebisa da msoflio istoriaSi da omisSemdgom periodSi
rimlendis rolis gansazRvraSi. sfaiqmenis bolo koncefcias msoflio
geopolitikur mecnierebaSi “harTlend-rimlendis” Teoria uwodes.
i. boumeni (1878-1950 ww.)
isaia boumeni – cnobili kanado-amerikeli geografi da

geopolitikosi, daibada ontarios provinciaSi. iqve daamTavra skola da
universiteti, geografiis specialobiT. amis Semdeg, igi didxans iyo
sxvadasxva amerikuli umaRlesi saswavleblebis, maT Soris harvardis
universitetis pedagogi. igi arCeuli iyo amerikis geografTa asociaciis
prezidentad, da amave dros aqtiurad monawileobda politikaSi, rogorc
politologi da geografi. 1917-1950 wlebSi igi iyo sagareo kavSirebis
sabWos direqtori. politikuri SexedulebebiT iyo liberali, amitom
egreve mxari dauWira amerikis liberalur-progresuli prezidentis vudro
95
vilsonis mier SemoTavazebul “ToTxmeti punqtis” programas, romelic
gacxadebul iqna pirveli msoflio omis damamTavrebel etapze (08. 01. 1918
w). am programis dedaarsi iyo samarTliani, progresuli omisSemdgomi
msoflio wyobilebis damkvidreba Ria diplomatiis, Tavisufali vaWrobis,
ganiaraRebis da sazRvrebis “erovnebaTa ruqebis Sesabamisobis” principebze.
es praqtikulad niSnavda: a) avstro-ungreTis imperiis SemadgenlobaSi
Semavali erebis mier avtonomiis miRebas; b) axali ruseTis erebis
uflebebis da Tavisuflebebis pativiscemas (miuxedavad imisa, rom
bolSevikurma ruseTma daarRvia pirobebi, romlebic aiRo sxvadasxva
qveynis winaSe omis dawyebamde); g) germanias evaleboda elzasisa da
lotaringiis dabruneba safrangeTisTvis da aneqsiis Sedegad miyenebuli
zaralis kompensireba; d) belgiis suverenitetis aRdgena; e)
poloneTisaTvis zRvisken gasasvlelis uzrunvelyofa. am programaze
dayrdnobiT aSS CaerTo pirvel msoflio omSi. Uukve 1918 wlis 3 oqtombers
germaniam aRiara Tavisi damarcxeba da daTanxmda samSvidobo pirobebs “14
punqtis” safuZvelze.
rogorc sazRvrebis specialisti (da es ra Tqma unda gaxlavT
mniSvnelovani geopolitikuri problema) aSS-is, didi britaneTis,
safrangeTis, italiis, iaponiis specialistebTan erTad boumenma miiRo
monawileoba parizis samSvidobo konferenciaSi 1919 wels, romlebzec
Sejamebul iqna I msoflio omis Sedegebi da saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis
dasaregulireblad Seqmnil iqna “erTa liga”.
axali msoflio wesrigis (versalis xelSekrulebis mixedviT)
damyarebis Sesabamisad germania kargavda yvela kolonias, romlebic
gadaecaT gamarjvebul qveynebs mmarTvelobisaTvis erTa ligis mandatebis
Sesabamisad. imave dros, aSS-is senatma ar moaxdina versalis
xelSekrulebis ratifikacia (1920), anu aSS-m uari Tqva versalis
xelSekrulebis Sesrulebis garantis rolze. am yvelaferma Senelebuli
moqmedebis naRmi Cado mTel omisSemdgom versalis sistemaSi.
parizis konferenciis mere boumeni dakavebuli iyo evropis “axali”
da “Zveli” qveynebis sazRvrebis praqtikuli gansazRvriT (maT Soris
germaniis, poloneTis, italiis, iugoslaviis). igi Rrmad iyo garkveuli
rogorc evropis sazRvrebis sakiTxebSi, aseve evropis politikur saqmeebSi.
mogvianebiT, ukve amerikaSi is Tvals adevnebda “miunhenis xelSekrulebis”
(1938) mimdinareobas da gagzavna cnobili werili ruzveltis saxelze,
romelSic iwinaswarmetyvela momavali movlenebis msvleloba (maT Soris,
germaniis Tavdasxma ruseTze).
wignSi (simboluri saTauriT “axali msoflio”), boumenma (vudro
vilsonis liberaluri internacionalizmis ideebis safuZvelze)
warmoadgina Tavisi mosazrebebi msoflioSi xelisuflebis ganawilebis
Sesaxeb. man gaakeTa daskvna, rom aSS-ma unda uaryos tradiciuli
izolacionizmis politika. es iyo boumenis daskvna, romelsac safuZvlad
edo boumenis – geografis azrebi aSS-is unikaluri geografiuli
adgilmdebareobis Sesaxeb (Tavisufali gasasvleli or okeaneze –
atlantisa da wynarze), da praqtikulad msoflios yvela qveynisagan
saukeTeso usafrTxoeba da uvnebloba, magram es bolo piroba mcirdeba
teqnikuri progresis zrdasTan erTad. es misi azriT praqtikulad
daamtkica amerikis monawileobam I msoflio omSi, roca aSS-ma SeZlo didi
sargeblis motana rogorc TavisTvis, aseve Tavisi mokavSireebisTvis.
prezidenti ruzvelti iyenebda boumenis daskvnebs, roca kongresSi
yuradRebas amaxvilebda samxedro mrewvelobis ganviTarebisa da
96
SeiaraRebuli Zalebis gaZlierebisa da izolicionizmis politikaze uaris
Tqmis aucileblobaze.
C. makdonaldsi
Carlz makdonaldsi - cnobili amerikeli samxedro geostrategi.

1960-ian wlebSi igi aSS-is SeiaraRebuli Zalebis mTavari samxedro
istorikosis moadgile da avtorisa da redaqtoris saxiT monawileobas
iRebda naSromis - “aSS-is jari meore msoflio omSi” 80-tomian gamocemaSi.
misi naSromebi “kampania zigfridis xazze” da “ukanaskneli Seteva” am
gamocemaSi calkeul tomebadaa gaerTianebuli.
farTod cnobilia naSromi “mZime gamocda” (1969), sadac avtorma
gamoikvlia amerikuli SeiaraRebuli Zalebis sabrZolo moqmedebebi
evropaSi (1944-45 ww.). geopolitikuri TvalsazrisiT, gansakuTrebiT
sainteresoa am wignis pirveli Tavebi, sadac makdonaldi gviCvenebs, Tu
rogor iRebs msoflio geopolitikur xasiaTs evropaSi dawyebuli omi,
rogor iqmneboda aSS-is geostrategia, Sefasebulia II msoflio omis
geopolitikuri xasiaTi da am omSi amerikis miznebi, rogor Caisaxa aSS-is
TanamSromloba did britaneTTan da mogvianebiT ssrk-Tan; rogor
amzadebdnen ruzvelti, kongresi da samxedro sardloba qveyanas omisTvis;
rogorc gadahyavdaT mrewveloba da xalxis STagoneba omis yaidaze; ra
ZalebiTa da ra samxedro-politikuri gegmebis meSveobiT emzadebodnen
amerikelebi gamarjvebis miRwevas. ase, safrangeTisa da didi
britaneTisTvis daxmarebis gawevis mizniT, kongresma prezidentis
administraciis iniciativis safuZvelze gaauqma embargo SeiaraRebis
gayidvaze. amis garda, kongresma gazarda aSS-is yvela saxis SeiaraRebuli
Zalebis biujeti 1940 wlis finansur weliwadSi.
miuxedavad Tavdapirveli neitralitetisa, aSS faSisturi agresiis
msxverplTa mxareze dadga. safrangeTze Tavdasxmis Sesaxeb musolinis
gancxadebis mere, ruzveltma dagmo agresiuli moqmedebebi da Riad dauWira
mxari momaval mokavSireebs (did britaneTsa da safrangeTs). es moxda misi
gamosvlis dros virjiniis universitetSi gamarTul gamosaSveb saRamoze.
amis Semdgom SeiaraRebuli Zalebis asignireba orjer gaizarda da
samxedro saministrom miiRo ufleba damatebiT mieRo SeiaraRebul ZalebSi
375 000 kaci.
1940 wlis ivnisSi kongresma miiRo dadgenileba sayovelTao samxedro
savaldebulo samsaxuris Sesaxeb mSvidobianobis periodSi da agvistos
bolos gaiwvia rezervistebi nacionalur gvardiaSi.
safrangeTis damarcxebis Semdeg samxedro-politikuri garemoebis
Sefasebisas, amerikis xelmZRvaneloba mivida im daskvnamde, rom ara marto
safrangeTis teritoria da floti gadavidodnen RerZuli qveynebis xelSi,
aramed “mTeli didi britaneTi, Tu ara mTeli britaneTis imperia, SeiZleba
daemxos”71. aqedan gamomdinareobda aSS-is geostrategia II msoflio omis
sawyis periodSi, romelic wardgenil iqna samxedro-sazRvao Zalebis da
saxmeleTo jarebis sardlobebis mier: strategiuli manevrirebadi Tavdacva
dasavleT naxevarsferoSi msxvil mokavSireebze yovelgvari dayrdnobis
gareSe, da aranairi movaleoba mokavSireebis winaSe aRmosavleT
naxevarsferoSi. magram prezidenti ruzvelti ar daeTanxma samxedroebs. is
amtkicebda, rom aSS-ma unda gaiTvaliswinos, rom didi britaneTi ar unda
71
Nnika CitaZe. “geopolitika”. Tbilisi, 2008. Ggv. 54 E
97
damarcxebuliyo. Aam SemTxvevaSi ki saerTo nacionaluri strategia
dawyebul omSi unda iTvaliswinebdes evropel mokavSireebTan
urTierTqmedebas da maTTvis daxmarebis gawevas. MmovlenaTa Semdgomma
ganviTarebam warmoaCina prezidentis mosazrebis marTebuloba.
vidal de la blaSi – franguli geopolitikuri skolis

fuZemdebeli
vidal de la blaSi (1845-1918 ww.) – samarTlianad iTvleba

safrangeTis geopolitikuri skolis fuZemdeblad. igi iyo cnobili
geografi da geopolitikosi, humanuri geografiis skolis klasikosi da
safrangeTis geopolitikis klasikuri skolis lideri. man daamTavra “ekol
normali” – parizis erT-erTi saukeTeso universiteti. garda amisa, igi
cota xani swavlobda aTenSi mdebare frangul skolaSic. Ppedagogiuri
saqmianoba man daiwyo q. nansis universitetSi 1898wels. Semdeg igi
miipatiJes sorbonis universitetSi geografiis kaTedraze, sadac igi iyo
amave kaTedris gamge sicocxlis bolomde.
franguli geopolitikis Casaxva da ganviTareba xdeboda franko-
prusiuli dapirispirebis pirobebSi (safrangeTma waago omi prusiasTan
1870-71 ww.) Sesabamisad, safrangeTSi geopolitikuri azri viTardeboda
rogorc germanuli geopolitikis antiTeza. BblaSma Camoayaliba Tavisi
Teoriebi ratcelis da misi mimdevrebis kritikis safuZvelze. sxva frangi
geopolitikosebic (J. anseli, a. demaJoni, J. gotmani) sistematiurad
akritikebdnen germanel geopolitikosebs am ukanasknelTa mier
eqspansionizmis, imperializmis, pangermanizmis da erTi eris meoreze
gabatonebis ideebis gamarTlebis gamo.
pirvel geopolitikur naSromSi “safrangeTis geografiis suraTi”
(1903), avtori ganixilavda niadagis da adamianis urTierTobas. Ffrangi
mecnieri aRniSnavda, rom qveynebSi, sadac xalxi dasaxlda uxsovari
droidan, am urTierTobebs gaaCniaT mudmivi, myari da uwyveti xasiaTi.
adamiani xdeba niadagis erTguli moswavle, xolo niadagi Tavis mxriv
gansazRvrul zemoqmedebas axdens mosaxleobis xasiaTze, wes-Cveulebebze
da a.S. amgvarad, kultura formirdeba geografiuli faqtoris zemoqmedebis
pirobebSi da am sakiTxis formulirebisas blaSi eTanxmeba ratcels, magram
misive azriT, ratcelma gadametebulad Seafasa geografiuli garemos
zemoqmedeba da saTanadod ver Seafasa adamianis faqtori. adamianic, blaSis
azriT aris geografiuli faqtori, magram mas Tan gaaCnia iniciativa. msgavs
azrs gamoTqvamda spenseri, romelic hyofda cxovels (romelic
konkretulia) da adamianisagan radganac am ukanasknels gaaCnia bunebrivi
Tavisufleba da misi qmedebebi mxolod bunebis kanonebs ar emorCileba.
blaSis azriT, kultura ganviTarebulia gansazRvrul niadagze, da
igi aris ormxrivi: sivrciTi da drois mimarTulebis ganmsazRvreli
(ratcelTan – geografiuli da istoriuli)72. amaSi blaSi eTanxmeba
germanel geopolitikoss, magram amave dros kulturis ganviTarebis drois
Semadgeneli, anu sazogadoebis istoria irekleba TviT adamianSi. BblaSi
Tvlida, rom kulturis mTavari determinantebi arian sivrce da reliefi
da igi amtkicebda, rom germaneli geopolitikosebi adamianis Tavisuflebis
da istoriulobis subieqtur faqtors akninebdnen. amrigad, mxolod
72
Preston E. James & Geoffrey W. Martin. After All Possible Worlds: A History of Geographical Ideas, Second Edition,
p.194
98
adamianis meSveobiT moqmedebs geografiuli determinizmi; mxolod adamiani
qmnis imis albaTobas, rom gamoamJRavnos Tavisi SesaZlebloba gare
sferosTvis. am koncefcias uwodes “posibilizmi”.
1917 wels blaSma gamosca fundamentaluri naSromi “aRmosavleT
safrangeTi”, romelSic ganixila elzas-lotaringiis problema (evropaSi
yvelaze sadao sakiTxi). safrangeT-prusiis omis Sedegad (1870-71 ww.) es
miwebi safrangeTma dakarga. Aam teritoriaze ganTavsebuli iyo qvanaxSiris
da rkinis madnis mniSvnelovani maragebi. de la blaSi amtkicebda elzas-
lotaringiis safrangeTisaTvis istoriuli kuTvnilebis samarTlianobas.
misi koncefciis mixedviT, am istoriuli olqebis mosaxleoba (mTel frang
erTan erTad) liberalizmis ideebis meSveobiT dakavSirebulia frangul
niadagTan. liberalizmis ideebma Tavis droze ganapirobes elzasisa da
lotaringiis miwebis mosaxleobisaTvis gadacema, yvelasaTvis demokratiis,
Tavisuflebis, Tanasworobisa da Zmobis principebis danergva. imave dros,
elzas-lotaringiis miwebis safrangeTisgan warTmevam germaniis imperiis
mier ganapiroba is, rom am provinciebis mosaxleoba laparakobs
germanulad. Aamave dros blaSi aRniSnavda, rom es miwebi istoriulad
Sedioda safrangeTis SemadgenlobaSi da SesaZlebelia, rom isev Sevides am
qveynis SemadgenlobaSi (sabolood asec moxda). am ”SeerTebas” SeeZlo
mniSvnelovani geopolitikuri amocanis amoxsna – safrangeTi-germaniis
sazRvris dadgena bunebriv zRvarze – md. reinze. e. i. gadasawyveti iyo, Tu
rogor unda momxdariyo elzasisa da lotaringiis mosaxleobis
inkorporireba safrangeTis kulturul cxovrebaSi. BblaSi sTavazobda am
miwebis erTobliv aTvisebas germanelebisa da frangebis mier, is Tvlida,
rom sazRvari unda yofiliyo ara gamyofi, araned SemaerTebeli xazi.
Mmecnieris sikvdilis Semdeg, misma kolegam emanuel de mortonma
(sorbonis profesori) Seagrova da gamosca blaSis statiebi da Canawerebi.
wignSi “adamianTa geografiis principebi” (1922). B
blaSis azriT, adamianTa geografia es aris beberi xis erT-erTi Sto.
am geografiul disciplinaSi pirvel planze wamoweulia adamianis
faqtori, misi mniSvneloba dedamiwaze cxovrebis ganviTarebaze.
kacobriobis evoluciis saerTo suraTi warmodgenilia masSi rogorc
msoflio civilizaciis procesi, romelic lokalizirebulia sxvadasxva
ujredebSi, romlebic Seqmnilia sxvadasxva geografiuli sferoebis
zemoqmedebis Sedegad. ujredebi urTierTmoqmedeben ganviTarebis da
gafarToebis dros. xandaxan am urTierTmoqmedebebis gziT es ujredebi
aRwevdnen Tvisobriv transformacias – msxvili civilizaciebis Seqmnas.
civilizaciis procesi ZiriTadad mimdinareobda Crdilo naxevar
sferoSi (xmelTaSua zRva, axlo aRmosavleTi, CineTi, indoeTi da evropa).
civilizaciuri procesebis mimdinareobis centris evropaSi gadatana
ganpirobebuli iyo bunebrivi pirobebiTa da bunebrivi zonebis
mravalferovnebiT. yvelaferma aman moaxdina civilizaciis ujredebis
mravalsaxeobis determinireba. civilizaciaTa raodenobis zrdam
ganapiroba maT Soris kontaqtebis raodenobis zrda. kontaqtebis Semdgomi
gafarToeba (gansakuTrebiT savaWro), iqca swrafi ganviTarebis, axali
teritoriebis (koloniebis) aTvisebis stimulad. SemdgomSi am process
SeiZleba moveyvaneT msoflio saxelmwifos Seqmnisaken. amave dros,
kontinentaluri sivrceebi, sadac sul ufro da ufro viTardeba
satransporto komunikaciebi, gadalaxaven zRvis portebisagan daSorebis
problemas, xolo savaWro centrebi aqtiurad CaerTvebodnen civilizaciis
procesSi. Dde la blaSis azriT, sazRvao qveynebs ar SeeZloT cxovreba
mxolod zRviT, radgan zRva napirTan aris dakavSirebuli. amis garda, Ria
99
zRva, saokeano akvatoriebi ar warmoadgenen romelime erTi qveynis
sakuTrebas (zRva saerTo mflobelobaSia, es jer ki romaul samarTalSi
iyo gacxadebuli). racelisgan gansxvavebiT, blaSi amaSi xedavda xmeleTisa
da zRvis kontinentalur da sazRvao qveynebs Soris dapirispirebis
daZlevis SesaZleblobas (xmeleTi da zRva, misi azriT imdenad ki ar
upirispirdebian erTmaneTs, ramdenadac urTierTmoqmedeben).
Tanamedrove geopolitikur mdebareobas (mdgomareobas) blaSi
gansazRvravda “poziciis principis” meSveobiT, romlidanac
gamomdinareobda is faqti, rom germanias gaaCnda yvelaze susti pozicia.
germania unda iyos blokirebuli orive mxridan da roca igi ver moZebnis
gasasvlels Tavis geopolitikuri energiis gansaviTareblad, maSin igi
gaxdeba saSiSi mezobeli qveynebisaTvis. sxvanairi pozicia gaaCndaT sxva
qveynebs (didi britaneTi, ruseTi da aSS ), radgan maT SeeZloT moexdinaT
eqspansia meridianulur da ganedur mimarTulebebze.
Kklasikuri periodis rusuli geopolitika
semionov tian-Sanski
veniamin semionov tian-Sanski – geografi da geopolitikosi gaxldaT

cnobili geografisa da mezRvauris, petre semionov tian-Sanskis Svili.
M1893 wels man daamTavra peterburgis universitetis fizika-maTematikis
fakulteti da monawileoba miiRo mraval geografiul eqspediciaSi
cimbirSi, uralsa da kavkasiaSi, man aseve monawileoba miiRo ruseTis
mosaxleobis pirvel sayovelTao aRweraSi (1897 w.).
1900-1911 wlebSi tian-Sanskis redaqciiT gamovida naSromi “evropuli
ruseTis vaWroba da mrewveloba raionebis mixedviT”, romelic 12 tomad
gamoica.
semionov tian-Sanski iyo avtori monografiisa “evropuli ruseTis qalaqi
da sofeli” (1910), da “evropuli ruseTisa da kavkasiis adgilmdebareobis
tipebi” (1915), masSi igi riteris meTodis Sesabamisad akavSirebda ruseTis
geografiuli nawilebis raionirebas am regionebSi mcxovreb
mosaxleobasTan, da amiT igi qmnida safuZvels ruseTis regionaluri
geopolitikisa.
rogorc geopolitikosma, semionov tian-Sanskim aRiareba moipova misi
wignis “teritoriuli mflobelobis Zalaufleba ruseTis magaliTze.
politikuri geografiis narkvevebi” (1915 w.) gamocemis Sedegad. naSromSi
man, aviTarebda ra evropeli politikuri geografebisa da
geopolitikosebis mosazrebebs, pirvelad gamoxata idea cocxali
organizmebisa da dedamiwis sami Sris kavSiris Sesaxeb, man aseve aRwera
adamianis dedamiwis teritoriaze ganviTarebis procesebi winaistoriul
periodSi da evropeli xalxebis kolonizaciis periodi uaxlesi istoriis
ganmavlobaSi. ikvlevda ra zRvis mniSvnelobas kacobriobis civilizaciis
ganmavlobaSi, man gamoyo “sami okeanuri buxta” - xmelTaSua zRva, CineTis
zRva da karibis zRva, romlebmac didi roli iTamaSes kacobriobis
civilizaciis ganviTarebaSi.
semionov tian-Sanski gamovida winadadebiT gaeyoT ruseTi dasavleT da
aRmosavleT nawilebad sazRvriT mdinare eniseize, Semdgom man gamoyo
dasavleT nawilSi fineTi, dasavleT, CrdiloeT, centraluri, da samxreTi
ruseTi, CrdiloeTi da samxreTi uralispireTi, rusuli udabnoebi
100
(Tanamedrove yazaxeTi), rusuli Turqestani (Tanamedrove centraluri
azia), Crdilo-dasavleTi da dasavleTi cimbiri.
rusma mecnierma Tavis naSromSi wamoayena e. w. rkalisebri sistemis
koncefcia, romelic misi azriT iqmneba Sida zRvebis sanapiroebze,
romlebic sxvadasxva tomTa metoqeobis Sedegad ipyroba erTi romelime
xalxis mier da romelic Semdgom iwyebs SeRwevas materikis siRrmeSi
(Zveli saberZneTi, Zveli romi). is iqmneba didi saxelmwifos mier
sxvadasxva kontinentisa da kunZulebis sanapiroebis dapyrobiT, rac
xorcieldeba iseTi qveynis mier, romelsac mZlavri floti gaaCnia
(espaneTi, holandia, inglisi). swored rom floti uwyobs xels
regularuli kavSirebis damyarebas sxvadasxva teritoriebsa da
samflobeloebs Soris. “zRvidan zRvamde” sistema, iqmneba materikis Sida
sivrceebis aTvisebis Semdeg, rac iZleva erTi sanapirodan meore
sanapiromde kontrolis damyarebis SesaZleblobas (Zveli sparseTi, aSS,
ssrk). am SemTxvevaSi teritoriis aTvisebis mTavar amocanad rCeba Sida
wylebisa da saxmeleTo komunikaciebis mowyoba.
tian-Sanski aseve aRniSnavda buferuli saxelmwifoebis rols msoflio
politikaSi, misi azriT am mxriv metad mniSvnelovani geopolitikuri
mdebareoba ekava avRaneTs XIX saukuneSi, romelic warmoadgenda “bufers”
ruseTsa da ingliss Soris, xolo XX saukuneSi ssrk iyo daSorebuli
germaniisagan ramdenime saxelmwifoTi, kerZod fineTiT, estoneTiT,
LlatviiT, litviT, poloneTiT, ungreTiT da rumineTiT.
Tavis naSromebSi tian-Sanskim yuradReba miaqcia iseT mniSvnelovan
problemas, rogoricaa saxelmwifos geografiuli centrisa da mosaxleobis
centris gadaadgileba. MmagaliTad, ruseTis istoriaSi orive centris
moZraoba mimarTuli iyo aRmosavleTisaken. garda amisa, mecnierma gamoyo
kacobriobis teritoriuli ganfenilobis tipebi, daakavSira ra isini
landSaftebTan da dedamiwis mcenareulobasTan.
petre savicki
Ppetre sivicki (1895-1968 ww.) – bevri eqspertis azriT aris pirveli rusi
mecnieri, romelsac, geopolitikosi SeiZleba ewodos. Mman miiRo
ekonomikuri ganaTleba. Ppirvel msoflio omamde axlos iyo kadetebTan,
xolo ruseTSi bolSevikuri gadatrialebis Semdeg emigraciaSi wavida
bulgareTSi, xolo Semdeg sacxovreblad gadavida CexoslovakiaSi. 1921
wels Tavad trubeckoisTan erTad iyo evraziuli moZraobis erT-erTi
sulisCamdgmeli. Aam moZraobaSi geopolitikuri faqtorebi ZiriTad rols
TamaSobdnen. savicki yvela sxva evrazielebisagan gansxvavebiT yvelaze
metad iyo dainteresebuli geopolitikuri sakiTxebiT.
savickis msoflmxedveloba, iseve rogorc sxva evraziuli skolis
warmomadgenlebisa, Camoyalibebul iqna slavofilebis _ danilevskisa da,
gansakuTrebiT, leontievis Sromebis gavleniT. Eigi warmoadgenda
revoluciuri slavofilobis erT-erT mimdinareobas, romelic
dakavSirebuli iyo “velikorusebis” istoriuli identurobis
gansakuTrebulobis ZiriTad ideasTan, romelic ar daiyvaneba arc
religiur, da arc eTnikur raobamde. Aam sakiTxSi slavofilebi
eTanxmebodnen konstantine leontievis mosazrebebs, am ukanasknelma Tavis
droze Camoayaliba umniSvnelovanesi Tezisi “slavoba aris, slavizmi ar
arsebobs”, anu “slavi xalxebis eTnikuri da lingvisturi siaxlove ar
101
iZleva sakmaris safuZvels imisaTvis, rom vilaparakoT maT kulturul da
Tvisobriv erTobaze”73.
Eevraziuli moZraoba, am organizaciis warmomadgenelTa samecniero
naSromebze dayrdnobiT, saocrad axlos iyo germanel konservatiul
revolucionerebTan. iseve rogorc konservatiuli revolucionerebi,
evrazielebic cdilobdnen fesvebisadmi erTguleba momavlisaken
SemoqmedebiT winsvlasTan daekavSirebinaT, xolo rusuli erovnuli
tradiciis simyare SeexamebinaT – socialur modernizmTan, teqnikur
ganviTarebasa da aratradiciuli formebis politikasTan.
ruseTi-evrazia
savickis ZiriTadi ideis Sesabamisad, ruseTi gvevlineba “Suagulobis”

TvisebiT aRWurvil gansakuTrebul civilizaciur warmonaqmnad. mis erT-
erT samecniero naSromSi aRniSnulia Semdegi: “ruseTs ufro meti
safuZveli aqvs iwodebodes “Suamdebare saxelmwifod,” vidre CineTs”.74
rusi mecnieris azriT, Tuki germaniis “Suaguloba” (Mittellage) mis
garSemo arsebuli evropuli qveynebiTaa SezRuduli, xolo TviT evropa
mxolod evraziis dasavleT ganapira regions warmoadgens, samagierod
ruseTs evraziis kontinentis SuagulSi ukavia centraluri pozicia.
ruseTis “Suaguloba’, sivickisTvis, misi istoriuli identurobis
safuZvels warmoadgens _ igi ar miekuTvneba arc evropas da arc azias,
radganac igi damoukidebeli samyaroa, damoukidebeli da ganskuTrebuli
sulier - istoriuli geopolitikuri realoba, romelsac savicki “evrazias”
uwodebs.
savicki amticebs, rom ruseT-evrazia warmoadgens msoflio kulturisa
da istoriis sinTezs. AamasTanave, ruseTis buneba sakuTari kulturis
Seqmnis Tanamonawilea.
Ggeopolitikuri TvalsazrisiT savickis azriT ruseTi warmoadgens ara
erovnul saxelmwifos, aramed civilizaciis gansakuTrebul saxes, romelic
moicavs ariul-slavuri kulturis, Turquli momTabareebisa da
marTmadidebluri tradiciis safuZvlebs.
savicki velokorusebs ar aRiqvams aRmosavleTeli slavebis erT-erT
ubralo ganStoebad, radganac misi azriT ruseTi aris gansakuTrebuli
imperiuli warmonaqmni, romlebSic erTmaneTTanaa Sexamebuli slavuri da
Turquli kulturebi. Amecnieris am midgomas mivyavarT metad mniSvnelovan
gansazRvrasTan _ TuranTan.
TuranTan, rogorc pozitiur orientaciasTan damokidebulebam metad
didi gaRizianeba gamoiwvia rusi nacionalistebis wreebSi, radganac am
koncefciis mixedviT gamarTlebuli iyo monRolur-TaTruli uReli,
romlis meSveobiTac “ruseTma SeiZina sakuTari geopolitikuri
TviTmyofadoba da SeinarCuna sakuTari sulieri damoukidebloba romanul-
germanuli samyaros agresiulobis miuxedavad”75. Turquli samyaros mimarT
pozitiuri damokidebulebis mizans warmoadgenda ruseT-evraziis evropisa
da misi bedisagan Camosacileba, raTa amiT damtkicebuli yofiliyo rusebis
eTnikurobis gansakuTrebuloba sxva slav erebTan SedarebiT.
73
Aa. Ddugini. “geopolitikis safuZvlebi”. 1998 w. gv. 83
74
iqve
75
iqve
102
“TaTrebis gareSe ar iqneboda ruseTi” – savickis es Tezisi statiidan
“stepi da binadari cxovreba” evraziulobis mTavar formulad iqca. aqedan
gamomdinareobs wminda geopolitikuri mtkicebuleba:
“vaRiaroT: msoflio istoriis manZilze zRvis dasavleTevropul aRqmas
Tanasworad mxolod polarulad sawinaaRmdego upirispirdeba-kontinentis
monRoluri aRqma; amave dros rusebis mier axali miwebis aRmoCenebSi, maT
dapyrobebsa da aTvisebaSi igrZnoba igive suli, kontinentis igive aRqma”.76
Aaseve, mniSvnelovania aRiniSnos rusuli landSaftis Sesaxeb. rusuli
landSaftis fundamenturi gaoreba – misi dayofa tyed da stepad – jer
kidev slavofilebis SromebSi iqna aRniSnuli. savickis kvlevebSi ruseT-
evraziis geopolitikuri arsi warmodgenilia ori realobis – evropuli
tyisa da aziuri stepis sinTezad. Aaq saqme gvaqvs garkveul originalur
mTlianobasTan.
saerTo jamSi ruseT-evrazia mxolod TuranTan ar aris gaigivebuli. igi
ufro vrcel sivrces warmoadgens, sadac warmoCenilia evrazielebis
istoriuli da sulieri aRmatebuleba evropasTan SedarebiT maTSi
“monRoluri sulis” arsebobis gamo.
Aadgilmdebareoba
savickis naSromebSi mniSvnelovan adgils ikavebs “adgilganviTarebis”

koncefciis gansazRvra. Aam cnebaSi warmoCenilia evrazielTa
“organicizmi”, romelic warmoadgens germanuli organicizmuli skolis
analogs da ewinaaRmdegeba anglosaqsi geopolitikosebis midgomebs.
savickis miaCnia rom: “ruseT-evrazia aris “adgilganviTareba”, “erTi
mTlianoba”, “geografiuli individuumi” _ erTdroulad geografiuli,
eTnikuri, sameurneo, istoriuli da a.S. “landSafti”.
“adgilganviTarebis” koncefciis gansazRvrebiT evrazielebma Tavi
aarides istoriuli fenomenebis analitikuri yofis pozitivistur
aucileblobas. “adgilganviTarebis”, “geografiuli individuumis”
gamoyeneba evrazielebs saSualebas aZlevda erovnul, rasobriv, religiur,
kulturul, enobriv, individualur sakiTxebSi Tavi daeRwiaT Zalze
konkretuli receptebisgan. “istoriis geografiuli RerZis” macxovrebelTa
mier intuiciurad SegrZnobilma geopolitikurma erTobam SeiZina axali
“sinTezuri” ena, romelic ar daiyvaneboda dasavluri racionalizmis
Sesabamis nawilobriv analitikur koncefciamde.
ideokratia
savickis Teoriis mniSvnelovan sferos “ideokratiis” principi

warmoadgens. savicki fiqrobda, rom tipiuri evraziuli saxelmwifo, sawyisi
sulieri impulsidan mimarTulebis gansazRvris Semdeg, unda Sendebodes
zemodan qvemoT.
ideokratia saxelmwifo mowyobis saqmeSi gulixmobda pragmatuli,
materialuri da komerciuli msoflmxedvelobis mcire Rirebulebas.
ideokratia _ es aris termini, romelic Tavis TavSi aerTianebs
arademokratiul, araliberaluri mmarTvelobis yvela formas.
Aaqedan gamomdinare, misi Sexedulebebi srul winaaRmdegobaSi modis
makinderis, mehenisa da sfaiqmenis doqtrinebSi Camoyalibebul pragratul-
komerciul da liberalur Rirebulebebze dafuZnebul koncefciebTan.
76
Aa.dugini. “geopolitikis safuZvlebi”. Ggv. 84
103
Aamgvarad, rusi evrazielebis mier naTlad iqna gansazRvruli zRvisa da
xmeleTis istoriuli winaaRmdegobis amsaxveli ideologiuri terminebi.
zRva – asocirdeba liberalur demokratiasTan, komerciasTan da
pragmatizmTan. xmeleTi amave dros gaigivebulia ideokratiasTan,
“ierarqiul marTvasTan”, romlisTvisac ucxoa demokratiuli, liberaluri
normebi.
104
Tavi VII.
geopolitikuri skolebi da Teoriebi XX saukunis meore
naxevarSi
Mmeore msoflio omis dasrulebis Semdeg geopolitika viTardeboda

klasikuri periodis geopolitikosebis Teoriebis mixedviT. Hhaushofers
da misi skolis mimdevrebs axldaT mesame raixTan TanamSromlobis
avbediTi aCrdili. Mam mecnierebs istoria “faSizmSi” dadanaSaulebisagan
TavdasaRwevad, aiZulebda epovaT alternatiuli gzebi. Aam mizniT,
magaliTad amerikelma qolins greim geopolitikis gansazRvrisaTvis ori
terminis gamoyeneba SemogvTavaza: inglisuri “Geopolitics” da germanuli
“Geopolitik”77. Ppirveli cnebis mixedviT gansazRvruli unda yofiliyo am
movlenis anglo-saqsuri, pragmatuli versia, e.i. warmodgenili unda
yofiliyo im mecnierTa Sromebi, romlebSic gamoyenebuli iyo liberalur
ideologiaze dafuZnebuli mehenis, makinderisa da sfiqmenis Teoriebi,
xolo germanuli terminis mixedviT unda warmoCenili yofiliyo
“kontinenturi varianti”, haushoferis skolis memkvidreoba, romelic
iTvaliswinebs garkveul “sulier”, “metafizikur” faqtorebs.
MXX saukunis meore naxevarSi aSS-s zesaxelmwifod gadaqcevam da
Talasokratiis sabolooo msoflio hegemoniis wina etapze gamosvlam,
amerikeli geopolitikosebis winaSe axali miznebi da amocanebi daayena.
Tu amerikel, atlantist mecnierebs daveyrdnobiT, “civi omis” periodSi
arsebobda movlenaTa ganviTarebis ori principuli varianti: 1)
aRmosavleTTan geopolitikur duelSi dasavleTis saboloo
gamarjveba da 2) ori ideologiuri banakis erTiani konvergencia da
msoflio mTavrobis Camoyalibeba (am modelma miiRo “mondializmis”
saxelwodeba-franguli sityvidan “Monde”, msoflio). Oorive SemTxvevaSi
aucileblobas warmoadgenda civilizaciaTa istoriis aseTi SesaZlo
dasasrulis axali geopolitikuri gaazreba. Ameore msoflio omis Semdeg
Seqmnilma politikurma viTarebam biZgi misca geopolitikis gansakuTrebul
mimarTulebas – “mondializmis geopolitikas”. Aam Teoriam “axali msoflio
wesrigis” doqtrinis saxelwodebac miiRo. Mmisi damuSaveba amerikeli
geopolitikosebis mier XX saukunis 70-iani wlebidan daiwyo. Ppirvelad,
oficialurad am doqtrinis Sesaxeb gacxadebul iqna aSS-s prezidentis
jorj buSis mier 1991 wels sparseTis yureSi mimdinare saomari
moqmedebebis periodSi78.
Mmas Semdeg, rac evropulma saxelmwifoebma XX s. Mmeore naxevarSi
dakarges zesaxelmwifoebis statusi, damoukidebeli evropuli geopolitika
praqtikulad ar arsebobda. viTareba garkveulwilad icvleba 1959-1968
wlebSi, rodesac safrangeTis prezidenti iyo “kontinentalisti” Sarl de
goli. 1963 wlidan de golma aSkarad antiatlantisturi nabijebis gadadgma
daiwyo, romlis Sedegi gaxldaT safrangeT-germaniis 1963 wlis
xelSekruleba da safrangeTis gamosvla Crdiloatlantikuri
xelSekrulebis organizaciis samxedro komitetidan 1966 wels, rac
warmoadgenda sakuTari geopolitikuri strategiis SemuSavebis mcdelobas
evropis am qveynis mier. Aamave dros,MTavisi antiatlantisturi miznebis
gansaxorcieleblad saWiro gaxda Sidakontinenturi frangul-germanuli
77
Nnika CitaZe. “geopolitika”. Tbilisi. 2008. Ggv. 59
78
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_World_Order
105
TanamSromlobisa da sabWoTa kavSirTan urTierTobaTa gaumjobeseba. am
dros Camoyalibda golis cnobili Tezisi – “evropa atlantidan
uralamde”79. AaseTi evropa eqspertTa mier moiazreboda suverenul,
strategiulad kontinentur warmonaqmnad – sruliad zomieri “evropuli
kontinenturobis saxiT”.
70-iani wlebis dasawyisSi, rodesac aSS-Si geopolitikurma kvlevebma
metad popularuli saxe miiRo, evropeli politologebic etapobrivad
CaerTvnen aRniSnul procesSi, magram maTi kvlevaTa absoluturi
umravlesoba radikalurad gansxvavdeboda omamdel arsebul geopolitikur
skolasTan. Bbevri evropeli mecnieri im periodSi muSaobda saerTaSoriso
organizaciebSi, natoSi, gaeroSi, da a.S. sadac isini dakavebulni iyvnen
gamoyenebiTi geopolitikuri kvlevebiT, rac TavisTavad uaryofda “didi
geopolitikuri sivrcis” cnebas da Sesabamisad evropelebi ar cdebodnen
viwro, regionalur doneze arsebuli sakiTxebis CarCoebs. aRniSnuli
kvlevebi TandaTanobiT gadaiqca erTgvar damoukidebel “regionul
geopolitikad”. Eam mimarTulelebam farTo ganviTareba hpova safrangeTSi
(Jurnal “herodotes” gamomcemeli iv lakostas skola). “regionuli
geopolitika” makinderis, mehenis Tu haushoferis globaluri sqemebis
ganzogadebis Sedegia, romelSic naklebadaa yuradReba gamaxvilebuli
msoflio dualizmis sakiTxebze da geopolitikur meTodebi gamoyenebulia
mxolod erovnebaTSorisi da saxelmwifoTaSorisi konfliqtebis,
demografiuli procesebisa da da, agreTve “politikuri arCevnebis
geopolitikis” aRsawerad.
Ggeopolitikis erTaderTi uwyveti tradicia, romelic omamdeli xanidan
ganagrZobda evropaSi funqcionirebas, warmoadgenda politikuri
cxovrebidan gariyuli jgufebis monapovars, romlebsac ama Tu im doneze
gaaCndaT garkveuli kavSirebi omis Semdgom nacionalistur partiebTan Tu
moZraobebTan. Aam viwro wreebSi viTardeboda haushoferisa da sxvaTa
skolis “kontinentalizmTan” dakavSirebuli geopolitikuri ideebi.
mogvianebiT am moZraobam evropeli “axali memarjveneebis” saxelwodeba
SeiZina. Ddidi xnis ganmavlobaSi samecniero sazogadoebebi maT azrebs
ubralod ugulebelyofdnen, radganac “axali memarjveneebis” ideebs isini
“faSizmis gadmonaSTebad” aRiqvamdnen.
Mmxolod ukanaskneli aTwleulis ganmavlobaSi, ZiriTadad frangi
filosofosis alen de benuas samecniero da Jurnalistur saqmianobaze
dayrdnobiT, seriozulma samecniero wreebma daiwyes am mimarTulebis
safuZvliani analizi. evropeli “axali memarjveneebis” inteleqtualuri
jgufebis saxelisuflo struqturebTan mniSvnelovani siSorisa da
“disidentobis” miuxedavad, maT Sromebs wminda Teoriuli TvalsazrisiT
geopolitikaSi Tavisi mniSvnelovani adgili miekuTvneba.
Drac Seexeba post-sabWoTa sivrces, geopolitika rogorc mecnierebis
dargi, sabWoTa kavSirSi ar arsebobda. igi sabWoTa xelisuflebis mier
oficialurad iyo aRiarebuli “faSistur” da “burJuaziul”
fsevdomecnierebad. Aamave dros ssrk-Si, maT Soris saqarTveloSi,
geopolitikis funqciebs ramdenime disciplina asrulebda – strategia,
samxedro geografia, saerTaSoriso samarTlisa da saerTaSoriso
urTierTobebis Teoria, politikuri geografia, eTnografia da a. S.
geopolitika Tavis mxriv viTardeboda mxolod da mxolod disidentur
wreebSi. Aam TvalsazrisiT aRniSnuli mimarTulebis ZiriTadi
79
Fondation Charles de Gaulle". http://www.charles-de-gaulle.org/pages/l-homme/accueil/biographie/1940-
1944-la-france-libre-et-la-france-combattante.php. Retrieved 2009-09-10
106
warmomadgeneli iyo istorikosi lev gumiliovi, miuxedavad imisa, rom mas
Tavis SromebSi arasdros gamouyenebia terminebi “geopolitika” da
“evraziuloba”.
varSavis xelSekrulebisa da sabWoTa kavSiris daSlis Semdeg
postsabWoTa respublikebis samecniero wreebSi geopolitika kvlav
aqtualuri gaxda. ideologiuri cenzuris gauqmebam bolosdabolos
SesaZlebeli gaxada sagnebs Tavisi saxeli darqmeodaT.
MmniSvnelovania aRiniSnos, rom 90-iani wlebis dasawyisidan geopolitikis
swavleba saqarTvelos sxvadasxva umaRles saswavlebelSi iwyeba. 1997 wels
gamovida cnobili qarTveli politologis, a. GgegeSiZis wigni –
“geopolitika”, xolo 1999 wels qarTul enaze iTargmna rusi mecnieris a.
Dduginis wigni “geopolitikis safuZvlebi”.
Tanamedrove atlantizmis Teoriebi
1945 wlis Semdeg amerikuli, wminda atlantisturi geopolitikuri

mimarTulebis ganviTareba efuZneboda nikolas sfaiqmenis samecniero
kvlevebs. iseve, rogorc Tavis droze am ukanasknelma daiwyo Tavisi
koncefciebis warmodgena makinderis Teoriebis SesworebiT, aseve sfaiqmenis
amerikeli mimdevrebi, ZiriTadad mis Sexedulebebs ukeTebdnen Sesworebas.
1956 wels geopolitikos meiningis mier gamoqveynebul iqna naSromi,
“harTlendi” da “rimlendi” evraziis istoriaSi. MTavis kvlevaSi meiningma
aRniSna, rom: „geopolitikur kriteriumebSi gansakuTrebiT unda iyos
gaTvaliswinebuli ara mxolod teritoriis wminda geografiuli
urTierTdamokidebuleba xmeleTisa da zRvis mimarT, aramed
mosaxleobisa da saxelmwifos funqciuri orientacia.~80 Aam sityvebSi
aSkarad igrZnoba vidal de la blaSis gavlena.
Mmeiningi amtkicebda, rom evraziis “rimlendis” mTeli sivrce
politikuri, eTnikuri da kulturuli orientaciis mixedviT sam jgufad
iyofoda:
“CineTi, monRoleTi, CrdiloeT vietnami, bangladeSi, avRaneTi,
aRmosavleT evropa, baltiispireTi, karelia organulad harTlendisken
midrekilebis mqone sivrceebia.
samxreT korea, birma, indoeTi, erayi, siria – geopolitikurad
neitralurni arian.
dasavleT evropa, saberZneTi, TurqeTi, irani, pakistani, tailandi –
Talasokratiuli blokisaken ixrebian” . 81
1965 wels sfaiqmenis meore mimdevris, u. kirkis mier gamocemul iqna
wigni, romelsac makinderis cnobili statiis Sesabamisad ewoda “istoriis
geografiuli RerZi”. Tavis naSromSi kirkma ganaviTara sfaiqmenis Tezisi
geopolitikur ZalTa wonasworobis damyarebis saqmeSi rimlendis
gansakuTrebuli mniSvnelobis Sesaxeb. man gamoiyena meiningis analitikuri
naSromebi, da “sanapiro zonebi” dayo “Telulokratiul” da
“Talasokratiuli” mimarTulebis mqone teritoriebad da am monacemebze
daydnobiT Seqmna istoriuli modeli. Mmisi azriT, msoflio istoriaSi
mTavar rols asruleben sanapiro civilizaciebi, saidanac kulturuli
impulsebi, sxvadasxva masStabiT aRwevs kontinentis SigniT. Mmecnieris
azriT, yvelaze aqtiurad procesebi viTardeboda da viTardeba “Sida
80
Nnika CitaZe. “geopolitika”. GTbilisi. 2008. gv.60
81
iqve
107
naxevarmTvaris” im seqtorebSi, romlebic meiningis azriT
“Talasokratiisken arian mimarTulni”.
Kkidev erTma amerikelma mecnierma, sol koenma gamoaqveyna wigni
“gayofili msoflios geografia da politika”, sadac mecnieris mier
geopolitikuri kvlevis meTodisaTvis Camoyalibebul iqna damatebiTi
klasifikacia, romlis ZiriTad ganmsazRvrel faqtorebs warmoadgenda
ZiriTadi geopolitikuri realobebis birTvad (Nucleus) da “diskontinur
sartyelad” dayofa. Mmisi azriT, aRniSnuli klasifikaciis mixedviT
SesaZlebelia msoflios TiToeuli konkretuli regionis oTx
geopolitikur nawilad dayofa:
1. “sagareo sazRvao (wylis) garemo, romelic damokidebulia

savaWro flotsa da portebze;
2. kontinenturi birTvi (Nucleus), igive “Hinterland”
(geopolitikuri termini, romelic aRniSnavs “sanapiroebidan
daSorebul regionebs”);
3. diskontinenturi sartyeli (sanapiro seqtorebi, romlebic
mimarTulni arian kontinentis SigniT da mis gareT);
4. regionebi, romlebic geopolitikurad damoukidebelni
arian am ansamblisagan”. 82
“diskontinenturi sartylebis” koncefcia SemdgomSi gamoyenebul
iqna iseTi cnobili amerikeli politikuri moRvawis mier, rogoricaa henri
kisinjeri. misi azriT, aSS-s politikuri strategia “diskontinentur“
sanapiro zonebTan dakavSirebiT ganisazRvreboda imiT, rom erTad
yofiliyo Sekruli am zonebis yvela nawili da am taqtikis
ganxorcielebis Sedegad yofiliyo uzrunvelyofili atlantizmis sruli
kontroli sabWoTa evraziaze. Aam doqtrinam miiRo “Linkage”-is
saxelwodeba (inglisuri “Link”-dan “kavSiri”, “rgoli”). “anakondis”
strategiis bolomde warmatebiT ganxorcielebisaTvis aucilebeli iyo
gansakuTrebuli aqcenti gakeTebuliyo evraziis im “sanapiro seqtorebze”,
romlebic an iyvnen politikurad neitralurni, an gaaCndaT
kontinentaluri mimarTuleba. “civi omis”EperiodSi es politika
praqtikulad xorcieldeboda vietnamSi aSS-is SeiaraRebuli Zalebis
saomar moqmedebebSi CarTvis, amerika-CineTis urTierTobebis gaumjobesebis,
iranis proamerikuli reJimis da a. S. saSualebiT.
Aatlantisturi skolis kidev erTi warmomadgeneli amerikeli qolin
grei Tavis wignSi “birTvuli xanis geopolitika” safuZvlianad
aanalizebs aSS-sa da natos samxedro strategias. man aRniSna, rom
msoflioSi birTvuli obieqtebis adgilmdebareobas gansazRvravda
regionebis geografiuli da geopolitikuri faqtorebi.
Mmeore msoflio omis Semdgomi periodis atlantisturi mimarTulebis
geopolitikur skolaze saubrisas, interesmoklebuli ar iqneba ufro
dawvrilebiT ganvixiloT ori cnobili amerikeli politikuri moRvawisa da
mecnieris – zbignev bJeJinskisa da henri kisinjeris moRvaweoba da maTi
naSromebi.
zbignev bJeJinski
zbignev bJeJinski-gamoCenili amerikeli politologi, saerTaSoriso

urTierTobebisa da geopolitikis sakiTxebis specialisti, daibada
82
Nnika CitaZe. “geopolitika”. Tbilisi, 2008. Ggv. 61
108
varSavaSi. Mman Tavisi ganaTleba miiRo makgilis (kanada) da harvardis
universitetebSi. 1950-1970 wlebSi igi aswavlida da eweoda samecniero-
kvleviT saqmianobas harvardisa (ruseTis kvlevebis centrSi, 1953-1960 ww.)
da kolumbiis universitetebSi. 1973-1976 ww. igi iyo sammxrivi komisiis
direqtori, romlis mTavar mizans warmoadgenda msoflios ekonomikuri
integracia, msoflio bazris Camoyalibeba da msoflio samoqalaqo
sazogadoebis Camoyalibeba, rac SemdgomSi globalizaciis saxeliT iqna
cnobili.
1977-1978 wlebSi, prezident karteris mmarTvelobis dros bJeJinskis ekava
erovnuli usafrTxoebis sakiTxebSi mrCevlis Tanamdeboba. igi
monawileobda e.w. “karteris doqtrinis” formirebaSi, romlis mixedviTac
sparseTis yure aSS-is sasicocxlo mniSvnelobis zonad iqna
gamocxadebuli.
DdRevandel dRes z. bJeJinski aris kolumbiis universitetis profesori
da jon hopkinsis universitetTan arsebuli nitces skolis - Tanamedrove
saerTaSoriso urTierTobaTa kvlevis mimarTulebis mrCeveli. igi aris
mravali geopolitikuri da politologiuri naSromebis avtori, maT Soris
“sabWoTa bloki: erToba da konfliqti” (1960), “or saukunes Soris: amerikis
roli teqnotronul eraSi”(1970), “Zalaufleba da principi”(1983), “TamaSis
gegma”(1986), “komunizmis dabadeba da sikvdili XX saukuneSi” (1989). rac
Seexeba amerikeli mecnieris statiebs, maT Soris didi mniSvneloba
eniWeboda statias “amerikis axali geostrategia”, romelic 1988 wels
gamoqveynda cnobil amerikul JurnalSi “Foreign Affairs”, da romelic mieZRvna
amerikis rolis Sefasebas Tanamedrove msoflioSi. mecnieris es statia
warmoadgenda garkveul gamoZaxils im diskusiis garSemo, romelic
mimdinareobda aSS-is msoflio politikaSi rolis SemcirebasTan
dakavSirebiT, agreTve imasTan dakavSirebiT, Tu rogor iyo SesaZlebeli am
procesis Tavidan acileba. amasTanave mTavari polemika warimarTa sami
kompleqsuri problemis garSemo: pirvel rigSi, amerikis erovnuli
usafrTxoebis doqtrinis arsebiToba da misi daxasiaTeba; meore, erovnuli
strategiis mimarTuleba da misi mniSvneloba, rac niSnavs, aSS-is
regionalur konfliqtebSi CarTvis dones; Mmesame, amerikis gavlena
msoflioSi, da nawilobriv saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis transformaciaze.
B bJeJinski Tanmimdevrulad aanalizebda zemoaRniSnul problemebs,
romelTagan gansakuTrebul interess iwvevs – aSS-is strategiuli
doqtrinis transformacia da geopolitikuri realobebis axali gageba.
Semdeg statias, romelic daweril iqna bJeJinskis mier 1989 wels,
specialurad moskovuri JurnalisaTvis “meJdunarodnaia Jizn”, gaaCnda
metad saintereso saTauri - “damTavrda ki “civi omi?” masSi iyo mcdeloba
gaanalizebuliyo msoflioSi arsebuli axali realoba “civi omis” Semdeg
da msoflioSi amerikuli geopolitikisaTvis axali formulebis moZebna.
Aam Tematikis ganviTarebisas, z. bJeJinskim gamoaqveyna wigni “didi
saWadrako dafa” (1997).
“did saWadrako dafaSi” wignis avtori acnobierebs evrazias, rogorc
kontinents, sadac TamaSdeba partia, romlis gamarjvebuli moipovebs
dominirebas msoflioSi. BbJeJinskis mixedviT, partia ukve gaTamaSda da
gamarjvebuli cnobilia – es aris aSS. “hegemonia beberia iseve rogorc
Cveni msoflio. Aamave dros amerikuli msoflio hegemonia gamoirCeva misi
ganmtkicebis metad swrafi tempiT, Tavisi globaluri masStabebiT da
109
arsebobis SesaZleblobebiT”.83 es mdgomareoba argumentirebulia avtoris
mier oTxi imperiis – romis, CineTis, monRoleTisa da britaneTis
magaliTze. aseve avtori metad sainteresod aanalizebs ruseTis
geopolitikur rols Tanamedrove msoflioSi, romelic mas warmoudgeba
rogorc “Savi xvreli”, romelic darCa ssrk-is daSlis Semdeg. ruseTs,
bJeJinskis azriT, ar gaaCnia gansazRvruli da gamokveTili geostrategia
radgan, am qveynis memarcxene da memarjvene tipis geopolitikosebi
ganixilaven xan sabWoTa, xan mefis ruseTis tipis imperiis aRdgenis
models, xan samxedro-politikuri blokis ideas CineTTan, da SesaZloa
iranTan, romelic mimarTulia dasavleTisa da aSS-is winaaRmdeg.
Tanamedrove ruseTis momavali, rogorc gadmoqvcems cnobili amerikeli
geopolitikosi, fokusirebul unda iqnes social-ekonomikur ganviTarebasa
da TanamSromlobaze, pirvel rigSi evropasTan.
amerikelTa upiratesobas, bJeJinskis azriT, gansazRvravs axali
saerTaSoriso wesrigi, romelsac gaaCnia msoflio masStabiT amerikuli
sistemis damaxasiaTebeli niSnebi. Aam sistemis ZiriTadi maxasiaTeblebi
gaxlavT Semdegi faqtorebi:
- koleqtiuri usafrTxoebis sistema (maT Soris nato, aSS-iaponiis
SeTanxmeba koleqtiuri usafrTxoebis Sesaxeb da a.S.);
- regionaluri ekonomikuri TanamSromloba (magaliTad NAFTA, APEC,
evropis kavSiri) da specializirebuli globaluri organizaciebi
(msoflio banki, msoflios savaWro organizacia, saerTaSoriso
savaluto fondi);
- erToblivi gadawyvetilebis miRebis procedurebi aSS-is dominirebadi
rolis gaTvaliswinebiT;
- saerTaSoriso samarTlis sistema (saerTaSoriso sasamarTlo,
specializirebuli tribunali samxedro danaSaulobebis sakiTxebze
da sxv.).
amerikeli geopolitikosi gvaZlevs axal geostrategiul eraSi
saxelmwifos siZlieris axal gansazRvras. Mmisi azriT, axal eraSi
mniSvnelovnad ecema teritorialuri faqtoris roli da izrdeba sxva
Semadgenlebis roli, kerZod: ekonomikuri, teqnologiuri, samxedro da
politikuri da a. S.
msoflios yvela saxelmwifos bJeJinski yofs aqtiur geostrategiul
moqmed moTamaSeebad (safrangeTi, germania, ruseTi, CineTi),
geopolitikur centrebad-xelsayreli geografiuli mdebareobis gamo,
magram ara aqtiur qveynebad (ukraina, Aazerbaijani, TurqeTi, irani,
samxreT korea) da sxva danarCenebi. am geopolitikuri ierarqiis
saTaveSi dgas aSS. AaseTi geopolitikuri statusidan gamomdinareobs
amerikuli geostrategiis miznebic: Tavisi strategiuli batonobis
mdgomareobis ganmtkiceba; axali msoflio wesrigis Seqmna, romelic
aZlierebs Seqmnil geopolitikur status-qvos.
83
The Grand Chessboard: American Primacy and Its Geostrategic Imperatives, New York: Basic Books (October
1997), ISBN 0-465-02726-1. P. 36
110
Hhenri kisinjeri
Hhenri kisinjeri-gamoCenili amerikeli politikuri moRvawe,

politologi, geopolitikosi da geostrategi, daibada 1923 wels
germanul qalaq fiurtSi, romelic mdebareobs bavariaSi, qalaq
niurbergis siaxloves. germaniisaTvis es periodi gaxldaT ekonomikurad
rTuli, politikurad daZabuli periodi. henris mSoblebi iyvnen
saSualo klasis kanonmorCili ebraelebis tipiuri warmomadgenlebi,
romlebic nacisturi safrTxis arsebobis gamo 1938 wels sacxovreblad
gadavidnen aSS-Si. TxuTmeti wlis henrim swrafad aiTvisa axali
socialuri garemo, man warCinebiT daamTavra niu-iorkis siti-koleji
(1943) da Semdgom gawveul iqna amerikul armiaSi. man Tavisi samxedro
samsaxuri gaiara evropaSi, jer Tarjimnis, xolo Semdgom dazvervis
oficris rangSi. Mmxolod 1947 wels, samxedro moqmedebebis
dasrulebidan ori wlis Semdeg kisinjeri gavida TadarigSi da
dabrunda aSS-Si.
Kkisinjeris akademiuri kariera metad warmatebuli gamodga. igi
aswavlida harvardis universitetSi, sadac man miiRo saxelmwifos
marTvisa da saerTaSoriso urTierTobaTa profesoris wodeba (1957 w.).
Tavis SefasebebSi aSS-is sagareo politikis sakiTxebze, kisinjeri mxars
uWerda “realistebis” xazs, romlebic “idealistebisagan” gansxvavebiT
gamodiodnen bevrad ufro pragmatuli da Tanamedrove situaciasTan
daaxloebuli politikuri kursis momxreebad.
kisinjeri did politikaSi aRmoCnda mas Semdeg, rodesac man miiRo
respublikeli prezidentis, riCard niqsonis winadadeba erovnuli
usafrTxoebis sakiTxebSi mrCevelis postis dakavebis Sesaxeb (1968 w.). am
Tanamdebobaze yofnisas, kisinjerma koncentrireba moaxdina sagareo
politikis problemebze, miuxedavad imisa, rom am problemebiT niqsonis
administraciaSi dakavebuli iyo metad avtoritetuli saxelmwifo
mdivani – uiliam rojersi.Kkisinjeri gamovida “ganmuxtvis politikis”
erT-erT iniciatorad, romelic miznad isaxavda mudmivi dialogis
damyarebas ssrk-sa da CineTTan, saerTaSoriso klimatis Serbilebisa da
lokaluri konfliqtebis Sewyvetas, romelTa ZiriTad mizezs
warmoadgenda aSS-sa da ssrk-is Soris ideologiuri da politikuri
dapirispirebis arseboba. Aaseve, amerikeli politikosi momxre iyo
strategiuli SeteviTi SeiaraRebis Semcirebisa da am gziT realuri
birTvuli safrTxis acilebis momxre. am strategiis mTavar amocanad
iqca amerikuli da sabWoTa strategiuli SeiaraRebis Semcireba,
vietnamis konfliqtis SeCereba da axlo aRmosavleTis konfliqtis
gadawyveta. Arealur praqtikaSi am strategiis ganxorcielebas
uzrunvelyofdnen axali diplomatiuri saSualebebic: “cxeli xazi”-
kavSiri TeTr saxlsa da kremls Soris, “saidumlo diplomatia”, anu
pirdapiri araoficialuri molaparakebebi.
Tavisi karieris ganmavlobaSi, kisinjerma moaxerxa xeli Seewyo
breJnevsa da niqsons Soris strategiuli SeteviTi SeiaraRebis
xelSekrulebis xelmoweraSi, igi aseve monawileobda palestina-
israelis ori konfliqtis (1967 da 1973 ww.) “CaqrobaSi”, miaRwia
vietnamSi samxedro moqmedebebis Sewyvetis Sesaxeb SeTanxmebisaTvis
xelmoweras, risTvisac samxreT vietnamis prezident le du hosTan
erTad miiRo nobelis premia mSvidobis dargSi (1973 w.). es gaxldaT misi
politikuri karieris piki. U
111
ukve 1973 wels, aSS-is prezidenti riCard niqsoni, romelic
iZulebuli iyo gadamdgariyo Tanamdebobidan “uotergeitis saqmis” gamo,
prezidentis postze Secvala j. fordma. Aamis Semdeg kisinjeri
daadanaSaules strategiuli SeteviTi SeiaraRebis xelSekrulebis
arasrulyofilebis gamo, da sabWoTa kavSirTan urTierTobebis procesSi
metismet “sirbileSi”. Ggarda amisa, CrdiloeT vietnamis jarebis saerTo
Setevis dros aRebul iqna saigoni da gamocxadebul iqna samxreTi da
CrdiloeTi vietnamis gaerTianeba socialisturi konstituciis
safuZvelze (1975 w.).
Kkisinjerma datova TeTri saxli fordis administraciasTan erTad
da daubrunda Tavis pedagogiur moRvaweobas, amjerad – jorjTaunis
universitetSi. igi xSirad gamodioda televiziiT da akeTebda
komentarebs saerTaSoriso politikisa da geopolitikur problemebTan
dakavSirebiT. amis garda, man Seqmna avtoritetuli konsaltinguri
kompania “kisinjer asosieits”.
1997 wels gamovida henri kisinjeris wigni “diplomatiis istoria”,
romelmac sayovelTao aRiareba moipova. wignSi, sxvadasxva istoriul
procesSi ganviTarebul mniSvnelovan movlenebTan erTad kisinjeri
aanalizebs civi omis dasrulebis Semdeg arsebul geopolitikur
mdgomareobas, mis mier wamoyenebul iqna Tezisi komunizmze liberaluri
demokratiis moraluri gamarjvebis Sesaxeb. saerTaSoriso
Tanamegobrobis Semdgom ganviTarebas kisinjeri xedavs demokratiuli
zonebis gafarToebaSi da im qveyanaTa ricxovnobis zrdaSi, romlebic
eyrdnobian sabazro ekonomikas. Aamave dros, kisinjeri Sorsaa
geopolitikis idealistur, anu wminda moraluri gagebisagan,
gansxvavebiT v. vilsonisa da b. qlintonisagan. igi ar aris daavadebuli
civ omSi gamarjvebis eiforiiT da rogorc wminda realisti, xedavs
momaval msoflios rogorc ara “erTpolusians” amerikis meTaurobiT.
Tumca, misi azriT aSS rCeba “pirvel saxelmwifod sxva did
saxelmwifoTa Soris.” amave dros, mas miaCnia, rom arsebobs 5-6 “simZimis
centri”, romelSic wesrigi uzrunvelyofil iqneba sxvadasxva
urTierTdapirispirebuli erovnuli interesebis mqone balansze. Aaqedan
gamomdinare, kisinjeri, davas idealistebsa da realistebs Soris
gansazRvravs realistebis sasargeblod.
Tavis bolo wignSi “sWirdeba Tu ara amerikas sagareo politika”
(2002), igi aRniSnavs, erTis mxriv amerikis, rogorc lideris rols
Tanamedrove msoflioSi, meores mxriv – misi mdgomareobis
paradoqsulobas, romelic dakavSirebulia imasTan, rom receptebi
romelsac is uwers mTel msoflios, Seicavs “civi omis droindel
sentencias”. Aamis garda, amerikelebs masaSi TiTqmis ar aRelvebT
amerikis lideroba, da sagareo politikis problemebi ar iwvevs
sazogadoebaSi araviTar gamoZaxils. amerikelTa im Taobas, romelic
daibada civi omis Semdeg, izidavs idea Seiqnas “usafrTxo globaluri
garemo, rogorc konpensacia im daZabul konkurenciaze, romelic exeba
maT pirad cxovrebas”. Aamrigad, amerika aRmoCnda ormag situaciaSi: Tu
amerikis, rogorc lideris roli – realobaa, am SemTxvevaSi unda
miRebul iqnes doqtrina, romelic gansazRvravs politikas misi
liderobis uzrunvelyofisaTvis, magram amerikis Tanamedrove roli
msoflioSi ar aRelvebs amerikel xalxs, romelic Tvlis, rom
yoveldRiuri cxovrebas, sakuTari ekonomikuri interesebis
uzrunvelyofas TandaTanobiT mivyevarT sayovelTao politikur
Serigebamde da demokratiul wesrigamde.
112
Tavisive kiTxvaze, romelic mimarTulia ubralo amerikelebisadmi,
romlebic CarTulni arian yoveldRiur problemebSi, kisinjers gaaCnia
profesionali politologisa da geopolitikosis pasuxi. is detalurad
ixilavs msoflio wesrigis cvlilebebs XVII-dan XX saukunemde da im
gamowvevebs, romelic mimarTulia amerikisadmi axal pirobebSi – anu
misi planetis sxvadasxva regionebSi liderobis pirobebSi. kisinjeri
yuradRebas amaxvilebs amerikis imperiuli statusis uaryofis
aucileblobaze, radganac misi azriT “am statuss mivyavarT samxedro
diqtaturamde da demokratiuli faseulobebis dakargvamde”.84 kisinjeris
azriT, mTavar amocanas warmoadgens amerikis siZlieris transformireba
“moralur konsensusSi”, demokratiuli da Tavisufali sabazro
ekonomikis danergvaSi da ara am sistemebis TavsmoxvevaSi sxva
xalxebisadmi. Aamitomac aucilebelia Seiqmnas is winapirobebi, romlis
winaSec es Rirebulebebi SeiZleba miRebul iqnes Tanamedrove
msoflioSi.
aerokratia da eTerokratia
tradiciuli atlantikuri mimarTulebis geopolitikuri mimdinareoba

Tavisi mTavari koncefciis centrad “zRvis Zalas” miiCnevs da Sesabamisad
“zRvis geopolitikas” warmoadgens. aseT geopolitikaze damyarebulma
globalurma strategiam “civi omis” dasrulebis Semdgom periodSi
dasavleTi, msoflio Zlevamosilebamde miiyvana. Aamave dros, samecniero-
teqnikurma revoluciam ganapiroba sahaero sivrcis aTvisebac, ramac
ganapiroba “haeris geopolitikis” koncefciis SemuSavebis aucilebloba.
Dmiuxedavad imisa, rom safuZvlianad damuSavebuli “zRvis
geopolitikisagan” gansxvavebiT, ar arsebobs srulfasovani “haeris
politika”,Y ukve XX saukunis meore naxevridan saerTo geopolitikur
sqemas emateba sahaero mimosvlis faqtori. wamyvani geopolitikuri
moTamaSeebis mier sahaero da kosmosuri sivrcis aTvisebisa da am
sivrcesTan dakavSirebuli SeiaraRebis axali tipebis (strategiuli
aviacia, sakontinentTaSorisi raketebi da birTvuli aviacia) gamo,
mniSvnelovnad Seicvala zogierTi geopolitikuri Tanafardoba.
zemoaRniSnulma faqtorma, garkveulwilad gaaTanabra saxmeleTo da
sazRvao sivrceebi, vinaidan TviTmfrinavebisa da raketebisaTvis am
sivrceebs Soris manZils ukve SedarebiT naklebi mniSvneloba eniWeba
(gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovani iyo aviamzidebis Seqmna, romelmac xmeleTs
sabolood CamoaSora sahaero bazebi).
ASesabamisad, aviaciis mniSvnelobis zrdam Secvala msoflio masStabis
proporciebi, dedamiwa mniSvnelovnad “mcire” gaxda, xolo manZili “mokle”.
raketmSeneblobisa da strategiuli aviaciis ganviTarebas
mniSnelovanwilad ganapirobebda tradiciuli geopolitikuri faqtorebi:
sazRvao da saxmeleTo sazRvrebi, Sidakontinenturi bazebi da a. S.
strategiuli mniSvnelobis mqone SeiaraRebis dedamiwis orbitaze gatana
da kosmosuri sivrcis strategiuli aTviseba Cveni planetis “farTobis
Semcirebis” saboloo etaps warmoadgenda.
MzemoaRniSnuli procesebis Sedegad geopolitikuri procesebis
gaanalizebisas Seiqmna saWiroeba, rom xmeleTisa da zRvis garda,
gaTvaliswinebul yofiliyo kidev ori stiqia – haeri da eTeri (kosmosuri
84
Nnika CitaZe. “geopolitika”. Tbilisi. 2008 w. gv. 63
113
sivrce). samxedro TvalsazrisiT, am or stiqias Seesabameba birTvuli
iaraRi (haeri) da “varskvlaveTis omebis” programa (kosmosi).
Telulokratiisa (saxmeleTo mmarTveloba) da Talasokratiis (sazRvao
mmarTveloba) mmarTvelobis msgavsad sahaero sivrcesTan dakavSirebul
geopolitikur sistemas SeiZleba ewodos aerokratia (haeris mmarTveloba)
da eTerokratia (eTeris mmarTveloba).
Uuaxlesi atlantizmis ori versia
sabWoTa kavSirisa da msoflio socialisturi sistemis daSla da

dasavleTis demokratiuli Zalebis (atlantizmis) gamarjveba moaswavebda
mkveTrad gansxvavebul epoqaSi gadasvlas, rac Tavis mxriv, originaluri
geopolitikuri modelis damuSavebas moiTxovda. Mradikalurad Seicvala
yvela tradiciuli teritoriis, regionis, saxelmwifosa da kavSiris
geopolitikuri statusi. Aam cvlilebebis Sedegad, romlebic mohyva “civi
omis” damTavrebas, atlantist geopolitikosebSi ori mTavari mimarTuleba
Camoayaliba.
Mpirvel mimdinareobas SeiZleba vuwodoT “pesimisturi”
(atlantizmisaTvis). am koncefciis mixedviT momavalSic gagrZeldeba
atlantizmisaTvis tradiciuli konfrontacia “harTlendTan”, vinaidan
iTvleba, rom es dapirispireba sabWoTa kavSiris dacemasTan erTad ar
dasrulebula da dRis wesrigidan ar moxsnila, miTumetes, rom sruliad
mosalodnelia civilizaciur tradiciebsa da mtkice eTnikur arqetipebze
dafuZnebuli axali evraziuli, an sxva antidasavluri blokebis warmoqmna. am
sqemas SeiZleba ewodos “neoatlantizmi” da mis mTavar dedaazrs
gansazRvravs is faqtori, rom saxmeleTo Zalebis kvlav gaZlierebasTan
erTad gagrZeldeba msoflios geopolitikuri sqemis ganxilva dualisturi
TvalsazrisiT, risi gamoxatulebac iqneba damatebiTi geopolitikuri
zonebis (evraziis garda) Seqmna, romlebic evraziasTan erTad SesaZloa
iqcnen dasavlur samyarosTan momavali dapirispirebis regionebad. aseTi
neoatlantisturi msoflmxedvelobis yvelaze TvalsaCino warmomadgenelia
samuel hantingtoni.
Mrac Seexeba meore mimdinareobas, romelic “civi omis” Semdeg arsebul
imave sawyis geopolitikur suraTs efuZneba, piriqiT, aris optimisturi. Aam
sqemis mixedviT civ omSi dasavleTis gamarjveba warmoadgens saboloo da
Suqcevad process. Aam koncefciis safuZvelze iqmneba “mondializmis”
Teoria, romlis ZiriTad mizans warmoadgens erTiani msoflios Seqmna,
romelic amtkicebs, rom geopolitikuri dayofis yvela forma-kulturuli,
erovnuli, religiuri, saxelmwifoebrivi da a.S. uaxloes momavalSi
ganicdis cvlilebas da dadgeba liberaluri demokratiis principebze
dafuZnebuli erTiani sakacobrio civilizaciis xana. istoria dasruldeba
im geopolitikur dapirispirebasTan erTad, romelic mas mTavar, sawyis
impulss aniWebda. amgvari geopolitikuri midgoma dakavSirebulia
amerikeli geopolitikosis, frensis fukuiamas saxelTan. Tavisi
geopolitikuri xedva mecnierma warmogvidgina samecniero naSromSi,
saxelwodebiT “istoriis aRsasruli”. A
civilizaciaTa Sejaxeba: hantigtonis neoatlantizmi
Hharvardis universitetTan arsebuli, jon olinis saxelobis

strategiuli kvlevis institutis direqtoris, samuel hantigtonis Teoriis
arsi, Camoyalibebul iqna mis SromaSi “civilizaciaTa Sejaxeba” (romelic
114
warmoadgens didi geopolitikuri proeqtis - “cvlilebani globalur
usafrTxoebaSi da amerikis erovnuli interesebi” - reziumes). Mmisi
ZiriTadi koncefciis arsi mdgomareobs SemdegSi:
KXX saukunis 90-iani wlebis dasawyisSi kontinenturi – Telurokratiuli
Zalebis ukanaskneli sayrdenis, sabWoTa kavSiris daSlis Semdeg, da am
procesis Sedegad mTel msoflioSi atlantizmis TvalsaCino
geopolitikuri gamarjveba sinamdvilis mxolod zedapiruli mxarea. Nnatos
strategiuli warmateba da yofil socialistur sivrceze dasavleTTan
dapirispirebul komunistur ideologiaze uaris Tqma – ar exeba Rrma
civilizaciur Sreebs. Ffukuiamasgan gansxvavebiT, hantingtoni amtkicebs,
rom strategiuli gamarjveba ar moaswavebs civilizaciur gamarjvebas;
dasavlur Rirebulebebze dafuZnebuli ideologia – liberaluri
demokratia, Tavisufali bazari da a.S. – ualternativoa mxolod droebiT,
vinaidan dasavleTis geopolitikuri warmatebebis Semyure aradasavluri
xalxebi uaxloes periodSi gamoavlenen TavianT civilizaciur da
geopolitikur Taviseburebebs.
Kkomunisturi ideologiis uaryofa da postsabWoTa sivrceze mimdinare
politikuri cvlilebebi ar gamoiwvevs atlanturi faseulobebis danergvas
msoflios sxvadasxva regionebSi, piriqiT, xelaxla iCens Tavs zedapiruli
ideologiuri CarCoebisagan ganTavisuflebuli yvelaze Rrma kulturuli
Sreebi.
Hhantigtons, Tavisi Teoriis dasasabuTeblad mohyavs jorj veigelis
sityvebi: “msoflio desekularizacia XX saukunis miwurulis erT-erTi
ZiriTadi socialuri movlenaa,”85 maSasadame, imis magivrad, rom xalxebma
Tavidan moicilon religiuri ganxvaveba erTian msoflioSi, ris Sesaxebac
fukuiama saubrobs, isini ufro cxovlad SeigrZnoben TavianT religiur
kuTvnilebas”.86
Hhantigtoni amtkicebs, rom dasavlur civilizaciasTan erTad, romelic
moicavs CrdiloeT amerikasa da dasavleT evropas, msoflioSi arsebobs
kidev Svidi SesaZlo geopolitikuri civilizacia:
1. “slavur-marTlmadidebluri;
2. konfuciuri (CineTi);
3. iaponuri;
4. islamuri;
5. induisturi;
6. laTinur-amerikuli;
da SesaZloa 7. afrikuli”87.
Mmecnieris azriT, miuxedavad imisa, rom yvela am civilizacias

erTnairi mniSvneloba ar gaaCnia, magram maT Soris mTavar saerTos
warmoadgens is, rom maTi ganviTarebis da gaZlierebis veqtori
atlantizmisa da dasavleTis civilizaciis ganviTarebis sawinaaRmdegod
iqneba mimarTuli. Hhantigtonis azriT, antidasavluri Zalebis es pozicia
sruliad aSkaraa da ukve dRevandel etapze, mondialisturi wreebis
85
Nnika CitaZe. “geopolitika”. Tbilisi, 2008. Ggv. 64 E
86
iqve
87
"Professor Samuel Huntington author of The Clash of Civilizations". The Times (London). December 29, 2008.
115
eiforiis miuxedavad, dasavleTis politika unda daefuZnos Semdeg
formulas: “The West and The Rest”88. (dasavleTi da danarCenebi).
sruliad naTelia mecnieris geopolitikuri daskvnebic: hantigtons
miaCnia, rom atlantistebma yovelmxriv unda gaaZlieron sakuTari
civilizaciis strategiuli poziciebi, mzad unda iyvnen
winaaRmdegobisaTvis da amisaTvis saWiroa erTiani strategiuli
Zalisxmevis Camoyalibeba, rac Tavis mxriv SesaZlebels gaxdis
antiatlantisturi tendenciebis Sekavebas. Aam mizniT, hantingtonis azriT
msoflios demokratiulma Zalebma ar unda dauSvan sxvadasxva
civilizaciaTa gaerTianeba dasavleTisaTvis saSiS kontinentur aliansSi.
misi azriT: “dasavleTis interesebi aSkarad moiTxovs:
1. TanamSromlobisa da erTianobis ganmtkicebas sakuTari

civilizaciis farglebSi, upirveles yovlisa, evropasa da da
CrdiloeT amerikas Soris;
2. aRmosavleT evropisa da laTinuri amerikis im qveynebis
integracias dasavleTis SemadgenlobaSi, romlebic axlosaa mis
kulturasTan;
3. ruseTsa da iaponiasTan TanamSromlobis ganmtkiceba da
gafarToeba;
4. lokaluri konfliqtebis gafarToebisa da civilizaciebs Soris
didmasStabian omebSi maTi gadazrdis safrTxis Tavidan acileba;
5. konfuciuri da islamuri qveynebis samxedro Zlierebis zrdis
SezRudva;
6. samxreT-aRmosavleT aziaSi upiratesobis SenarCuneba;
7. konfuciur da islamur qveynebs Soris konfliqtebisa da
uTanxmoebebis gamoyeneba;
8. sxva civilizaciebis im warmomadgenlebis mxardaWera, romlebic
amJRavneben simpatias dasavluri faseulobebisa da interesebis
mimarT;
9. iseTi saerTaSoriso institutebis ganmtkiceba, romlebic
amJRavneben da legitimurobas aniWeben dasavleTis interesebsa da
faseulobebs da Sesabamisad aradasavluri qveynebis mozidva am
institutebSi monawileobisaTvis.”89
Ahantingtonis zemoaRniSnuli mosazrebebidan naTlad Cans, rom

dasavleTis yvelaze SesaZlo mowinaaRmdegeebad miiCnevian CineTi da
islamuri saxelmwifoebi (irani, erayi, libia da sxv.). am midgomaSi naTlad
Cans meiningisa da kirkis doqtrinebis uSualo gavlena. rogorc ukve zemoT
aRiniSna, es ori amerikeli mecnieri Tvlida, rom “sanapiro zonebis”
(rimlendis) orientacia –(“konfuciuri” da islamuri civilizaciebi swored
“sanapiro zonebs” ekuTvnian) ufro mniSvnelovania, vidre “harTlendis”
pozicia. Aaqedan gamomdinare, sxva neoatlantizmis warmomadgenlebisagan,
kerZod, pol volfovicisagan gansxvavebiT, hantingtoni mTavar safrTxes
xedavs CineTSi da ara ruseT-evraziis, “harTlendis” aRorZinebaSi an sxva
romelime evraziuli kontinenturi warmomnaqmnis CamoyalibebaSi.
88
Wars of Civilizations and Why Huntington's theory appeals to the Western Mind by Jonathan Power
89
http://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2009/02/samuel-huntington-81-political-scientist-scholar
116
Arac Seexeba meore mTavar neoatlantisturi mimarTulebis
geopolitikoss, es gaxlavT amerikeli pol volfovici (aSS-is Tavdacvis
mdivnis yofili moadgile da msoflio bankis yofili prezidenti). man aSS-
is mTavrobisadmi 1992 wlis martis moxsenebaSi aRniSna: “evropisa da aziis
kontinentebze iseTi strategiuli Zalis warmoSobis dauSveblobis Sesaxeb,
romelic SesZlebda dapirispireboda aSS-s”.90 misi azriT, yvelaze metad
aseT SesaZlo Zalad miCneulia ruseTi, amitom am ukanasknelis gavlenis
Sesakaveblad baltiispireTis qveynebis safuZvelze unda Seiqmniliyo
“sanitaruli kordoni”. ATavisi midgomebiT, amerikeli strategi volfovici
ufro axlos dgas makinderTan, vidre sfaiqmenTan da swored esaa
hantingtonisa da volfovicis koncefciebs Soris mTavari gansxvaveba.
Yyvela sxva SemTxvevebSic, konkretuli poziciuri mowinaaRmdegis
miuxedavad, yvela neoatlantistis pozicia ZiriTadad erTmaneTs emTxveva:
civ omSi gamarjvebis miuxedavad, dasavleTis winaSe iqmneba axali
saSiSroebebi romlebic momdinareobs sxvadasxva geopolitikuri
warmonaqmnebidan. Maqedan gamomdinare, “erTiani msoflios” Sesaxeb saubari
jerjerobiT naadrevia da XXI saukunis mTavar geopolitikur sqemad isev
rCeba dapirispireba atlantizmsa da evraziulobas Soris.
Aamgvari dualizmis axal da ufro zogad formulirebas warmoadgens
hantingtonis Tezisi: “The West and the Rest” (dasavleTi da danarCenebi).
mondializmi
mondializmis ZiriTad arss warmoadgens mravali sxvadasxva

saxelmwifos, xalxebis, erebisa da kulturis gaerTianeba da SedarebiT
erTgvarovani msoflios Camoyalibeba.
mondialisturi ideebi yvelaze ufro gavrcelebuli iyo zomier
evropelTa wreebSi. erTiani msoflio saxelmwifos Sesaxeb msjelobdnen
aseve komunistebic.
mondialisturi organizaciebis Seqmna iwyeba me-19 saukunis miwurulidan
msoflio biznesis msxvili warmomadgenlebis iniciativiT. mis wevrebs xeli
unda SeewyoT mTels msoflioSi daubrkolobeli savaWro sistemis
damyarebisa da erTiani msoflio mTavrobis SeqmnisaTvis. xSirad xdeboda,
rom miuxedavad ideologiuri gansxvavebebisa, liberal-kapitalistebisa da
komunistebis midgomebi mondializmis zogierT sakiTxSi (mag: msoflio
mTavrobis Seqmna) erTmaneTs emTxveoda.
unda aRiniSnos, rom iseTi cnobili universaluri saerTaSoriso
organizaciebi, rogoricaa erTa liga, mogvianebiT ki gaero da iunesko,
swored amgvari, msoflio politikaze didi gavlenis mqone mondialisturi
organizaciebis gagrZelebas warmoadgenen.
me-20 saukuneSi mondialisturma organizaciebma ramdenjerme Seicvales
saxeli, radgan isini eridebodnen gadametebul reklamas da xSirad
atarebdnen farul saxels.
Mme-20 saukunis pirvel naxevarSi mondialisturi mimarTulebis
organizaciebi iqmneba aSS-Si. Camoyalibebul iqna xelisuflebis
paraleluri struqturebi. ase Camoyalibda sami ZiriTadi mondialisturi
organizacia.
Ppirveli -LsaerTaSoriso urTierTobaTa sabWo (Council of Foreign Relations),
daarsebul iqna umsxvilesi amerikeli bankiris – morganis iniciativiT.
90
a. dugini. “geopolitikis safuZvlebi”. Ggv. 119
117
es gaxldaT araoficialuri organizacia, sadac mimdinareobda amerikis
msoflio strategiis SemuSaveba, xolo am strategiis saboloo etaps
warmoadgenda mTeli msoflios unifikacia da msoflios mTavrobis
Camoyalibeba. zemoaRniSnuli organizacia Camoyalibebul iqna 1921 wels,
rogorc Lkarnegis fondis “msoflio mSvidobisaTvis”L gagrZeleba. Aam
organizaciis farglebSi maRali Tanamdebobis polikosebi ecnobodnen
msoflio momavlis mondialistur Sexedulebebs. AaRsaniSnavia is faqtic,
rom CFR is wevrTa umravlesoba amave dros iyo Sotlandiuri masonobis
maRali wris warmomadgeneli. Aaqedan SegviZlia vivaraudoT, rom
mondialisturi mimarTulebis geopolitikur proeqtebs garkveuli
humanistur-mistikuri ganzomilebac gaaCndaT.
Uukve meore msoflio omis Semdeg, 1954 wels Seiqmna meore
mondialisturi instituti - bildenbergis klubi. Mamjerad masSi amerikel
politikur moRvaweebTan, politologebTan da finansistebTan erTad,
gawevrianebulebi iyvnen maTi evropeli kolegebic.
1973 wels bildenbergis jgufis aqtivistebis iniciativiT iqmneba
mesame umniSvnelovanesi mondialisturi struqtura: Ksammxrivi komisiaL anu
trilaterali. Mmis ZiriTad birTvs warmoadgendnen bilderbergis jgufis
da C.F.R. –is amerikeli warmomadgenlebi. AaRsaniSnavia is faqti, rom
amerikis garda, sammxriv komisias gaaCnia kidev ori Stab-bina evropasa da
iaponiaSi.
TviTon saxelwodeba, sammxrivi komisiaL SerCeul iqna konkretuli
geopolitikuri mosazrebebis safuZvelze. Mmisi ZiriTadi mizania
atlantizmis egidiT gaaerTianos teqnikur ganviTarebasa da sabazro
ekonomikaSi gansakuTrebiT ganviTarebuli sami didi sivrce:
1. amerikuli sivrce - Crd. da samx. amerikis CaTvliT;

2. evropuli sivrce;
3. iaponiis mier kontrolirebadi wynari okeanis sivrce.
bildenbergisa da trilateralis umniSvnelovanesi mondialisturi
jgufis saTaveSi imyofeba C.F.R.–is maRali wris warmomadgeneli,
umsxvilesi bankiri devid rokfeleri. rokfeleris garda, yvela
mondialistur proeqtSi aqtiurad arian CarTulni atlantizmis wamyvani
warmomadgenlebi, geopolitikosebi, strategebi da yofili cnobili
politikuri moRvaweebi – zbignev bJeJinski da henri kisinjeri.
Mmiuxedavad garkveuli taqtikuri xasiaTis gansxvavebebisa, yvela
mondialisturi programis ZiriTad mizans erTiani msoflio sistemis Seqmna
warmoadgens, romelic dafuZnebuli iqneba demokratiulL faseulobebze.
swored am miznis gansaxorcieleblad mimdinareobda Zlieri analitikuri
centrebis Camoyalibeba, romelTa SemadgenlobaSi Sediodnen politikosebi,
Jurnalistebi, inteleqtualebi, finansistebi, analitikosebi da a. S. maT
mTavar mizans warmoadgenda amgvari msoflio mTavrobis mondialisturi
proeqtisaTvis safuZvliani rekomendaciebis SemuSaveba.
zemoaRniSnuli organizaciebis mier SemuSavebuli mondialisturi
proeqti ar yofila erTaderTi. arsebobs mondialisturi mimarTulebis ori
ZiriTadi versia. Mmiuxedavad meTodologiuri xasiaTis gansxvavebisa, isini
saboloo jamSi erTsa da imave mizans isaxavdnen.
Kkonvergenciis Teoria
M”civi omis” periodSi, kerZod XX saukunis 70-ian wlebSi dasavleli

politikosebisa da analitikosebis mier komunistur reJimTan
118
konfrontaciis Sesustebis mizniT warmodgenil iqna mondializmis
pacifisturi versia, romelic konvergenciis TeoriisL saxelwodebiT aris
cnobili. F.R.C. – is memarcxene dajgufebis analitikosebis mier zbignev
bJeJinskis xelmZRvanelobiT SemuSavebuli es Teoria miznad isaxavda meore
msoflio omis Semdgom periodSi arsebuli ideologiuri da
geopolitikuri winaaRmdegobis gadalaxvas da axali tipis kulturul-
ideologiuri civilizaciis Seqmnas, romelic garkveulwilad iarsebebda
Sualeduri sistemis formiT socializmsa da kapitalizms, wminda
atlantizmsa da wminda kontinentalizms Soris.
Aam Teoriis ZiriTad mizans warmoadgenda sabWoTa ideologebis mier
“sawarmoo saSualebebis nacionalizaciis” da “kerZo sakuTrebis gauqmebis”
Tezisebis uaryofa, rac Tavis mxriv zomier social-demokratiul,
revizionistur versiaSi unda gadasuliyo. Tavis mxriv, demokratiul da
Tavisufal sabazro ekonomikaze damyarebul dasavleTs valdebuleba unda
aeRo nawilobriv SeezRuda bazris Tavisufleba da gaezarda saxelmwifo
seqtoris roli ekonomikaSi da a. S. saerTo kulturuli orientaciis povna
ki Tavis mxriv SeiZleboda humanizmisa da ganmanaTleblobis tradiciebSi,
romelsac aRiarebs, rogorc dasavleTis demokratiuli reJimi, ise
komunizmis socialuri eTikac (mis Serbilebul social-demokratiul
versiebSi).
Kkonvergenciis Teoriis mixedviT, msoflio mTavroba, gulisxmobda
msoflios marTvaSi vaSingtonTan erTad moskovis daSvebas. Ees ki Tavis
mxriv xels Seuwyobda sayovelTao mSvidobasa da civi omis dasrulebas,
xolo xalxebi Tavidan aicilebdnen geopolitikuri daZabulobis simZimes.
Aaq Zalian mniSvnelovania xazi gavusvaT teqnologiuri sistemis
“Talasokratiidan” “eTerokratiisaken” gadasvlas: mondialisti
politikosebi msoflios uyureben ara rogorc zRviT SemosazRvruli
dasavleTis kontinentis mcxovrebi (rogorc tradiciuli atlantistebi),
aramed “kosmosur orbitaze myofi astronavtebis” TvalebiT. Aam dros maT
Tvalwin marTlac aris gadaSlili erTiani msoflio (One World).
AaRsaniSnavia is faqtic, rom mondialistur centrebs Tavisi
Tanamoazreebi moskovSic gamouCndnen. aq mTavari figura iyo sistemur
kvlevaTa institutis direqtori, akademikosi gviSiani, romelic faqtiurad
iziarebda “trilateralis” mier warmodgenil koncefciebs. mondialisturi
centrebis saqmianobam gansakuTrebuli warmateba hpova dasavleT evropis
ultramemarcxene partiebs Soris.
dasavleTis msoflio gamarjveba
ssrk-Si konvergenciis Teoriebis praqtikaSi danergva daiwyo

xelisuflebaSi mixeil gorbaCovis mosvlisa da “perestroikis” procesis
ganxorcielebis periodSi. sabWoTa “perestroikis” dawyebamde ramdenime
wliT adre – 1979 wlidan analogiuri proeqtis ganxorcieleba daiwyo
CineTSi (den siaopinis reformebi). XX saukunis 70-iani wlebidan CineTis
komunistur xelisuflebasTan saqmiani kontaqtebi daamyares “sammxrivi
komisiis” warmomadgenlebma. sabWoTa da Cinuri “perestroikis” bedi
gansxvavebuli iyo. CineTma warmatebiT daiwyo da dResac agrZelebs
sabazro ekonomikis principebze damyarebul ekonomikur reformebs, ise rom
komunisturi partia kvlav rCeba am qveyanaSi erTaderT mmarTvel Zalad.
A amave dros, gorbaCovma gadawyvita sabWoTa sivrcis struqturuli
gardaqmna KdemokratizaciisaL da KliberalizaciisL mimarTulebiT.
upirveles yovlisa, es Seexo varSavis xelSekrulebis qveynebs, xolo
119
Semdeg sabWoTa respublikebs, rasac mohyva aSS-sTan xelSekrulebebis
gaformeba strategiuli SeiaraRebis Semcirebis mimarTulebiT.
Aamave dros, saaSkaraoze iqna gamotanili yvela is usamarTloba, romelic
xorcieldeboda ssrk-Si komunisturi mmarTvelobis 70 wlis ganmavlobaSi,
amitomac yofili sabWoTa respublikebis umravlesobas aRar surda ssrk-is
SemadgenlobaSi yofna. Aamitomac, ukve 80-iani wlebis bolodan ssrk-Si
daiwyo daSlis procesi.Ees procesi daCqarda im warumatebeli ekonomikuri
reformebis fonze, romelTa ganxorcielebas maSindeli sabWoTa
xelisufleba cdilobda. Aaseve, yuradReba unda gamaxvildes im faqtze,
rom ssrk-Si “perestroikis” periodi daemTxva aSS-Si metad principuli
respublikelebis - reiganisa da buSis prezidentobis periods. reigani
bolo wlebis prezidentebs Soris erTaderTi iyo, romelic uars
acxadebda yovelgvar mondialistur organizaciaSi monawileobaze. Tavisi
mrwamsiT igi iyo metad mkacri, principuli lideri, romelic Zal-Rones ar
iSurebda msoflioSi demokratiis gaZlierebisa da totalitarul
reJimebTan brZolis mimarTulebiT. igi arasdros midioda kompromisze
“memarcxene antidemokratiul ideologiasTan”, da Sesabamisad man Zalian
didi roli Seasrula imaSi, raTa aeZulebina totalitaruli sabWoTa
kavSiri, raTa am ukanasknels garkveuli nabijebi gadaedga msoflioSi
daZabulobis Senelebisa (1987 wlis 7-10 dekembris vaSingtonis
xelSekruleba, strategiuli SeiaraRebis Semcireba ssrk-is mier, sabWoTa
jarebis avRaneTidan gamoyvana) da demokratiis mimarTulebiT (“glasnosti”,
“perestroika”).
Aamrigad, 80-iani wlebis bolos “harTlendis” SigniT mimdinare
procesebma da “atlantisturi” Zalebis aqtiurma qmedebebma ganapirobes
liberalur-demokratiuli ideologiisa da sazRvao Zalebis poziciebis
kidev ufro ganmtkiceba mTels msoflioSi.
F frensis fukuiamas “istoriis aRsasruli”
Aatlantizmis mTavari mowinaaRmdegis, sabWoTa kavSiris daSlis Semdeg,

dRis wesrigSi dadga mondialisturi proeqtebis momavalSi ganxorcielebis
aucileblobis sakiTxi. MmaT an unda SeewyvitaT arseboba, an unda
SeecvalaT Tavisi logika.
“civi omis” dasrulebis Semdgom epoqaSi axal mondialistur versiad
iqca frensis fukuiamas doqtrina. Ffukuiamas mier gasuli saukunis 90-iani
wlebis dasawyisSi gamoqveynebul iqna saprogramo statia “istoriis
aRsasrulis”KsaxelwodebiT. Eam statiis Sinaarsis mixedviT Tu vimsjelebT,
igi SeiZleba ganxilul iqnes neomondialisturi mimarTulebis kidev erT
naSromad.
Ffukuiama warmogvidgens istoriuli procesis Semdeg versias. “neli,
“Zalis kanonis”, da “socialuri realobebis iracionaluri mmarTvelobis”
epoqidan kacobrioba miiwrafoda ufro gonieri da logikuri wyobisaken,
romelic gamoixata kapitalizmSi, Tanamedrove dasavlur civilizaciaSi,
sabazro ekonomikisa da liberalur-demokratiul ideologiaSi. istoria da
ganviTareba mimdinareobda mxolod iracionuli faqtorebis xarjze,
romlebic nel-nela uTmobdnen adgils gonebis kanonebs, yvela
faseulobebis saerTo fulad ekvivalents da a. S. sabWoTa kavSiris daSla
ukanaskneli “iracionaluri” bastionis dacemas niSnavs. AmasTan aris
dakavSirebuli istoriis aRsasruli da gansakuTrebuli msoflio
arsebobis dasawyisi, romelic “bazrisa” da “demokratiis” ideebiT
120
warimarteba da samyaros mowesrigebul, racionalurad momuSave manqanaSi
erTiandeba.
Aamgvari axali wesrigi, Tumca wminda atlantisturi sistemebis
universaciazea dafuZnebuli, scdeba atlantizmis farglebs da msoflios
yvela regioni axali modelis mixedviT daiwyebs ufro metad
ganviTarebuli ekonomikuri centrebis irgvliv xelaxal Camoyalibebas”.91
Jak atalis “geoekonomikis” koncefcia
F amerikeli mecnieris fukuiamas analogiurma Teoriebma ganviTareba hpova

evropul samecniero wreebSic. amis naTel dadasturebas warmoadgens
frangi Jak atalis naSromebi. igi wlebis manZilze muSaobda safrangeTis
prezidentis fransua miteranis pirad mrCevlad, mogvianebiT dainiSna
evropis rekonstruqciisa da ganviTarebis bankis direqtoris Tanamdebobaze.
Ggadadgomis Semdeg Jak atalim gamosca wigni “horizontis xazebi”.
frangi mecnieris azriT, Tanamedrove epoqas SeiZleba ewodos mesame xana –
”fulis epoqa”. fuli warmoadgens faseulobaTa universalur eqvivalents,
vinaidan yvela saganis materialur cifrul gamoxatvasTan gaTanabrebiT,
advil amocanas warmoadgens racionaluri wesiT fuladi masis regulireba.
msgavs koncefcias, TviT atali akavSirebs mesianisturi xanis dadgomasTan.
sakuTar wignSi atali warmogvidgens momavlis sakuTar xedvas,
romelic “ukve dadga”. mTel msoflioSi liberalur-demokratiuli
ideologiisa da Tavisufali sabazro ekonomikis gabatoneba ganapirobebs
sainformacio teqnologiebis ganviTarebas, es procesi ki Tavis mxriv
migviyvans iqamde, rom Cvens planetas gadaaqcevs erTian da erTgvarovan
samyarod. amasTanave, mesame epoqaSi TavianT mniSvnelobas dakargaven is
geopolitikuri realobebi, romlebic batonobdnen mTeli istoriis
ganmavlobaSi, da romlebic pirvel rigSi dakavSirebulni iyvnen
geopolitikuri dualizmis principebTan.
Aatalis azriT, geoekonomikisL principebze damyarebuli globaluri
msoflio Rebulobs axal geopolitikur struqturas. aRsaniSnavia is
faqti, rom pirvelad “geoekonomikis” koncefciebis ganviTareba
SemoTavazebul iqna istorikos fritc rerigis mier, xolo momdevno
periodSi misi ideebi ganaviTara bernan brodelma.
K”geoekonomika”, es aris mondialisturi geopolitikis erT-erTi
umniSvnelovanesi koncefcia, romelic prioritets aniWebs ara geografiul,
kulturul, ideologiur, eTnikur, religiur da a.S. faqtorebs, romlebic
geopolitikuri midgomis arss Seadgenen, aramed sivrcesTan dakavSirebul
wminda ekonomikur realobebs. “geoekonomikisaTvis” did mniSvnelobas ar
warmoadgens ama Tu im eris gansaxlebis areali, istoriuli, kulturuli
tradiciebi da a. S. pirvel rigSi gadamwyveti mniSvneloba eniWeba im faqts,
Tu sad aris ganTavsebuli msoflio safinanso centrebi, birJebi,
sasargeblo wiaRirseuli, sainformacio centrebi, samrewvelo kompaniebi.
“geoekonomika” politikur realobebs gansxvavebulad aRiqvams, rac qmnis
imis STabeWdilebas, TiTqos ukve Seqmnilia msoflio mTavroba, romelic
marTavs erTian msoflios.
91
The End of History and the Last Man. Free Press, 1992. ISBN 0-02-910975-2
121
Tavis geopolitikur kvlevebSi, atali gamoyofs sam mniSvnelovan
regions, romlebic erTian msoflioSi ekonomikuri sivrcis centrebad
gadaiqcevian:
1. “amerikuli sivrce, romelSic orive amerika sabolood aris
gaerTianebuli erTian finansur-samrewvelo zonaSi;
2. evropis ekonomikuri gaerTianebis Semdeg aRmocenebuli sivrce;
3. wynari okeanis regioni, Kxelaxali ayvavebisL zona, romelsac

gaaCnia ramdenime konkurentuli centri: tokio, taivani, singapuri
da sxva.”92
atalis azriT, am sam ekonomikur centrs Soris gansakuTrebul
gansxvavebasa da konfrontacias ar unda velodoT, vinaidan saxezea
mniSvnelovani damTxveva ideologiur da ekonomikur tipebs Soris.
ZiriTadi ganmasxvavebeli faqtoris roli SesaZloa iTamaSos
ganviTarebuli centrebis geografiulma mdebareobam, xolo sxvadasxva
centrebis garSemo moxdeba SedarebiT naklebad ganviTarebuli regionebis
koncentracia. am saxiT regionuli struqturis Camoyalibeba SesaZloa
ganxorcieldes mxolod “istoriis aRsasrulis” periodSi, anu
geopolitikaSi arsebuli tradiciuli realobebis Secvlis momentSi. am
epoqis dawyebis dros gauqmdeba civilizaciur-geopolitikuri dualizmi.
Sesabamisad, atlantizmis sapirispiro polusis ararsebobis SemTxvevaSi,
dRis wesrigSi dgeba geopolitikuri sivrcis axleburad gaazrebis sakiTxi,
xolo atlantisturi ideebis msoflios sxvadasxva regionSi gavrceleba
gamoiwvevs geoekonomikis xanis dadgomas.
Pprofesor santoros “postkatastrofuli mondializmis” idea
zemoT CamoTvlili neomondialisturi versiebis garda, arsebobs am

geopolitikuri mimarTulebis gasxvavebuli versiebic. MmaTgan yuradRebas
imsaxurebs milanis saerTaSoriso politikuri kvlevis institutis (ISPI)
mier, profesor karlo santoros xelmZRvanelobiT damuSavebuli
geopolitikuri koncefcia, romelic garkveulwilad futurologiur
xasiaTs atarebs.
santoros azriT, dRevandel etapze msoflio imyofeba “civi omis”
periodisaTvis damaxasiaTebel bipolaruli samyarodan mondialisturi
versiis mravalpolaruli samyarosaken gardamaval periodSi (aq naTlad
Cans atalis geoekonomikuri xedva). santoros gaaCnia gansxvavebuli azri
fukuiamas TeoriebTan dakavSirebiT. Tu fukuiamas optimisturi
mondializmis TvalsazrisiT, saerTaSoriso politikuri da safinanso
institutebi (gaero, msoflio banki da a.S.) sakmaod ganviTarebulni arian
imisaTvis, rom momavalSi isini gadaiqcnen “msoflio mTavrobis” msgavs
struqturebad, santoro amtkicebs sapirispiros, misi azriT, es
organizaciebi ar arian qmedunarianni da orpolaruli samyaros
moZvelebul logikas asaxaven. Ugarda amisa, dRevandel etapze msoflio
atarebs “civi omis”Lmtkice anabeWds, romlis geopolitikuri logika
gabatonebuli rCeba. italieli mecnieris azriT, planetaze arsebuli es
realoba aucileblad dasruldeba civilizaciuri katastrofebis
periodiT.
SemdgomSi mecniers mohyavs am katastrofebis SesaZlo scenarebi,kerZod:
92
Aa.dugini. “geopolitikis safuZvlebi”. 1997 w. gv. 128
122
1. “Sesustdeba saerTaSoriso institutebis roli;
2. daiwyeba tradiciuli blokebis dezintegracia da arsebuli
saxelmwifoebis progresirebadi daSla;
3. daiwyeba mcire da saSualo xangrZlivobis omebis epoqa, romelTa
Sedegad Cayalibdeba axali geopolitikuri warmonaqmnebi;
4. msoflio qaosis safrTxe aiZulebs sxvadasxva blokebs didi
uflebamosilebis mqone saerTaSoriso institutebis Seqmnis
aucileblobisaken, rac, faqtiurad, msoflio mTavrobis
Camoyalibebas moaswavebs;
5. Camoyalibdeba msoflio saxelmwifos, axali saboloo
saerTaSoriso instancia (msoflio mTavroba).”93
aRniSnuli modeli warmoadgens garkveul Sualedur formas frensis
fukuiamas mondialistur optimizmsa (idealisturi midgoma) da sameul
hanTingtonis atlantur pesimizms (realisturi midgoma) Soris.
Tanamedrove evropuli geopolitika
XX saukunis evropuli geopolitikuri skolis erT-erTi TvalsaCino

warmomadgenelia ingliseli istorikosi, sociologi da geopolitikosi
arnold jozef toinbi. 1925_1955 wlebSi toinbi kiTxulobda leqciebs
londonis ekonomikis skolaSi. imave periodSi, v. bautlerTan erTad igi
xelmZRvanelobda saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis samefo instituts, romlis
erT-erTi mTavar amocanas warmoadgenda msoflio politikuri movlenebis
mimoxilva. SemdgomSi mecnieri kiTxulobda leqciebs amerikaSi ( harvardis,
prinstonis universitetebSi) da kanadaSi (torontos universiteti, kanadis
saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis universiteti), aseve gamoscemda statiebs
cnobil amerikul JurnalebSi. is monawilebda parizis or saerTaSoriso
konferenciaSi (1919 da 1945 ww.).
toinbs msoflio aRiareba moutana 12-tomianma naSromma ”istoriis
gageba”, romelsac man miuZRvna TiTqmis 30 weli. esaa kacobriobis
ganviTarebis axleburi gaazreba civilizaciuri midgomiT. aq aSkarad
igrZnoba Spengleris gavlena, romlis wignic ”evropis mzis Casvla” aTi
wliT adre gamovida. ase rom, erT_erTi amocana, romelic toinbma daisaxa
kvleviTi muSaobis dawyebis win, iyo ”civilizaciaTa erTianobis”
koncefciis uaryofa da arsebul civilizaciaTa mravalferovnebis
koncefciis damtkiceba. toinbma uaryo evrocentrizmis pozicia, cno ra
Tanadroulad arsebuli bevri ganviTarebuli da erTmaneTisgan
gansxvavebuli kulturis arseboba, xolo istoriis kvlevas toinbi
awarmoebda policentrizmis da civilizaciuri avtonomiis poziciidan.
toinbma moaxdina realurad arsebuli da gamqrali xalxebis
sazogadoebebis klasificireba, moaxdina maTi SedarebiTi analizi da
kulturuli identifikacia. Sedegad, maTSi gamoyo cxrameti tipologiuri
struqtura an sazogadoeba, genezisi (aRmoceneba), zrda, dacema da daSla,
romlebic Seadgenen kacobriobis istorias. Tavdapirvelad am
civilizaciaTa ricxvSi man moaqcia dasavluri, marTmadidebluri, iranuli
da arabuli (dRes isini warmoadgenen islamur civilizacias), siriuli,
induri, Soreuli aRmosavleTis, elinuri, Cinuri, Sumeruli, xeTuri,
babilonis, anduri (inkebis imperia iukatauri), meqsikuri(acketebis imperia),
93
Aa. Ddugini. “geopolitika”. 1997 w. gv. 131
123
maias (maias imperia), egvipturi civilizaciebi. mogvianebiT toinbis mier
civilizaciaTa ricxvi ocdaerTamde iqna gazrdili.
istoria toinbis mixedviT kargavs erTxazovnebas da homogenurobas
da amiT iZens ciklurobas, mravalganzomilebas, ganviTarebis mraval
mimarTulebas da ara erTgvarovan hegemonobas. civilizaciis warmoSoba
misi azriT dakavSirebulia an primitiul, civilizaciamdeli sazogadoebis
civilizaciurSi mutaciasTan an naTesaurad dakavSirebuli civilizaciebis
gamoCenasTan, romlebic aRmocendebian ara maTi winaprebis wiaRidan, aramed
maT gverdiT. axali civilizaciebis warmoqmnis faqtorebs Soris toinbma
gamoyo: pirveli_rasebsa da civilizaciebs Soris urTierTqmedeba da
meore_geografiuli da istoriuli garemos zemoqmedeba. civilizaciuri
procesis Semaferxebel, negatiur faqtorad toinbi miiCnevda inerciis
Zalas - tradicias.
istoria da geopolitika toinbTan warmodgenilia gamowvevebisa da
pasuxebis saxiT. ”gamowveva_pasuxis” koncefcia gamodis yvela sulieris
Tavdapirveli dualizmidan - Sejaxeba iahvesa da gvelis, RmerTis da
satanis, keTilis da borotis, Cinur filosofiaSi ianis da inis
dapirispireba iZleva gamowvevisa da pasuxis sawyis magaliTebs. ”gamowveva
aqezebs zrdas. gamowvevaze pasuxiT sazogadoeba wyvets mis winaSe
wamoWril amocanas, romlis Sedegadac gadadis sirTulis TvalsazrisiT
ufro maRal da ufro Camoyalibebul struqturul mdgomareobaSi. . .
gamowvevis uaryofa niSnavs zrdis da ganviTarebis stimulebis uaryofas.” 94
amasTanave aRsaniSnavia is faqtic, rom xelsayreli geografiuli da
klimaturi pirobebi yovelTvis ar uwyoben xels sazogadoebis
ganviTarebas. ufro metic, garemos zedmetad komfortuli pirobebi
amuxruWeben progress da xels uwyoben bunebasTan kavSirs. am SemTxvevaSi
moqmedebs kanoni ”rac ufro Zlieria gamowveva, miT ufro Zlieria
stimuli”.95 gansakuTrebiT Zlieri ganviTarebis stimulad gamodgeba zRvis
gadaRma migracia. es aSkarad Cans xmelTaSua zRvis regionis istoriis da
gansakuTrebiT axali drois kolonializmis istoriis magaliTze.
garemomcveli istoriuli, adamianuri garemo aranakleb moqmed
faqtors warmoadgens. es garemo civilizaciis ganviTarebaze moqmedebs
Semdegi saSualebebiT - an ”stimuli_dartyma” an ”stimuli_zewola”.
adamianuri garemos ”dartymis” stimulirebadi zemoqmedebis klasikuri
magaliTia aTenis reaqcia sparseTis agresiaze (480_479 ww. Zv.w.).
”stimuli_zewola”_ze pasuxis magaliTia moskovis samTavros aRmoceneba
monRolTa uRelis gadagdebis Sedegad. civilizaciebSi, romlebic
ganicdian istoriuli garemos uwyvet zewolas, yalibdeba gansazRvruli
socialuri struqturebi: forpostebi da zurgebi. moskovis saxelmwifos
tipiur forpostad emsaxureboda kazakoba, ”mesazRvreebi rusuli
marTlmadideblobisa”, romlebmac gaimarjves momTabareebTan brZolaSi.
meore ”gamowveva_zegavlenad” ruseTze, am SemTxvevaSi dasavleTidan,
toinbs miaCnia poloneTis intervencia (1610_1612 ww). am intervenciaze
pasuxis Sedegad momavalSi SesaZlebeli gaxda ruseTis gamarjveba
CrdiloeTis omSi da peterburgis daarseba.
analogiurad, forpostebis meSveobiT, ”gamowveva_zegavlenas” pasuxobda
dasavleTic. pirvel rigSi, dasavleTis samyarom romis imperiis da karlos
didis imperiis saxiT gauZlo ”kontinentur evropel barbarosebs”, meore
mxriv_moskovis winaaRmdegobas, mesame_otomanTa imperias, meoTxe_ Soreuli
94
Исаев. Геополитика. Стр. 292
95
იქვე
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dasavleTis winaaRmdegobas (keltebi da skotebi), mexuTe_skandinaviis
vikingebs, meeqvse_arabebis (mavritanul) zewolas.
istoriuli stimulebi, garda ”dartymisa” da ”zewolis” formebisa,
romlebic moqmedeben qveynis garedan, SeiZleba mogvevlinon socialuri
uflebebis Selaxvis formiTac, romelic Tavs iCens socialuri garemos
Signidan iseTi procesebis dros, rogorebicaa migracia, monoba, kasturi da
religiuri diskriminacia. ”socialuri uflebebis darRveva” aseve stimuls
aZlevs sazogadoebas gasces saTanado pasuxebi zemoaRniSnul negatiur
movlenebs.
mudmivad moqmed ”gamowveva_pasuxis” mdgomareobaSi Tavs iCens
”kompetenciis kanoni”. misi qmedebebi dakavSirebulia gansakuTrebiT mkacr
gamowvevasTan da vlindeba rogorc gansakuTrebulad mkacri gansacdelis
Semsubuqebis formiT. magaliTad, sazRvao stiqiebi - mitovebuli venecia da
holandia kompensirebuli iyo TviT bunebis mier Seqmnili sazRvao damcavi
zRudiT. toinbma gaakeTa daskvna, rom ”gamowvevis Zalebis mier raRac
zRvaris gadalaxva iwvevs ara matebas, aramed warmatebuli pasuxis
klebas”96. aqedan gamomdinare, maqsimalurad stimulirebadi gamowveva_esaa
ara yvelaze Zlieri, aramed mocemuli sazogadoebisaTvis optimaluri
gamowveva, romlisTvisac is mzadaa da mas SeeZleba sakadrisi pasuxi gasces
amgvar gamowvevas.
sazogadoebis Sinagani struqturis gamokvleviT, toinbma aRmoaCina,
rom garkveul civilizaciebs aqvT ufro mtkice Sida kavSirebi vidre sxvas.
aseTi mtkice kavSirebia igive ” mamaSviluri urTierToba”. es kavSirebi
qmnis axali tipis universalur saxelmwifos.
sazogadoeba Tavisi ganviTarebis procesSi, gamoyofs TavisTavad
iseT socialur struqturebs, rogoricaa dominirebadi umciresoba
(elita), Sida da gare proletariati. elitis daniSnulebaa_misces
sazogadoebas ganviTarebis saerTo programa, STaagonos mosaxleobas
universaluri saxelmwifos mSeneblobis aucilebloba. Sida proletariati
(magaliTad pirveli qristianebi), warmoSobs ”ganviTarebul” religias,
romelic iRwvis msoflio eklesiis struqturizaciisaken, xolo gare
proletariati cdilobs daicalos dagrovili energiisagan saxelmwifos
sazRvrebs miRma (pirvel rigSi saomari moqmedebebis formiT), da Tavs
avlens rogorc sagmiro saukuneebis Semqmneli.
naSromebi ”civilizacia istoriis sasamarTlos winaSe” da ”msoflio
da dasavleTi”, atarebdnen naTlad gamokveTil geopolitikur xasiaTs.
pirvelad, toinbi aanalizebda ra ”msoflio rukis cvlilebebs”, aRniSnavda
unifikaciis mzardi procesis Sesaxeb, msoflios gaerTianebis ideas saerTo
msoflio TanamegobrobaSi, romelic realobad iqca ukve 1500 wlidan.
unifikaciis procesi, mecnieris azriT, ”migviyvans, msoflios politikur
gaerTianebasTan, axlo momavalSi msoflio saxelmwifos SeqmnasTan.
amasTanave gamoiwvevs udidesi saxelmwifoebis ricxvis Semcirebas rvidan
oramde (amerika, ssrk). amasTanave, mesame didi saxelmwifo SeiZleba gaxdes
evropis kavSiri. msoflios gaerTianeba SeiZleba ori meTodiT: iZulebiTi
(samxedro saSualebebiT) da TanamSromlobis gziT. iZulebiTi meTodi
SeuZlebelia birTvuli iaraRis epoqaSi. Amitom, udides saxelmwifoebs da
danarCen qveynebs ar aqvT urTierTobebis mogvarebisa da poziciaTa
daaxloebis alternativa. daaxloebis meqanizmi da msoflio marTvis
procesi ukve Seqmnilia gaeros saxiT“.97
96
97
125
qveTavSi ”civilizaciaTa Sejaxeba” (hantigtoni mogvianebiT
gamoiyenebs am termins Tavisi cnobili statiisa da wignisaTvis) toinbma
moaxdina Sejaxebis Teoriis Canaweri: ”istoriis mTavari Sinaarsi bolo 450
wlis ganmavlobaSi iyo dasavleTis civilizaciis Zlieri zemoqmedeba
yvela sxva civilizaciaze da dasavleTis da danarCeni msoflios
Sejaxeba”.98 am Sejaxebis donesa da sazRvrebis Sesaxeb iyo aRwerili
mecnieris mier zemoT aRniSnul wignSi ” msoflio da dasavleTi”, romlis
sxvadasxva Tavi atarebs Sesabamis saxelebs: ”ruseTi da dasavleTi”,
”islami da dasavleTi”, ”indoeTi da dasavleTi”, ”Soreuli aRmosavleTi da
dasavleTi” ( Soreul aRmosavleTSi is gulisxmobda “ CineTs, iaponias da
koreas”). Aamgvarad, Cven viRebT civilizaciaTa Sejaxebis Semdeg
geopolitikur suraTs: dasavleTis civilizacias ewinaaRmdegeba ruseTis,
islamis, indoeTis, CineTis, iaponiis da koreis civilizaciebi. rogorc
Cans, istoriuli da geopolitikuri msoflio suraTi toinbis SromebSi
erTmaneTs ar emTxveva. gansxvaveba mdgomareobs meqsikuri civilizaciis ar
arsebobiT არსებულ geopolitikur suraTSi. Mmecniers ar auxsnia am
ararsebobis mizezi. SeiZleba man ar CaTvala saWirod mcire naSromSi
gaekeTebina dasavleTis da laTinuri amerikis Sejaxebis analizi, an
CaTvala, rom meqsikuri civilizacia ver SeewinaaRmdegeba dasavleTs
Tanamedrove etapze. Aarc isaa gamoricxuli, rom Tanamedrove laTinuri
amerika aris nawili dasavleTis civilizaciisa _ mis naSromSi “istoriis
gageba”, meqsikuri civilizaცiis identifikaciisas toinbi gulisxmobda Sua
saukuneebis meqsikur, iukatanis da maias sazogadoebebs.
Mmanuel kastelzi
Tanamedrove evropuli geopolitikis TvalsaCino warmomadgenelia

manuel kastelzi_gamoCenili Tanamedrove sociologi da politologi,
romlis naSromebSic gadmocemulia informaciul-globaluri sazogadoebis
formirebis, ganviTarebisa da funqcionirebis ZiriTadi kanonzomierebebi.
manuel kastelzi cnobili gaxda misi gamokvlevebiT “qalaqebi
socioloogis sferoSi”, romelTa ganxorcielebas is dResac agrZelebs. is
agreTve uZRvnis rig gamokvlevebs informaciul sazogadoebas da wers
trilogias: “informaciuli saukune: ekonomika, sazogadoeba da kultura”:
“qseluri sazogadoebis Camoyalibeba”(1996), “identurobis Zala” (1997),
“aTaswleulis dasasruli” (1998).
mecnieris erT_erTi bolo naSromia “saubrebi manul kastelzTan”,
sadac ganzogadoebuli saxiTaa warmodgenili misi socialur - politikuri
ideebi. M
manul kastelzis Teoriuli da praqtikuli moRvaweobis sfero
sakmaod farToa, 20 wlis ganmavlobaSi is kiTxulobda leqciebs parizis
universitetSi, aseve dakavebuli iyo leqciebis wakiTxviTa da
gamokvlevebiT CileSi, kanadaSi, espaneTSi, venesuelaSi, meqsikaSi, aSS-Si,
SveicariaSi, honkongSi, singapurSi, taivanSi, ruseTSi, niderlandebsa da
sxva mTel rig saxelmwifoebSi. AamJamad kastelzi muSaobs aSS_Si
kaliforniis universitetSi. is agreTve aris iuneskos elCi da mTeli rigi
saerTaSoriso organizaciebisa da xelisuflebebis mrCeveli.
mecnieris gamokvlevis geopolitikuri aspeqti koncentrirebuli
saxiT warmodgenilia statiaSi “evropuli qalaqebi, informaciuli
98
126
sazogadoeba da globaluri ekonomika” (1994). kastelzi miiCnevs, rom
Tanamedrove civilizaciisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia Semdegi gamovlinebebi:
 globaluri informaciul_teqnologiuri revoluciis

ganviTareba
 informaciuli sazogadoebis mSenebloba
 globaluri ekonomikuri sistemis Camoyalibeba99
kidev erTi tendencia, romelic uSualodaa damaxasiaTebeli

evropuli sazogadoebisaTvis, es aris evropuli integracia.
globaluri ekonomika kastelzis mixedviT warmoadgens pirvel rigSi
finansuri da informaciuli nakadebis sistemas. nakadebi koncentrirdeba
sakvanZo centrebSi _ umsxviles qalaq_megapolisebSi. ase yalibdeba
globaluri ekonomikis qseli, romlis sicocxlisunarianobisaTvis qalaqi
iwyebs sakvanZo rolis TamaSs. globaluri ekonomikis qseli ayalibebs e.w.
”nakadTa sivrces”, romelic msoflioSi ZalTa ganlagebis analizis
mixedviT TamaSobs ufro did rols vidre sivrce, am sityvis tradiciuli
gagebiT, romelsac kastelzi gansazRvravs terminiT ”adgilis sivrce”.
amgvarad, koncentrirdeba ra megapolisebis biznes_centrebSi, nakadebis
sivrce Rebulobs fizikur gamovlinebas. Mmagram, qalaqis biznes_centrebi
ar aris abstraqtuli cneba. ase rom, kastelzis koncefciis mTavar ideas
warmoadgens nakadTa sivrcesa da adgilis sivrces Soris urTierTkavSiris
problema, romelic xSirad atarebs daZabul da urTierTsawinaaRmdego
xasiaTs. nakadebis sivrce kastelzis mixedviT aris qmedeba an funqcia,
adgilis sivrce_esaa funqciis azri, amgvarad, Tanamedrove sazogadoebaSi
funqcia vardeba winaaRmdegobaSi da Sordeba azrs. mkvlevaris aseT
TvalsazrisSi SeiniSneba Tanamedrove epoqis absurdic da didebac,
romelsac simbolurad warmoaCens qalaq_megapolisebis abstraqtuli
monumentaloba. ase rom, saxelmwifos an regionis roli msoflio
urTierTkavSirebis sistemaSi informaciuli sazogadoebis epoqaSi
ganisazRvreba nakadebis sivrciT warmodgenil globalur ekonomikaSi
CarTulobis xarisxiT. am kavSirSi kastelzi axorcielebs sivrciT
analizs. igi iyenebs geopolitikis iseT tradiciul kategoriebs,
rogorebicaa CrdiloeTi, samxreTi, aRmosavleTi, dasavleTi da a.S. da
problemebsac ganixilavs regionebis mixedviT. მagaliTad-
samxreT_aRmosavleTi aziis saxelmwifoebis problema, romlebic misdeven
iaponiis kurss; laTinuri amerikis, romelic miiswrafvis globalur
ekonomikaze gavlenis moxdenisaken, magram balansirdeba marginalizmis
sazRvrebze; afrikis, romelic siRaribeSia; CineTis, romelic iZulebulia
gaiRos humanitaruli xarjebi ekonomikuri zrdisaTvis da ruseTis,
romelic globalur sivrceSi integrirebis gzas adgas.
Mamave dros, yvelafris miuxedavad swored qalaqis evropa, rogorc
social_kulturuli erTianoba warmoadgens kastelzis kvlevis ZiriTad
sagans. kastelzis azriT, aTaswleulis zRvarze evropisaTvis
damaxasiaTebelia Semdegi tendenciebi.
 moqalaqeebis identurobis krizisi, rac dakavSirebulia

saxelmwifo_eris rolis SesustebasTan da qalaqis rolis
zrdasTan;
99
127
 ganviTarebadi qveynebidan imigrantebis mozRvaveba, romelic
iwvevs moqalaqeebs Soris qsenofobiis gaZlierebas;
 socialuri moZraobis gaaqtiureba, rac pirvel rigSi
dakavSirebulia ekologiur da qalTaA uflebebis damcvel
moZraobebTan;
 qalaqebSi marginalTa raodenobis zrda, romlebic cxovroben
an specialurad gaTvaliswinebul getoebSi an qalaqis
quCebSi.100
Amgvarad, kastelzi axasiaTebs Tanamedrove evropul qalaqs, rogorc

informaciuls (informaciul resursebTan da aucilebeli
infrastruqturis koncentraciasTan kavSirSi), globalurs (sakvanZo centri
globaluri nakadebis sivrcisa satransporto da sxva saxis
infrastruqturis wyalobiT) da dualisturs (qalaqi, mTeli misi
winaaRmdegobebiT, sadac saqmiani centris informaciul_teqnikuri elitis
cxovreba emezobleba gareubnebis mosaxleobasa da marginalebiT
dasaxlebuli getoebis cxovrebas).
AamasTanave, Tanamedrove qalaqis evropuli civilizacia yalibdeba
Suasaukuneebis qalaqis epoqis tradiciebis safuZvelze, rodesac
qalaqisadmi kuTvnileba ufro did rols TamaSobda, vidre nacionaluri
identifikacia. identurobis krizisis gadalaxvas kastelzi ukavSirebs
moqalaqeebis aqtiur monawileobasTan adgilobrivi TviTmarTvelobis
struqturebSi saqmianobis process.
ase rom, kastelzis koncefciaSi warmodgenilia rogorc globaluri
geopolitikis done, aseve saqalaqo aglomeraciebis regionul_adgilobrivi
geopolitika. kastelzis mier wamoweuli problemebi, ase Tu ise
dakavSirebulia nakadebis sivrcesa da adgilis sivrcis winaaRmdegobebTan
da winaaRmdegobebis gadawyvetis Tu ara, moqalaqeebis am sivrceebTan
adaptaciis gzebis ZiebasTan.
Ppiter teilori
kastelzis mier dayenebuli problemebis gadawyvetis ZiebaSi

britaneli geopolitikosi piter teilori midis daskvnamde, rom
aucilebelia tradiciuli geografiulis gverdiT msoflios sivrcobrivi
asaxvis koncefciis SemuSaveba, rac Tavisi arsiT TanxmobaSi modis
nakadebis sivrcis da adgilis sivrcis Tanafardobis koncefciasTan. mis
mier SemuSavebuli qalaqebs Soris kavSiris matrica warmoadgens manuel
kastelzis ideis konkretizacias.
profesori piter teilori Tanamedrove britanuli da msoflio
politikuri geografiis, geoekonomikis da geopolitikis erT-erT naTel
figuras warmoadgens. Mmisi moRvaweoba dakavSirebulia rogorc didi
britaneTis universitetebSi saleqcio kursebis CatarebasTan, aseve
perioduli Jurnalebis gamocemasTan. 1982 wlidan 1998 wlamde teiloris
redaqciiT gamoicemoda Jurnali “politikuri geograფia” da 1992 wlidan
1997 wlamde “saerTaSoriso politikisa da ekonomikis mimoxilva”. A
teiloris naSromi “politikuri geografia: msoflio ekonomika,
saxelmwifo_eri da lokaloba” politikur geografiaSi, geopolitikasa da
msoflio ekonomikaSi erT-erT safuZvlian naSromad ganixileba da
100
128
iswavleba msoflios sxvadasxva universitetebSi. Tavad mecnieri gamoyofs
Tavisi gamokvlevebis oTx ZiriTad mimarTulebas:
1. msoflio hegemoniis gamokvleva_monografia “Tanamedrove msoflios
gza: msoflio hegemoniidan da gamousaval mdgomareobamde” (1996). am
mimarTulebis CarCoebSi teilorma moaxdina niderlandebis, britaneTis da
aSS_s dominirebis periodebis SedarebiTi analizi am qveynebis
ekonomikuri, politikuri da kulturuli mdgomareobis TvalTaxedvidan.
2. britaneTis specifikis Seswavla politikaSi, ekonomikasa da
sociologiaSi.
3. modernizaciisa da amerikanizaciis problemebis ganxilva. es
mimarTuleba uSualo kavSirSia hegemoniis fenomenis gamokvlevasTan da
gamoxatuleba hpova Semdeg naSromebSi: “Tanamedroveoba: geografiuli
interpretacia” (1999w). “amerikuli saukune: iZuleba da konsensusi
amerikuli Zlevamosilebis ganviTarebis perspeqtivaSi.”
4. disciplinaTSorisi socialuri gamokvleva.
miuxedavad imisa, rom yvela mimdinareobas aqvs geopolitikuri
mimarTuleba, pirvelმა Teoriam avtors msoflio aRiareba moutana.
msoflio hegemoniis gamokvlevaSi teilori eyrdnoba imperializmisa da
”msoflio_sistemis” Teoriebs. is operirebs ”birTvis” da ”periferiebis”
modelebiT. gansazRvruli teritoriis centrTan an periferiasTan
mikuTvnebis kriteriumad teiloris azriT gvevlinebian
social_ekonomikuri da politikuri procesebi, romlებიc ”msoflio
sistemisaTvis” TavianTi mniSvnelobidan gamomdinare SeiZleba iyvnen
”sakvanZo” (birTvSi mimdinare procesebi) an ”periferiuli”. birTvis da
periferiebis kategoriebis garda teilori agreTve iyenebs naxevrad
periferiis kategorias. naxevarperiferiaze aRiniSneba gansazRvruli
Serwyma sakvanZo da periferiuli procesebisa.
Amgvarad, saxelmwifo_hegemonis geografiuli mdebareoba SeiZleba
ganisazRvros rogorc ”birTvi-saxelmwifoebis” mTavari koziri. hegemonia
iTvaliswinebs konkurentebze ekonomikur, politikur da ideologiur
sferoebSi dominirebas. hegemoniis safuZvels warmoadgens ekonomikuri
upiratesoba. fegemoniis Camoyalibeba moicavs sam stadias: konkurentebze
upiratesoba warmoebaSi; komerciuli upiratesoba vaWrobaSi; finansuri
dominireba.
berketebis sistemis Sedegad (umeteswilad ekonomikuri xasiaTis
berketebisa), hegemonia qmnis misTvis sasurvel ZalTa wonasworobas
msoflioSi, ise rom ar mimarTavs uSualo muqaras mowinaaRmdegeebisadmi.
istoriaSi teiloris Tanaxmad adgili hqonda sam hegemonias:
1. niderlandebi_ XVIIIs.
2. britaneTi _ XIXs.
3. aSS _ XX s. Sua periodidan
hegemonia viTardeba gansazRvruli kanonzomierebiT, ayalibebs

Seqmnis, gaZlierebisa da gaqrobis ciklebs. ukanaskneli aixsneba pirvel
rigSi misi Ria yovlismomcveli, yvelganSeRwevadi xasiaTiT, romelic
warmoadgens saSualebas კონკურენტებისათვის gamoiyenon lideris teqnikuri
da sawarmoo miRwevebi.
teiloris TvalsazrisiT hegemoniis ciklebs aqvs Semdegi
gansakuTrebuloba:
129
 liderobis gadacemis procesi rogorc wesi mSvidobian xasiaTs
atarebs, radgan momavali hegemoni Sedis koaliciaSi gaqrobis
zRvarze myof hegemonTan, rogorc umcrosi partniori;
 hegemonis sistemuri mbrZanebloba aucileblad iTvaliswinebs
msoflio qseluri infrastruqturis Seqmnas;
 hegemoniis dadastureba, rogorc wesi dakavSirebulia msoflio
omis 30_wliani ciklis damTavrebasTan, romelic iwvevs
msoflioSi ZalTa wonasworobis Secvlas.
msoflio batonobis sxva saxes teiloris mixedviT warmoadgens
“formaluri” an “araformaluri” imperializmi, romelSic mecniers esmis
“mbrZanebeli_qveSevrdomis urTierToba birTvsa da periferias Soris”.101
formaluri imperializmi gulisxmobs iurisdiqcias periferiul
raionebze. araformaluri arsiT warmoadgens hegemoniis erT-erT
Semadgenels _ araformaluri kontroli saxelmwifoebis periferiebze da
naxevrad periferiebze administraciuli berketebis saSualebiT. rogorc
hegemoniis fenomens, teilori ganixilavs imperializmis ganviTarebasac
ciklur dinamikaSi da am analizis CarCoebSi qmnis cnobilი koloniuri
moRvaweobis (aqtivobis) periodizaciis koncefcias.
koloniebis daarseba moicavs sam fazas: koloniis Seqmna, misi
teritoriis reorganizeba da suverenitetis gadacema. koloniis
mmarTvelobis dadgena gulisxmobs mis Seqmnas, koloniis reorganizacia
rogorc wesi dakavSirebulia metropoliaSi “gayinvis” perioddTan da
Sedegad koloniis eqspluataciis zrdasTan. aseTi kolonia xdeba
metropoliis tvirTi, xolo suverenitetis gayofa niSnavs koloniaze
mbrZaneblobis gayofas. Ffaqtiurad, suverenitetis gadacemas istoriaSi ამ
შემთხვევას orjer hqonda adgili: britaneTis suverenitetis damtkicebisas
safrangeTis damarcxebis Semdeg 1815 wels da amerikis hegemoniis
damtkicebisas germaniis damarcxebis Semdgom 1945 wels.
koloniis daarsebis antipods warmoadgens dekolonizacia, romelmac
moicva ori mniSvnelovani periodi: espaneTis da portugaliis koloniebis
gauqmeba laTinur amerikaSi XIX saukunis pirvel mesamedSi da
saxelmwifoebrivi damoukideblobis mopoveba afrikisa da aziis qveynebis
mier meore msoflio omis Semdgom periodSi. teiloris mixedviT
dekolonizaciis periods gaaCnia ori mTavari maxasiaTebeli:
1. “geografiuli gadamdeboba”_Tavis mxriv jaWvuri reaqcia,
romelic dekolonizaciis process mocemuli regionisaTvis saerTo
xasiaTs aZlevs.
2. ideologiuri sarCulis arseboba.
kolonizaciis periodSi teilori gamoyofs koloniuri moRvaweobis
oTx periods: ori arakonkurentული da ori konkurentული.
arakonkurentuli eris periodisas iqmneba koloniebi da SedarebiT
stabilurad arsebobs saxelmwifo_metropolia. konkurentuli erisaTvis
damaxasiaTebelia brZola koloniebze mbrZaneblobis gadanawilebisaTvis
da msoflio arenaze axali metropoliis gamosvla.
pirveli arakonkurentuli era teiloris mixedviT grZeldeboda didi
geografiuli aRmoCenebis epoqis dasawyisidan (XVs bolo) XVIII saukunis
dasawyisamde. erTaderT metropoliebad im periodSi gvevlineboda espaneTi
da portugalia, xolo mflobelobis obieqti iberiuli amerika. pirveli
konkurentuli era iyo XVII_dan XIX saukunis dasawyisamde. espaneTis,
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130
portugaliis, niderlandebis, didi britaneTis, safrangeTis da SedarebiT
mcire xarisxiT CrdiloeT evropis saxelmwifoebis_daniis, Sveდეთის da
prusiis brZolis periodi. am epoqis SedarebiT mniSvnelovani movlena
dakavSirebulia inglis_safrangeTis omebTan, romelic napoleonis imperiis
dacemiT damTavrda.
meore arakonkurentuli era _ esaa samrewvelo revoluciidan (XVIII
saukunis bolodan) XIX saukunis 70-ian wlebamde არსებული პერიოდი,
romlisTvisac damaxasiaTebelia wamyvani metropoliebis_ didi britaneTis
da safrangeTis mSvidobiani Tanaarseboba. meore konkurentuli era (XIX
saukunis bolo mesamedi_XX saukunis pirveli meoTxedi) dakavSirebulia
didi britaneTis hegemoniis damTavrebasTan. მTlianobaSi, am dros
koloniebisaTvis brZolaSi monawileoben Zveli metropoliebi_didi
britaneTi da safrangeTi da axali metropoliebi _ belgia, germania,
italia, iaponia da aSS. mravali movlenidan, romelic meore konkurentuli
eris dros mimdinareobda, rogorc SedarebiT mniSvnelovans teilori
gamoyofs brZolas afrikis koloniebisaTvis. sinamdvileSi afrikis
kontinentze gavlenis sferoebis sakiTxi aqtualuri rCeba dRevandel
dResac.
ignasio ramone
ignasio ramone Tanamedrove evropaSi iTvleba sakmaod cnobil frang

politologad da gepolitikosad. mis naSromSi “qaosis geopolitika”, is
aanalizebs msoflio realobas civi omis dasrulebis Semdgom. ramone
msoflioSi arsebul viTarebas II aTaswleulis bolos afasebs rogorc
”did qaoss”, romelSic erTi mxriv izrdeba sxvadasxva regionuli
ekonomikuri kavSirebis ricxvi, meore mxriv_iwyebs aRorZinebas
nacionalizmi, iSleba saxelmwifoebi xolo, eTnikuri umciresobebi iTxoven
damoukideblobas. msoflio gardaiqmneba “Cum” masobriv Sinagan da garegan
konfliqtebSi, romelsac xels uwyobs politikuri avanturebi,
danaSaulebrivi dajgufebebi, iaraRi, narkotikebis gavrceleba,
demografiuli da ekologiuri problemebis gamwvaveba. msoflios
gaerTianebis process amerikis xelmZRvanelobiT sul ufro didი
winaaRmdegobebi eRobeba. dasavleTis mTavari mtris, komunizmis gaqrobis
Semdeg dRevandel dRes mowinaaRmdege gaxda Sidsi, terorizmi, eTnikuri da
religiuri fanatizmi, demografiuli afeTqeba, birTvuli iaraRis
gavrceleba da a.S.
ramone gvTavazobs mTel rig pirobebs, romlebiTac SeiZleba am
qaosis gadalaxva. pirvel rigSi aucilebelia gaeros reformireba,
romelsac Sinaganad ar SeuZlia aseTi konfliqtebis marTva. reformam unda
gaauqmos vetos ufleba uSiSroebis sabWos mudmivi wevrebisaTvis, romelic
am organos funqcionirebas uSlis xels da amave dros mudmivi wevris
statusiT sabWoSi unda Seyvanil iqnen sxva SedarebiT msxvili qveynebi
(indoeTi, meqsika, brazilia, nigeria, egvipte), romelnic garkveulwilad
regionuli liderebis rols asruleben.
meore _ demokratiisaTvis brZolis gafarToeba, romelic unda
Seesabamebodes axal realobas. XVIII saukunis adamianisa da moqalaqis
uflebebis da XIX da XX saukunis socialuri uflebebis qartiebis
sanacvlod unda damyardes axali uflebebis mTeli kompleqsi
informaciaze, mSvidobaze, uSiSroebaze, wylis resursebze, garemos
dacvaze.
131
Mmesame _ axali teqnologiebis - pirvel rigSi informaciuli
teqnologiebis Seqmna.
meoTxe_sayovelTao bazris ganviTareba: saqonlis, finansuri, samuSao
Zalis, telekomunikaciis sferoebis ganviTareba. Zveli paradigmuli
wyvili ”progress plus eri” Secvala, rogorc ramone irwmuneba momavali
msoflios axalma paradigmulma wyvilma ”komunikacia plus bazari”102.
magram, am pirobebis Sesrulebis pirobebSic msoflio ver gamova
krizisidan, radganac mis dRevandel models warmoadgens “arqipelagis”
sqema: mravalricxovani Raribebis kunZulebi_samxreTiT, mcirericxovani
mdidrebis kunZulebi_CrdiloeTiT, xolo am msoflios ZiriTadi
Semadgeneli es aris brZola gaerTianebasa da gaTiSvasTan, SeerTebasa da
ganxeTqilebas, globalizaciasa da nacionalizms Soris.
Jan klod Sene
kidev erTi cnobili frangi politologi, geopolitikosi da

demografi aris Jan klod Sene. statiaSi “demografia da strategia:
dasavleTis mzis Casvla”, is axdens Tanamedrove geopolitikaSi
demografiuli Semadgenlobis rolis demonstrirebas, gansazRvravs ra
demografias rogorc “politikur ariTmetikas” an “eris beds”. MmarTlac,
XVII saukuneSi evropaSi mosaxleobis zrdam mniSvnelovnad gazarda
analogiuri maCvenebeli mTlianad msoflioSi. Aman gazarda planetaze
evropis mosaxleobis wili 1/6-mde. AamasTanave, planetis aradasaxlebuli
nawilebic ivseboda evropidan gadasaxlebulebiT.
1700-dan 1995-mde Crdilo da samxreT amerikis, cimbiris da okeaneTis
mosaxleobis raodenoba 22-dan 900 milionamde gaizarda. XX saukune
tokvilis winaswarmetyvelebis Sesabamisad periferiebis saukunea. romelic
dakavSirebuli iyo regionebis - amerikis da ruseTis Zvel didebasTan. maTi
gamosvla msoflio geopolitikur arenaze bevrad iyo ganpirobebuli
demografiuli afeTqebiT. amerikis mosaxleoba 1 milionidan 265 milionamde
gaizarda. ruseTis mosaxleobam 100 milions miaRwia. AamasTanave, ruseTSi
XX saukunis dasawyisSi aRiniSna msoflioSi yvelaze maRali Sobadoda.
XIX saukunis bolodan dasavleT evropaSi SeiniSneba Sobadobis
dacema da mosaxleobis zrdis Seneleba, im dros rodesac XX saukunis
dasawyisSi daiwyo demografiuli aRmavloba mesame msoflios qveynebSi.
evropis mosaxleobis raodenoba 1995 wels, msoflio mosaxleobis 20%
Seadgenda, xolo 2030 wels is albaT mxolod 10% iqneba. 103 aman ar
SeiZleba ar imoqmedos saerTaSoriso urTierTobebze. mesame msoflios
saxelmwifoebi, am qveynebSi mosaxleobis raodenobis zrdis paralelurad,
isini aucileblad moiTxoven uflebamosilebis wilis zrdas msoflios
yvela saerTaSoriso organizaciaSi. Eevropuli mbrZaneblobis periodi
askvnis Sene, dasruldeba. am geopolitikur process ganapirobebs 9
faqtori:
1. sabiujeto problemebi, roca mosaxleobis dabereba iwvevs
socialuri xarjebis zrdas da amave dros amcirebs
saxelmwifos konkurentunarianobas, maT Soris samxedro
sferoSic.
102
103
132
2. teritoriebze kontrolis dakargva - mTeli regionebi
mosaxleobisagan dacarieldeba da moxdeba mosaxleobis
koncentrirebis zrda qalaqur konglomeratebSi.
3. damokidebuleba imigraciaze, rameTu ekonomikis mTel rig
seqtorebs SeuZliaT funqcionireba mxolod ucxouri samuSao
Zalis mozRvavebis wyalobiT.
4. sabrZolo sulis dakargva, rac warmoadgens mosaxleobis
daberebis Sedegs. Aamis tipiuri magaliTia safrangeTi: am qveynis
mosaxleoba 1940 wlisaTvis iyo yvelaze xandazmuli evropaSi,
amitomac man advilad daTmo germaniasTas omi.
5. ganaTleba_aRmosavleT aziis qveynebSi (CineTi, korea, vietnami da
sxv.) bavSvebis ganaTlebaSi ideba ufro meti resursi evropasTan
SedarebiT.
6. ojaxuri tradiciebi faqtiurad ar gamqrala
samxreT_aRmosavleT aziaSi, magram amave dros grZeldeba am
tradiciebis gaqroba evropaSi.
7. Sromis eTika - seriozuladaa daqveiTebuli dasavleTSi da
dRemde Zlieria progresirebad qveynebSi.
8. diaspora_CineTis sazRvrebs gareT cxovrobs daaloebiT 40
milioni eTnikuri Cineli, romelic mastimulirebel rols
asrulebs CineTis ekonomikis ganviTarebaze.
9. kulturuli erTianoba _ ruseTis an AaSS-sgan gansxvavebiT
CineTi gamoirCeva mosaxleobis erTgvarovnobiT, erovnuli
umciresoba Seadgens mosaxleobis mxolod 6%-s.104
evropisa da aRmosavleT aziis sazogadoebebis aseTi SedarebiTi

demografiul_geopolitikuri analizi ganaxorciela Senem. AaraevropelTa
sasargeblod viTardeba mdgomareoba muslimanur samyarosTan Sedarebis
drosac. Aaq frangi geopolitikosi gamoyofs 5 faqtors:
1.
islami, rogorc TviTdajerebulobis wyaro musulmanebs aZlevs
martiv da gamamxnevebel pasuxebs bevr filosofiur da
cxovrebiseul kiTxvaze.
2. იslami, rogorc dasavleTis materializmis cvlileba avsebs
sulier vakuums.
3. islami, rogorc msoflio civilizaciis problemebze pasuxi
warmatebiT wyvets socialuri uTanasworobis, solidarobis
sakiTxs da exmareba yvela musulmans TviTidentifikaciis
gaZlierebaSi.
4. islamis Semtev suls SeuZlia aqtiurad aziaros am religiis
filosofias farTo masebi. MmaSin rodesac qristianulma
civilizaciam dakarga misioneruli da eqspansionისტური suli.
5. fundamenturi organizaciebis mier terorizmis da masobrivi
informaciuli saSualebebis gamoyeneba islamuri saxelmwifoebis
mier dasavleTis civilizaciaze gavlenis mosaxdenad negatiurad
aisaxeba evropis ganviTarebaze.105
dasavleTis dacema, askvnis Sene ar atarebs fatalur xasiaTs. dasavleTs
aqvs ara erTi SesaZlebloba negatiuri geopolitikuri procesebis
gadasalaxad. Aam saSualebebs Soris is gamoyofs sam ZiriTads.
104
105
Исаев. Геополитика. Стр.308
133
1. Sobadobis zrda. DdasavleT evropis qveynebSi gansakuTrebiT
SeSfoTebas iwvevs Sobadobis mdgomareoba xmelTaSuazRvis qveynebSi
(italia, espaneTi), sadac sikvdilianoba Sobadobas 2-3-jer aRemateba.
am problemebis gadasaWrelad aucilebelia saxelmwifo bavSvTa
dacvis, dedobis, axalgazrda ojaxebis daxmarebis programebis
ganviTareba.
2. transatlantikuri da trans_xmelTaSua TanamSromloba. evropas
SeuZlia misi naklovanebebis kompensireba kavSirebis gamyarebiT mis
istoriul gagrZelebasTan atlantikis amerikul mxareze, romelic
ufro konkurentunariania vidre evropa. Aamave dros, aucilebelia
TanamSromloba axlo aRmosavleTTan da Crdilo afrikasTan.
3. axali realisturi da SemoqmedebiTi ideologiis SemuSaveba.
marqsizmis kraxi ar niSnavs imas, rom liberalizmi unakloa, masac
aseve gaaCnia susti mxareebi.
Sene evropisaTvis SedarebiT misaReb modelad miiCnevs SvedeTiს an
germaniis sazogadoebebis models, romlebic misi azriT optimalurad
uzrunvelyofen Tavisuflebisa da Tanasworobis moTxovnebs. saxelmwifos
maRal xvedriT wils (socializmi) da misi ekonomikaSi Caurevlobis rols
(liberalizmi) Soris, arsebobs Tanamedrove evropisaTvis saWiro erTi
optimaluri wyoba_socialuri liberalizmi.
Jan fernard diumoni
Tanamedrove frangi demografi, politologi da

geopolitikosi diumoni, aseve did mniSvnelobas aniWebs demografiuli
faqtoris rols geopolitikaSi. es kargadaa naCvenebi mis statiaSi,
“demografia da geopolitika". marTlac, mosaxleobis raodenoba
saxelmwifos Zlierebisa da msoflioSi gavlenis ganmtkicebis erT-erT
ZiriTad faqtors warmoadgens. magram amave dros, mniSvnelovania ara marto
raodenoba, aramed mosaxleobis raodenobrivi da xarisxobrivi
Semadgenlobis sxva maxasiaTeblebis gaTvaliswineba. iseTi disciplina,
rogoricaa politikuri demografia, swavlobs mosaxleobis demografiul
maxasiaTeblebs da maT gavlenas saxelmwifos mdgomareobaze. konkretuli
magaliTebiT diumoni aCvenebs raodenobrivi da xarisxobrivi demografiuli
faqtorebis gavlenas geopolitikaze. iseTi faqtorebi, rogorebicaa:
raodenoba, mosaxleobis geografiuli dasaxleba, misi erovnuli da
religiuri Semadgenloba, diasporebis raodenoba an maTi ararseboba,
aranakleb mniSvnelovania geopolitikisaTvis. mosaxleobis statikuri da
dinamikuri xasiaTis gavlenis gageba saxelmwifo siZlieresa da mis
politikur mdgomareobaze aseve erT-erT mniSvnelovan faqtors
warmoadgens. es Tvisebebi ara marto saxelmwifos aqtualuri Zalisa da
saerTaSoriso statusis demonstrirebas axdenen, aramed iZlevian maTi
cvlilebebis winaswarmetyvelebisa da ama Tu im geopolitikuri procesebis
prognozirebis saSualebas. statikur maxasiaTeblebs miekuTvneba
raodenoba, mosaxleobis ganlageba qveynis teritoriaze, misi eTnikuri da
konfesiuri Semadgenloba, diasporebis raodenoba. dinamikur demografiul
maxasiaTeblebs miekuTvneba Sida da gare (emigracia, imigracia)
gadasaxleba, periodulad statikuri maxasiaTeblebis cvlileba. diumoni
xazs usvams, rom araregulirebuli Sida erovnuli da religiuri
konfliqtebis raodenoba (mag: israelis palestinasTan, alJiris
berberebTan an islamur fundamentalistebTan) uecrad asustebs
saxelmwifos geopolitikur statuss. konfliqtebis gadalaxvis codna ki
134
(mag: ”xaverdovani gayra” CexeTisa da slovakeTis) zrdis qveynis
saerTaSoriso prestiJs gansazRvrul momentSi, Tumca garkveul periodSi
auaresebs mis geopolitikur mdgomareobas, radganac Tundac igive CexeTisa
da slovakeTis erTiani federaciis rogorc teritoria, aseve mosaxleobac
iyo mniSvnelovnad ufro didi, vidre gayofili CexeTisa da slovakeTis
igive maCvenebeli.
diumoni askvnis, rom qveynis geopolitikuri mdgomareoba pirdapir
kavSirSia misi mosaxleobis xarisxobriv da raodenobriv
SemadgenlobasTan, mis statikur da dinamikur demografiul
maxasiaTeblebTan, xolo geopolitika gansazRvruli doniT damokidebulia
demografiaze.
filip moro_defarJi
Tanamedrove evropuli geopolitikuri skolis kidev erTi cnobili

warmomadgenelia filip moro_defarJi. Tanamedrove frangi istorikosi,
politologi da geopolitikosi, avtori cnobili saxelmZRvanelosi
”geopolitikis Sesavali”, romelic Semdeg Tavebs moicavs: ”geopolitikuri
cnobiereba”, ”sazRvao saxelmwifoebis geopolitika”, ”kontinenturi
saxelmwifoebis geopolitika”, ”geografia, politika da omi”, ”geopolitika
da geoekonomika”, ”geopolitika da safrangeTi”. pirvel TavSi ganixileba
tradiciuli geopolitikuri codnis mniSvnelovani sakiTxebi. maT Soris
cxovrebis wesis problemebi (momTabare Tu mkvidri, saqalaqo, savaWro Tu
sawarmoo cxovrebis wesi), sivrciTi sazRvris da saxelmwifos rolis
gacnobiereba geopolitikuri cnobierebis formirebaSi. meore da mesame
Tavebi miZRvnilia geopolitikuri Teoriebisadmi, romelic
Camoyalibebulia ”sazRvao” da ”kontinentur” mimdevrobebad:
 k. klauzevici. a.meheni, h. makinderi, n.sfaiqmeni, h. morgenTau, c.koeni,

k.grei (sazRvao);
 f.ratceli, k.haushoferi (kontinenturi).
originalobiT gamoirCeva meoTxe Tavi, ”geografia, geopolitika da omi”,

romelSic avtori, gamodis ra iv lakostis sakmaod sakamaTo
gansazRrebidan (”geografia aucilebelia upirveles yovlisa omis
sawarmoeblad”) rom geopolitika geografiis samxedro aspeqts
warmoadgens. pirvel rigSi, rogorc sivrciTi gansazRvrebis erToblioba,
meore, rogorc samxedro Teatri da mesame rogorc omis mizani.
moro_defarJi akavSirebs omsa da geografias geopolitikasTan,
romelic Seiswavlis sivrcisa da politikis urTierTqmedebas. meore mxriv,
is ar cnobs geopolitikas rogorc damoukidebel disciplinas, aramed
Tvlis mas midgomad, romelic Seiswavlis droisa da sivrcis faqtorebis
gavlenas adamianis moqmedebis xasiaTze, nacionaluri moZraobebis
Camoyalibebaze da saxelmwifos politikaze. marTlac, dapirispirebuli
saxelmwifoebis politikuri interesebi gansazRvrul geografiul sferoSi
erTmaneTs ejaxeba. geografiuli zonis gardaqmnas saxelmwifoTaSoris
metoqeobis obieqtad, moro_defarJis azriT ganapirobebs sami faqtori:
saerTaSoriso cvlilebebis sistemasTan kuTvnileba; sasicocxlod
aucilebeli resursebis arseboba; simboluri mniSvneloba (mag: metoqe
qveynis dedaqalaqis dapyroba). saintereso midgomiT gamoirCeva
geopolitikuri faqtorebis moqmedebis gadmocema I da II msoflio omebis
magaliTze. pirvel msoflio omSi moro_defarJis azriT, moqmedebda ara
135
marto geografiuli faqtori, an gamoxatuli saomari moqmedebis yvela
monawilis miswrafebaSi dauflebodnen gansazRvrul sivrces, aramed amave
dros moqmedebda eTnikuri faqtoric, romlis arsic gamoixateboda
pangermanuli da panslavuri ideebis SejaxebaSi (mecnieri ratomRac
ugulebelyofs paninglisur ideas, romelic realurad iyo
materializebuli aSS-s, britaneTis da misi koloniebis omSi
monawileobiT). amasTanave, yovel did saxelmwifos gaaCnda gansazRvruli
geopolitikuri strategia. ruseTisaTvis es iyo otomanTa imperiis
ganadgureba da ukidures SemTxvevaSi Savi zRvis sruteebis kontroli,
ruseTis imperiis statusis ganmtkiceba evropasa da msoflioSi;
avstria_ungreTisaTvis koloniebis xelSi Cagdeba da ”Suaguli evropis”
koncefciis ganxorcieleba; safrangeTisaTvis _ elzas_loTaringiis
dabruneba, gamarjveba mudmiv geopolitikur mowinaaRmdege germaniaze,
koloniebis SenarCuneba; didi britaneTisaTvis_germaniis muqaris
likvidireba, ”status-kvos” da ”ZalTa balansis” aRdgena evropasa da
msoflioSi, Tavisufali naosnobisa da vaWrobis pirobebis uzrunvelyofa,
romelic uzrunvelyofda britaneTis stabilurobasa da ayvavebas. meore
msoflio oms moro_defarJi xsnis rogorc pirveli msoflio omis
logikur gagrZelebas (geopolitikis TvalsazrisiT, ra Tqma unda igi
eyrdnoba socialuri darvinizmis princips), romelsac ar gadauwyvetia
”sasicocxlo sivrcis” problemebi germanelebisaTvis, italielebisaTvis da
iaponelebisaTvis.
stalinis sabWoTa kavSiris geopolitikas mecnieri aanalizebs
stalinis poziciidan, romelic emyareboda misi poziciebis gamyarebas da
uwodebs mas ”mtkice banakis” geopolitikas. mTavari meTodi stalinis
geopolitikisa iyo ”gaTiSe da ibatones” principi. Tumca, jorj qenanma,
romlis ideebsac emyareboda moro_defarJi am TvalsazrisSi, swored
SeniSna sabWoTa kavSiris Zlierebis rogorc ideologiuri aseve
geografiuli safuZveli. man miiCnia ssrk ”geoideologiur konstruqciad”,
romelSic sivrcis erTgvarovneba eyrdnoba ideologiuri rwmenis da
represiuli sistemis Serwymas. qenanis koncefcia mTlianad geopolitikur
midgomas eyrdnoba da aqedanve gamomdinareobs mis mier SemoTavazebuli
koncefcia ”komunizmis Sekaveba”.
hari trumenis Sekavebis doqtrina, sufTa geopolitikuris garda
eyrdnoboda ideologiur safuZvels. man monaTla komunizmi ”Wirad”,
”borotebis gansaxierebad” da gamoacxada jvarosnuli laSqroba mis
winaaRmdeg, romelic niSnavda komunizmTan brZolas ”yvelgan da yvela
saSualebiT”. sabWoTa kavSirisa da aSS-s Soris omisSemdgomma
dapirispirebam aCvena rom geopolitikuri faqtori ar SeiZleba iyos
politikuri strategiis erTaderTi ganmsazRvreli, upirveles yovlisa es
iyo brZola ori ideologiisa (liberaluri demokratiis da
marqsizm_leninizmis), romelnic warmoadgendnen universalizmis
pretendentebs. amas garda, birTvuli iaraRis gamoCenam gansxvavebulad
daayena sivrciTi problemebis gadawyvetis sakiTxi. azri imis Sesaxeb, rom
daSorebam da aSkara dabrkolebebma dakarges maTi geostrategiuli
mniSvneloba, mTlianad ar Seesabameba sinamdviles, aRniSnavs moro_defarJi.
dro da sivrce Zalian Semcirda da dRevandel dRes geostrategiul
situacias afaseben ara TveebSi da saaTebSi, aramed wuTebsa da wamebSi.
magram sivrciTma faqtorma omSi bevrgan SeinarCuna Tavisi mniSvneloba.
qveynis didi teritoria saSualebas iZleva resursebis gadaadgilebisa da
iaraRis farulad ganlagebisa, xolo okeanis sivrce saSualebas iZleva
atomuri wyalqveSa navebiT dartymis miyenebisa.
136
nacionaluri strategiis TvalsazrisiT - ”SiSi birTvuli
wonasworobis” epoqaSi, rasac moro_defarJi uwodebs ”civ oms”, aSS –is
mier aRiarebulia strategiaSi- ”sanitaruli kordoni”, anu, komunisturi
ruseTis izolacia saomari bazebis qselis wyalobiT, Seqmnili mis samxreT
(TurqeTi, irani, pakistani) da dasavleT sazRvrebze (NATO). xolo ruseTi
Tavis mxriv, daubrunda rusi mefeebis praqtikas da cdilobda mtruli
wris garRvevas prosabWouri da megobruli reJimebis gamyarebis gziT
(egvipte, indoeTi, vietnami) da aseve mZlavri samxedro_sazRvao flotis
daxmarebiT. geopolitikur xasiaTs atarebda im dros mimdinare lokaluri
konfliqtebic - arabeT_israelis, koreis an vietnamis.
1985 wlis martSi gorbaCovis xelisuflebaSi mosvlis Semdeg, rogorc
moro_defarJi aRniSnavs, ideologiis logika TandaTan ukan ixevs da
adgils uTmobs geopolitikis logikas. aSS agrZelebs sabWoTa kavSiris
saxiT nomer pirveli mtris danaxvas da cdilobs ssrk-Si destabilizaciis
Setanas axali SeiaraRebis Seqmnis gziT. amave dros, saerTo politikuri
interesebi, maT Soris masobrivi ganadgurebis iaraRis Semcireba, misi
gavrcelebis winaaRmdeg brZola, moskovs aiZulebda vaSingtonTan
molaparakebaze wasuliyo. amas ganapirobebda is faqtic, rom sabWoTa
kavSirma uari Tqva yofiliyo msoflio komunisturi moZraobis mTavari
dasayrdeni Zala, magram gorbaCovis am politikam rogorc viciT gamoiwvia
sabWoTa blokis da Tavad sabWoTa kavSiris daSla.
geopolitikuri arastabilurobis periodma, romelic warmoiSva zemoT
zemoaRniSnuli movlenebis gamo, dRis wesrigSi CarTo geopolitikis
eTnikuri da geografiuli faqtorebis urTierTqmedebis sakiTxi, eTnikuri
wmendis problema da a. S. moro_defarJi svams sakiTxs Semdegnairad:
SeiZleba arsebobdes sruliad erTgvarovani saxelmwifoebi mkacrad
gansazRvrul teritoriebze? ”eTnikuri wmenda ar wyvets eTnikurad
erTgvarovani saxelmwifoebis problemas, aramed warmoSobs saxelmwifos
axal problemas_”alyaSemortymuli cixes”, romelic cxovrobs civi da
”cxeli” omis pirobebSi mezobel saxelmwifoebTan, ekonomikuri avtarkiisa
da kulturuli karCaketilobis pirobebSi. SeiZleba ki aseT pirobebSi
gadarCes Tanamedrove arc Tu ise didi saxelmwifo?106
Tanamedrove geopolitikis mniSvnelovani Semadgeneli geografiuli,
ideologiuri da eTnikuri faqtorebis Semdeg mecnieris azriT
ganmsazRvrelia ekonomikuri faqtori. ratom daikava geoekonomikam aseTi
mniSvnelovani adgili XX saukunis bolos? Aamas ganapirobebda sami
faqtori
1. qveynebis da kontinentebis erTmaneTze damokidebuleba. ekonomikuri,
finansuri, telekomunikaciuri da sxva aramaterialuri wyaroebis da
qselebis Seqmna.
2. “rkinis fardis” dacema, komunisturi eqsperimentis kraxi.
3. sazRvrebis gaxsna. saxelmwifo kontrolis Sesusteba.
Aam tendeciebis moqmedebis Sedegad warmoiqmna anarqiuli ekonomikuri
msoflio, sadac sazRvari nebadarTulsa da akrZaluls Soris moZravi da
waSlilia. Ggeoekonomika moqmedebs swored aseT msoflioSi. Tu
politikisaTvis mTavaria_kontroli gansazRvrul teritoriebze, maSin
geoekonomikisaTvis prioritetulia nakadebis xelaxali gadanawileba
(finansuri, saqonlis, muSaxelis da a.S.) da maTi cvla, brZola nedleulis
wyarosaTvis da gasaRebis bazrisaTvis. Ggeoekonomika Tavis mxriv ayalibebs
geopolitikis or ZiriTad kiTxvas: “ra aris Zliereba?” da “sad da rogor
106
137
materializdeba igi?”. Zlierebis geoekonomikuri gageba upirvelesad
mdgomareobs ara geografiul da samxedro, aramed ekonomikur (romelTa
Soris pirvel adgilze dgas cxovrebis done), rogorc xarisxobriv aseve
raodenobriv maCveneblebSi. geoekonomikuri sivrce politikaSi XX saukunis
bolos da XXI saukuneSi TamaSobs aranakleb rols vidre geopolitikuri
sivrce. saxelmwifo sazRvrebis garda, axla ufro did rols TamaSobs
iseTi ekonomikuri kavSirebi da asociaciebi, rogoricaa evrokavSiri,
ASEAN da a.S. SeiZleba vivaraudoT, rom XXI saukuneSi msoflio mTlianad
ekonomikuri blokebisagan iqneba warmodgenili, askvnis moro_defarJi.
bolo TavSi “geopolitika da safrangeTi”, mecnieri warmoadgens
Tavisi qveynis geopolitikosebs.
SeiZleba davadasturoT franguli geopolitikis sruli daSoreba
safrangeTis saSinao, sasazRvro problemebidan da maTi gadarTva regionul
da globalur problemebze. aseTi tendencia evropaSi integraciuli
procesebis gavleniT TiTqmis yvela evropul qveyanaSi SeiniSneba.
moro_defarJi mivida saintereso daskvnebamde: “geopolitika, misi
koncefciebi, misi ganviTarebis rTuli gza ganuyofelia XX saukunis
tragediebidan. Mmecnierebis ayvavebidan dasavleT evropelebi cdilobdnen
SeeqmnaT mecniereba Zalauflebasa da Zlevamosilebaze. Ggeopolitika am
Zalisxmevis erT_erTi Sedegia. AaZlevs ra mecnierul analizs adamiansa da
sivrces Soris urTierTobas, is avlens obieqtur kanonebs, romelic
miuTiTebs gzas Zlevamosilebis mopovebisaken”.107
miuxedavad im wvlilisa, romelic geopolitikis ganviTarebaSi
Seitanes iseTma mecnierebma, rogorebic arian meheni, makinderi, ratceli da
haushoferi, meore msoflio omis Semdeg am disciplinam gaiziara bevri sxva
mecnierebis bedi. XX saukunis bolos “eTnikuri wmenda” gaxda
geopolitikis bolo gamovlineba, romelic gardaiqmna uweso da sastik
sqematizmSi da romelic ganwiruli iyo tragikuli warumateblobisaTvis.
raRa darCa am mecnierebisagan? Ggeopolitikuri midgoma. DdRes
adamiani, romelic sabolood verasodes ganTavisufldeba iluziebisagan,
imedovnebs, rom gaimarjva drosa da sivrceze. Tumca yvelaferi
sxvagvaradaa. GgansazRvruloba, romelsac adamianis moqmedebas dro da
sivrce aniWebs arasodes yofila ucvleli, isini ganicdian uwyvet
evolucias, nawilobriv teqnikuri progresis zegavleniT, Dda sanam adamians
gaaCnia sxeulebrivi garsi, sanam misi organizmi cocxlobs da berdeba,
droisa da sivrcis faqtorebi mudmivad moaxdenen masze gavlenas.
Aafanas strigasi
Aafanas strigasi, Tanamedrove berZeni geopolitikosi, politologi da

geostrategia. strigasma Tavisi politikuri kariera daiwyo samxedro
ataSis Tanamdebobidan. amJamad is aris konsultanti natos umaRles
samxedro mTavarsardlobaSi (briuseli, belgia), amas garda is dakavebulia
msoflios “saidumlo”, aralegitimuri marTvis problemebisa da
geopolitikuri prognozirebis gamokvlevebiT. Ggasuli saukunis 70-ian
wlebSi man iwinaswarmetyvela samxedro krizisi TurqeTsa da saberZneTs
Soris da mis mTavar centrad da momavali movlenebis epicentrad
daasaxela kviprosi.
107
Nnika CitaZe. “geopolitika”. GTbilisi, 2008. gv. 76
138
strigasi bevrs wers Zalauflebis globalur centrebze:
saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis sabWoze, bilderbergis klubze da samxriv
komisiaze.
strigasi irwmuneba, rom Tanamedrove msoflios, Tu gaviTvaliswinebT
mis cnobil cvlilebebs, ideologiiT veRar akontroleb, miT ufro rom
ideologiebs omTan mivyavarT. anarqiuli msoflios nacionaluri
mTavrobebiT marTva globalizaciis pirobebSi araefeqturia. dRes,
rodesac qveynis beds wyvets erToblivi erovnuli produqti, strigasis
azriT sruliad SesaZlebelia, rom bilderbergi da trilaterali,
romelic ssrk-is dacemamde msoflio simdidris 60%-s akontrolebda, am
TvalsazrisiT marTavdnen msoflios. isini aRweven maTTvis saWiro da
xelsayrel gadawyvetilebas, premier_ministrebisa da prezidentebis
daniSvnaze pirdapiri zegavlenis CaTvliT, ”romlis gonebiTac isini
marTaven”. saWiro adamianis SerCevis meqanizmSi amoqmedebulni arian
erovnuli usafrTxoebis, samxedro dazvervis da sxva struqturebi.
amorCevis kriteriumebia bilderbergis da trilateralis wevrebis
Semosavlis garantia, am organizaciebis gavlenis zrda, globalizaciis
filosofiisaTvis xelis Sewyoba. erovnuli liderebis urCobis SemTxvevaSi
gaTvaliswinebulia mkacri sanqciebi: korufciaSi dadanaSaulebidan da
gadadgomidan dawyebuli, mkvlelobiT damTavrebuli. strigasi amis
konkretul magaliTebad miiCnevs jon da robert kenedis mkvlelobebs,
riCard niqsonis Tanamdebobidan gadadgomas mas Semdeg, rac is CaTreul
iqna uotergeitis saqmeSi.
geopolitikuri TvalTaxedviT sainteresoa strigasis prognozi
msoflios uaxloes cvlilebebze, romelic moicavs iseT movlenebs,
rogoricaa saudis arabeTSi saxelmwifo gadatrialeba, romelic qveynis
ganviTarebas dasavleTisaTvis sasargeblo mimarTulebiT warmarTavs,
saberZneTis sazRvris Secvlas TurqeTTan, yofil iugoslaviasTan da
albaneTTan, inglisisa da Sotlandiis urTierTobebis Secvlas, am
ukanasknelis avtonomiuri uflebebis zrdis Sedegad. strigasma
iwinaswarmetyvela indoeT_CineTis omi, amasTan dakavSirebiT bilderbergis
klubi moamaragebs iaraRiT indoeTs, xolo trilaterali_CineTs. am
konfliqtSi CaTreulebi iqnebian pakistani da TurqeTi. Sedegad, es
ukanaskneli gaiyofa aRmosavleT da dasavleT nawilebad. dasavleT
TurqeTi, Tu es moxdeba, miiRebs relur Sanss gaxdes evrokavSiris
sruluflebiani wevri da ganaxorcielos didi xnis idea, vatikanis
msgavsad konstantinopolis sapatriarqos gamoyofisa da konstantinopolis
patriarqisadmi msoflio mmarTlmadidebelTa patriarqis uflebamosilebis
miniWebas.
gamoyenebiTi geopolitika
evropaSi geopolitikuri mecnierebis ganviTareba meore msoflio omis

Semdgom periodSi mniSvnelovanwiladaa dakavSirebuli geograf iv
lakostas moRvaweobasTan, romelmac 1976 wels daaarsa Jurnali
K”herodote”. am JurnalSi pirvelad omis Semdgom evropaSi, evropelma
mecnierebma daiwyes geopolitikuri naSromebis regularuli gamoqveyneba.
yuradRebasGimsaxurebs is faqti, rom Tu meore msoflio omamde evropis
kontinentze geopolitikur saqmianobas eweodnen ultramemarjvene,
nacionalisturi orientaciis mecnierebi da politikuri moRvaweebi, ukve
139
XX saukunis meore naxevarSi, ”beber kontinentze” politikuri situaciis
SecvlasTan erTad, geopolitikis sferoSi samecniero asparezze gamodian
memarcxene politikur wreebTan daaxloebuli pirebi.
1983 wlidan Jurnal “herodotes” qvesaTauri xdeba “geografiisa da
geopolitikis” Jurnali. Aukve am droidan geopolitika iZens axal
mniSvnelobas, igi oficialurad iqna aRiarebuli saerTaSoriso politikis
kompleqsur analizSi damxmare, gansakuTrebuli mniSvnelobis mqone
politologiur disciplinad.L
Tavisi moRvaweobis periodSi iv lakosta cdilobda miesadagebina
geopolitikuri principebi Tanamedrove realobasTan. Mmas absoluturad
gansxvavebuli geopolitikuri xedva gaaCnda da igi ar eTanxmeboda arc
kontinenturi skolisaTvis damaxasiaTebel K”organizmul” principebs da
arc K”sazRvao Zalis”L ideologebis mier warmodgenil mosazrebebs.
Mfrangi mecnieris azriT, geopolitikuri mosazrebebi warmoadgendnen
mxolod “mopaeqre saxelisuflebo instanciata eqspansiuri politikis
gamamarTlebel sabuTs, gansazRvruli teritoriebis dapyrobisa da maTze
dasaxlebuli adamianebis damorCilebis sakiTxSi”108. Des exeboda rogorc
saerTaSoriso urTierTobebs, aseve viwro regionalur problemebsac.
lakostasTvis geopolitika warmoadgenda konkretuli politikuri
movlenis analizis saSualebas, xolo am disciplinis umTavresi,
globaluri Teoriebi dayvanil iqna istoriulad ganpirobebul fardobiT
cnebamde.
Sesabamisad, lakosta gvTavazobs geopolitikis absoluturad axal
gagebas. es faqtiurad axali disciplinaa. igi aRar warmoadgens msoflio
civilizaciur-geografiul dafuZnebul da globalur ideologiur
sistemebTan SeuRlebul kontinentur azrovnebas, vinaidan mxolod da
mxolod lokaluri problemebiTaa dakavSirebuli. aseTma geopolitikam
Sida geopolitikis saxelwodeba miiRo.
Eeleqtruli “geopolitika”
Sida geopolitikis erT-erTi mimarTulebaa specialuri meTodikis

damuSaveba, romelic orientirebulia mosaxleobis politikuri
simpaTiebisa da am mosaxleobis sacxovrebel teritoriebs Soris
damokidebulebis Sesaswavlad. Ees meTodika damuSavebul iqna frangi
politikuri moRvawisa da geografis andre zigfridis (1875-1956 ww.) mier.
man pirvelma scada Caetarebina safuZvliani kvleva da daedgina ”Sida
geopolitikis”L damokidebuleba saxelwifos konkretuli regionis
politikur simpaTiebTan mimarTebaSi. masSi aisaxa is ZiriTadi
kanonzomierebebi, romlebic momavalSi safuZvlad daedo iv lakostas
“eleqtruli geopolitikis” axal skolas.
zigfridi werda: “yovel partias, an ufro zustad yovel politikur
mimarTulebas gaaCnia sakuTari priviligirebuli teritoria. advili
SesamCnevia, rom geologiuri da ekonomikuri raionebis msgavsad, aseve
arseboben politikuri regionebic. politikuri klimati SeiZleba
Seswavlil iqnes iseve, rogorc Seiswavleba bunebrivi klimati. me SevniSne,
rom macduri iersaxis miuxedavad sazogadoebirivi azri regionebis
mixedviT garkveul mdgradobas inarCunebs. Ppolitikuri arCevanis mudmivad
108
Nnika CitaZe. “geopolitika”. Tbilisi. 2008. Ggv. 77
140
cvalebadi suraTis ukan regionuli temperamentis amsaxveli siRrmiseuli
da maradiuli tendenciebis amocnoba SeiZleba.”109
Llakostas skolaSi andre zigfridis mier SemoTavazebulma koncefciam
sistemuri ganviTarebis saxe SeiZina. igi iqca im ZiriTad sociologiur
instrumentad, romelic SemdgomSi metad aqtiurad iqna danergili
politikur praqtikaSi.
Mmediakratia, rogorc “geopolitikuri” faqtori
zemoaRniSnuli geopolitikuri principebis danergvis paralelurad, iv

lakostas erT-erT mizans warmoadgenda geopolitikaSi informaciuli
sazogadoebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli uaxlesi kriteriumebis Setana. im
konkretul informaciul sistemebs Soris, romelTac ZaluZT uSualo
zegavlena ganaxorcielon geopolitikur procesebze, mniSvnelovani adgili
ukavia masobriv sainformacio saSualebebs. Aam mxriv udidesi roli eniWeba
televizias. Mmecnieris azriT, Tanamedrove sazogadoebaze udides
zegavlenas axdens ara konceptualur-racionaluri midgoma, aramed “xateba”
(“imiji”). sazogadoebis sxvadasxva jgufebs sworad telekomunikaciis
gavlenis Sedegad uyalibdeba politikuri, ideologiuri da geopolitikuri
Sexedulebebi. M
sainformacio programis meSveobiT warmodgenilma reportaJma msoflios
ama Tu im mniSvnelovani regionidan, romlis Sesaxebac mcire, an TiTqmis
aranairi informacia ar gaaCniaT magaliTad, sxva kontinentis
macxovreblebs, umokles droSi unda warmoadginos regionis geografiuli,
istoriuli, religiuri, ekonomikuri, kulturuli, eTnikuri saxe da
amasTan, wina planze unda gamoitanos is sakiTxebi, romlebic Seesabameba
mis politikur miznebs.
amgvarad, Jurnalists, (gansakuTrebiT teleJurnalists) didi gavlena
SeuZlia moaxdinos geopolitikur procesze, radganac Tanamedrove
sazogadoebaSi, gansakuTrebiT internetis danegvasTan erTad, mas-media
Zveleburad aRar asrulebs damxmare rols. igi gadaiqca uZlieres,
damoukidebel geopolitikur moTamaSed, romelsac SeuZlia uzarmazari
gavlena moaxdinos erebisa da saxelmwifoebis istoriul bedisweraze.
evropeli "axali memarjveneebis" geopolitika
evropul geopolitikur skolaTa Soris, romlebmac moaxerxes uwyveti

kavSiris SenarCuneba omamdeli germaneli geopolitikos-
kontinentalistebis ideebTan, arian "axali memarjveneebi". Aam mimarTulebam
ganviTareba hpova safrangeTSi gasuli saukunis 60-iani wlebis bolos da
dakavSirebulia filosofosisa da publicistis, alen de benuas
pirovnebasTan, romelic am mimdinareobis liderad gvevlineba.
"axali memarjveneebis" ideologiis erT-erT ZiriTad princips
warmoadgenda "kontinenturi geopolitikis" principi. GgansxvavebiT „Zveli
memarjveneebisa“ da klasikuri nacionalistebisagan, de benuas azriT, "erma-
saxelmwifom" (Etat-Nation) istoriulad amowura sakuTari Tavi da momavali
mxolod "did sivrceebs" ekuTvnoda. amasTanave, aseTi "didi sivrceebi" unda
Seqmniliyo ara imdenad sxvadasxva qveynis pragmatul politikur blokSi
gaerTianebis, aramed sxvadasxva masStabis eTnikuri jgufebis Tanabari
uflebebiT erTian "federaciul imperiaSi" Sesvlis safuZvelze. aseTi
109
141
"federaciuli imperia", miuxedavad eTnikuri gansxvavebebisa, strategiulad
erTiani unda yofiliyo. amasTanave, strategiuli mTlianoba unda
gamyarebuliyo saerTo kulturiT.
Dde benua aseT "did sivrced" moiazrebda evropas. "axal memarjveneebs"
miaCndaT, rom evropis xalxebs gaaCniaT saerTo sawyisi-indoevropuli
warmoSoba. es aris “saerTo warsulis” principi, aqedan gamomdinare, maT
unda akavSirebdeT "saerTo momavalic". aqedan gamomdinare, de benua akeTebs
daskvnas, rom ZiriTad geopolitikur postulatad unda iqces Tezisi – "asi
droSis gaerTianebuli evropa". am Tezisidan gamomdinareobs evropisa da
dasavleTis (pirvel rigSi aq aSS moiazreba) dapirispireba.
Bbenuas geopolitikuri midgomebi dafuZnebulia “evropis kontinenturi
bedis” principze. am sakiTxSi igi mTlianad iziarebs haushoferis skolaSi
gabatonebul mosazrebebs. "axali memarjveneebisTvis" evropa aris
indoevropuli warmoSobis eTnikur kavSirze dafuZnebuli, saerTo
kulturuli fesvebis mqone geopolitikuri warmonaqmni. dasavleTi ki amis
sapirispirod aris Tanamedrove msofliosTan dakavSirebuli
geopolitikuri da istoriuli cneba, romlisTvisac ucxoa eTnikuri da
sulieri tradiciebi, radganac is prioritets aniWebs materialur da
raodenobriv kriteriumebs. EdasavleTisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia
“momxveWeloba” da mis yvelaze TvalsaCino magaliTs warmoadgens amerikis
SeerTebuli Statebi.
zemoaRniSnulidan gamomdinare, "axali memarjveneebis" mier SemuSavebul
iqna Semdegi proeqti: “evropa unda gaerTiandes dasavleTisa da aSS-sadmi
dapirispirebul "federaciul imperiaSi"110, amasTanave aucilebelia
regionuli tendenciebis waxaliseba, vinaidan regionebma da eTnikurma
umciresobebma ufro metad SeinarCunes tradiciuli saxe, vidre “dasavluri
suliT” daavadebulma megapolisebma da kulturulma centrebma.
“safrangeTma orientacia unda aiRos germaniasa da Sua evropaze”. swored
am principis arsebobis gamo "axalma memarjveneebma" Riad daafiqsires
Tavisi interesi de golisa da fridrix naumanis mosazrebebis mimarT. 70-
iani wlebidan "axali memarjveneebi" gamodian evropis mkacri strategiuli
neitralitetis, NATO-dan gamosvlisa damoukidebeli evropuli birTvuli
potencialis Seqmnis iniciativiT.111
Mmetad sainteresoa “axali memarjveneebis” pozicia sabWoTa kavSirTan,
Semdeg ki ruseTTan mimarTebaSi. Tavisi moRvaweobis sawyis etapze am
geopolitikuri wris warmomadgenlebi iyenebdnen klasikur Teziss – “arc
dasavleTi da arc aRmosavleTi, aramed evropa". Tumca SemdgomSi maT
TandaTan Seicvales TavianTi pozicia da mividnen Tezisamde – "upirveles
yovlisa evropa, magram umjobesia aRmosavleTTan, vidre dasavleTTan".
praqtikul doneze, Tavdapirveli interesi komunisturi CineTisadmi da
“amerikuli da sabWoTa imperializmis” sawinaaRmdegod Seqmnili evropa-
CineTis aliansis proeqtisadmi, Seicvala evropa-ruseTis kavSiris ideiT.
"axal memarjveneebs" gaaCniaT mkveTrad gamokveTili antiatlantisturi
da antimondialisturi mimarTuleba. Aamave dros, unda aRiniSnos, rom
“civi omis” periodis evropaSi, atlantizmis sayovelTao strategiuli da
politikuri batonobis dros, de benuas geopolitikuri pozicia imdenad
winaaRmdegobaSi modioda demokratiuli politikuri azrovnebis normebTan,
rom “memarjveneebis” ideebma farTo gavrceleba ver hpoves.
110
Aa.dugini. “geopolitikis safuZvlebi”. Mmoskovi, 1997 w. gv. 145
111
iqve
142
kontinenturi geopolitikis ganviTarebis mimarTulebiT kidev ufro
Sors midis belgieli Jan tiriari (1922-1992 ww.). igi Tavis Tavs evropel
“nacional-bolSevikad” da “evropuli imperiis” mSeneblad miiCnevda.
Jan tiriari Tavis politikur Teorias anviTarebda "didi sivrceebis
damoukideblobis" principze. Bbelgieli mecnieri am principiT miudga
imdroindel viTarebas da gaakeTa daskvna, rom evropuli saxelmwifoebi
TavianT msoflio mniSvnelobas sabolood dakargavdnen im SemTxvevaSi, Tu
isini ar gaerTiandebodnen aSS-s sapirispiro erTian imperiaSi. tiriars
miaCnda rom aseTi imperia unda gadaqceuliyo erTian, kontinentur er-
saxelmwifod.
70-iani wlebis bolos tiriaris Sexedulebebi odnav Seicvala. igi
amtkicebda, rom aSS-sgan "evropis ganTavisuflebis" mTavar pirobas
warmoadgenda evropis gaerTianeba sabWoTa kavSirTan. aqedan gamomdinare
tiriaris mier gakeTebul iqna radikaluri daskvna imis Sesaxeb, rom
evropisaTvis ufro xelsayreli iyo sabWouri socializmi, vidre
anglosaqsuri kapitalizmi. ase gaCnda proeqti "evrosabWoTa imperia
vladivostokidan dublinamde".
Atiriaris SexedulebebTan Zalze axlosaa avstrieli generali iordis
fon loqhauzeni. Mmisi azriT, politikur xelisuflebas mxolod im
SemTxvevaSi gaaCnia saSualeba iyos mudmivi da myari, rodesac mmarTvelebi
azrovneben ara wuTieri da lokaluri kategoriebiT, aramed
"aTaswleulebiTa da kontinentebiT".
loqhauzeni gvTavazobs xelisuflebis aseT formulirebas:
"Zlevamosileba=Zala × adgilmdebareobaze". vinaidan Zlevamosileba aris
Zalis namravli adgilmdebareobaze, amitom mxolod xelsayreli
geografiuli mdebareoba gansazRvravs Sida Zalebis sruli ganviTarebas.
sxva “axali memarjveneebis” msgavsad, avstrieli gamohyofda evropis
beds dasavleTis bedisagan. igi evropas Tvlida kontinentur warmonaqmnad,
romelic droebiT moeqca atlantisturi mmarTvelobis qveS. evropis
politikuri gaTavisuflebisaTvis ki saWiro iyo sivrcobrivi minimumi,
romlis miRweva SeiZleboda mxolod germaniis gaerTianebis, Sua evropaSi
integraciuli procesebis ganviTarebisa da evropis saxelmwifoebis
atlantizmisgan damoukidebel blokSi gaerTianebis saSualebiT.
loqhauzens ver warmoedgina evropis momavali ruseTis gareSe da
piriqiT, ruseTisaTvis evropa aucilebeli iyo, vinaidan ruseT-evropis
kavSiris gareSe orive regioni geopolitikurad arasrulyofili da
amerikisaTvis advilad xelmisawvdomi gaxldaT.
geopolitikis metad romantikuli versia Camoyalibebul iqna frangi
mwerlis Jan parvuleskos mier. igi acxadebda: “kacobriobis istoria aris
Zlevamosilebis, Zalauflebis istoria. civilizaciaSi umTavresi poziciis
dasakaveblad iswrafvian sxvadasxva naxevrad saidumlo organizaciebi,
romelTa arsebobis ciklebi bevrad aRemateba Cveulebrivi politikuri
ideologiebis, mmarTveli dinastiebis, religiuri institutebis,
saxelmwifoebisa da xalxebis arsebobis xangrZlivobas. am organizaciebs
Soris mimdinareobs mravalsaukunovani brZola, romelSic monawileoben
papebi, patriarqebi, mefeebi, diplomatebi, revolucionerebi, mistikosebi,
generlebi da sxvebi.”112
parvuleskos koncefciaSi mTavar roli eniWeba kontinentalist
generals de gols da mis mier warmodgenil geopolitikur suraTs,
112
143
romelsac parvulesko "geopolitikur golizms" uwodebs. am mimarTulebis
momxreTa ZiriTad mizans warmoadgens evropuli kontinenturi blokis
"parizi-berlini-moskovis" Seqmna.
Mmetad “originaluri” mosazreba Camoyalibebuli aqvs kidev erT
belgiel geopolitikossa da publicists rober stoikerss. MmisTvis
prioritetulia kontinenturi orientacia. igi atlantizms evropis mtrad
miiCnevs da evropis keTildReobas germaniasa da Sua evropas ukavSirebs.
amasTanave, sxva “axali memarjveneebisagan” gansxvavebiT, mecnieri xazs
usvams indoeTis okeanis udides mniSvnelobas msoflios momavali
geopolitikuri struqturis saqmeSi. misi mtkicebiT, swored indoeTis
okeane warmoadgens im ZiriTad regions, romliskenac unda iqnes mimarTuli
mTeli evropuli strategia, vinaidan swored am sivrcis saSualebiT evropa
SesZlebs gavlenis moxdenas aSS-ze, evraziasa da iaponiaze. misi azriT,
swored am regionSi hpovebs ganviTarebas gadamwyveti geopolitikuri
dapirispireba, romelmac unda gansazRvros momavali XXI saukunis suraTi.
axali memarjveneebis mier gamocemuli mravalricxovani
politologiuri da sociologiuri Jurnalebidan yuradRebas imsaxurebs
milanis "orioni", sadac Tavis geopolitikuri mimarTulebis naSromebs
regularulad aqveynebda doqtori karlo teraCano. Ees ukanaskneli
gamoxatavs evropuli kontinentalizmis ukidures pozicias. Mmisi azriT,
evropis bedi mTlianadaa damokidebuli ruseTisa da evraziis,
aRmosavleTis bedze. igi mTlianad iziarebs erTiani evraziuli
saxelmwifos – "evrosabWoTa imperia vladivostokidan dublinamde" ideas,
romelic aaxloebs mis Teoriebs Jan tiriaris TeoriebTan.
sainteresoa aRiniSnos, rom italieli profesoris azriT, atlantizmTan
brZolaSi gadamwyveti mniSvneloba islamur samyaros eniWeba,
gansakuTrebuli roli ki aq antiamerikuli reJimis qveynebma unda
Seasrulon: iranma, libiam, erayma da a.S. aqedan gamomdinare, igi akeTebs
daskvnas, rom islamuri samyaro yvelaze Zlierad gamoxatavs kontinentur
geopolitikur interesebs. Aaqedan gamomdinare, mis mier Camoyalibebul iqna
Semdegi formula: "ruseTi + islami = aSS-s (atlantizmis, mondializmis)
winaaRmdeg arsebul mTavar Zalas".113
evropas teraCano ganixilavs rogorc rusul - islamuri blokis
placdarms. misi azriT, mxolod aseTi tipis radikaluri nabijebis
gadadgmas SeuZlia miiyvanos evropa WeSmarit aRorZinebamde.
Tanamedrove rusuli geopolitikuri skola
n e o e v r a z i u l o b a
rusi geopolitikosis, evrazieli savickis yvelaze gamoCenili mowafe

iyo cnobili mecnieri, istorikosi lev nikolozis Ze gumiliovi. Mman Tavis
SromebSi Camoayaliba politikuri istoriis sruliad axali suraTi, sadac
evraziuli aRmosavleTi warmoadgens eTnogenezis, kulturis, politikuri
istoriis, saxelmwifoebrivi da teqnikuri ganviTarebis damoukidebel da
energiul centrs. gumiliovi Tavis kvlevebSi ganavrcobs ideas imis
Sesaxeb, rom eTnikuri rusebi warmoadgenen Turqul – slavuri Serwymis
safuZvelze Camoyalibebul sxva erebisagan gansakuTrebul eTnoss.
113
144
amitomac, rusi mecnieri cdilobs daasabuTos rusebis mier im evraziul
miwebze kontrolis damyarebis samarTlianoba, romlebic Turquli
eTnosiTaa dasaxlebuli. savickis analogiurad, gumiliovic amtkicebs, rom
velikorusuli civilizaciis Camoyalibeba geografiuli TvalsazrisiT
xorcieldeboda tyisa da stepis istoriuli aliansis Sedegad. swored am
ori bunebrivi zonis geopolitikuri Serwyma warmoadgens ruseTis
istoriul arss, ramac Tavis mxriv gansazRvra rusi eris kultura,
mentaliteti, ideologia da a.S.
gumiliovi aanalizebs civilizaciebisa da kulturebis, agreTve
eTnosebis ganviTarebis sxvadasxva stadias. igi miiCnevs, rom eTno–
kulturuli warmonaqmnebi – “erebi, saxelmwifoebi, religiuri erTobebi –
gadian dabadebis, axalgazrdobis, simwifis, siberis periodebs da Semdeg
qrebian an gardaiqmnebian reliqtebad”.114
gumiliovis evraziulobidan ikveTeba Semdegi saxis geopolitikuri
daskvnebi:
1) “evrazia warmoadgens eTnogenezisa da kulturogenezisaTvis
nayofier niadags. maSasadame, msoflio istoria unda
ganixilebodes ara erTpolaruli TvalsazrisiT, aramed
mravalpolaruliT, sadac CrdiloeTi da aRmosavleTi evrazia
gansakuTrebul interess iwvevs, vinaidan dasavleTisTvis isini
warmoadgenen mniSvnelovani msoflio civilizaciuri procesebis
alternatiul wyaros.
2) velikorusuli saxelmwifoebriobis safuZveli – tyisa da stepis
geopolitikuri sinTezi warmoadgens sakvanZo realobas aziisa da
aRmosavleT evropis kulturul – strategiuli kontrolisaTvis.
aseTi kontroli xels uwyobs aRmosavleTisa da dasavleTis
harmoniul balanss, maSin roca dasavluri civilizaciis
SezRudulobas da mis swrafvas batonobisaken konfliqtebisa da
ngrevisaken mivyavarT.
3) dasavluri civilizacia, warmoadgens ra "qimeruli" eTnosebis
konglomerats, imyofeba eTnogenezis ukanasknel, daRmaval
stadiaSi. maSasadame, simZimis centri aucileblad gadainacvlebs
ufro axalgazrda xalxebisaken.
4) aseve SesaZlebelia, rom uaxloes momavalSi moxdes gamoucnobi
da gauTvaliswinebeli "vnebaTa biZgi". igi mkveTrad Secvlis
msoflios politikur da kulturul rukas, radgan "reliqturi"
eTnosebis batonoba ar SeiZleba didxans gagrZeldes”.115 '
mecnieri piradad ar ayalibebda geopolitikur daskvnebs sakuTari

sqemis safuZvelze, magram misi ideebi ganaviTares misma mimdevrebma
komunisturi ideologiuri cenzuris Sesustebis Semdeg. am mimarTulebam
miiRo saxeli "neoevraziuloba", romelic Tavis mxriv ramdenime
mimarTulebiTaa warmodgenili.
pirveli mimarTuleba es aris dasrulebuli da mravalferovani
ideologia. neoevraziulobis es saxesxvaoba iziarebs savickis, trubeckois
da ustrialovis ideebs. igi upirispirdeba rogorc liberalur
dasavlurobas, aseve viwro eTnikur nacionalizms. ruseTi ganxilulia
rogorc didi geopolitikuri sivrcis RerZi, romlis mTavari mizania
imperiis Camoyalibeba.
114
115
145
neoevraziulobaze saubrisas, aucilebelia aRiniSnos evropel
tradicionalistTa ideebis Sesaxeb – "Tanamedrove samyaros krizisi",
"dasavleTis degradacia", "civilizaciis desakralizacia". isini
warmoadgenen neoevraziulobis mniSvnelovan komponentebs, riTac
anviTareben im sakiTxebs, romlebic rus mecnierebTan mxolod intuiciurad
da fragmentuli saxiTaa warmodgenili.
garda amisa, safuZlianad Seiswavleba evropel kontinentalistTa
proeqtebi (haushoferi, Smiti, nikiSi), romelTa wyalobiTac evraziuli
doqtrina vrceldeba evropazec. Nneoevraziuli geopolitikuri
mimarTuleba evropel kontinentalistTa msgavsad, evropas miiCnevs
strategiul mniSvnelobis mqone regionad, romelsac ZaluZs geopolitikur
srulfasovnebaSi moiyvanos evraziuli didi sivrce.
neoevraziulobis kidev erT mniSvnelovan Taviseburebas warmoadgens
islamur qveynebTan strategiuli mokavSireobis mniSvnelobis gansazRvra,
radgan ori kontinenturi Zalis - rusul – islamuri kavSiri safuZvels
uyris antiatlantikur strategias evraziis kontinentis samxreT –
dasavleT sanapiroze.
neoevraziulobis sxva ganStoebebs SedarebiT naklebi mniSvneloba
eniWeba.
NneoevrazielTa azriT, es mimdinareoba dRevandeli realobebis
gaTvaliswinebiT axali problemebis winaSe imyofeba, rac pirvel rigSi
ganpirobebulia "civ omSi" dasavleTis geopolitikur gamarjvebasTan,
xolo sxvadasxva atlantikuri mimdinareobebi erTmaneTs eTanxmebian erT
sakiTxSi, rom msoflioSi adre Tu gvian unda gaimarjvos dasavluri tipis
universalizmma. Aaqedan gamomdinare, rusi kontinentalistebi Tvlian, rom
neoevraziuloba moiTxovs winaaRmdegoba gaewios erTpolarobas, amis
ganxorcieleba ki mxolod axali bipolarobis saSualebiT SeiZleba. Aanu,
rusi mecnierebi amtkiceben, Seqmnili viTarebidan erTaderTi gamosavali
SeiZleba iyos mxolod axali bipolarizmi, radgan evrazia mxolod amiT
SeZlebs moipovos geopolitikuri suvereniteti. mxolod axal bipolarizms
SeuZlia gza gauxsnas iseT mravalpolarobas, sadac yvela geopolitikur
dajgufebas saSualeba eqneba Tavad airCios faseulobaTa sakuTari sistema.
neoevrazielebi mniSvnelovanwilad iziareben evropeli “axali
memarjveneebis” ideebs imasTan dakavSirebiT, rom axalma kontinenturma
aliansma unda moicvas mTeli evropa atlantikamde, evraziis samxreT
sanapiros zogierT mniSvnelovan seqtorTan erTad, an unda uzrunvelyos
amave sivrceebis megobruli neitraliteti da gamoiyvanos isini
atlantizmis daqvemdebarebidan.
a. duginis Semoqmedeba
aleqsandere dugini daibada moskovSi, samxedro mosamsaxuris ojaxSi

1962 wels. universitetis damTavrebis Semdeg, igi muSaobda ramdenime
sxvadasxva Jurnalis redaqtorad.
amJamad igi kiTxulobs filosofiisa da geopoliotikis kurss moskovis
axal universitetSi. igi aris ocdaaTamde msxvili samecniero naSromis
avtori, romlebSic figurirebs geopolitikuri problematika.
Ddugini iTvleba, ruseTis erT-erTi memarjvene orientaciis
nacionalistad, romelic cnobilia Tavisi antidasavluri,
antiliberaluri, konservatiuli da imperialisturi SexedulebebiT.
146
Dduginma Camoayaliba neoevraziulobis ideuri mimdinareoba, xolo mis
bazaze Seqmna politikuri gaerTianeba, xolo SemdgomSi politikuri partia
“evrazia” (2002 w.).
Ddugini did mniSvnelobas aniWebs neoevraziuli Teoriis ganviTarebas.
igi asabuTebs mis gamoCenas komunisturi ideologiisa da sabWoTa
politikuri sistemis krizisTan erTad. Aamitomac igi xedavs imis
aucileblobas, rom saWiroa Seiqmnas dasasvluri modelis sapasuxo
alternatiuli modeli.
Ddugini mudmivad cdilobs raRac “mesame gzis” moZebnas, anu gzas
kapitalizmsa da socialisms Soris. amisaTvis ki, misi azriT saWiroa ara
mxolod mimzidveli ideologiis povna, aramed mZlavri sazogadoebrivi
Zalis povnac.
Mmecnieri Tavis naSromebSi ZiriTad aqcents akeTebs anglo-saqsuri
msoflios kritikaze, kerZod ki aSS-is kritikaze. Mmisi azriT, dasavleTi
iyofa agresiul, eqspansionisturad ganwyobil atlantistebze (aSS da didi
britaneTi) da TanamSromlobisaTvis mzadyofnaSi myof evropaze.
Dduginis azriT, evraziuli moZraobis politikuri platforma, Tavis
TavSi aerTianebs Semdeg faqtorebs:
- “ideokratia, romelic gagebulia rogorc TiToeuli moqalaqisa da
saxelmwifos valdebuleba, emsaxuros umaRles sulier mizans;
- evraziuli arCevani, romelic gamomdinareobs evraziis landSafturi
pirobebidan da moiTxovs gansakuTrebul eTikas, romelic ayalibebs
iseT Tvisebebs, rogorebicaa: koleqtiuri pasuxismgebloba,
urTierTdaxmareba, asketizmi, ufrosobisadmi upirobo damorCileba.
mxolod es Tvisebebi daexmareba evrazielebs daamyaron kontroli da
daasrulon evraziuli sivrcis aTviseba;
- demotia (dasavluri, berZnul-inglisuri demokratiisgan gansxvavebiT,
romelic sxva pirobebSi iqna Seqmnili). Aam principma ar unda
moaxdinos liberaluri demokratiis normebis kopireba, rac
“SeuZlebeli da mavnebelia”. Mman unda iaros Tanamonawileobis gziT
erovnul warmomadgenlebTan. demotia ar iTvaliswinebs ierarqias, igi
igivdeba “evraziul avtoritarizmTan”.116
Kklasikuri evrazielebis ideebis ganviTarebis garda, dugini ayalibebs

Semdeg “konceftualur momentebs”:
- tradicionalizmis filosofia-sistemuri krizisis idea, gansazRvravs

Tanamedrove msoflios radikalur dacemas;
- lingvisturi, epigrafiuli, folkloruli da sxva Zeglebis
safuZvelze unda moxdes evraziis xalxebis msoflmxedvelobis
Seswavla, maTi saerTo fesvebis moZebna;
- aucilebelia dasavleTSi ganviTarebuli geopolitikuri ideebis
gaTvaliswineba (makinderi, haushoferi, sfaiqmeni, bJeJinski, tiriari)
raTa ufro gamartivdes dapirispireba atlantizmsa da
globalizmTan;
- unda ganxorcieldes mondializmisa da globalizmis alternatiuli
gzebis Zieba;
- unda moxdes “axali memarcxeneebis” (fuko, delezi, arto, debori),
Tanamedrove anarqistebisa da neomarqsistebis, agreTve nacional-
bolSevikuri ideebis gaTvaliswineba da moZiebul iqnes
116
147
antiglobalistebis “memarcxene” frTasTan urTierTSexebis
wertilebi. 117
geopolitikuri Teoriis SemuSavebisas, romelsac duginma gasuli
saukunis 90-ian wlebSi didi yuradReba dauTmo, mecnierma klasikuri
tradiciis sferodan gadainacvla ara msoflios Tanamedrove xedvaSi,
aramed klasikur, geopolitikuri azris Camoyalibebis periodSi.
117
148
Tavi VII
msoflio wesrigi da globalizacia
msoflio wesrigis modelebi da ZalTa balansi
civilizaciis ganviTareba gansazRvravs iseTi qveynebis

Tanaarsebobas da urTierTqmedebas, romlebic imyofebian “sxvadasxva
woniT kategoriaSi.” geopolitikuri amocanebis gadawyvetis maStabebis
mixedviT SeiZleba gamovyoT:
zesaxelmwifoebi, e.i. saxelmwifoebi romelTac aqvT
SesaZlebloba da aucilebloba daicvan TavianTi nacionaluri interesebi
mTel dedamiwaze. zeimperias gaaCnia samxedro, ekonomikuri da kulturuli
potenciali, romelic mas aZlevs saSualebas daikavos msoflioSi wamyvani
poziciebi da msoflios yvela wamyvani saxelmwifo aiZulos
gaiTvaliswinos misi da misi mokavSireebis interesebi. warsulSi amaze
pretenzias acxadebdnen romisa da monRolTa imperiebi, aSS da sabWoTa
kavSiri. dReisaTvis msoflioSi arsebobs erTaderTi supersaxelmwifo-
a.S.S.
didi saxelmwifoebi e.i. saxelmwifoebi, romelTac aqvT
interesi ara mxolod mezobel, aramed dedamiwis sakvanZo regionebSic,
magram ara mTeli msoflios maStabiT. didi saxelmwifos potenciali
saSualebas iZleva aqtiurad daicvas sakuTari interesebi da aiZulos sxva
saxelmwifoebi angariSi gauwion mas da mis mokavSireebs. magaliTad
ruseTi, Tavisi imperialisturi politikis gatarebiT miiswrafvis imisaken,
rom gaxdes aseTi saxelmwifo.
regionaluri saxelmwifoebi e.i. saxelmwifoebi, romelTac aqvT
interesi im regionebSi, romlebic mis sazRvrebTan mdebareoben. maTi
potenciali saSualebas iZleva gavlena iqonion situaciaze. Tumca es ar
aris sakmarisi seriozuli monawileobisaTvis maT ekonomikur, kulturul-
informaciul da politikur sivrceSi.
aucilebloba imisa, rom saxelmwifoebma gaakontrolon esa Tu is
sivrce ganapirobebs msoflioSi erTgvar wonasworobas, raTa
SenarCunebuli iqnes msoflioSi stabiluroba da wesrigi
saxelmwifoTaSoris urTierTobebsa da saerTaSoriso ekonomikuri
kontaqtebis damyarebis dros. geopolitikur sivrceSi amas uwodeben
ZalTa balanss. ZalTa balansi SeiZleba agebuli iyos unipolarul
safuZvelze(erTi dominanti-saxelmwifo), bipolarul safuZvelze (sadac
dominirebs ori zesaxelmwifo) da mravalpolarul safuZvelze(arsebobs
Zalisa da gavlenis ramdenime centri, romelic Zalisa da wonasworobis
zogad garantias iZleva).
aRniSnuli balansis darRveva yovelTvis iwvevs
destabilizacias (omebi, mSvidobis darRveva) im periodamde, sanam ar
damyardeba ZalTa axali Tanafardoba. mTavari mxareebis - msoflio
Tanafardobis subieqtebis mier TamaSis wesebis gaziarebas, romelic
vlindeba(gamoixateba) saxelmwifo suverenitetis warmodgenaSi,
molaparakebaTa sistemaSi, urTierTqmedebis principebis miRebaSi,
erovnuli interesebis daSvebuli formebis realizaciaSi da
saerTaSoriso normebSi - ewodeba msoflio wesrigi.
meore aTaswleulis istoria gvaZlevs safuZvels vilaparakoT
msoflio wesrigis Secvlis Tanamimdevrulobaze. msoflio wesrigis erT-
erTi pirveli oficialurad dadgenili sistema iyo vestfaliis sistema. is
149
iuridiulad gaformda 1648 wels, maSin rodesac evropaSi xeli moewera 30-
wliani omis dasrulebis xelSekrulebas. mis sabazo princips
warmoadgenda idea saxelmwifos absoluturi suverenitetisa gansazRvrul
teritoriaze (monarqis garda ar unda yofiliyo sxva xelisufali mis
daqvemdebarebul teritoriaze), TanamSromloba-paeqroba-imuniteti
(urTierTobaTa warmoSobis sqema). Aamis Semdgom etapobrivad Camoyalibda
saerTaSoriso samarTali da safuZveli daedo vestfaliis sistemas. man
iarseba safrangeTis did revoluciamde, ramac eWqveS daayena yofil
suverenTa mTavrobebis legitimuroba. amis Semdeg, napoleonis mier
gaCaRebulma omebma mTlianad Secvales msoflio wesrigi evropaSi.
napoleonis damarcxebis Semdeg, 1813-1815 ww. gamarjvebulma
saxelmwifoebma Seqmnes msoflio wesrigis axali sistema - venis sistemis
saxelwodebiT, is iuridiulad gaformda 1815 wels venis kongresze. misi
mTavari idea iyo “evropul saxelmwifoTa koncerti” (usafrTxoebis
sistemaSi yvela evropuli qveynis CarTva, mravali qveynis teritoriebis da
sazRvrebis gadanawilebis xarjze). am sistemam pirvel msoflio omamde
iarseba.
Ppirvelma msoflio omma da samTa kavSiris daSlam (germania, avstria-
ungreTi, italia) gamoiwvia versalis sistemis Seqmna. mas ase ewoda
versalis samSvidobo konferenciis sapativcemulod, sadac oficialurad
gaformda pirveli msoflio omis dasasruli. am sistemam wina planze
wamowia axali zesaxelmwifoebi (aSS-sa da iaponiis saxiT), ideiT eri-
saxelmwifo, rogorc suverenitetis legitimuri subieqtebi. amave dros,
gaCnda mudmivmoqmedi saerTaSoriso organizaciis, erTa ligis Seqmnis
idea. is iyo mowodebuli daemyarebina msoflio mSvidoba, magram am
sistemam kraxi ganicada meore msoflio omis dawyebis gamo. versalis
Semgeg arsebul sistemas potsdamis sistema ewoda (igi iyo bipolaruli).
man ganamtkica didi saxelmwifoebis mier ialtaSi miRebuli
gadawyvetilebebi.
sabWoTa kavSirisa da varSavis blokis daSlam gamoiwvies potsdamis
sistemis daSla. Amsoflios axalma wesrigma aSS-is meTaurobiT SeiZina
unipolaruli sistemis Taviseburebani (“Pax Americana”), Tumca amave dros
Zlieri centrebis Seqmnaze TavianT pretenzias acxadeben gaerTianebuli
evropa, CineTi, ruseTi.
Aaxali msoflio wesrigi yalibdeba globalizaciis procesebis
intensifikaciis fonze.
Gglobalizaciis mTavari ganzomilebebi da geopolitika
globalizaciis arsi
politikuri organizaciis damokidebulebis masStabebi transportze,

nawilobriv xsnis im faqts, Tu ratom koncentrirdebodnen imperiebi da
msxvili saxelmwifoebi, rogorc wesi mdinareebis auzebSi da zRvis
sanapiroebTan (mesopotamia da Zveli egvipte, indoeTi da CineTi, karTageni,
romisa da bizantiis imperiebi). zRvaosnobisa da sazRvao komunikaciebis
ganviTarebam da gafarToebam msoflio politikaSi wina planze wamowia
150
sazRvao zesaxelmwifoebi, maT miecaT upiratesoba kontinentur
zesaxelmwifoebTan SedarebiT. 118
umniSvnelovanesi geografiuli aRmoCenebis stimulad iqca dasavleT
evropeli vaWrebis mier indoeTsa da aRmosavleT aziaSi axali evropuli
savaWro gzebis Seqmna.
SemTxveviTi ar iyo maTi mzeris mipyroba atlantikisaken, im periodSi
rodesac Turqebma TiTqmis mTlianad daketes gza aRmosavleTisaken mcire
aziisa da siriis gavliT.
udides geografiul aRmoCenebs hqonda uprecendento socialur-
ekonomikuri, politikuri, geopolitikuri, fsiqologiuri da sxva Sedegebi.
axali savaWro gzebis aRmoCenisa da aTvisebis Sedegad vaWrobam miiRo
msoflio mniSvneloba, kapitalisturma urTierTobebma evropuli
centridan daiwyes gavrceleba periferiebze. savaWro gzebis gadanacvlebam
xmelTaSua zRvidan atlantikis okeaneSi gamoiwvia zogierTi evropuli
saxelmwifos ekonomikuri vardna (italia, nawilobriv germania) xolo sxva
saxelmwifoTa aRmavloba (holandia, inglisi). ufro metic, didma
geografiulma aRmoCenebma safuZveli Cauyara dasavleTis mier msoflio
sivrcis Canacvlebas, xalxebis gadasaxlebas, axali erebis da
saxelmwifoebis formirebas, evropuli kolonialuri imperiebis Seqmnas.
am mimarTulebiT mniSvnelovani koreqtivebi Seitana XIX
saukuneSi samrewvelo revoluciis dawyebam da saxmeleTo komunikaciebis
ganviTarebam. Aam faqtma Seqmna saSualeba aTvisebuliyo uzarmazari, adre
xelmiuwvdomeli kontinenturi sivrceebi. swored rkinigzis transportma
mniSvnelovanwilad ganapiroba iseTi didi imperiebis warmoqmna,
rogorebicaa germania, amerika, ruseTi.
B aseve didi mniSvneloba hqonda jer suecis, mogvianebiT ki panamas arxis
mSeneblobas. Tu pirvelma SeaerTa xmelTaSua zRva indoeTis okeanesTan,
meorem mniSvnelovanwilad Seamcira manZili atlantikis okeanidan
wynarisaken.
xmeleTisa da zRvis, rkinigzisa da saavtomobilo gzebis meSveobiT
satransporto komunikaciebis aTvisebis Semdgom, jeri dadga sahaero da
kosmosuri sivrceebis dapyrobisa.
aviaciis warmoSobam da misma Semdgomma ganviTarebam mniSvnelovani
koreqtivebi Seitana msoflio Tanamegobrobis geopolitikur struqturaSi.
atomuri SeiaraRebis Seqmnam da maTi transportirebis SesaZleblobam
msoflios nebismier wertilSi uaryo ama Tu im qveynis miuwvdomlobis
principi misi geografiuli siSorisa Tu izolaciis miuxedavad.
Tanamedrove pirobebSi samxedro-politikuri TvalsazrisiT, sahaero
sivrce Tu kosmosi TamaSoben aranakleb rols vidre xmeleTi da zRva.
kardinalurad icvleba Tanafardoba centrsa da periferias, aseve
hartlendsa da rimlends, sazRvao da kontinentalur xalxebsa da qveynebs
Soris. warmoiqmneba teritoriebze kontrolis axali transnacionaluri
formebi. es gamoixateba maT ekonomikur, teqnologiur, telekomunikaciur,
informaciul da sxva mravalferovnebaSi. Tanamedrove msoflio
teqnologiebis Zala iseTia, rom isini umoqmedos xdian nebismier
barierebs, “kedlebs”, “fardebsa” da sazRvrebs.
118
Sheila L. Croucher. Globalization and Belonging: The Politics of Identity in a Changing World. Rowman
& Littlefield. (2004). p.10
151
aseTi mdgomareobis gamo naklebad marTebulia gamoviyenoT Tanamedrove
msoflios mimarT arsebuli makinderis formula: “is vinc akontrolebs
evraziis hartlends - is akontrolebs mTel msoflios.”
dReisaTvis arsebobs yvela safuZveli vilaparakoT msoflio
Tanamegobrobis erTiani sivrcobrivi infrastruqturis formirebis
Sesaxeb, iqneba es evropuli, evro-amerikuli, wynari okeanis Tu sxva
centrebi, romelTa mimarTac Tavis droze sxva regionebi da sivrceebi
ganixileboda rogorc erTgvari periferia.
sivrcobrivi siaxlove aRmosavleTisa dasavleTTan, CrdiloeTisa
samxreTTan gamoixateba sxvadasxva nacionaluri an civilizaciuri drois
aRricxvianobis ukana planze gadawevaSiAda Tavis arsenalSi de - iured
Tu ara de-faqtod grigorianuli kalendris miRebaSi. amaze metyvelebs
erTiani planetaruli drois etapobrivi miReba da damtkiceba dedamiwis
yvela regionsa da qveyanaSi.
msoflio sainformacio sivrcis globalizacia
Tanamgzavrebi, boWkovan-optikuri kabelebi, kompiuterebi da

faqsebi xels uwyobs informaciis nakadis aCqarebasa da gamsxvilebas.
satelekomunikacio kavSirebi, romlebic aerTianebs dedamiwis yvela
daSorebul wertils, uzrunvelyofs ra momentalur kavSirs, maT Soris
drois gadalaxvis saSualebas iZleva.
dRes ukve sakuTvriv adamians SeuZlia masobrivi sainformacio
eleqtronuli saSualebebiT imyofebodes erTdroulad sxvadasxva adgilas
da iyos monawile movlenebisa, romelic viTardeba misi fizikuri
adgilmdebareobis sazRvrebidan Sors.
masobrivi sainformacio saSualebebi akavSirebs xalxs udides
saerTaSoriso organizaciebSi. revoluciuri cvlilebebi xdeba enobriv
urTierTobaTa sferoSi.119
msoflio xalxebs Soris urTierTobebis saSualebebSi sul ufro met
mniSvnelobas iZens zogierTi wamyvani ena, xolo inglisuri zogierT
sferoSi (mag. aviacia) iZens msoflio enis statuss. kompiuteri da
kompiuteruli ena, dafuZvnebuli inglisurze, xdeba universaluri
urTierTobis saSualeba, gansakuTrebiT saqmian msoflioSi. xorcieldeba
manqanuri Targmnis saSualebebis aqtiuri SemuSaveba da danergva, rac
sxvadasxva qveynebs da xalxebs Soris arsebul enaTa barierebis daZlevis
saSualebas iZleva.
globalizacia uSualod dakavSirebulia transnacionalur media-
imperiebis warmoqmnasTan. rogorc cnobilia, klasikuri demokratiuli
ideebis Sesabamisad masmedia damoukidebeli unda iyos saxelmwifo da
korporaciuli kontrolisgan, Tavisi informaciuli programebis Sinaarsis
SerCevis dros. maTi mizania miawodon sazogadoebas Tvalsazrisis rac
SeiZleba farTo speqtri da zusti informacia sxvadasxva problemebze.
Tumca, dRevandeli “globaluri media” xels aSkarad uwyobs “zogierTi
xmis” ufro xmamaRla gaJRerebas sxvasTan SedarebiT da Sesabamisad
faseuli neitraliteti ar aRiniSneba.
119
Globalization Is Great! by Tom G. Palmer, Senior Fellow, Cato Institute
152
miuxedavad transnacionaluri saSualebebis mier SemoTavazebuli
viTomda programebis mravalferovnebisa, amerikeli mecnieris m. parentis
azriT, maTSi Warbobs unificirebuli meniu, aqcentirebuli Tavisufali
bazris faseulobebze, SesaZleblobebis Tanasworobaze, individualizmsa
da konsiumerizmze.
raRa Tqma unda lokaluri media-biznesi ar aris gaCerebuli da isic
ibrZvis informaciul bazarze Tavisi adgilis mosapoveblad, magram maTi
mizani saSulebas ver amarTlebs. pirvel rigSi, yvela transnacionaluri
media-imperia moqmedebs yvela industriulad ganviTarebul qveyanaSi. mag.
kompania CNN-i (axali ambebis kavSiruli qseli), BBC, News Corporation(axali
ambebis gadacemis korporacia), Time Warner(uorneris imperiis nawili), Walt
Disney-inglisur-amerikuli warmoSobis, silvio berluskonis imperia
italiaSi, Sony-i iaponiaSi da a.S.
magaliTad, kompania bertelsmani (germania),dakavebulia wignebisa da
Jurnal-gazeTebis gamocema-gayidviT, flobs tipografias, uSvebs
musikalur Canawerebs, yidis licenziebs maTi gamoSvebisaTvis, flobs
musikalur klubebs, gaaCnia internet-provaideri, dakavebulia veb-dizainiT
da flobs komerciul saitebs internetSi. kanadeli sociologis m.
makluenis fraza “The medium is the message,” dRes iZens pirdapir
mniSvnelobas: “sinamdvileSi informaciis Sinaarss warmoadgens TviT
momwodebeli.”120
termini “informaciis Tavisufali nakadi” xSir SemTxvevaSi
atarebs ideologiur mniSvnelobas. rogorc k. roaCas gamokvlevebi
gviCveneben, media-imperiebis mier translirebuli axali ambebis ZiriTadi
kursi gamoxatavs “wamyvani erebis” Tvalsazriss da pirvel rigSi anglo-
amerikulis. umsxvilesi sainformacio saagentoebi Associated Prees da United
Press International axali ambebiT amarageben msoflio masmediis saSualebaTa
umravlesobas, risi moculobac Seadgens dReSi 17-dan 14 milion sityvas.
dReisaTvis arsebobs ori mTavari globaluri telekompania BBC da CNN
International-i(CNNI). BBC gansakuTrebiT gavleniania aziaSi, yofil
britanul koloniebsa da britanuli Tanamegobrobis dRevandel wevrebSi.
CNN Tavisi amerikeli mayureblis garda, romelic 60 milion adamians
aWarbebs, hyavs 53-milioniani mayureblis auditoria, misi translacia
xdeba msoflios 140 qveyanaSi, maT Soris ruseTSi, CineTSi, afrikis
qveynebSi, axlo aRmosavleTsa da laTinur amerikaSi.121 miuxedavad imisa,
rom am gigantebis mauwyebloba mimdinareobs inglisur enaze, ris gamoc
maTi auditoria Semoifargleba biznes-wreebiT da elitis
warmomadgenlebiT, maT mier xorcieldeba sxvadasxva proeqtebi
adgilobriv media-kompaniebTan erToblivi sawarmoebis SeqmnasTan
dakavSirebiT. es maT TavianTi mayurebelTa auditoriis mkveTrad gazrdis
saSualebas aZlevs.
msgavsi tendencia (situacia), SeiniSneba video da popularul musikis
bazarze. zemoT ukve moviyvaneT inglisuri enis upiratesobis magaliTi.
rac Seexeba gasarTob teleprogramebs, mag. braziliaSi, oTxi aTasi
filmidan romelic gadis sxvadasxva arxze, 99% warmoebulia
industriulad ganviTarebul qveynebSi(upiratesad a.S.S.-Si).meqsikis wamyvani
telekompania “televiza” Tavisi programebis 50%-ze metis importirebas
120
Globalisation shakes the world". BBC News. January 21, 2007
121
Globalization (Page 3 of 5)". Microsoft Encarta Online Encyclopedia 2009. Archived 2009-10-3
153
axdens122, maSin rodesac misi adgili espanurenovani mosaxleobaSi saerTo
drois 0.5%-s ar aRemateba. Aaxlo aRmosavleTSi, karibis auzis qveynebsa
da aziaSi aseve dominireben transnacionaluri media gigantebi. saudis
arabeTSi xdeba gasarTobi programebis 40%-is importireba, karibis auzis
qveynebSi ki es cifri 90%-s aRemateba.
Tanamgzavruli televiziis Seqmnam mxolod xeli Seuwyo aseTi
tendenciebis gaZlerebas. koreis sami mTavari nacionaluri telearxidan
erTi (AFN) mauwyeblobs inglisur enaze, xolo danarCeni ori gvTavazobs
“dalasis” tipis serialebs an raime analogiur adgilobriv Sous.
agvarad, globalur mas-medias aqvs unari mniSvnelovani gavlena
moaxdinos masobrivi cnobierebis programirebaze, igi yoveldRiurad
gvawvdis ara mxolod dRis wesrigs, aramed gvaZlevs gansaxilvel
movlenebis interpretaciis sqemas.
globalizacia varaudobs, rom mravali socialuri, ekonomikuri,
kulturuli, politikuri da sxva saxis urTirTobani da kavSirebi SeiZenen
msoflio xasiaTs. amasTan, is gulisxmos kavSirebis donis gazrdas
rogorc calkeul saxelmwifoebs, aseve saxelmwifoTaSoris farglebSi.
globalizaciis Tanamedrove procesebSi siaxles warmoadgens socialuri
kavSirebis gavrceleba iseT sferoebze, rogoricaa teqnologiuri,
organizaciuli, administraciuli, samarTlis da sxva.
globaluri nakadis Tanamedrove formebi xasiaTdebian ekonomikurad
ganviTarebuli qveynebis udidesi intervenciiT, rogorc ganviTarebadi
qveynebis, aseve erTmaneTis ekonomikaSi, aseve kapitalis brunvis maRali
doniT.
XX-e saukunis bolos saqoneli, kapitali, xalxi, codna, iaraRi,
narkotikebi da sxva, advilad laxavs saxelmwifo teritoriul sazRvrebs.
transnacionaluri kavSirebi, socialuri moZraobebi da kavSirebi SeiWrnen
adamianTa moRvaweobis TiTqmis yvela sferoSi.
msoflio ekonomikuri sivrcis globalizacia
XX saukunis 80-ian wlebTan SedarebiT msoflio meurneobis

internacionalizaciis Tanamedrove periodi xasiaTdeba xarisxobrivad
axali TvisebebiT. Aam Tvisebebidan batoni manfredi da krando gamoyofen:
1)sabWoTa kavSirisa da msoflio socialisturi sistemis daSlis Semdeg
qveyanaTa umravlesobis msoflio meurneobis kavSirebis sistemaSi Cabmas;
2)ekonomikuri kavSirebis liberalizacias; 3) sul ufro farTod
gamoiyeneba yvela qveynisaTvis erTiani standartebi teqnologiaze, garemos
dabinZurebaze, finansuri institutebis moqmedebis sabuRaltro gaTvlebze,
nacionalur statistikaze, ganaTlebaze, kulturaze da a.S.; 4)
saerTaSoriso organizaciebis meSveobiT inergeba makroekonomikuri
politikis erTiani kriteriumebi, mimdinareobs sagadasaxado politikis
moTxovnebis unificireba da a.S.123
globalizaciis procesSi ganixileba ori tendencia. erTis mxriv,
msoflio ekonomikaSi mimdinareobs aSS-s poziciebis gaZliereba, meores
mxriv - xdeba ekonomikuri policencrizmis formireba.
pirveli tendencia gamoixateba imaSi rom aSS cdilobs gavlenis
gafarToebas da ganamtkicos sakuTari standartebi yvela sferoSi:
122
Globalization (Page 3 of 5)". Microsoft Encarta Online Encyclopedia 2009. Archived 2009-10-31
123
Steger, Manfred.Globalization. New York: Sterling Publishing, 2009
154
finansur bazarze, kinobiznessa da ganaTlebaze. amerikelebi winaswar
atareben struqturuli gardaqmnis axal etaps, xarjaven ra fuls
ganaTlebaze, mecnierebaze, informatikaze, momavlis teqnologiebze,
Sesabamisad, amerikaze danarCeni msoflios damokidebuleba izrdeba.
realurad policentrizmze SeiZleba vilaparakoT mxolod Soreul
perspeqtivaSi, rodesac axali centrebi (Crdilo-aRmosavleT azia da
samxreT amerika) ekonomikuri da politikuri urTierTobebiT miaRweven
iseT dones, raTa SeZlon “damoukidebeli TamaSi” warmarTon, maT Soris
aSS-is winaaRmdegac. bevri ram iqneba domokidebuli evropuli integraciis
warmatebaze da igive CineTis momaval rolze msoflio ekonomikaSi.
Tanamedrove msoflioSi moqmedebs 80-mde regionaluri da ekonomikuri
SeTanxmeba da xelSekruleba. Tumca, realur integraciul procesebs
adgili aqvs dasavleT evropasa da Crdilo amerikaSi. laTinuri amerikis,
dasavleT da samxreT aziis, aseve afrikis regionebis umravlesobas, da
maT Soris arsebul TanamSromlobas ar eqneba efeqti manam, sanam isini ar
miaRweven teqnikur-ekonomikur, politikur-samarTlebriv da kulturul
simwifes.
ekonomikuri aqtivobis standartebis globalizacia naTlad

avlens Tavs msoflio vaWrobaSi.
saerTaSorisoekonomikur urTierTobebSimniSvnelovan movlenad iqca XX s.

90-ian wlebidan aRmosavleT da centraluri evropis, aseve yofili ssrk-is
respublikebis msoflio ekonomikur procesebSi CarTva da vaWrobis
swrafma zrdam ganviTarebad qveynebs Soris. aziis wilma (iaponiis gareSe)
msoflio vaWrobaSi gadaaWarba CrdiloeT amerikis dones da isev
agrZelebs zrdas. axali eqsportiorebi aziidan msoflio bazarzec
amyareben TavianT poziciebs. es ZiriTadad xdeba dasavleT evropis
qveynebis xarjze. 1991-dan 1997 wlamde evrokavSiris wili msoflio
sasaqonlo brunvaSi Semcirda 43-44%-dan 36-40%-mde, xolo azia-wynari
okeanis regionis qveynebis wili gaizarda 38-39%-dan 42-44%-mde. Uukve 2007
wlisaTvis azia-wynari regionis xvedriTma wilma 46%-s gadaaWarba. dsT-s
qveynebis wilma XXI s. dasawyisSi mxolod 2%-ze meti Seadgina msoflio
sasaqonlo brunvaSi.124
2010 wlis monacemebiT amJamad msoflio savaWro organizaciaSi(WTO) 170-ze
meti saxelmwifoa gawevrianebuli, romlebzec modis saerTaSoriso
savaWro brunvis 90%-ze meti. WTO-Si gawevrianebis gancxadebiT kidev 30-ma
qveyanam mimarTa. 1996w. WTO-s konferenciaze miiRes deklaracia, romelSic
daamtkices misi mTavari amocana - yvela qveynisTvis xelis Sewyoba
msoflio vaWrobis regulaciis sistebaSi integraciisaTvis.
XXI saukunis dasawyisSi miRweul iqna ori SeTanxmeba, romelic uTuod
moaxdens vaWrobis globalizaciis procesebis stimulirebas: 1) SeTanxmeba
sainformacio teqnologiebis, telekomunikaciebis bazris liberalizaciis
Sesaxeb; 2)SeTanxmeba finansuri momsaxurebis bazris liberalizaciis
Sesaxeb. rogorc mosalodnelia, am SeTanxmebebis realizacia gamoiwvevs
momsaxurebis Rirebulebis Semcirebas, kerZod ki satelefono kavSirisa da
dazRvevis sferoSi.
WTO-s TiTqmis yvela qveyana monawilea erTi an ramdenime regionaluri
dajgufebisa, romelTa ricxvic ass aRemateba. WTO-s azriT, regionaluri
124
155
savaWro organizaciebi, asusteben mis sazRvrebSi SeTanxmebul
saerTaSoriso vaWrobis regulaciis meqanizmebs, rac ewinaaRmdegeba
globalur ekonomikur integracias.
msoflio savaWro kavSirebis ganviTarebas xels uwyobs eleqtronuli
vaWrobis globaluri ganviTareba. es programa moicavs 100-ze met qveyanas.
eleqtronuli vaWrobis sayrden punqtebs warmoadgens “treidpointebi”, anu
vaWrobis sakiTxebSi sainformacio centrebi. msoflioSi iTvlian 130-ze
met aseT centrs.
safondo bazrebis globalizacia xasiaTdeba Semdegi niSnebiT:
1. es aris Tanamedrove eleqtronuli teqnologiebis,
komunikaciisa da informaciis saSualebebis danergva, romlebic
mniSvnelovan gavlebas moaxdenen nacionaluri safondo birJebis
ganviTarebaze. safondo bazrebi sul ufro xdebian rogorc nacionaluri,
aseve ucxouri monawileebis samoqmedo sferod. amas xels uwyobs
nacionaluri bazrebis liberalizacia, ararezidentebis daSveba
nacionalur savaluto da safinanso bazrebze da maTi uSualo
monawileoba operaciebSi rezidentebis Tanasworad, aseve bazrebis
regulireba, rac dakavSirebulia calkeul monawileTaTvis ama Tu im
operaciebis Catarebisas SezRudvebis gamartivebaSi da sxva.
2. SemoTavazebuli fasiani qaRaldebis-obligaciebisa da aqciebis
moculobis zrda da am fasiani qaRaldebis saxeobaTa raodenobis
gafarToeba.
safondo bazrebi iqca finansuri resursebis gadanawilebis
ZiriTad meqanizmad, rogorc nacionaluri, aseve globaluri maStabiT da
isini gvevlinebian safinanso saSualebebis ZiriTad wyarod, rogorc
saxelmwifoebisaTvis, ise kerZo seqtorisaTvis.
3. msxvili institucionaluri investorebis formireba (sapensio
da sadazRvevo fondebi, sainvesticio kompaniebi da sasesxo fondebi),
romlebic korporaciebisa da mosaxleobis fuladi resursebis
akumulirebas axdenen da maT investicias fasian qaRaldebSi axorcieleben.
institucionaluri investiciebis ricxvi mudmivad izrdeba, aseve izrdeba
maT mier moziduli kapitalic. magaliTad, globaluri da saerTaSoriso
fondebis raodenoba msoflioSi gaizarda 123-dan (1989w.) 700-mde XXI
saukunis dasawyisSi. jamuri moculoba institucionaluri investorebis
mier akumulirebuli saSualebebisa ganisazRvreba sididiT, romelic
aRemateba 10 trilion dolars.
samxreT-aRmosavleT aziis savaluto-finansuri krizisi, romelmac
SeZra praqtikulad yvela ganviTarebadi qveynis safondo bazrebi da
gamoiwvia aSS-is safondo bazarze aqciebis kursis dacema, an 2008-2009
wlebSi ganviTarebuli msoflio ekonomikuri krizisi, msoflio
ekonomikuri nacionaluri safondo bazrebis urTierTdamokidebulebis
gazrdili xarisxis naTel magaliTs warmoadgens.
savaluto bazris globalizacia
savaluto bazari warmoadgens saerTaSoriso safinanso sistemis

centralur rgols. Tavisi moculobiT is aRemateba safinanso bazris sxva
segmentebs-obligaciebisa da aqciebis bazrebs. 2009 wlis monacemebiT,
yoveldRiurad garigebebis moculoba savaluto bazarze Seadgens
saSualod 1.2-1.4 trilion dolars. eleqtronuli teqnologiebis
gamoyenebis meSveobiT Camoyalibda ori globaluri mimarTuleba
savaluto vaWrobis ganviTarebisa: eleqtronul-dilinguri sistemebi
156
(romlis magaliTia sistema “reiter-2000”) da eleqtronuli sabrokero
sistemebi.
savaluto operaciebis saerTaSoriso centrebs warmoadgens
londoni (operaciaTa moculobis 30%), niu-iorki (16%) da tokio (10%).
miuxedavad bolo periodSi dolaris kursis SesamCnevi vardnisa, savaluto
sabazro operaciebSi kvlav yvelaze xSirad aSS-is dolari gamoiyeneba.
savaluto operaciebSi evros gamoCenamde, dolaris yidva-gayidvis
operaciebis moculoba Seadgenda 50%-s, germanuli markisa da iaponur
ienis Sesabamisad 15 da 10%-s.125
soflis meurneobis produqtebis bazris globalizacia
msoflio savaWro nakadTa dinamikis mimarTulebebis da Semadgenlobis

daxasiaTebisas, aucilebelia aRiniSnos saerTaSoriso savaWro kompaniebis
msoflio vaWrobaSi gazrdili rolis Sesaxeb.
soflis meurneobis produqtebi, romlebic xvdeba saerTaSoriso
bazarze, iwarmoeba saerTaSoriso savaWro kompaniebis CarCoebSi an maTi
uSualo teqnologiuri, finansuri da organizaciuli zemoqmedebiT.
saerTaSoriso savaWro kompaniam (MPK), romelic warmoadgens
nacionaluri sasaqonlo sistemebis statusis mqone organizacias, da maTi
efeqturobis zrdis katalizators, xeli Seuwyo axali virtualuri
saerTaSoriso bazris sivrcis warmoqmnas. lideris rols am savaWro
kompaniebs Soris TamaSoben aSS-is agrobiznesis kompaniebi. XXs.
dasawyisSi amerikis 21 saxalxo sasaqonlo firmis sazRvargareTulma
gayidvis MmaCvenebelma Seadgina misi brunvis 25% (aq ar igulisxmeba
saerTaSoriso savaWro kompaniebis iseTi umsxvilesi firmebi, rogorebicaa
“kargili”, “masisi”, “kontinental greini” da sxva). maT Soris gayidvis
11%modis dasavleT evropaze, 3%-i azia-wynari okeanis regionze, 2%
laTinur amerikaze, 1% kanadaze da 9% sxva qveynebsa da regionebze.126
soflis meurneobis warmoebis saSualebebis sferoSi, aseve izrdeba
ucxouri kompaniebis roli. amerikaSi magaliTad, XXI saukunis dasawyisSi
ucxouri kompaniebi, romlebic awarmoebdnen produqcias soflis
meurneobisaTvis, flobdnen da marTavdnen aqtivebis 25%-s. amerikeli
specialistebis prognoziT, aTi wlis Semdeg Sesabamisi maCvenebeli
miaRwevs 20%-s.127
globalizacia socialur-ekonomikur sferoSi.aqtiurdeba Sromis msoflio

bazarze, msoflio saTbob-energetikul kompleqsSi, msoflio transportSi,
aseve iaraRiT vaWrobis saerTaSoriso bazarze da sxva. igi Tavis orbitaSi
iTrevs sul ufro da ufro axal qveynebs da axal erebs, axdens ra maTze
udides gavlenas, romlis dadebiTad an uaryofiTad Sefaseba xSirad
SeuZlebelia.
MmagaliTad pirdapiri investiciebi CineTSi aRwevs 150 mlrd. Ddolars,
braziliaSi 100 mlrd. Ddolars.
125
NnikaCitaZe. “geopolitika”. Tbilisi, 2008. Ggv. 86
126
iqve
127
iqve
157
msoflio politikuri sivrcis globalizacia:
mondializmi anu policentruloba
Tanamedrove msofliosaTvis damaxasiaTebel, mudmivad mzard

tendencias warmoadgens rogorc ekonomikuri, ise politikuri integracia.
politikuri integraciuli procesebi vlindeba upirveles yovlisa
saerTaSoriso saxelmwifoTaSoriso da arasamTavrobo organizaciebis
warmoqmnaSi.
XX saukunis 80-iani wlebis Sua periodSi msoflioSi aRiricxeboda
aTasze meti samTavrobaTSoriso organizacia. wamyvani qveynebi regularul
safuZvelze Rebuloben monawileobas 100-ze meti organizaciis muSaobaSi.
magaliTad, dania aris 164 organizaciis wevri, safrangeTi-155, didi
britaneTi-140, aSS-122, kanada-110, iaponia-106, brazilia-100. xanmokle
periodSi, meore msoflio omis Semdeg Seiqmna gaero, nato, euTo, msoflio
banki, evrokavSiri da sxva. cota xnis win arseboba Sewyvita ekonomikuri
urTierTdaxmarebis sabWom da varSavis paqtis organizaciam.
geopolitikaSi aranakleb rols TamaSoben iseTi organizaciebi,
rogoricaa amerikul saxelmwifoTa organizacia, navTobis eqsportiori
qveynebis organizacia (OPEC), afrikuli erTianobis organizacia,
organizacia “islamuri konferencia” da sxva. unda aRiniSnos, rom aseTi
organizaciebis ricxvi gamudmebiT izrdeba, ukve arsebulTa funqciebi ki
ufro farTovdeba.
aqtiurad mimdinareobs Crdilo-amerikuli zonis Tavisufali
vaWrobis formirebis procesi(NAFTA), romelSic Sedian aSS, kanada da
meqsika. 1989w. Seiqmna azia-afrikis ekonomikuri sabWo, aziaSi warmatebiT
funqcionirebs samxreT-aRmosavleT aziis saxelmwifoTa asociacia, aziis
ganviTarebis banki da sxva kavSirebi da organizaciebi.
gansakuTrebulad warmatebiT mimdinareobs integraciuli procesebi
evropaSi, misi yvelaze ganviTarebuli qveynebis teritoriebze, romlebic
gaerTianebulebi arian evrokavSirSi. xalxis, saqonlisa da kapitalis
Tavisufali gadaadgilebisaTvis praqtikulad ar arsebobs araviTari
barieri.
sul ufro did maStabebs iZens sxvadasxva qveynebis politikuri
partiebis transnacionaluri TanamSromloba. sxvadasxva politikur
ideologiaze dafuZnebuli politikuri partiis liderebi yvela Rones
xmaroben, raTa moxdes maTi konsolidacia da koordinacia saerTaSoriso
doneze. isini iRwvian, raTa partiebs mianiWon transnacionaluri xasiaTi
da gamoimuSavon yvelasaTvis saerTo ideur-politikuri principebi da
debulebebi. Camoyalibda evropuli partiebi - evropuli socialisturi
kavSiri, evropis saxalxo partia, liberaluri da demokratiuli partiebis
federacia, progresuli evropuli demokratebi da sxva.
msoflio politikis mniSvnelovani faqtori gaxda “didi rvianis”
yovelwliuri Sexvedrebi ekonomikisa da sagareo politikis
umniSvnelovanes sakiTxebze.
suverenuli nacionaluri saxelmwifoebis garda, saerTaSoriso
urTierTobebis aqtiur subieqtebs warmoadgenen transnacionaluri
struqturebi, sxvadasxva organizaciebi, gaerTianebebi, institutebis saxiT,
romlebic gavlenas axdenen saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis ganviTarebis
tendenciebze da xasiaTze. xSirad gadawyvetilebebi, romlebic miiReba
transnacionaluri korporaciebis StabebSi, aisaxeba calkeuli qveynis
moqalaqeTa cxovrebaze.
158
yvela es organizacia, gaerTianeba Tu korporacia xels uwyobs
saxelmwifoTa qcevis kanonebis gamomuSavebas da maT ganmtkicebas
msoflio Tanamegobrobis CarCoSi. isini gansazRvraven TanamSromlobis
principebs da konfliqtebis gadaWris xerxebs, omis Tavidan acilebis
saSualebebs, globaluri ekonomikuri zrdis uzrunvelyofis meTodebs da
sxva.
centridanuli tendenciebi da regionalizaciisa da globalizaciis
procesebi aisaxeba rogorc calke aRebuli saxelmwifoebis rolsa da
funqciebze, ise zogadad saerTaSoriso politikur sistemaze. cota xnis
win, politika (Sida da sagareo) ganixileboda rogorc mxolod
nacionaluri saxelmwifos funqcia. dRevandel dRes, saerTaSoriso
urTierTobebis sferoSi, calke aRebuli saxelmwifoebi TavianTi
nacionaluri interesebis realizaciis mizniT urTierTobebs amyarebdnen
erTmaneTTan. swored individualuri saxelmwifoebis erTobliobam Seqmna
msoflio Tanamegobroba. TiToeuli saxelmwifo (ganurCevlad imisa
moqmedebda is calke, Tu sxva saxelmwifoebTan koaliciaSi)
damoukideblad wyvetda sakuTari Tavdacvisa da usafrTxoebis sakiTxebs.
Ggansxvavebuli mdgomareoba yalibdeba dRevandel etapze, rodesac
mTeli msoflio xdeba erTiani kompleqsi, romlis nawilebic mWidrod
aris dakavSirebulni erTmaneTTan.
politikuri moRvaweebis da organizaciebis, mTavrobebisa da
saxelmwifoebis unari gaakontrolon movlenebi, miiRon gadawyvetilebebi
da moaxdinon maTi realizacia, yvelaferi es damokidebulia ara marto
maT SesaZleblobebze da prerogativebze sakuTari qveynis SigniT, rogorc
es iyo warsulSi, aramed maT unarze gaiTvaliswinon mdgomareoba gare
samyaroSi da gavlena moaxdinos masze.
aranaklebi mniSvneloba eniWeba am konteqstSi im faqts, rom
globalizaciis faqtori, miuxedavad misi mravalferovnebisa, xSirad ar
iZleva saSualebas gadaiWras problemebi tradiciuli oficialuri
meTodebiT (molaparakebebi, diplomatiuri kavSiris damyareba an gawyveta
da sxva), romlebic upiratesad gamoiyeneba oficialuri saxelmwifo
struqturebisa da instanciebis mier.
gadawyvetilebaTa miReba iseT sakiTxebze, rogoricaa fasebis mateba
an Semcireba navTobze, gazze, yavaze, rZeze da sxva, xdeba ara romelime
calkeuli saxelmwifos mier, aramed saerTaSoriso organizaciebis doneze
(OPEC, EU da sxv.).
sakiTxebi, romelic adre wydeboda mxolod Sida politikur doneze,
sul ufro iZenen saerTaSoriso-politikur xasiaTs. adgili aqvs saSinao
da sagareo politikis uprecendento Serwymas da es SeiniSneba
sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis yvela mniSvnelovan sferoSi. problema
yuradRebas imiT ipyrobs, rom Sidapolitikuri sakiTxebi Seicaven utyuar
saerTaSoriso komponents. Sedegad vRebulobT imas, rom sayovelTaod
miRebuli normebi, Cvevebi da praqtika politikuri mmarTvelobisa,
arasakmarisia imisaTvis, rom mTavrobebma TviTon SeZlon TavianTi
problemebis gadawyveta.
arsebobs aseTi mosazrebac, TiTqos saxelmwifo, romelic
tradiciulad warmoadgens mTavar an kidev erTaderT subieqts
saerTaSoriso politikaSi, dRes aRar warmoadgens sakmaris politikur-
ekonomikur warmonaqmns, is ubralod fragmentia, nawili ufro farTo
warmonaqmnisa, romelsac msoflio politikuri da ekonomikuri sistema
ewodeba.
159
yvela es procesi gvaZlevs safuZvels vilaparakoT, “msoflio
politikis or msoflioze”: pirveli, romelic Sedgeba suverenuli
nacionaluri saxelmwifoebisagan da meore, romelic Sedgeba
arasamTavrobo organizaciebis, gaerTianebebisa da korporaciebisagan da
sxva.
internacionalizaciis gaZlierebis, qveynebisa da xalxebis
urTierdamokidebulebis sapirispiro mxares warmoadgens maT Soris
konkurenciis gaZliereba. ekonomikur globalizaciaze saxelmwifoebi
reagirebdnen saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis gafarToebiT. magram ironia
mdgomareobs imaSi, rom es TanamSromloba efuZvneba im saxelmwifos mier
mkacri kontrolis SenarCunebis principebs, romlis teritoriazec
moqmedeben es firmebi. sxva SemTxvevaSi, saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebebis
safuZvelze firmebs ar aZleven saSualebas imoqmedon maTi nacionaluri
sazRvrebis gareT. es gansakuTrebiT SeimCneva sabanko sistemaSi, sadac
globalizaciam miaRwia uprecendentod maRal dones.
erT-erT yvelaze Znelad gadasaWrel problemad saerTaSoriso

politikaSi iTvleba Zalis gamoyenebis sakiTxi (gamoyenebis marTebuloba
da kanoniereba konfliqtebis mogvarebis dros calkeul regionebsa Tu
qveynebSi). amasTan dakavSirebiT Cndeba tendencia gaerTianebuli erebis
organizaciis me-2(7) debulebisa, romelic krZalavs saxelmwifoebis Sida
politikaSi Carevas, garda im SemTxvevebisa, Tu am qveynis SigniT mimdinare
procesi(ebi) safrTxes uqmnis saerTaSoriso mSvidobasa da usafrTxoebas.
aseve ganixileba ama Tu im saxelmwifos Sida saqmeebSi Carevis
kriteriumebis gadaxedvis mcdeloba saerTaSoriso mSvidobisa da
usafrTxoebis mizniT. gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas iZens “Carevis ufleba”,
romlis mixedviTac erT saxelmwifos (an saxelmwifoTa jfufs) aqvs
ufleba Caerios sxva saxelmwifoTa Sida saqmeebSi, Tu iq irRveva sakuTari
mosaxleobis uflebebi an Tu xelisufleba aris uZluri SeaCeros
dawyebuli samoqalaqo omi da a.S. mag. evropis sabWo xelmZRvanelobs
principiT, romlis mixedviTac adamianis uflebebis dacva warmoadgens
mTeli msoflio Tanamegobrobis saqmes. magaliTad, euToSi Semaval
saxelmwifoTa deklaraciaSi - 1992w. helsinkSi saxelmwifoTa meTaurebis
mier aRiarebul iqna, rom pasuxismgebloba humanitarul sakiTxebze “ar
warmoadgens mxolod saxelmwifos Sida saqmes”. am konteqstSi yvelaze
Znelad gadasaWrel sakiTxs warmoadgens is faqti -aqvs Tu ara
saerTaSoriso Tanamegobrobas sxva saxelmwifoTa Sida saqmeebSi Carevis
ufleba, maSin rodesac maT ar aqvT miRebuli am qveynis mTavrobisgan
Tanxmoba.
unda vaRiaroT, rom xSir SemTxvevaSi saerTaSoriso organizaciebi
warmoadgenen didi saxemwifoebis interesTa ganxorcielebis saSualebas.
igive SeiZleba iTqvas gaerozec. mag. uSiSroebis sabWos 5 mudmiv
wevrs(a.S.S., didi britaneTi, ruseTi, safrangeTi da CineTi) SeuZlia veto
daados sabWos nebismier gadawyvetilebas da amasTan erTpirovnulad
dablokos saerTaSoriso Tanamegobrobis umravlesobis neba. saerTo jamSi,
SeimCneva gaeros erTgvari krizisi.
amavdroulad, unda vaRiaroT isic, rom gaerom daaCqara axali
damoukidebeli qveynebis Sesvla saerTaSoriso TanamegobrobaSi da misca
maT SesaZlebloba dauflebodnen saerTaSoriso cxovrebis wesebs, mieRoT
diplomatiisa da molaparakebaTa warmarTvis gamocdileba. gaero aseve
warmoadgens ukiduresad CamorCenili saxelmwifoebis (romelTac ar aqvT
warmomadgenlobebi sxva qveynebSi) saerTaSoriso tribunas, sadac maT
160
eZlevaT saSualeba imisa, rom TavianT problemebze mimarTon mTel
saerTaSoriso sazogadoebas.
unda gaviTvaliswinoT isic, Tu ramdenad SeuZliaT did politikur
moTamaSeebs geopolitikuri cvlilebebis fonze erTdrouli moqmedeba
garkveul sakiTxebTan mimarTebaSi. bolo dros ganviTarebuli movlenebi
gviCveneben, rom did saxelmwifoebs ar SeswevT unari mividnen erTsa da
imave gadawyvetilebamde xangrZlivi drois ganmavlobaSi, rac
dakavSirebulia mSvidobis damyarebasTan msoflioSi. es miuTiTebs imaze,
rom axali msoflio wesrigi ar aris stabiluri.
Tavi VIII
Mmsoflios wamyvani saxelmwifoebisa da organizaciebis
geopolitikuri interesebiM
evrokavSiri
evrointegraciis istoria
161
didi dro gavida, sanam erTiani evropa – filosofosebis da
meocnebeebis ideali – politikur koncefciad Camoyalibdeboda da
evrokavSiris wevri saxelmwifoebis Soreul, magram realur miznad
iqceoda.
evropuli gaerTianebis ideam wina saukuneebis ganmalobaSi
sxvadasxva etapi ganvlo. gaerTianebis cneba sxvadasxva droSi da
sxvadasxva pirovnebebis mier sxvadasxvagvarad iyo gagebuli.
me-19 saukunis dasawyisisTvis ufro aqtiurad alaparakda evropis
sazogadoeba evropis gaerTianebis Sesaxeb. aqamde Tu evropis gaerTianebis
mcdeloba ZiriTadad gamomdinareobda mxedarTmTavrTa da saxelmwifos
mmarTvelTa eqspansiuri politikis ganxorcielebiT, me-19 saukunidan ki
amis Sesaxeb ukve gaismoda sxvadasxva konferenciebsa da politikur Tu
elitarul wreebSi:
“kacobrioba es aris samSobloebis erToblioba” – juzepe mazini
128
(1830) ;
frangi grafi anri de sen simoni Tvlida, rom safrangeTsa da ingliss
SeeZloT ZiriTadi rolis TamaSi evropis Semdgomi bedis gadasawyvetad.
”DdRes, rodesac safrangeTs SeuZlia SeuerTdes ingliss, raTa gaxdes
liberalur principTa dasayrdeni, mxolod maTi Zalis gaerTianeba da
amoqmedebaRaa saWiro, raTa evropam TviTorganizeba daiwyos”, “ dadgeba
dro, roca evropis yvela xalxi mixvdeba, rom erovnul interesebze maRla
saerTo interesebi unda daayenos. kacobriobis oqros xana ganvlili etapi
ar aris, is jer kidev win aris, momavalSi”.129
1849 wlis agvistoSi parizSi gamarTul mSvidobis kongresze viqtor
hiugom ganacxada: “dadgeba dRe, roca qvemexTa gruxunsa da Wurvebs
Secvlis arCevnebi, sayovelTao saxalxo kenWisyra, umaRlesi xelisuflebis
senati samediatoro sasamarTloTi, romelsac evropaSi iseTive funqcia
eqneba, rogorc parlaments – inglisSi.” man yvelas mouwoda “evropis
SeerTebuli Statebis “ Seqmnisaken, romelic megobrobis xels gauwvdis
aSS-s.
viqtor Hhiugo Tavis sityvas Semdegi formuliT asrulebda: “evropuli
kavSiris SeqmnisaTvis sulac ar aris saWiro 400 weli, vinaidan da
radganac Cven vcxovrobT iseT giJurad swraf droSi, iseT boboqar ideaTa
da movlenaTa epoqaSi, rogoric manamde kacobriobas ar moswrebia”.130
ernest renanma sorbonas universitetSi Catarebul leqciaze,
saxelwodebiT “ra aris eri?” ganacxada: “eri ar aris mudmivi, igi
SeiZleba daibados da erT mSvenier dRes SeiZleba gadaSendes kidec, ase
rom erebis erTianoba evropulma konfederaciam unda Secvalos”131;
yvela am koncefciis mTavari xelis SemSleli suverenitetis
SezRudvis SiSi iyo evropis saxelmwifoebisTvis. pirveli msoflio omis
Semdeg evropuli gaerTianebis winaSe mdgari problematika mTlianad
Seicvala. evropa erTob daasusta mis SigniT dawyebulma I msoflio omma,
xolo samSvidobo xewlSekrulebaTa xelmoweris Semdeg igi politikurad
kidev ufro danawevrda. ramdenime saxelmwifos mier erovnuli
128
Giuseppe Mazzini, "Europe: Its Condition and Prospects," Essays: Selected from the Writings, Literary, Political and
Religious of Joseph Mazzini, ed. William Clark (London: Walter Scott, 1880)
129
Claude-Henri Saint-Simon,On the Reorganisation of European Society (1814).
130
Victor Hugo,Opening Address to the Peace Congress (Paris, August 21, 1849)
131
Ernest Renan, “What is a nation?”( Sorbonne Lecture, March 11, 1882)
162
damoukideblobis miRweva da gaerTianebebis Seqmna (Cexoslovakia,
iugoslavia, poloneTi, litva, Llatvia, estoneTi, fineTi) SesaZlebeli
gaxda pirveli msoflio omSi germaniis damarcxebiT, avstria-ungreTis
dayofiT da amave periodSi carizmis ruseTis dangreviT. evropis ruqa
kardinalurad Seicvala axali saxelmwifoebis da maT Soris axali
sazRvrebis warmoSobiT. evropis gamaerTianebeli raime organizacia uTuod
waadgeboda daqucmacebul evropas. A
1919 wels Seiqmna “EerTa liga”, romelic mowodebiT msoflio
universaluri organizacia iyo, Tumca ZiriTadad evropaze iyo
orientirebuli, igi ZiriTadad imarTeboda didi britaneTisa da
safrangeTis mier. Ees organizacia araefeqturi aRmoCnda da sabolood
arseboba 1946wels Sewyvita.
evropis gaerTianebis istoriaSi aseve mniSvnelovani iyo panevropuli
moZraoba. 1923wels grafi riCard de kudenov-kalerJis mier gamoqveynebuli
wigni “panevropa” iyo am moZraobis safuZveli. kudenov-kalerJi Tavis wignSi
amtkicebda, rom evropis SekavSireba aucilebeli iyo rusuli bolSevizmis
Semosevisa da amerikuli ekonomikis batonobis Tavidan asacileblad, raTa
evropas SeenarCunebina msoflio lideris roli. 132
kudenov-kalerJim Seqmna frangul-germanuli, panevropuli ekonomikuri
sabWo, romelic xels uwyobda yovelgvar ekonomikur wamowyebas am or
qveyanas Soris, rac sabolood gaTvlili iyo imaze, rom Tavidan
aecilebinaT axali konfliqti. arsebobda am qveynebis daaxloebis meore
meTodic, rac TviT mwarmoeblebs Soris garigebebs gulisxmobda. es
kavSiri gansakuTrebiT kargad ganviTarda safrangeTi – Ggermania - belgia
-luqsemburgs Soris (qvanaxSirisa da foladis sabadoebis TanamSromlobis
pirveli nabijebi), magram 1929 wlis ekonomikurma krizisma Seaferxa igi,
saboloo wertili ki germaniis xelisuflebaSi mosulma Hhitlerma dausva.
panevropuli moZraobis monawileTaA bolo mcdeloba gaeerTianebinaT
evropa iyo 1929 wlis erTa ligis saSemodgomo sxdomaze 1927 wlidan
panevropis sapatio prezidentis aristid brianis gamosvla. man wamoayena
evropis gaerTianebis axali winadadeba. axleburad gaazrebuli
federaluri gaerTianeba, romlis farglebSic qveynebs Tavisuflad
SeeZlebodaT daemyarebinaT kontaqti erTmaneTTan politikur, ekonomikur,
socialur da kulturul sferoebSi, ise rom am gaerTianebiT ar
dazaralebuliyo qveynis suvereniteti. igi ambobda: “vfiqrob, im xalxs
Soris, romlebic evropaSi geografiulad ase mWidrod arian
dajgufebulni, unda arsebobdes raime federaluri kavSiri. maT unda
hqondeT saSualeba nebismier momentSi SeZlon erTmaneTTan dakavSireba,
saerTo interesebze msjeloba, saerTo gadawyvetilebebis miReba, raTa
damyardes maT Soris iseTi solidarobis ganwyoba, rom SeZlon erTad
gaumklavdnen mTel rig rTul garemoebebs, romlebic SeiZleba am kavSirs
garedan daemuqros.” aqcenti keTdeboda iseT federalur kavSirze, romelic
pirvel rigSi ekonomikur TanamSromlobas wamowevda win.133 aristid brianis
am wamowyebam kraxi ganicada,radgan realurad arc erTi qveyana ar iyo
mzad daeTmo Tavisi suverenitetis patara nawilic ki da evropis
132
Count Richard Nicolas Coudenhove-Kalergi, "Paneurope", 1923
133
Aristide Briand, speech on concept of a European Union, General Assembly of the League of Nations on 5
September 1929,
163
organizebis sakiTxi maT naklebad aRelvebdaT. EerTaderTi, vinc mas mxari
dauWira iyo eduard Hherioti, safrangeTis yofili sagareo saqmeTa
ministri. TviT uinston CerCilic ki, romelmac SemdgomSi aqtiuri roli
Seasrula evropis gaerTianebaSi, Tavdapirvelad erTob mkacr gancxadebebs
akeTebda. igi ambobda: “Cven gviyvars evropa, Cven gvixaria misi warmatebebi,
Cven viqnebiT evropasTan erTad, magram ara mis SigniT”.
meoce saukunis pirvel naxevarSi evropis kontinenti warmoadgenda
konfliqtebis Teatrs, romelmac Sedegad milionobiT adamianis sikvdili
da ngreva moitana. saukuneebis manZilze evropam mravali sisxlismRvreli
omi gadaitana. marto safrangeTma da germaniam samjer iomes 1870wlidan
1945wlamde. evropeli liderebi mividnen im daskvnamde, rom qveynebs Soris
mSvidobis uzrunvelyofa mxolod ekonomikuri da politikuri integraciis
Sedegad aris SesaZlebeli. Camoyalibda axali evropis xedva, romelic
daamarcxebda antagonistur nacionalizms. es moxda meore msoflio omis
dros totalitarizmTan brZolisa da saprotesto moZraobebis Sedegad.
meore msoflio omis dasasruls evropis dangreuli ekonomikis
aRdgenis mizniT, AaSS-s mxridan mniSvnelovani daxmareba iqna gaweuli. omis
dasrulebis Semdgom sabWoTaA kavSiri, rogorc faSizmis nomer pirveli
mowinaaRmdege evropaSi, erTgvari simpatiebiT sargeblobda, gansakuTrebiT
muSaTa da glexTaAklasis wreebSi. es keTilganwyoba saSiS fons qmnida
ideologiis TvalsazrisiT, saSiSroeba iyo ssrk-s gveleSapTan mebrZoli
gmiris saxes ideologiurad ar ganewyo dasavleT evropa da ar
gaewiTlebina igi. am mdgomareobis fonze aSS-s saxelmwifo departamentSi
modis axali mdivani, generali marSali, romelmac SeimuSava evropisadmi
finansuri daxmarebis gegma, rac Seadgenda 12,4 miliard dolars, romelic
16-ma das. evropis saxelmwifom gainawila. marSalis daxmarebis gegmaSi
sabWoTa kavSirsac SesTavazes monawileoba, romelmac uari Tqva am gegmaSi
monawileobaze da socialisturi blokis qveynebic aiZula uari eTqva
masze. aRniSnul gegmaSi sabWoTa kavSiris monawileoba miT ufro Znelad
iyo warmosadgeni, rom yvela qveyana, romelic gegmiT gaTvaliswinebul
daxmarebas miiRebda, unda gaerTianebuliyo saerTo evropul
organizaciaSi, romelic mowodebuli iyo daxmarebis ganawilebis
organizebis uzrunvelyofisaTvis. ase rom, marSalis gegmas udidesi
politikuri mniSvneloba hqonda, jer erTi mas unda exsna evropa rom igi
sabWoTa ideologiis banakSi ar gadaqanebuliyo da Tan safuZveli eyreboda
evropul ekonomikuri xasiaTis gaerTianebas, organizacias, romelmac 1948
wlidan daiwyo funqcionireba parizSi amerikelTa meTvalyureobiT, Tumca
igi mainc evropis pirmSod iTvleba.
evropis ekonomikuri TanamSromlobis organizaciam garda marSalis
gegmiT gaTvaliswinebuli daxmarebis ganawilebisa, mniSvnelovani roli
Seasrula evropuli saxelmwifoebis ekonomikuri politikebis daaxloebaSi,
evropis vaWrobisa da eqsportis ganviTarebaSi. ekonomikurma
TanamSromlobam ki biZgi misca diplomatiur da samxedro sferoSi
TanamSromlobis gaRrmavebas. evropuli TanamSromloba sam etapad da sami
mimarTulebiT warimarTa: upirvelesad ekonomikuri – marSalis gegmisa da
eeTos (evropis ekonomikuri TanamSromlobis organizacia), Semdeg ki
diplomatiuri da samxedro - briuselisa (dasavleT evropis kavSiri 1948w.)
da atlantikuri paqtiT (nato 1949w.), bolos ki politikuri da
saparlamento – evropis sabWos SeqmniT.
meore msoflio omis Semdgom dasavleT evropaSi arsebobda evropis
samomavlo integraciis sami ZiriTadi midgoma: federaluri,
funqcionaluri da “nacionalisturi”.
164
 federalisturi damokidebulebis arsia – rom adgilobrivma,
regionulma, erovnulma da evropis xelisuflebam SeTanxmebiT
iTanamSromlon erTmaneTTan.
 funqcionaluri damokidebuleba upiratesobas aniWebs
suverenitetis TandaTanobiT gadasvlas calkeuli
saxelmwifoebisgan Tanamegobrobis xelSi.
 nacionalisturi midgoma ki mTavar aqcents, momaval erTian
evropaSi erovnuli saxelmwifoebis suverenitetis SesaZleblobis
farglebSi maqsimalur SenarCunebas iTvaliswinebda.134
dRes pirveli ori midgoma gaerTianda, im mosazrebis garSemo, rom

erovnuli da regionuli xelisufleba unda marTavdes damoukideblad,
Tumca amavdroulad unda eqvemdebarebodes demokratiuli evropis
institutebs. es ukanasknelebi pasuxismgebelni iqnebian im sakiTxebze,
sadac erTiani qmedeba ufro efeqturi iqneba, vidre individualuri
qveynebisa cal-calke. es sakiTxebia: erTiani bazari, fulad-sakredito
politika, ekonomikuri da socialuri TanamSromloba, sagareo da
uSiSroebis politika, dasaqmebis poliika, garemos dacva, sagareo da
Tavdacvis politika, Tavisufali da samarTliani arealis Seqmna (Sida
politika).135
am ideaTa avtorebi arian italieli federalisti altiero spineli da
Jan mone, adamiani romelmac uzrunvelyo Sumanis gegmis - evropis
qvanaxSiris mompovebeli da foladis mwarmoebeli qveynebis gaerTianebis
Seqmnis - ganxorcieleba.
1950 wels safrangeTis sagareo saqmeTa ministrma, robert Sumanma,
wamoayena dasavleT evropis qvanaxSirisa da foladis industriebis
integraciis winadadeba, ramac Sedegad gamoiRo 1952 wels evropis
qvanaxSirisa da foladis Tanamegobrobis (ECSC) Seqmna. Sumanis am
iniciativas safuZvlad daedo safrangeTis sagegmo organizaciis
Tavjdomaris Jan mones winadadeba. mones winadadeba, romelic safrangeTis
mTavrobam warmoadgina rogorc Sumanis gegma, mdgomareobda imaSi, rom
safrangeTisa da dasavleT germaniis qvanaxSirisa da foladis mrewveloba
moqceuliyo erTi uzenaesi mmarTvelobis qveS, romelic warmarTavda am
dargebis ganviTarebas. germaniis kanclerma konrad adenauerma myisve
gaiziara frangi kolegebis iniciativa da am movleniT safuZveli Caeyara
evropeli xalxebis urTierTaRiarebas Tanasworuflebianobis safuZvelze.
organizaciis pirveli Tavjdomare gaxda Jan mone.
amgvarad qfeg-s Sesaxeb xelSekrulebis xelmoweriT, ekonomikur –
socialuri progresisa da evropuli solidarobis sakiTxebSi Tavisi bedi
erTmaneTs daukavSires safrangeTma, germaniam, belgiam, italiam, holandiam
da luqsemburgma. mmarTvel organod Camoyalibda umaRlesi xelisufleba
(komisariati), romelic iqneboda mTavrobebisagan damoukidebeli organo da
imoqmedebda xelSekrulebiT gansazRvrul uflebamosilebaTa
gansaxorcieleblad. mogvianebiT, beneluqsis qveynebis moTxovniT Seiqmna
ministrTa specializirebuli sabWo, radgan isini SiSobdnen, rom did
134
evrokavSiris institutebi da politika, kaxa gogolaSvili, sergi kapanaZe
(Tbilisi, 2006w)
paskal fonteni, evropuli integraciis istoria
135
evrokavSiris institutebi da politika, kaxa gogolaSvili, sergi kapanaZe
(Tbilisi, 2006w)
165
saxelmwifoebs gadawyvetilebis miRebis monopolia ar egdoT xelT patara
saxelmwifoebis interesebis sazianod. qfeg-s Seqmnidan cota xnis Semdeg
mas kidev erTi mmarTveli organo emateba– saerTo kreba, romlis mizani
iyo demokratiuli kontrolis warmoeba umaRlesi xelisuflebis
saqmianobaze. radgan im droisaTvis Zneli warmosadgeni iyo masSi arCeviT
wevrTa Seyvana, amitom gadawyda erovnuli parlamentebidan deputatTa
gansazRvruli raodenobis delegireba. sul 79 wevri iyo, maTgan
safrangeTs, germaniasa da italias – Tvramet-Tvrameti wevri hyavda,
belgias da holandias – aTA-AaTi, luqsemburgs ki oTxi. bolos Seiqmna
sasamarTlo, romelic ganixilavs qfeg-s xelSekrulebis farglebSi
wamoWril davebs wevr saxelmwifoTaA Soris.
xuTi wlis vadaze gaTvlil xelSekrulebas qfeg-s Sesaxeb xeli
moewera parizSi 1951 wlis 18 aprils. metnaklebad mtkivneuli ratifikaciis
procesis dasrulebisTanave, 1952 wlis 12 agvistos umaRlesi xelisufleba
ganTavsda luqsemburgSi.
Semdgomi etapi evropis gaerTianebis gzaze iyo evropis ekonomikuri
kavSiri, evroatomi. 1957 wlis 25 marts romSi, kapitoliumze, eqvsi
damfuZnebeli qveynis mier xelmowerili iqna xelSekrulebebi, romelTa
safuZvelze daarsda evropis ekonomikuri gaerTianeba da evropis
TanamSromlobis organizacia atomuri energiis dargSi. evropis atomuri
Tanamegobrobis mizani iyo Seswavliliyo birTvuli energiis gamoyeneba.
ekonomikuri Tanamegobroba ki saqonlis, muSaxelis, momsaxurebis da
kapitalis Tavisufali mimoqcevis uzrunvelyofisTvis iqna Seqmnili.
gauqmda sabaJo gadasaxadebi warmoebul saqonelze da dafuZnda saerTo
sameurneo da sagareo vaWrobis politika. 1965 wels ki xeli moewera
Serwymis xelSekrulebas, romelic ZalaSi Sevida 1967 wels da romlis
Tanaxmadac moxda sami gaerTianebis - evropis qvanaxSirisa da foladis
gaerTianebis, evropis ekonomikuri gaerTianebisa da evroatomis
institutebis Serwyma. am xelSekrulebis Sedegad Seiqmna erTiani evropuli
komisia da evrokavSiris sabWo, rogorc am institutebis mmarTveli
organoebi. gamoikveTa erTiani biujeti am institutebisTvis. am
xelSekrulebis erT-erTi mTavari mniSvneloba ki imaSi mdgomareobs, rom
oficialurad damkvidrda termini evrogaerTianeba.
gasuli saukunis 70-80-ian wlebSi, evropulma Tanamegobrobam daiwyo
mniSvnelovani rolis TamaSi saerTaSoriso arenaze. 1986 wlis 17 da 28
Tebervals luqsemburgsa da haagaSi wevrma saxelmwifoebma xeli moaweres
erTian evropul aqts, romelic ZalaSi Sevida 1987 wlis 1 ivliss. erTiani
evropuli aqtiT romis xelSekrulebis mTavar mizans wevrma
saxelmwifoebma daumates mTeli rigi specifiuri miznebisa, romlebic
exeboda sasazRvro procedurebis gareSe saerTo bazris Camoyalibebas da
iqve SeimuSaves Sesabamisi ganrigi. maT ganaaxles gadawyvetilebis miRebis
procesi, anu gaafarToes gadawyvetilebis miRebis masStabi
136
kvalificirebuli umravlesobis saSualebiT.
rodesac evropis institutebs saboloo Sesworeba SehqondaT Sida
bazarTan dakavSirebul kanonmdeblobaSi da rodesac isini afarToebdnen
evropis Tanamegobrobis ekonomikur da socialur ganzomilebebs, istoriam
kvlav Seaxsena maT Tavisi arsebobis mniSvneloba, kerZod is, rom evropa
aris didi Zala, romelic cdis evropelebs – rogor miiReben isini da
Seewyobian cvlilebebis procesSi myof msoflios. am situacias
Seefereboda Jan mones ukanaskneli Segoneba: “Cven ver gavCerdebiT, roca
136
paskal fonteni, evropis gaerTianebis axali idea
166
mTeli msoflio Cvens garSemo moZraobis procesSia. sakmaod gasagebad
gamovTqvi Cemi mosazreba imis Taobaze, rom Cvens mier dafuZnebuli
Tanamegobroba ar warmoadgens saboloo variants. es cvlilebebis
procesia, rolmelic agrZelebs im process, istoriis ufro adreul
periodSi cxovrebis Cveni erovnuli formebi rom Seqmna. iseve, rogorc
warsulSi Cvenma provinciebma, dRes Cvenma erebmac unda iswavlon erTad
cxovreba saerTo wesebis gaTvaliswinebiT. warsulSi suverenul erebs aRar
ZaluZT dRevandeli problemebis gadaWra, maT ar SeuZliaT sakuTari
winsvlis uzrunvelyofa anda sakuTari momavlis gakontroleba.
Tanamegobroba ki mxolod safexuria momavlis organizebuli msofliosken
mimaval gzaze”.137
1990 wlis 3 oqtombers, berlinis kedlis dacemas mohyva germaniis
gaerTianeba da centraluri da aRmosavleT evropis qveynebSi
demokratiuli procesebis ganviTareba, ganTavisufleba sabWoTa kavSiris
uRlisagan, xolo sabWoTa kavSiris daSlam 1991 wlis dekemberSi evropis
kontinentis politikur struqturas kidev ufro didi cvlilebebi moutana.
am cvlilebebis fonze wevrma qveynebma miznad daisaxes gaeZlierebinaT
kavSiri da moilaparakes axali xelSekrulebis Sesaxeb, romlis mTavar
sakiTxebze SeTanxmeba 1991 wlis 9-10 dekembers maastrixtis evropis sabWos
sxdomaze moxda. evrokavSiris xelSekruleba, romelic ZalaSi Sevida 1993
wlis 1 noembers, ayalibebda wevri qveynebisaTvis ambiciur programas:
monetaruli erTianoba 1999 wlisaTvis, axali saerTo politikis
Camoyalibeba, evropis moqalaqeobis dadgena, saerTo sagareo da uSiSroebis
politikis SemuSaveba da Sida usafrTxoeba.
maastrixtis xelSekrulebis Sesworebulma muxlma wevr qveynebs
ukarnaxa molaparakebis gamarTva axal xelSekrulebasTan dakavSirebiT,
romelsac xeli 1997 wlis 2 oqtombers moewera amsterdamSi da ZalaSi
Sevida 1999 wlis maisSi. am xelSekrulebiT, adaptirebul da gaZlierebul
iqna kavSiris politikuri kursi da Zalaufleba, gansakuTrebiT iuridiuli
TanamSromlobis, moqalaqeTa Tavisufali gadaadgilebis, sagareo saqmeebisa
da jandacvis sakiTxebSi. evroparlaments, rogorc gaerTianebis upirveles
demokratiul xmas mieca damatebiTi Zalaufleba, man ikisra axali
valdebulebebi da kanonmdeblobis SemuSavebaSi monawilis roli.
Aamsterdamis xelSekrulebis Semdeg, aseve mniSvnelovani xelSekruleba
iyo nicis SeTanxmeba. igi SeimuSaves 2000 wlis dekemberSi, xeli moaweres
2001 wlis 26 Tebervals da ZalaSi Sevida 2003 wlis 1 Tebervals. am
SeTanxmebis ZiriTadi mizani iyo gafarToebis axali talRisaTvis
instituciuri safuZvlis momzadeba. nicis samitis erT-erTi Sedegi iyo
fundamentur uflebaTa qartiis erTsulovnad miReba. Qqartiisa, romelic
Sedgeboda 50 punqtisagan da exeboda evropis samarTalSi adamianis
Tavisuflebas, ekonomikur da socialur uflebebs.
ukanaskneli ramodenime wlis ganmavlobaSi evrokavSiris istoriaSi
SeiniSneboda evropuli xelSekrulebebis regularuli cvlileba.
TiToeuli cvlileba mzaddeboda mTavrobaTaSoris konferenciebze,
romlebzec ramdenime TveSi erTxel ikribebodnen wevri saxelmwifoebis
mTavrobaTa warmomadgenlebi.138 rodesac 2000 wlis dekemberSi nicaSi
Sekrebilma 15 wevri qveynis saxelmwifos da mTavrobis meTaurebma miaRwies
137
Jan mone, memuarebi
138
evropis konstitucia – axsna ganmartebebi moqalaqeebisaTvis. evropuli Tanamegobrobebi,
luqsemburgi, evropul TanamegobrobaTa oficialuri gamocemebis samsaxuri, 2004;
167
SeTanxmebas xelSekrulebaTa gadasinjvasTan dakavSirebiT, maT
gaacnobieres instituciuri reformis gatarebis aucilebloba. nicaSi
Sexvedridan erTi wlis Semdeg evropuli sabWo Seikriba lakenSi da 2001
wlis 15 dekembers miiRo deklaracia evrokavSiris momavlis Sesaxeb.
saxelmwifos da mTavrobis meTaurebma gadawyvites, moewviaT “evropuli
konventi”, rac miznad isaxavda arsebuli evropuli xelSekrulebebis
Sesasworeblad dokumentis momzadebas. evropuli konventi valeri Jiskar
destenis TavjdomareobiT 2002wlis 28 Tebervals Seudga muSaobas. 16 Tvis
intensiuri muSaobis Semdeg evropulma konventma 2003 wlis ivnis – ivlisSi
konsensusis safuZvelze daamtkica evropis konstituciis damaarsebeli
xelSekrulebis proeqti. xelSekrulebis proeqti waredgina
mTavrobaTaSoriso konferencias. 2004 wlis 18 ivniss saxelmwifoebisa da
mTavrobebis meTaurebma miaRwies SeTanxmebas da 2004 wlis 29 oqtombers,
romSi 25 wevri saxelmwifos da mTavrobis meTaurebma xeli moaweres
evropis konstitucias.139
Kkonstituciis maSindeli proeqti oTx nawilad iyofoda: konstituciis
pirveli nawili moicavda im miznebs da faseulebebs, romelzec igi iyo
dafuZnebuli, igi iZleoda evrokavSiris Sesaxeb ganmartebas da aRwerda
urTierTobebs mis wevr qveynebTan, gadawyvetilebis miRebis procedurebs,
evrokavSiris institutebs da maT saqmianobas, evrokavSiris simboloebs,
moqalaqeobis sakiTxebs, demokratiul faseulobebsa da finansebs. Mmis
meore nawilSi mocemuli iyo “ZiriTad uflebaTa qartia”. Mmesame nawilSi
aRweril iqna evrokavSiris politika, saSinao da sagareo kursi da
kavSiris funqcionireba. meoTxe nawili moicavda zogad debulebebs, maT
Soris konstituciis miRebisa da gadasinjvis procedurebs.
konstituciis asamoqmedeblad yvela wevri saxelmwifos mier misi
ratificireba iyo saWiro. amisTvis evrokavSiris wevr saxelmwifoebs ori
weli miecaT. EevrokavSiris wevri qveynebis umravlesobam misi ratificireba
moaxdines, Tumca, 2005 wlis 29 maiss safrangeTsa da 1 ivniss
niderlandebSi referendumi uaryofiTi SedegebiT dasrulda. mogvianebiT,
ukve 2008 wels, irlandiis mosaxleobam ganacxada uari evrokavSiris
adaptirebuli konstituciis mxardaWeraze, ase rom, evrokavSiris pirveli
konstituciis bedi maSin gadawyda.140
Eevropis kavSiris Semdgomi reformirebis mizniT, 2007 wlis 13 dekembers
xeli moewera lisabonis xelSekrulebas.
Llisabonis SeTanxmeba (romelic Tavidan cnobili iyo rogorc SeTanxmeba
reformebis Sesaxeb), warmoadgens saerTaSoriso SeTanxmebas, romelsac
Seaqvs cvlileba or SeTanxmebaSi, romlebic Tavis TavSi gulisxmoben
evrokavSiris konstituciur safuZvlebs. xelSekruleba ZalaSi Sevida 2009
wlis 1 dekembers. Mman cvlilebebi Seitana evropis kavSiris Sesaxeb
SeTanxmebaSi (cnobili rogorc maastrixtis xelSekruleba) da aseve
SeTanxmeba evropuli Tanamegobrobis Seqmnis Sesaxeb (cnobili rogorc
romis xelSekruleba).
139
evropis konstitucia, romi 29.10.2004. evropuli Tanamegobrobebi, luqsemburgi, evropul
TanamegobrobaTa oficialuri gamocemebis samsaxuri, 2004;
140
evropis konstitucia – axsna ganmartebebi moqalaqeebisaTvis. evropuli
Tanamegobrobebi,luqsemburgi, evropul TanamegobrobaTa oficialuri gamocemebis
.
samsaxuri, 2004
evropis konstitucia, romi 29.10.2004. evropuli Tanamegobrobebi, luqsemburgi, evropul
TanamegobrobaTa oficialuri gamocemebis samsaxuri, 2004.
168
TvalsaCino cvlilebebi Tavis TavSi gulisxmobs xmaTa umravlesobiT
ministrTa sabWos politikis cvlilebas rig sferoebSi, aseve
evroparlamentis rolis gazrdas, aseve evropuli sabWos Tavmjdomarisa da
sagareo saqmeebisa da Tavdacvis politikis sakiTxebSi umaRlesi
warmomadgenlis institutis Seqmnas. aseve gaTvaliswinebul iqna rigi
cvlilebebi evroparlamentSic, rodesac evroparlamentarTa ricxvi
ganisazRvra 785-iT.
evrokavSiris gafarToeba
1969 wlis dekemberSi haagis konferenciis gamarTvis Semdeg

evrogaerTianebis saqmianoba axal fazaSi Sevida da organizaciis
ZiriTadi problema misi gafarToeba da axali wevrebis miReba gaxda.
Tavdapirveli gafarToeba or etapad ganxorcielda: jer didi britaneTi,
irlandia da dania (1973 wlis 1 ianvars), Semdeg xmelTaSuazRvispira
qveynebi: saberZneTi 1981 wlis 1 ianvars, espaneTi da portugalia 1986 wels
gaxdnen evrokavSiris sruluflebiani wevrebi.
pirveli gafarToeba, romelmac wevri qveynebis ricxvi eqvsidan cxramde
gazarda, iyo Sedegi rTuli molaparakebebisa, romlis drosac safrangeTma,
prezident de golis meTaurobiT orjer gamoiyena vetos ufleba didi
britaneTis kandidaturasTan dakavSirebiT (1961 wels da 1967 wels), radgan
es qveyana mas miaCnda aSS-s sayrdenad da misi direqtivebis usityvo
gamtareblad, Sesabamisad, aseTi didi britaneTi gaxdeboda evropis
“kaprizuli” wevri.
meore gafarToeba moxda samxreTis mimarTulebiT anu saberZneTi,
espaneTi da portugalia SeuerTdnen evrokavSirs. Ees moxda mas Semdeg, rac
am qveynebSi dasrulda diqtatura da isini demokratiul sistemaze
gadavidnen. pirveli iyo saberZneTi, igi 1961 wlis xelSekrulebiT evropis
partniori iyo, Tumca urTierTobebi gacivda 1967 wels qveyanaSi samxedro
xelisuflebis mosvlis Sedegad. 1974 wels samxedro reJimi dasrulda da
saberZneTi demokratiuli aRmSeneblobis gzas daadga. Kkonstantin
karamanlisis mTavrobam, romelsac TurqeTTan da aqedan gamomdinare aSS-
sTan seriozuli problemebi hqonda, evropas mimarTa dasayrdenisaTvis da
gawevrianebis oficialuri moTxovna 1975 wlis ivnisSi waradgina.
TurqeTmac ar daayovna msgavsi moTxovnis wardgena, radgan ar surda
saberZneTTan mimarTebaSi diskriminirebul mdgomareobaSi aRmoCeniliyo.
Tumca am ukanasknels uari uTxres arasakmarisi ekonomikuri ganviTarebis
donis motiviT. amas garda, arsebobda kunZul kviprosis problemac,
romlis CrdiloeT nawilic 1974 wlidan TurqeTs hqonda dapyrobili.
rac Seexeba portugalias, 1974 wlis e.w. mixakebis revoluciis Sedegad,
aq damyarda demokratiuli reJimi da arCevnebis gziT mosulma soaresis
mTavrobam 1977 wlis martSi moiTxova evrogaerTianebaSi gawevrianeba.
espaneTmac, frankos gardacvalebis Semdeg, 1977 wlis wlis ivnisSi igive
TxovniT mimarTa evropas. GgafarToebis pirveli precendentis Semdeg,
meore gawevrianebaze wevr saxelmwifoebs dadebiTi reaqcia hqondaT. garda
amisa, evrokavSiris mesveurebisaTvis saWiro iyo mxari daeWiraT axali
demokratiebisaTvis samxreT evropis qveynebSi, Tumca iyo garkveuli
winaaRmdegobebi. Eekonomikuri TvalsazrisiT evrokavSiris sxva wevrebTan
SedarebiT ganviTarebis dabali donis gamo, samxreT evropis qveynebs
komisiam SesTavaza gardamavali periodis reJimi: portugalias 5-dan - 10
wlamde, espaneTs ki 10 wlamde. portugaliis wevrobas Tan mohyva qveynis
169
SigniT mTeli rigi struqturebis reorganizacia da transformacia, rac
evropas Zviri ujdeboda. rac Seexeba espaneTs, misi teritoriuli sidide
mniSvnelovnad zrdida soflis meurneobis evropul sivrces da espaneTi
Rvinis, xilis da bostneulis warmoebaSi konkurencias uwevda
gansakuTrebiT safrangeTsa da italias. Ggermania da didi britaneTi
soflis meurneobisaTvis gaTvaliswinebuli dafinansebis gazrdas
ewinaaRmdegebodnen.
mogvianebiT, kerZod 1986 wels espaneTma da portugaliam maT mimarT
saerTo evropuli loialuri damokidebulebis Sedegad SeZles
gamxdariyvnen gaerTianebis sruluflebiani wevrebi.
1995 wlis 1 ianvars kidev sami qveyana SeuerTda evrokavSirs. avstriam
fineTma da SvedeTma gaafarToes kavSiri, daumates ra mas sakuTari
Taviseburebebi, axali sivrceebi centralur da CrdiloeT evropaSi.
2004 wlis 1 maisidan evrokavSirSi ukve 25 wevri qveyana Sedioda. axali
wevrebi iyvnen baltiispireTis respublikebi – estoneTi, Llatvia da litva,
aseve poloneTi, CexeTis respublika, slovakeTi, ungreTi, slovenia,
kvoprosi da malta.
2007 wlis 1 ianvars kavSirs SeuerTda bulgareTi da rumineTi. rac
Seexeba evrokavSiris Semdgom gafarToebas, rigSi dganan xorvatia,
makedonia da TurqeTi. xorvatiam ganacxadi Seitana 2003 wels da 2004
wlis dasawyisSi evrokomisiis rekomendaciiT gaxda oficialuri
kandidati. makedoniam ganacxadi Seitana 2004wlis 22 marts, 2005 wlis 9
noembers evrokomiasiam rekomendacia gauwia mis kandidaturas. rac Seexeba
TurqeTs - TurqeTma evropis ekonomikur kavSirSi gawevrianebis survili
1959 wlis ivlisSi gamoTqva. evropis ekonomikurma kavSirma TurqeTs
SesTavaza TanamSromlobis xelSekrulebis gaformeba im dromde, sanam
moxerxdeboda TurqeTis kavSirSi gawevrianeba. 1963 wlis seqtemberSi daido
ankaris SeTanxmeba. es SeTanxmeba iTvaliswinebda sabaJo xelSekrulebis
dadebas, romelic xels Seuwyobda TurqeTisa da evropis daaxloebas
ekonomikis da vaWrobis sferoebSi. 1987 wels TurqeTma ganacxadi gaakeTa
srul wevrobaze. evropis komisiam da evrokavSiris sabWom daadastures
TurqeTis kandidatura. 1999 wlis evrokavSiris helsinkis sabWoze TurqeTi
oficialurad cnes evrokavSirSi gasawevrianebel kandidat qveynad. 2002
wels daiwyo reformebis axali seria evrokavSiris standartebis
Sesabamisad. erT-erTi iyo sikvdiliT dasjis gauqmeba.
TurqeT-evrokavSiris urTierTobebSi Semdegi mniSvnelovani nabiji iyo
2002 wlis kopenhagenis evropis sabWo, romlis mixedviTac 2004 wlis
dekemberSi komisiis moxsenebebis da rekomendaciebis safuZvelze kidev
erTxel ganixileboda TurqeTis kandidatura, Tu ramdenad akmayofilebda
es ukanaskneli kopenhagenis politikur kriteriums. 2003 wlis maisSi,
evropis sabWom miiRo partniorobis ganaxlebuli dokumenti
gasawevrianeblad saWiro kriteriumebis misaRwevad. gansakuTrebuli
aqcenti dokumentSi politikur kriteriumebzea gakeTebuli. 2003 wlis
ivlisSi miRebul iqna erovnuli programa, romelic iTvaliswinebs
gatarebuli reformebis Sefasebas da axali prioritetebis dasaxvas.
2004 wlis 17 dekembers gadawyda gamarTuliyo damatebiTi molaparakebebi
TurqeTis gawevrianebis Taobaze da gansazRvruliyo is prioritetebi,
romelTa Sesrulebac TurqeTs sWirdeba evrokavSirSi gasawevrianeblad.
erT-erTi rekomendacia, romelic TurqeTs mieca aris is, rom TurqeTma
unda gansazRvros finansuri perspeqtiva 2014 wlidan. am rekomendaciam
garkveulwilad migvaniSna savarudo droze-TurqeTi evrokavSirs ver
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SeuerTdeba 2015 wlamde. evrokavSiris oficiozis nawili gawevrianebis
savaraudo wlad ganixilavs 2019 wels.
evrokavSiris sagareo da usafrTxoebis politika
evropis saerTo sagareo da usafrTxoebis politikis gatarebis

pirveli mcdelobebi, evropuli gaerTianebis Camoyalibebis procesis
dawyebamde SeiniSneboda. marSalis programis farglebSi gaweulma
daxmarebam ekonomikuri impulsebi misca evropas, magram male saWiro gaxda
amerikuli daxmareba samxedro sferoSi, rameTu “civi omi” TandaTan saSiS
saxes iRebda, komunisturi reJimi Tavis gavlenas TandaTan afarToebda
aRmosavleTiT. Aam periodSi beniluqsis qveynebi gamovidnen iniciativiT
Seqmniliyo regionaluri organizacia. swored es iniciativa daedo
safuZvlad 1948 wlis 17 marts briuselSi xuTi saxelmwifos mier
xelmoweril xelSekrulebas, romelic 50 wlis vadiT daido da romelic
dasavluri civilizaciis ZiriTadi Rirebulebebis - adamianis uflebaTa da
TavisuflebaTa, aseve demokratiuli principebis dacvas isaxavda miznad da
mowodebuli iyo evropis ekonomikuri aRmSeneblobisa da usafrTxoebis
uzrunvelsayofad. briuselis xelSekrulebis sistema gulisxmobda
koleqtiur Tanadgomasa da adekvatur pasuxs evropaSi SeiaraRebuli
agresiis SemTxvevaSi. xelSekrulebis Tanaxmad iqmneboda saTaTbiro sabWo,
romelic Seiswavlida yvela garemoebas, romelic savaraudod evropaSi
mSvidobasa da usafrTxoebas Seuqmnida safrTxes. maSin amgvari safrTxe
arsebobda jer germaniis, Semdeg sabWoTa kavSiris mxridan. briuselis
xelSekrulebis pirmSo organizacia gaxda dasavleT evropis kavSiri. es
iyo pirveli etapi TanamSromlobis gafarToebisa TiTqmis yvela sferoSi,
ZiriTadad ki doplomatiur da samxedro sferoSi. organizaciis Stabbina
ganTavsda qalaq fontenebloSi.
briuselis paqti amerikisTvis evropaSi samxedro TanamSromlobis
pirobebs qmnida. amerikis senatma 1948 wlis 11 ivniss kenWi uyara
vanderbergis rezolucias, romlis Tanaxmadac aSS-s ufleba eniWeboda
mSvidobianobis periodSi samxedro aliansebi gaeformebina evropis
kontinentis saxelmwifoebTan. farulad mimdinare molaparakebebma moitanes
1949 wlis 4 aprils vaSingtonSi xelmowerili paqti, romlis Tanaxmadac
Seiqmna Crdilo-atlantikuri aliansi. am aliansSi Sediodnen briuselis
paqtze xelmomweri 5-ve saxelmwifo, aseve aSS, kanada, norvegia, dania,
islandia, portugalia da italia. mniSvnelovania aRiniSnos, rom am
periodidan briuselis paqtiT Seqmnili dasavleT evropis kavSiri natos
CrdilSi moeqca, evropaSi yvelaferi natos saxeliT da misive egidiT
mimdinareobda.
amJamad dasavleT evropis kavSirSi Sedis 28 qveyana, romlebisTvisac igi
warmoadgens forums dialogisa da TanamSromlobisTvis usafrTxoebasTan
da TavdacvasTan dakavSirebul sakiTxebSi. kavSiris aTi qveyana amave dros
evrokavSiris wevri saxelmwifoa da xeli aqvs mowerili Crdilo
atlantikis xelSekrulebebze. evrokavSiris xuTi saxelmwifos (dania,
irlandia, avstria, fineTi da SvedeTi, es oTxi ukanaskneli ar Sedis nato-
Si) gaaCniaT damkvirveblis statusi.141
nato-s evropuli wevrebi, romlebic ar miekuTvnebian evrokavSirs da
romlebmac xeli moaweres evropul SeTanxmebebs evrokavSirTan,
141
http://www.weu.int
171
warmoadgenen dasavleT evropis kavSiris wevrebs, rogorc asocirebuli
partniorebi.
evropuli saxelmwifoebis Semdegi mcdeloba SeeqmnaT samxedro-
politikuri erToba iyo 1950 wels safrangeTis premier ministris -
plevenis mier warmodgenili gegma e.w. plevenis gegma, romelic
iTvaliswinebda evropuli armiis Seqmnas gaerTianebuli sardlobis qveS.
gegmis mixedviT armiaSi warmodgenili unda yofiliyo evropis sxvadasxva
qveynis batalionebi. evropuli armia evropis Tavdacvis ministris
meTaurobiTa da saerTo biujetiT, Crdilo atlantikuri aliansis uzenaesi
mmarTvelobis qveS unda daarsebuliyo. es gegma gaxda evropis qvanaxSirisa
da foladis gaerTianebis farglebSi molaparakebisa da ganxilvis sagani.
evropis am gaerTianebis Seqmnas Tan sdevda politikuri proeqtic, romelic
iTvaliswinebda federaciis an konfederaciis Seqmnas. plevenis gegma
iTvaliswinebda germaniis xelaxla SeiaraRebas, rasac aSS aqtiurad
uWerda mxars, radgan masSi potenciur partniors xedavda. swored
germaniis SeiaraRebis sakiTxi gaxda sadao da ufro metic damRupveli
plevenis gegmisTvis. aseve am gegmis uaryofis mizezi iyo is, rom evropis
qveynebs ar surdaT sakuTari armiis saerTaSoriso daqvemdebarebaSi yofna.
Tavdacvis gaerTianebis Seqmna ver moxerxda safrangeTis erovnuli
asableis mier 1954 wlis 30 agvistos am proeqtis uaryofis gamo.142
plevenis gegmis Semdeg iyo 1970 wels luqsemburgis samitze wardgenili
“d’avinionis moxseneba”, romlis safuZvelze sabWom gadawyvita moewyo
regularuli Sexvedrebi sagareo saqmeTa da politikuri direqtorebis
doneze evropis politikuri TanamSromlobis formatis farglebSi. am
Sexvedrebze ganixileboda sagareo politikis sakiTxebi, xolo
konsultaciebi unda gamarTuliyo weliwadSi orjer mainc. informaciis
intensiurma gacvlam, mudmivma Sexvedrebma da Zalisxmevam sababi misca wevr
saxelmwifoebs, rom evropis politikuri TanamSromlobis saqmianobisTvis
formaluri saxe miecaT. es formalizacia misi 1986 wlis erTian evropul
aqtSi SeyvaniT gamoixata, ris Sedegadac briuselSi Seiqmna samdivno.
realurad es iyo forumi, sadac wevr qveynebs SeeZloT konsultaciebi
gaewiaT sagareo politikis sakiTxebze, magram ar arsebobda meqanizmebi,
romlis meSveobiTac moxdeboda am poziciebis dakanoneba da
ganxorcieleba. mas Semdeg, rac iugoslavia eTnikuri omebis qarcecxlSi
gaexvia, naTlad gamoCnda evrogaerTianebis sisuste ara marto saerTo
sagareo politikis, aramed saerTo Tavdacvis politikis sferoSic. mas ar
SeeZlo sakuTar kontinentze mimdinare omebis Tavidan acileba da
problemis mosagvareblad aSS-s ixmobda.
civi omis dasrulebam da evropis kontinentze axali realobebis
warmoqmnam saerTo sagareo politikis saWiroebis sakiTxi ufro aqtualuri
gaxada. 1992 wlis maastrixtis xelSekrulebis garSemo mimdinare
molaparakebisas evrogaerTianebis qveynebi SeTanxmdnen, rom SeemuSavebinaT
sakuTari sagareo politikuri kursi. maastrixtis xelSekrulebaSi saerTo
sagareo da usafrTxoebis politikas daeTmo meore muxli, sadac
ganmartebulia, rom “saerTo sagareo da usafrTxoebis politika unda
moicavdes yvela im sakiTxs, romelic exeba kavSiris usafrTxoebas, maT
Soris saerTo Tavdacvis politikis CarCoebis SemuSavebas, ramac SeiZleba
droTa ganmavlobaSi migviyvanos saerTo Tavdacvamde”. evrokavSiris am
politikis warmodgenis ufleba mieniWa sabWos prezidiums, romelsac am
saqmeSi unda daxmareboda e.w. sameuli, romelSic Sevidodnen sabWos
142
The Leiden University, EU History, History of European Integration Site,The Pleven plan
172
mimdinare da momavali prezidentebi, rac uzrunvelyofda sagareo
politikis gaaqtiurebasa da mdgradobas. 90-ian wlebSi sameulma
modifikacia ganicada da mogvianebiT igi dakompleqtebul iqna mimdinare
prezidenti qveyniT, evrokomisiaSi sagareo politikis sakiTxebis
koordinatoriT da sagareo da usafrTxoebis politikis umaRlesi
warmomadgenlis institutiT. 1999 wlidan ssup-Tan dakavSirebiT
amsterdamis xelSekrulebaSi SemuSavebul iqna Semdegi cvlilebebi.
SemoRebuli iqna kidev erTi instrumenti – saerTo strategia. amsterdamis
xelSekrulebis Tanaxmad, sabWos aqvs ufleba gansazRvros konsensusiT,
saerTo strategia im sferoebSi, romlebic wevri qveynebis saerTo interess
warmoadgens. am xelSekrulebiT gaTvaliswinebuli meore mniSvnelovani
cvlileba exeba xmis micemis proceduras. gadawyvetileba erTxmad miiReba,
magram SemoRebulia e.w. “konstruqciuli TavSekaveba”, romlis mixedviTac
Tavis SekavebiT ar daiblokeba gadawyvetilebis miReba.
am xelSekrulebs monapovaria ssup-is umaRlesi warmomadgenlis postis
SemoReba, romelic daikava ministrTa sabWos generalurma mdivanma xavier
solanam. mis movaleobaSi Sedis ssup-is mimarTulebebis formulireba,
momzadeba da gadawyvetilebebis implementacia, aseve partnior qveynebTan
politikuri dialogis warmoeba. mas exmareba amsterdamis xelSekrulebis
safuZvelze Seqmnili politikis dagegmvisa da adreuli Setyobinebis
danayofi, romelic dakompleqtebulia Sesabamisi specialistebiT da mis
movaleobasi Sedis saerTaSoriso situaciis monitoringi da analizi,
aseve movlenebis drouli Sefaseba da adreuli gafrTxileba potenciuri
politikuri krizisebis da situaciebis Sesaxeb.
ssup-is kompetenciaSi Sedis e.w. petersbergis amocanebi, rac aqamde
dasavleT evropis kavSiris prerogativa iyo da moicavda samSvidobo,
samaSvelo da humanitarul operaciebs. aseve, amsterdamis xelSekrulebiT
gadawyda rom dasavleT evropis kavSiri TandaTanobiT unda Serwymoda
evrokavSirs.
saerTo sagareo politikis ganviTarebis saqme dausruleblad
CaiTvleba, manam mas zurgs ar gaumagrebs saerTo Tavdacva. saerTo
Tavdacvis politikis SemuSavebaSi didi wvlili Seitana ramdenime
movlenam, kerZod: sent malos Sexvedra (1998w) – rac warmoadgenda
araformalur Sexvedras safrangeTis prezident Jak Siraksa da britaneTis
premier ministr toni blers Soris., romlis Sedegadac gamoica sent malos
deklaracia, sadac naTqvamia rom droa evropam Sesaferisi roli
Seasrulos saerTaSoriso arenaze da “aamuSavos amsterdamis
xelSekrulebaSi Cadebuli debulebebi saerTo sagareo da usafrTxoebis
politikis sferoSi, saerTo Tavdacvis politikis CarCoebis ganviTarebis
CaTvliT. deklaracia xazs usvams natos Seucvlel rols evropis
Tavdacvis sferoSi da aRniSnavs, rom evropas unda hqondes moqmedebis
saSualeba iseT situaciebSi, sadac aliansi ar aris Cabmuli. evropas
sWirdeba Zlieri armia, konkurentunariani evropuli Tavdacvis industria
da teqnologia, raTa man upasuxos axal safrTxeebs. sent malos Semdeg
sagareo da usafrTxoebis politikis sferoSi gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovani
iyo evropuli sabWos mier miRebuli deklaraciebi. esenia:
 kiolnis evropuli sabWo (1999w ivnisi) – kiolnis evropuli sabWos
deklaraciam TiTqmis mTlianad miiRo sent malos Sexvedraze
miRebuli SeTanxmebebi da gansazRvra is samomavlo gegmebi, rac
saWiro iyo am ideis gansaxorcieleblad. kerZod, gadawyda
gadawyvetilebis miRebis infrastruqturis Seqmna da samxedro
saSualebebis – samxedro Stab-binis da samxedro Zalebis Seqmna.
173
 helsinkis evropuli sabWo (1999 w. dekemberi) - am Sexvedraze
dasaxelebuli iqna e.w. “mTavari amocana”, romlis mixedviTac 2003
wlisaTvis wevr qveynebs Tavi unda moeyaraT 50 000 – 60 000 -
kaciani swrafi reagirebis samxedro kontingentisaTvis, maTi
potenciur samxedro manevrebSi CarTva 60 dRis ganmavlobaSi da
maTi materialuri uzrunvelyofa sul mcire erTi wlis
ganmavlobaSi. mis movaleobaSi unda Sesuliyo petersbergis
amocanebis Sesruleba.
 santa maria de feiras evropuli sabWo (2000 w. ivnisi) – wevri
qveynebi am Sexvedraze evropis policiis ganviTarebaze
msjelobdnen. Ggadawyda, rom 2003 wlisTvis kavSiris
gankargulebaSi iqneboda 5000-mde policieli krizisuli
situaciebis dasaZlevad.
sent malos Sexvedram da Semdgomma evropulma sabWoebma safuZveli
Cauyares saerTo Tavdacvis politikas, rac formalurad Seyvanil iqna
evropis institutebSi nicis xelSekrulebis mier. nicis xelSekrulebiT
Seiqmna aseve – politikuri da usafrTxoebis komiteti, evrokavSiris
samxedro komiteti da evrokavSiris samxedro Stabi.
2007 wels xelmowerili lisabonis SeTanxmebis mixedviT, damtkicebul iqna
saerTaSoriso saqmeebisa da Tavdacvis politikis umaRlesi warmomadgenlis
instituti. ganisazRvra, rom evropuli sabWo, evrokomisiis
warmomadgenelTan SeTanxmebiT, kvalificiuri umravlesobiT niSnavs
saerTaSoriso saqmeebisa da Tavdacvis politikis umaRles warmomadgenels,
romelic Tavis mxriv ganaxorcielebs saerTo sagareo politikasa da
usafrTxoebis politikas, rac ganxorcielebul iqneba ukve miRweuli
SeTanxmebebis realizaciis gziT. umaRlesi warmomadgeneli aseve gaxlavT
komisiis vice-Tavmjdomares, romlis kompetenciis sferos miekuTvneba
evrokavSiris kavSirebi gare samyarosTan. F
sagareourTierTobebi:
evrokavSiriskursimsofliossxvadasxvaqveynebTanmimarTebaSi
CrdiloeTiamerika
aSS -evrokavSirisumTavresipartnioria.
maTimravalmxriviurTierTobebigansakuTrebiTmWidroarigsakiTxebSi,
dawyebulivaWrobiTadaekonomikurisakiTxebiTdadamTavrebulisagareopoliti
kiTadausafrTxoebiT.
maTiurTierTobamartoormxriviinteresissakiTxebiTarSemoifargleba –
isiniaqtiurmonawileobasRebulobensaerTaSorisoforumebSimagaliTadgaero
Si, vaWrobismsoflioorganizaciaSi, natosadamsoflios 8
udidesiqveynisSexvedrebSi,
gardaamisacdilobenmoawesrigonmdgomareobamsofliosiseTkrizisuladgileb
Si, rogoricarisbalkaneTidaaxloaRmosavleTi.
partniorobassafuZveliCaeyara 1990
welsgaformebulitransatlantikurideklaraciiT,
romeliciTvaliswinebsyovelwliuradorisamitisCatarebasorimxarismonawil
eobiT.
amdokumentSigaTvaliswinebuliamsoflioSimSvidobisadastabilurobisxelSe
wyoba, msofliomasStabisproblemebzegamoxmaureba,
wvlilisSetanamsofliovaWrobisgafarToebaSidaufromWidrokavSirebisdamya
174
rebapartniorebsSoris.Y 1998
welsdaarsebulmatransatlantikurmaekonomikurmapartniorobam,
romliskursiaormxaresSorisvaWrobaSiteqnikuribarierebismoSla,
urTierTobasaxaliaspeqtiSesZina,
iseverogorcmomdevnowelsmiRebulmabonisdeklaraciam,
romelicmimarTuliiyoekonomikur, politikurdausafrTxoebissakiTxebSi
“srulidaTanasworipartniorobis “ xelSewyobisken.
Oor mxares Soris urTierTobebSi didi wvlili Seitanes biznesis wreebma
atlantikis orive mxares “transatlantikuri biznes dialogis” meSveobiT.
paraleluri dialogebis saSualebiT, momxmareblebsa da garemos
problemebiT dainteresebul pirebsac SeuZliaT am procesSi TavTavianTi
wvlilis Setana. Ggarda amisa, arsebobs regularuli kontaqtebi
oficialur pirebs Soris, magaliTad aRsaniSnavia evropis parlamentisa da
amerikis SeerTebili StatebSi kongresis wevrebis Sexvedrebi.
mniSvnelovania sagangebo SeTanxmebebi vaWrobis maregulirebel
sferoebSi. “SeTanxmeba urTierTaRiarebis Sesaxeb”, romelic vrceldeba
saqonlis farTo speqtrze (dawyebuli satelekomunikacio mowyobilobiT,
damTavrebuli farmacevtuli warmoebiT), rac saSualebas aZlevs
evrokavSiris uwyebebs, Seafason Sesabamisoba aSS_s moTxovnebTan da
piriqiT. es ki, eqsportiorebs, mniSvnelovan drosa da saxsrebs uzogavs.
xeli ewyoba sabaJo uwyebaTa TanamSromlobas, sxva SeTanxmebebi ki miznad
isaxavs mecnierebisa da teqnologiis, agreTve cocxali cxovelebiT
atlantikis okeanis meore mxares vaWrobis xelSewyobas.
K
kanada - evrokavSirsa da kanadas Soris urTierTobas oficialuri saxe
1976 wels mieca - daido CarCo xelSekruleba “komerciuli da ekonomikuri
TanamSromlobis Sesaxeb”. kontaqtebi ufro gamyarda 1990 wels
evrokavSirisa da kanadis urTierTobis Sesaxeb transatlantikuri
deklaraciis, eqvsi wlis Semdeg ki evrokavSirisa da kanadis erToblivi
samoqmedo gegmis miRebiT. urTierTobis gaRrmavebis mniSvnelovani stimuli
iyo 1998 wels aRebuli valdebuleba, dawyebuliyo “evrokavSirsa da kanadas
Soris vaWrobasTan dakavSirebuli iniciativa”.
Mor mxares Soris partnioroba marto vaWrobiT ar Semoifargleba, 1999
wlis dekemberSi gakeTebulma erToblivma gancxadebam “CrdiloeTis
TanamSromlobis Sesaxeb” kidev erTxel daadastura evrokavSirisa da
kanadis survili iTanamSromlon sxvadasxva sakiTxebSi. MmaTgan
aRsaniSnavia, magaliTad mdgradi ganviTarebis xelSewyoba, agreTve
cecxlsasrol iaraRTan dakavSirebul sakiTxebSi – avtomaturi da mcire
kalibris cecxlsasroli iaraRiT ukanono vaWrobis winaaRmdeg
TanamSromloba.
2004 wlis samitze evrokavSirma da kanadam partniorobis gegma miiRes,
romelic gansazRvravs erToblivi moqmedebis gzebs.
iaponia - amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis Semdeg meore udidesi erovnuli

ekonomika, romelzec aziis mSp-is ori mesamedi da msoflio ekonomikis 14%
modis – evrokavSiris erT-erTi ZiriTadi savaWro partniori da mesame
udidesi bazaria. maT Soris konstruqciuli urTierToba emyareba or
partniors Soris TanamSromlobis maregulirebel 1991 wlis politikur
deklaracias. Ees urTierToba gamyarda 1995 wels, evropasa da iaponias
Soris urTierTobis Sesaxeb evrokavSiris strategiis damtkicebiT. maT
urTierTobis gasamtkiceblad mniSvnelovani iyo 2000 wlis tokios samitze
miRebuli gadawyvetileba samoqmedo programis SemuSavebis Sesaxeb, ramac
175
safuZveli Cauyara “iaponia - evropis TanamSromlobis dekadas” oTx
ZiriTad sferoSi: mSvidobisa da usafrTxoebis xelSewyobaSi, ekonomikuri
da savaWro partniorobis gaZlierebaSi, globaluri da sazogadoebrivi
problemebis gadawyvetaSi da xalxebisa da kulturebis daaxloebaSi.
CineTi - CineTi evrokavSiris mesame udidesi araevropuli savaWro

partnioria aSS-s da iaponiis Semdeg. evrokavSiri aqtiurad uWerda mxars
msoflio savaWro organizaciaSi CineTis gawevrianebas da am miznis
misaRwevad mWidrod TanamSromlobda aSS-sTan. 2003 wlidan evrokavSiri da
CineTi strategiuli partniorebi arian, maT aqvT saerTo interesebi
geopolitikis zogierT sakvanZo sakiTxebSi. Eevropisa da CineTis helsinkis
samitze daiwyo molaparakebebi axali partniorobisa da TanamSromlobis
SeTanxmebis Sesaxeb, romelic moicavs evrokavSirisa da CineTis
urTierTobebis mTel rig sakiTxebs, maT Soris TanamSromlobas politikis
sferoSi.
Aafrika - evrokavSiri afrikis qveynebis yvelaze didi donori

organizaciaa da yvelaze mniSvnelovani ekonomikuri da savaWro partniori.
evrokavSirsa da afrikas Soris urTierToba tradiciulad, or sxvadasxva
jgufze iyo koncetrirebuli: xmelTaSuazRvis auzis qveynebsa da lomes
konvenciis xelmomwer qveynebze. urTierToba ufro gafarTovda
portugaliis iniciativiT 2000 wlis aprilSi Catarebuli evrokavSirisa da
afrikis pirveli samitis Sedegad. Sexvedris mizani iyo afrikis
mniSvnelovani potencialis Taobaze saerTaSoriso codnis gaRrmaveba,
msoflio ekonomikaSi am kontinentis integraciis xelSewyoba da
strategiuli partniorobis damkvidreba mSvidobis, demokratiisa da
ganviTarebis xelSesawyobad. samitze miRebuli iqna samoqmedo gegma,
romlis mixedviTac yuradReba gamaxvildeba ufro intensiur regionalur
integraciaze da ucxouri investiciebis mosazidad ufro saimedo da
korufciisgan Tavisufali garemos Seqmnis saSualebebze, maT Soris Tavad
qveynebSi da qveynebs Soris konfliqtebis dasrulebis saSualebebze, rac
SesaZlebelia krizisuli situaciebis ukeTesi marTvisa da mSvidobis
SenarCunebis SesaZleblobaTa uzrunvelyofiT. Aaseve yuradReba daeTmo
jandacvisa da cxovrebis pirobebis gaumjobesebas - daavadebebTan
(gansakuTrebiT ki SidsTan) brZolis, aseve umuSevrobis Semcirebisa da
socialur gariyvasTan brZolis meSveobiT. Aaqcenti gakeTda myari
demokratiuli safuZvlebis aucileblobaze, romlebic daemyareba kanonis
uzenaesobas da adamianis uflebaTa pativiscemas. Aam sakiTxebis xelaxali
ganxilva moxda 2003 wels saberZneTSi.
2005 wlis dekemberSi evrokavSiris wevri qveynebis meTaurebma miiRes
axali strategia afrikis kontinentisTvis, evrokomisiis iniciativiT. 2006
wlis dekembridan evropuli sabWo ganixilavs strategiis implementaciis
progresulobas da Semdeg moxsenebas mis Sesaxeb warudgens wevr qveynebs.
damatebiTi strategiebia SemuSavebuli afrikis specifikuri
qveynebisaTvis da regionebisTvis, magaliTad evrokomisiis mier samxreT
afrikis respublikisadmi strategiuli partniorobis miReba.
evrokavSirisTvis samxreT afrikasTan urTierTobebis gaRrmaveba Zalzed
mniSvnelovania, radgan samxreT afrika regionis wamyvani Zalaa da misi
roli afrikis kontinentze da saerTaSoriso urTierTobebSi Zalzed didia.
samxreT afrika – 2000 wlis dasawyisSi evrokavSirsa da samxreT afrikas

Soris amoqmedda farTomasStabiani SeTanxmeba vaWrobis, ganviTarebisa da
176
TanamSromlobis Sesaxeb, romlis Taobaze molaparakebas
samweliwadnaxevari dasWirda. 2010-2015 wlebSi samxreT afrika sabaJo
gadasaxadidan gaaTavisuflebs evrokavSiris eqsportis 86%-s, xolo
evrokavSiri – samxreT afrikis eqsportis 95 %-s. aRniSnul SeTanxmebasTan
erTad daido agreTve SeTanxmebebi mecnierebisa da teqnologiebis, Rvinisa
da Tevzis rewvis Sesaxeb. Tumca vaWrobis, ganviTarebis da TanamSromlobis
Sesaxeb SeTanxmeba jer kidev aqtualuria, ramdenime sakiTxi mainc
saWiroebs gadaxedvas da ganaxlebas – gansakuTrebiT xelSekrulebis im
nawilSi, romelic vaWrobis liberalizacias exeba. Aam sakiTxze
mimdinareobs molaparakebebi.
evrokavSirisa da samxreT afrikis urTierTobebSi mniSvnelovani
faqtia 2006wlis 28 ivniss evrokomisiis mier SeTavazebuli strategiuli
partnioroba, romelic amave wlis 17 oqtombers iqna miRebuli. igi moicavs
mTel rig sakiTxebs dawyebuli politikiT, damTavrebuli vaWrobis,
ganviTarebis da TanamSromlobis sferoTi. maTi mizania, rom Ppolitikuri
aspeqti maT urTierTobaSi ufro Rrma politikuri dialogis da
erToblivi qmedebebis safuZveli gaxdes regionalur, kontinentur da
globalur doneze.
Ggarda amisa, evrokomisiisa da evrokavSiris 9 wevri qveynis mier
warmodgenilia axali qveynis strategia da saCvenebeli programa 2007 –
2013 wlebisaTvis. es programa fokusirebulia ekonomikuri zrdis
xelSewyobaze, samuSao adgilebis Seqmnaze, regionul integraciaze da
socialur da kulturul urTierTobebis ganviTarebaze.
samxreT afrikisaTvis yovelwliurad gamoiyofa daaxloebiT 125
milioni evros odenobis finansuri daxmareba. ganviTarebis daxmareba
finansdeba evrokomisiis biujetidan 1995 wlidan. Eevropis ganviTarebis
banksac gaaCnia xelSekruleba samxreT afrikasTan da gascems sesxebs
daaxloebiT 120 milion evros farglebSi weliwadis ganmavlobaSi.
ruseTi - ruseTTan urTierTobis mniSvneloba aSkara gaxda 1999 wels,

rodesac damtkicda zogadi strategia ruseTTan dakavSirebiT Semdgomi
oTxi wlisaTvis. Eeqvsi Tvis Semdeg amas moyva msgavsi zogadi strategiis
miReba ukrainisaTvis. Oorive aRniSnuli iniciativa scildeba
“partniorobisa da TanamSromlobis Sesaxeb xelSekrulebebs”, romlebic
evrokavSirs dadebuli aqvs yvela yofil sabWoTa respublikasTan. es
iniciativebi miznad isaxavs demokratiisa da kanonis uzenaesobis
damkvidrebas, saxelmwifo institutebis gaZlierebas da am qveynebisTvis
“saerTo evropul ekonomikur da socialur sivrceSi integrirebaSi
daxmarebis gawevas. Ees wamowyebebi iTvaliswinebs agreTve, ganiaraRebasa da
organizebuli danaSaulis winaaRmdeg brZolasTan dakavSirebul
TanamSromlobas. evrokavSiri akritikebs ruseTis mier adamianis uflebaTa
darRvevis nebismier gamovlinebas., risi magaliTicaa, ruseTis intervencia
CeCneTSi. aseve 2007 wlis 17-18 maiss, evrokavSiri – ruseTis samaras samitze
ruseTi gaakritikes demokratiis ganviTarebisTvis araxelsayreli
pirobebis SeqmnaSi.
ruseTi rogorc viciT energo resursebiT mdidari qveyanaa da
evrokavSiris qveynebis ZiriTadi importioria. igi bunebrivi airis yvelaze
didi eqsportioria, msoflio gazis rezervebis 20 % da navTobis 5%
ruseTze modis. evrokavSiris mier gazisa da navTobis Sesyidva ruseTis
ekonomikis zrdaze da mosaxleobis cxovrebis donis gaumjobesobaze
axdens gavlenas. ruseTis gazis eqsportis 65% da navTobis eqsportis 63%
evrokavSirze modis.
177
E”energetikis sferoSi, ruseTs iseve sWirdeba evrokavSiri, rogorc
evrokavSirs ruseTi. Eevropis qveynebis mier Sesyiduli energo resursebi
ruseTis ekonomikis aRorZinebis ZiriTadi faqtoria da am resursebis
stabiluri dena evrokavSiris qveynebSi ki evropis ekonomikis zrdis. erTi
sityviT, Cven erTmaneTs vaZlierebT” –ganacxada andris piebalgsim
(evrokomisari energetikis sferoSi).
evrokavSirisa da ruseTis urTierTobebSi mniSvnelovania peterburgis
2003 wlis maisis samiti, romelmac am or mxares Soris TanamSromlobis
mTeli rigi sakiTxebi moicva: “partniorobisa da TanamSromlobis Sesaxeb
xelSekrulebis” safuZvelze Seiqmna oTxi saerTo strategia – ekonomikis,
Tavisuflebis, usafrTxoebis, sagareo urTierTobebis, kvlevisa da
ganaTlebis sferoSi.
Oor mxares Soris TanamSromlobis gzaze erT-erT mTavar Semaferxebel
faqtors warmoadgenda ruseTis mier yofil sabWoTa respublikebSi, da
gansakuTrebiT saqarTveloSi separatizmis mxardaWera. Aamis Sesaxeb
evrokavSirma Tavisi Ria pozicia daafiqsira 2008 wlis ivlisSi gamarTul
evrokavSir-ruseTis samitze, romelic xanti-mansiiskSi gaimarTa.
rogorc cnobilia, evrokavSirma 2008 wlis 1 seqtembers gamarTuli
evropuli sabWos farglebSi mkacrad dagmo ruseTis qmedeba saqarTvelos
winaaRmdeg, garkveuli periodi or mxares Soris urTierToba Sewyvetilic
ki iyo.
Eevropis samezoblo politika
evrokavSiris istoriulma gafarToebam saSualeba misca saxelmwifoTa

am did gaerTianebas, gadaedga mniSvnelovani nabiji evropis kontinentze
usafrTxoebis da stabilurobis xelSewyobis saqmeSi. es gafarToeba imasac
niSnavda, rom Seicvala gare sazRvrebi, evrokavSirma ki SeiZina axali
mezoblebi. yovelive aman axali SesaZleblobebic warmoSva da axali
problemebic. swored am axleburi situaciis pasuxad SemuSavda evropis
samezoblo politika, romelic evropuli usafrTxoebis strategiis
miznebis misaRwevad mimarTul mcdelobebsac uwevs daxmarebas.
2003 wlis martSi, evrokomisiam waradgina Tavisi rekomendacia
“gafarToebuli evropa” – mezobloba: axali struqtura aRmosavleTiT da
samxreTiT mdebare mezoblebTan urTierTobisTvis”. sabWom moiwona
aRniSnuli rekomendacia da miiCnia igi karg safuZvlad partnior qveynebTan
axali politikis SesamuSaveblad, gansazRvra zogadi miznebi da principebi
da dasaxa SesaZlo stimulebi. evropuli sabWos Tesalonikis sxdomam 2003
wlis ivnisSi miiRo sabWos daskvnebi da mimarTa sabWos da komisias, raTa
maT erToblivad emuSavaT am politikis sxvadasxva elementis
gansaviTareblad. amave wlis ivlisSi evrokomisiam gnsaxilvelad waradgina
rekomendacia “axali samezoblo instrumentis SemoRebisTvis momzadeba”.
daarsda gafarToebuli evropis samuSao jgufi da gafarToebuli evropis
uwyebaTSorisi jgufi. oqtomberSi sabWom mimarTa komisias, rom saWiroebis
SemTxvevaSi, umaRlesi warmomadgenlis daxmarebiT ivnisSi miRebuli
daskvnebis WrilSi 2004 wlis dasawyisSi warmoedgina detaluri
winadadebebi saTanado samoqmedo gegmebTan dakavSirebiT, raTa es sakiTxi
2004 wlis ivnisisTvis yofiliyo mogvarebuli.
2003 wlis oqtombersa da 2004 wlis TebervalSi sabWos zepiri
angariSi waredgina am iniciativaSi CarTuli elementebis detaluri
analizis Sesaxeb. aseve, evrokomisiam Seswavlis mizniT Caatara winaswari
konsultaciebi partniorebTan, romlebTanac kavSirs xelmowerili aqvs
178
SeTanxmebebi partniorobisa da TanamSromlobis Sesaxeb. 143 aRniSnuli
molaparakebebis Sedegad dadasturda ramdenime yofili sabWoTa
respublikisa da xmelTaSuazRvispireTis qveynebis daintereseba evropis
samezoblo politikiT da gairkva maTi Sexedulebebi samoqmedo gegmaSi
gasaTvaliswinebel prioritetul sakiTxebTan dakavSirebiT. evrokomisiam
Seafasa am qveynebSi imJamad arsebuli satuacia maTi politikuri,
ekonomikuri sistemebisa da evrokavSirTan maTi TanamSromlobis
TvalsazrisiT, raTa ganesazRvra Semdgomi nabijebi evropis samezoblo
politikis ganviTarebaSi.
evropis samezoblo politikis mizania mezobeli qveynebisTvis
evrokavSiris 2004 wlis gafarToebiT motanili sargeblianobis gaziareba –
maTi stabilurobis, uSiSroebisa da keTildReobis gazrda. misi
daniSnulebaa, Tavidan aicilos gafarToebul evrokavSirsa da mis
mezoblebs Soris axali gamyofi zolebis warmoqmna da SesTavazos am
mezoblebs SesaZlebloba, politikis, uSiSroebis, ekonomikis, vaWrobis da
da kulturis sferoebSi TanamSromlobis gafarToebis meSveobiT
partniorma qveynebma monawileoba miiRon evrokavSiris cxovrebaSi.
SemoTavazebuli meTodi gulisxmobs partnior qveynebTan erTad iseTi
prioritetebis dasaxvas, romelTa Sesruleba daaxloebs maT evrokavSirTan.
am prioritetebisgan Sedgeba erToblivad SeTanxmebuli samoqmedo
gegmebi, romlebic Seexeba konkretuli saqmianobis rig ZiriTad sferoebs:
politikur dialogs da reformas; vaWrobas da im RonisZiebebs, romlebic
TandaTanobiT moamzadebs partnior qveynebs evrokavSiris Sida bazarze
adgilis mosapoveblad; marTlmsajulebas da Sinaur saqmeebs; energetikas,
transports, sainformacio sazogadoebas, garemos dacvas, kvlevas da
inovaciebs; socialur politikas da adamianebs Soris kontaqtebs.
mezoblebTan privilegirebuli urTierToba emyareba saerTo
faseulobebis mimarT yvela mxaris erTgulebas. es saerTo faseulobebia:
kanonis uzenaesoba, saTanado mmarTvelobis uzrunvelyofa, adamianis
uflebebis, maT Soris eTnikuri da religiuri umciresobaTa jgufebis
uflebebis pativiscema, xelsayreli mezobluri urTierTobebis xelSewyoba
da sabazro ekonomikisa da stabiluri ganviTarebis principebis dacva.
garda amisa, maT moeTxovebaT erTguleba evrokavSiris sagareo moRvaweobis
zogierTi konkretuli aspeqtis mimarT, es aspeqtebia terorizmTan da
masobrivi ganadgurebis iaraRis gavrcelebasTan brZola, saerTaSoriso
kanonmdeblobis Sesruleba da konfliqtis mogvarebisken mimarTuli
Zalisxmevis ganxorcieleba.
samoqmedo gegmebSi isaxeba saerTo principebi, Tumca es gegmebi
gansxvavebulia TiToeuli qveynisaTvis - arsebuli urTierTobis, am qveynis
saWiroebebisa da SesaZleblobebis, agreTve saerTo interesebis
gaTvaliswinebiT. mezoblebTan evrokavSiris urTierTobis done
damokidebulia imaze, Tu ramdenad xdeba evropul faseulobaTa gaziareba.
143
aRmosavleT evropis qveynebTan Tvisobrivad axali tipis xelSekrulebis dadebis mizniT
am xelSekrulebebs asocirebuli xelSekruleba ewoda, mas xSirad evropul SeTanxmebasac
uwodeben. Aaxali tipis SeTanxmebebi or ZiriTad mizans emsaxurebian: Seqmnas evropis
Tanamegobrobasa da asocirebul qveynebs Soris Tavisufali vaWrobis areali da
moamzados kandidati saxelmwifoebis evrokavSirSi gawevrianebisaTvis. asocirebuli
wevrebi – ganixilebian, rogorc evrokavSiris wevrobis kandidatebi.
179
SeTanxmebuli prioritetebis Sesrulebas monitorings uweven
partniorobisa da TanamSromlobis Sesaxeb SeTanxmebebisa da asocirebis
SeTanxmebebis safuZvelze daarsebuli uwyebebi. evrokomisia periodulad
waradgens angariSebs am TvalsazrisiT miRweul progresze. am Sefasebis
safuZvelze evrokavSiri Tavis partniorebTan erTad gadaxedavs samoqmedo
gegmebis Sinaarss da iRebs gadawyvetilebas viTarebis mixedviT maTi
adaptirebis an ganaxlebis Sesaxeb. samoqmedo gegmebSi mocemulia aTvlis
wertili Sesabamisi qveynebisaTvis daxmarebis dasagegmad.
evropis samezoblo politika ganamtkicebs regionuli TanamSromlobis
arsebul formebs da uzrunvelyofs struqturas maTi Semdgomi
ganviTarebisaTvis. evropis samezoblo politika aZlierebs stabilurobasa
da uSiSroebas da xels uwyobs konfliqtebis mogvarebisken mimarTul
mcdelobebs. Crd. afrikaSi da axlo aRmosavleTSi evropis samezoblo
politika xels uwyobs monawileebs, isargeblon evropa-
xmelTaSuazRvispireTis partniorobis (e.w. “barselonis procesis”)
SedegebiT, ganaviTaron infrastruqturuli kavSirebi da qselebi, kerZod
energetikuli qselebi, ganaviTaron agreTve TavianT mezoblebTan
TanamSromlobis axali formebi. “evropa - xmelTaSuazRvispireTis
partniorobis” miRwevebze dayrdnobiT evropis samezoblo politika
exmareba Semdgomi regionuli integraciis ganviTarebas, gansakuTrebiT
vaWrobis sferoSi. am politikis farglebSi Zlierdeba Zalisxmeva,
mimarTuli xmelTaSuazRvispireTsa da axlo aRmosavleTSi evropuli
uSiSroebis strategiis miznebis misaRwevad.
evropis samezoblo politikis xedva scildeba ubralo
TanamSromlobas da gulisxmobs mniSvnelovan ekonomikur da politikur
integracias. am yvelafers uzarmazari sargebeli moaqvs yvela
dainteresebuli mxarisTvis, vinaidan amgvari urTierTobis Sedegad
izrdeba stabiluroba, uSiSroeba da keTildReoba.
aRmosavleTis partnioroba
aRmosavleTis partnioroba warmoadgens proeqts, romelic SemoTavazebul

iqna poloneTis sagareo saqmeTa ministris mier SvedeTis monawileobiT
evrokavSiris – saerTo sakiTxebisa da sagareo kavSirebis sabWos Sexvedris
farglebSi 2008 wlis 26 maiss. 2009 wlis 7 maiss praRaSi gaimarTa
aRniSnuli programis damfuZnebeli Sexvedra. proeqtis mTavar mizans
warmoadgens postsabWoTa sivrceSi mdebare eqvs respublikasTan –
saqarTvelosTan, azerbaijanTan, somxeTTan, ukrainasTan, moldovasTan da
belorusTan daaxloeba. igi warmoadgens CrdiloeTis ganzomilebisa da
xmelTaSua zRvis kavSiris damatebas, da qmnis nayofier niadags diskusiebis
gamarTvisaTvis iseT sakiTxebze, rogorebicaa gamartivebuli savizo reJimi,
Taviseufali vaWroba, strategiuli partniorobis damyareba. imis gamo, rom
programas ar gaaCnia sakuTari samdivno, mas kontrols uSualod
evrokomisia gauwevs.
nato
Crdilo atlantikuri aliansis axali strategiuli koncefcia
Crdiloatlantikuri aliansis geopolitikuri interesebi naTladaa

gadmocemuli 2010 wlis noemberSi miRebul natos axal strategiul
koncefciaSi.
180
Ggasuli saukunis 90-ian wlebSi da XXI saukunis pirvel aTwleulSi
ganviTarebuli da Camoyalibebuli axaliNrealobebis da natos
gafarToebisa da misi funqciebis zrdasTan dakavSirebuli faqtorebis
gaTvaliswinebiT, 2010 wlis noemberSi gamarTul lisabonis samitze
damtkicebul iqna axali strategiuli koncefcia, romlis Sesaval nawilSi
aRniSnul iqna, nato momavalSic iTamaSebs unikalur rols aliansis wevri
saxelmwifoebis Tavdacvisa da usafrTxoebis uzrunvelyofaSi. axali
dokumenti avaldebulebs nato-s wevr saxelmwifoebs erTad imuSaon
krizisebis aRmofxvris, konfliqtebis daregulirebasa da postkonfliqtur
situaciaSi stabilizaciis uzrunvelyofis saqmeSi, maT Soris partnior
qveynebTan da organizaciebTan mWidro TanamSromlobis gziT. Ggarda amisa,
axal strategiul koncefciaSi aRniSnul iqna, rom nato mxars dauWers
msoflios-birTvuli iaraRis gareSe arsebobius ideas, Tumca, im faqtis
gaTvaliswinebiT, rom dRevandel dRes rigi saxelmwifoebi floben
birTvul iaraRs, nato daCeba birTvul aliansad.
Aaucilebelia aRiniSnos is faqti, rom nato kidev erTxel adasturebs
Tavis mzadyofnas, gaataros Ria karis politika, rac Tavis mxriv
gulisxmobs nato-s gafarToebas da masSi im evropuli saxelmwifoebis
gaerTianebas, romlebic daakmayofileben wevrobis standartebs.
koncefciaSi aRniSnulia, rom gafarToeba sruliad Seesabameba nato-s
interesebs, vinaidan am procesis mizans warmoadgens Tavisufali da
mSvidobiani evropis Seqmnas.
yuradRebas imsaxurebs is faqti, rom nato Tavis mzadyofnas gamoxatavs
iTanamSromlos partniorebTan erTad xeli Seuwyos saerTo usafrTxoebis
uzrunvelyofas mTel msoflioSi.144
Ggarda amisa, zemoaRniSnuli miznebis gansaxorcieleblad aliansi
gamoxatavs Tavis mzadyofnas, ganaTavsos sakuTari SeiaraRebuli Zalebi iq,
sadac amas moiTxovs nato-s interesebi.
Aaliansi adasturebs Tavis mzadyofnas ganamtkicos transatlantikuri
kavSirebi nato-s amerikel da evropel partniorebs Soris.
Eevroatlantikuri sivrcis usafrTxoebis uzrunvelyofis mizniT,
Crdiloatlantikurma aliansma efeqturad unda Seasrulos sami ZiriTadi
funqcia:
a) koleqtiuri Tavdacva, nato-s wesdebis me-5 muxlis safuZvelze.
b) antikrizisuli marTva.
g) usafrTxoeba TanamSromlobis safuZvelze. sadac nato adasturebs, rom am
TanamSromlobas SeuZlia gavlena moaxdinos aliansis farglebs gareT
arsebul politikur viTarebaze.
KkoncefciaSi didi nawili eTmoba nato-s winaSe arsebul gamowvevebsa da

riskebs. aRniSnulia, rom miuxedavad imisa, rom moklevadian periodSi
farTomasStabiani agresia natos winaaRmdeg naklebsavaraudoa, grZelvadian
perspeqtivaSi aliansis usafrTxoeba rCeba samxedro da arasamxedro
xasiaTis riskebis obieqtad, xolo am riskebis mravalferovnebis gamo isini
xSirad araprognozirebadia. riskebs Soris SeiZleba davasaxeloT eTnikuri
da religiuri qiSpis, teritoriuli davebis, adamianis uflebebis Selaxvis,
saxelmwifoTa rRvevis, energousafrTxoebis, terorizmis, maT Soris
kiberterorizmis da sxva faqtorebi, romlebsac SeuZlian gamoiwvion
rogorc lokaluri, aseve regionaluri xasiaTis arastabiluroba.
144
www.nato.int.Strategic ConceptFor the Defence and Security of The Members of the North Atlantic Treaty
Organisation”
181
mniSvnelovania natos damokidebuleba birTvuli, biologiuri da
qimiuri iaraRis SesaZlo gavrcelebasTan dakavSirebiT. miuxedavad am
saqmeSi garkveuli winsvlisa, natos winaSe problemad rCeba rig qveynebSi
amgvari iaraRis Seqmnisa da gamoyenebis SesaZlebloba. aseve aliansis
strategiuli miznebis ganxorcielebis gzaze mTavar damabrkolebel
faqtorebs warmoadgens iseTi riskebi, romlebic dakavSirebulia
teroristul saqmianobasTan, sabotaJTan, organizebul danaSaulTan,
sasicocxlo resursebis miwodebis moSlasTan, ukanono migraciasTan da a.S.
dokumentis mixedviT aliansi warmoadgens wevri qveynebis koleqtiuri

Zalisxmevis praqtikul gamoxatulebas, maTi saerTo interesebis
mxardasaWerad.
natos ZiriTadi principebidan gamomdinare, misi wevri arcerTi qveyana
ar unda iyos iZulebuli daeyrdnos mxolod sakuTar Zalisxmevas
usafrTxoebis ZiriTad gamowvevebTan gamklavebis saqmeSi. aliansis
strategia saSualebas aZlevs TiToeul wevr saxelmwifos, rom am qveynebma
koleqtiuri Zalisxmevis meSveobiT moaxdinon maTi erovnuli usafrTxoebis
arsebiTi miznebis realizeba.
Tanabari usafrTxoebis gancdas Tavisi wvlili Seaqvs
evroatlantikuri sivrcis stabilurobaSi.
aliansi aseve miesalmeba urTierTTanamSromlobas im saxelmwifoebs
Soris, romlebic iziareben natos ZiriTad principebsa da faseulobebs.
strategiis nawili, sadac saubaria aliansis miznebsa da amocanebze,
gansazRvravs im ZiriTad miznebs, romelTa miRwevac momavalSi natos
warmatebas uzrunvelyofs. KkerZod, dokumentis am nawilSi aRniSnulia, rom
natos grZelvadian daniSnulebas warmoadgens misi wevrebis Tavisuflebis
yvelanairi politikuri Tu samxedro saSualebebiT dacva, am mizniT
aliansi eyrdnoba im ZiriTad Rirebulebebs, romlebic dakavSirebulia
adamianis uflebebis dacvasTan da kanonis uzenaesobis ganmtkicebasTan.
Sesabamisad, udidesi mniSvneloba eniWeba transatlantikuri kavSirebis
SenarCunebas amerikel da evropel mokavSireebs Soris. Aaseve, iseTi
ZiriTadi miznis misaRwevad – rogoricaa kavSiri erebs Soris, romlebic
aRiareben natosa da gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciis wesdebas –
aliansi adasturebs Tavis mzadyofnas Seasrulos usafrTxoebis
sakiTxebTan dakavSirebuli aucilebeli amocanebi, romlebic Tavis mxriv
dakavSirebulia usafrTxoebasTan, konsultaciebis gamarTvasTan, Sekavebasa
da TavdacvasTan. Aam ukanasknelSi warmatebuli saqmianobis ganxorcieleba
Tavis mxriv dadebiTad aisaxeba evroatlantikuri arealis usafrTxoebisa
da stabilurobis gaZlierebaze, raTa pozitiuri mimarTulebiT iqnes
SesaZlebeli iseTi amocanebis Sesruleba, romlebic dakavSirebulia
krizisebis marTvasTan da partnioriuli urTierTobebis ganviTarebasTan
evroatlantikuri sivrcis sxva qveynebTan.
dokumentSi naTladaa aRniSnuli, rom aliansi ar gvevlineba rogorc
romelime qveynis metoqe. Oorganizacia gaagrZelebs sxva saxelmwifoebis
usafrTxoebis legitimuri interesebis pativiscemas da konfliqtebis
mSvidobiani gzebiT gadawyvetis Ziebas. aliansi momxrea stabiluri
saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis.
koncefciis is nawili, romelic exeba natos “strategiul
perspeqtivebs”, Sesabamis punqtebSi aRniSnulia, rom miuxedavad imisa rom
alianss uxdeba cvalebad garemoSi muSaoba, romlis ganviTareba ukanasknel
wlebSi umTavresad dadebiTi iyo, mainc rCeba gaurkvevlobebi da riskebi,
Sesabamisad arsebobs imis realuri safrTxe, rom arsebuli gamowvevebi
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momavalSi SeiZleba mwvave krizisSi gadaizardos. Aam potenciuri
krizisebis ardaSvebisa da aRmofxvris mizniT nato mzadaa ganamtkicos
dialogi sxva qveynebTan Tu saerTaSoriso organizaciebTan, maT Soris
imuSaos ruseTTan erTiani raketsawinaaRmdego sistemis Camoyalibebaze
evropaSi. am mimarTulebiT natos mier ganxorcielebuli yoveli qmedeba
asaxavs mis ganzraxvas gamokveTos da ganamtkicos evroatlantikuri
arealis mSvidoba da stabiluroba.
Dkoncefciis mixedviT, nato udides mniSvnelobas aniWebs evropaSi

Cveulebrivi SeiaraRebuli Zalebis Sesaxeb xelSekrulebis ZiriTadi
principebis Sesrulebas, aseve miesalmeba birTvuli iaraRis mkveTr
SezRudvas, qimiuri iaraRis Sesaxeb konvenciis ZalaSi Sesvlas,
qveiTsawinaaRmdego naRmebis akrZalvas da a.S.
aliansis strategiuli koncefciis Semdgom punqtebSi yuradReba

gamaxvilebulia imaze, rom natos mier aRiarebulia politikur, ekonomikur,
socialur da ekologiur faqtorTa mniSvneloba usafrTxoebis axali
sistemis mSeneblobaSi. Aaseve, aRniSnulia, rom aliansi kvlavac rCeba
umniSvnelovanes garantad organizeba gaukeTos konsultaciebsa da
forumebs usafrTxoebisa da Tavdacvis Tematikaze. amasTan igi iswrafvis,
daicvas mSvidoba da ganamtkicos evroatlantikuri usafrTxoeba da am
mizniT nato kvlavindeburad cdilobs daamyaros partnioruli
urTierTobebi sxva saxelmwifoebTan da kontroli awarmoos
evroatlantikuri usafrTxoebis mimarTulebiT, aseve Tvalyuri adevnos
rogorc SeiaraRebis, aseve ganiaraRebis procesebs. nato mtkiced inarCunebs
pozicias imis Sesaxeb, rom aliansis siZlieris garants warmoadgens
transatlantikuri kavSiris gamyareba, rom evropisa da CrdiloeT amerikis
usafrTxoeba aris ganuyofeli, aseve axal gamowvevebTan mzadyofnis mizniT
aliansi uzrunvelyofs SeinarCunos samxedro potenciali koleqtiuri
Tavdacvis efeqturad warmoebis mizniT, raTa Tavidan iqnes acilebuli
iZulebisa da daSinebis nebismieri mcdeloba da samxedro agresia.
strategiuli koncefcia aseve yuradRebas uTmobs evropis
usafrTxoebisa da Tavdacvis TviTmyofadobis faqtorebs, sadac saubaria
imaze, rom evropel mokavSireebs miRebuli aqvT gadawyvetileba, Tavis
Tavze aiRon meti pasuxismgebloba usafrTxoebisa da Tavdacvis sferoSi
mSvidobisa da stabilurobis ganmtkicebisaTvis. es procesi Tavis mxriv
iTxovs mWidro TanamSromlobas natosa da evrokavSirs Soris.
mniSvnelovania natos roli konfliqtebis prevenciisa da krizisebis
marTvis saqmeSi. Aam mizniT nato eswrafvis ganamtkicos TanamSromloba
sxva saerTaSoriso organizaciebTan, aseve am qvepunqtSi xazgasmulia
aliansis roli 90-ian wlebSi balkaneTSi da XXI saukunis daswyisSi
avRaneTSi arsebuli konfliqtebis daregulirebis saqmeSi. Aaseve
aRniSnulia, rom natos surs Tavidan aicilos omi, gazardos usafrTxoeba
da stabiluroba evroatlantikur sivrceSi. natos nebismieri
gadawyvetileba krizisebis marTvis saqmeSi yovelTvis iqneba wevri qveynebis
erovnuli konstituciebis Sesabamisi. aliansi yovelTvis gamoiyenebs
TanamSromlobisa da dialogis sxvadasxva formebs sxvadasxva
organizaciebTan, raTa wvlili Seitanos krizisebis prevenciisa da maT
adreul stadiaze aRkveTis saqmeSi.
Aaliansis strategiul koncefciaSi nato did yuradRebas aniWebs
“partniorobis, TanamSromlobisa da dialogis” faqtors, sadac aqcenti
gamaxvilebulia evroatlantikuri partniorobis sabWos farglebSi
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TanamSromlobis ganmtkicebaze. KkerZod, aliansi cdilobs rom
evroatlantikur partniorobis sabWos wevrebs Soris yvela sakiTxSi iyos
ndoba, gamWvirvaloba, da am mizniT nato axorcielebs praqtikul
TanamSromlobas rogorc konfliqtebis prevenciis da krizisebis
daregulirebis kuTxiT, aseve sagangebo mdgomareobaTa dagegmvis,
samecniero, ekologiur sakiTxebze muSaobis gziTac.
strategiul koncefciaSi mniSvnelovani yuradReba eqceva kontrols
SeiaraRebaze, aseve ganiaraRebisa da gauvrceleblobis sakiTxebs. Aam
kuTxiT nato xels uwyobs Cveulebrivi SeiaraRebuli Zalebis
xelSekrulebis moqmedebis Semdgom gagrZelebas, rogorc evroatlantikuri
sivrcis stabilurobis garants.
strategiuli koncefciis mniSvnelovani nawili eTmoba aliansis
SeiaraRebuli Zalebis direqtivebs, sadac xazgasmulia, rom nato Tavisi
strategiuli principebis Tanaxmad inarCunebs yvela saxis misiis
SesrulebisaTvis aucilebel samxedro saSualebebs. kvlav aris
dadasturebuli is faqti, rom yvela mokavSiris usafrTxoeba ganuyofelia.
samxedro Tavdasxma erT wevr saxelmwifoze niSnavs Tavdasxmas aliansis
yvela wevrze, amitomac natos samxedro Zalebi mobilizebuli unda iyvnen
rom nebismier dros SeaCeron samxedro agresia da daicvan wevri
saxelmwifoebis politikuri damoukidebloba da teritoriuli mTlianoba.
mniSvnelovania am mxriv amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis roli, romelsac
evropis usafrTxoebis mizniT kontinentze gaaCnia birTvuli da
Cveulebrivi SeiaraReba. Tavad evropis usafrTxoeba ki aSS-s usafrTxoebis
garantiaa. mSvidobis uzrunvelsayofad aliansi momavalSic SeinarCunebs
evropaSi ganlagebul birTvul arsenals, Cveulebriv SeiaraRebas da
iyoliebs maT saWiro mzadyofnaSi.
aliansis SeiaraRebuli Zalebis upirvelesi amocana mSvidobis
SenarCunebaa da aseve misi wevri qveynebis teritoriuli mTlianobis,
politikuri damoukideblobisa da usafrTxoebis dacvaa.
natos mizania safrTxeebis prevencia maT sawyis stadiaze. aseve
mniSvnelovania aliansis wvlili “partnioroba mSvidobis programis”
farglebSi iseT qveynebTan, rogoric aris ruseTi, ukraina, xmelTaSua
zRvis qveynebi.
koncefciaSi gansakuTrebuli yuradReba eTmoba rogorc aliansis
wevri qveynebis, ise arawevri qveynebis samxedro Zalebis mobilur
mzadyofnas kombinirebuli operaciebis CatarebisaTvis. amis misaRwevad
dasaxulia rigi RonisZiebebi, kerZod: natos Zalebis mTliani moculoba
unda SenarCundes Sesabamis doneze, da isini unda iyvnen mudmiv
mzadyofnaSi; mSvidobis dros aliansis Zalebis geografiulma
gadanawilebam unda uzrunvelyos sakmarisi samxedro kontingenti aliansis
mTel teritoriaze. saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi nato kisrulobs aliansis
samxedro misiebis Sesrulebas, risTvisac iyenebs swrafi reagirebis,
mobilur, kombinirebul Zalebs, rac moiTxovs wevri qveynebis generalur
Stabebs Soris urTierTobaTa koordinacias.
nato yuradRebas amaxvilebs samxedro operaciebis dros
informaciuli uzrunvelyofis xarisxze da farTo speqtris mqone piradi
Semadgenlobis maRal kvalificiurobaze. saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi
aucilebelia, rom aliansma damatebiTi rezervebi CarTos operaciebis
ganxorcielebis procesSi, moaxdinos sarezervo Zalebis mobilizeba da
SeZlos ufro qmedunariani SeiaraRebuli Zalebis mSenebloba. aseve
aliansis TavdacviTma struqturam unda SeZlos birTvul da biologiuri
184
iaraRis gavrcelebis riskebTan gamklaveba. natos infrastruqtura unda
iyos daculi teroristuli Tavdasxmisagan.
aliansis strategiuli koncefcia ayalibebs Cveulebrivi
SeiaraRebuli Zalebis maxasiaTeblebs. es exeba Zalebis struqturebs,
aRWurvilobis xarisxs, mzadyofnas, gamZleobas, wvrTnasa da varjiSebs,
moqmedebis adgilze gadasxmisa da maTi gamoyenebis nairsaxeobebs,
SeiaraRebuli Zalebis mwyobrSi yofnisa da mobilizaciis SesaZleblobebs.
aliansis Zalebis ZiriTadi amocanebi moicaven teritoriis
gakontrolebas; usafrTxoebis uzrunvelyofas da dacvas; sazRvao, sahaero
da saxmeleTo sakomunikacio xazebis daubrkolebliv gamoyenebas; sazRvao
kontrols da aliansis sazRvao bazirebis Sekavebis saSualebebis gadasxmis
usafrTxoebis uzrunvelyofas; damoukidebeli da erToblivi sahaero
operaciebis Catarebas; sahaero usafrTxoebisa da qmediTi xangrZlivi
sahaero dacvis uzrunvelyofas; dazvervas, rekognoscirebasa da
eleqtronuli saSualebebis gamarTulobas; strategiul kavSirs; marTvisa
da kontrolis qmediT da moqnil saSualebebs.
natos TavdacviTi struqtura mimarTulia birTvuli da biologiuri
iaraRis, maTi gadazidvis saSualebebis gavrcelebis potenciuri riskebis
aRmofxvris uzrunvelsayofad. Aamave dros dokumentSi aRniSnulia, rom
grZeldeba muSaoba saraketo TavdacviTi sistemis gasaumjobeseblad.
DdokumentSi aseve saubaria imazec, rom nato saWiroebs sakmaris
lojistikur saSualebebs, maT Soris satransporto saSualebebs,
samedicino aRWurvilobas da sxv.
aliansi mniSvnelovan yuradRebas uTmobs TanamSromlobas natos
samxedro da samoqalaqo organoebs Soris.
mokavSireTa birTvuli Zalebis ZiriTadi daniSnuleba politikuria:
mSvidobis dacva, iZulebisa da nebismieri saxis omis Tavidan acileba.
mokavSireTa usafrTxoebis garantia uzrunvelyofilia aliansis
strategiuli birTvuli ZalebiT, kerZod SeerTebuli Statebis,
gaerTianebuli samefos da safrangeTis damoukidebeli birTvuli ZalebiT.
maT wvlili SeaqvT saerTo Sekavebasa da mokavSireTa usafrTxoebaSi.
koncefciis daskvniT nawilSi aRniSnulia, rom aliansi – romelic
Sedis Tavisi arsebobis meeqvse aTwleulSi, maqsimalurad unda iyos
mobilizebuli Sesabamisi pasuxi gasces axali saukunis gamowvevebsa da
SesaZleblobebs, xolo am miznebis gansaxorcieleblad da natos momavali
starategiisa da taqtikis SemuSavebis mizniT mniSvnelovania aliansis
strategiuli koncefciis miReba, radganc es dokumenti warmoadgens
aliansis usafrTxoebisa da stabilurobis garants. strategiuli
koncefcia ayalibebs aliansis usafrTxoebisa da TavdacviT politikas, mis
operatiul koncefcias, misi Cveulebrivi da birTvuli Zalebis pozicias,
misi koleqtiuri Tavdacvis RonisZiebebs.
KkoncefciaSi aseve aRniSnulia natos mzadyofna, rom
Crdiloatlantikuri aliansi maqsimalur Zalisxmevas moaxmars mTliani da
Tavisufali evropis mSeneblobis procesSi.
Mmetad mniSvnelovania aRiniSnos is faqti, rom nato-s strategiuli

koncefciis 35-e punqtSi aRniSnulia, rom “nato gaagrZelebs da
ganaviTarebs partniorul urTierTobebs ukrainasa da saqarTvelosTan
programebis nato-ukraina da nato-saqarTvelo komisiebis farglebSi,
romelic dafuZnebuli iqneba nato-s buqarestis 2008 wels gamarTul
samitze miRebul gadawyvetilebaze, da gaiTvaliswinebs TiToeuli qveynis
evroatlantikuri orintaciis principebs”.
185
Knato-s kvleva gafarToebaze
1994 wels natos briuselis samitze Crdiloatlantikuri aliansis

xelmZRvanelobam daadastura, rom Crdiloatlantikuri kavSiris kari
aliansis wesdebis me-10 muxlis Sesabamisad Riaa sxva evropuli
saxelmwifoebisaTvis, kerZod ki im qveynebisaTvis, romlebsac ZaluZT
ganaviTaron vaSingtonis xelSekrulebis mTavari principebi da Seitanon
TavianTi wvlili Crdiloatlantikuri regionis usarTxoebis
uzrunvelyofis saqmeSi.
nato Tavisi usafrTxoebis prioritetebs ganixilavs, rogorc farTo
koncefcias, romelic moicavs rogorc politikur da ekonomikur, aseve
TavdacviT da sxva mniSvnelovan komponentebs. usafrTxoebis axali
arqiteqturis safuZveli unda aigos evropaSi arsebul iseT regionaluri
organizaciebs Soris urTierTqmedebiT, rogorebicaa: evrokavSiri,
dasavleT evropis kavSiri da euTo. TiToeuli organizacias Tavisi
Sesabamisi funqcia da roli ekisreba saerTo usafrTxoebis koncefciis
implementaciis saqmeSi. am procesSi, romelic sakmaod Sorsaa wasuli,
aliansi rogorc stabilurobisa da usafrTxoebis erT-erTi qvakuTxedi,
mZlavr, aqtiur da arsebiT rols asrulebs evropaSi usafrTxoebisa da
stabilurobis uzrunvelyofis saqmeSi. nato kvlav rCeba TavdacviT
aliansad, romlis ZiriTadi mizania mSvidobis SenarCuneba evroatlantikur
sivrceSi da Tavisi wevrebis usafrTxoebis uzrunvelyofa. rodesac nato
vaSingtonis xelSekrulebis me-10 muxlisa da briuselis 1994 wlis ianvris
samitis gadawyvetilebis mixedviT Tavis rigebSi moiwvevs evropis axal
saxelmwifoebs, rogorc es ukve moxda Sesabamisad 1999, 2004 da 2009 wlebSi,
es iqneba Semdegi nabiji, gadadgmuli aliansis ZiriTadi miznis-farTo
evroatlantikuri usafrTxoebis arqiteqturis konteqstSi, usafrTxoebisa
da stabilurobis gaZlierebis mimarTulebiT.
aliansis gafarToeba moxdeba axali wevri saxelmwifoebis
vaSingtonis xelSekrulebasTan mierTebis meSveobiT. gafarToeba unda
eTanxmebodes da srulad Seesabamebodes aliansis principebsa da
moTxovnebs. axalma wevrma mierTebis droisaTvis, vaSingtonis
xelSekrulebis safuZvelze unda aiRos yvela valdebuleba, rogorc amas
TiToeuli amJamindeli mokavSire akeTebs.
saxelmwifoebma, romelTac aqvT sxvadasxva saxis teritoriuli
davebi, es uTanxmoebebi unda moagvaron mSvidobiani gzebiT, euTos
principebis Sesabamisad. amgvari davebis mogvareba iqneba erT-erTi faqtori,
raTa aspiranti saxelmwifo moiwvion aliansSi gasawevrianeblad. Aaseve ra
Tqma unda gadamwyveti mniSvneloba eniWeba im faqts, rom natos momavali
wevri akmayofilebdes demokratiuli saxelmwifosaTvis damaxasiaTebel
yvela standarts.
gafarToebasTan dakavSirebiT gadawyvetilebis miReba, mTlianad
natos miekuTvneba da es iqneba Tanmimdevruli, kargad gaazrebuli da
gamWvirvale procesi da yvela dainteresebul mxaresTan dialogze
dafuZnebuli. Aaseve aRsaniSnavia, imisTvis rom axali wevri saxelmwifoebi
moiwvion aliansSi gasaerTianeblad, ar arsebobs kriteriumis
gansazRvruli CamonaTvali.
gafarToebis Sesaxeb gadawyvetileba miRebuli iqneba individualur
safuZvelze. Ggawevrianebis msurvelma zogierTma saxelmwifom SeiZleba
wevroba sxva qveynebze ufro adre miiRos, magaliTad rogorc es moxda 1999
186
wels, rodesac natom miiRo gadawyvetileba aliansSi, mxolod sami
saxelmwifos-CexeTis, ungreTisa da poloneTis miRebis Sesaxeb, xolo
danarCeni gawevrianebis msurveli qveynebi organizaciaSi xuTi wlis Semdeg-
2004 wels gawevriandnen.
sabolood, konsensusis safuZvelze mokavSireebi miiReben
gadawyvetilebas, moiwvion Tu ara aliansSi romelime axali wevri. aq
mniSvnelovan rols sxva faqtorebTan erTad Seasrulebs is faqtoric, Tu
rogori iqneba natos wevrebis pozicia aspirant qveyanasTan dakavSirebiT,
am ukanasknelis mzadyofna Seitanos Tavisi wvlili Crdiloatlantikuri
sivrcis usafrTxoebasa da stabilurobis uzrunvelyofaSi. natos
gafarToeba aseve ganxorcieldeba euTos sxvadasxva dokumentSi
dafiqsirebuli pirobebis Tanaxmadac, im dokumentebisa Tu konvenciebisa,
romlebic adastureben saerTaSoriso samarTlis yvela principis
pativiscemas, maT Soris yvela saxelmwifos suverenul uflebebs
damoukideblad gansazRvros sakuTari usafrTxoebis uzrunvelyofis
meqanizmebi, valdebulebebs saerTaSoriso sazogadoebis winaSe da a.S. aseve
kvlevaSi aRniSnulia, rom aliansis gareT myof arcerT qveyanas ar unda
mieces vetos da aseve procesisa da gadawyvetilebis miRebis dros
dokumentis gacnobis ufleba.
natos koleqtiuri meqanizmi Seexeba koleqtiur TavdacvaSi wvlilis
Setanas.
nato arsebiT rols TamaSobs evropis usafrTxoebis ganviTarebad
arqiteqturaSi, igi warmoadgens evropis stabilurobisa da momavlis
rwmenis ZiriTad dasayrdens, amitomac natos amJamindeli gafarToeba es
aris, arsebuli evropuli TanamSromlobisa da usafrTxoebis erT-erTi
ganmsazRvreli faqtori. farTo evoluciis erT-erTi elementi - natos
gafarToeba gagebuli unda iqnas rogorc farTo evropuli usafrTxoebis
arqiteqturis mxolod erTi mniSvnelovani elementi, rac gamoricxavs,
evropaSi gamyofi xazebis ideas. gafarToebaze amJamad mimdinare diskusiebi
mniSvnelovnad ufro gansxvavebul garemoebebSi mimdinareobs, vidre es iyo
civi omis dros. am konteqstSi gadawyvetileba axali wevrebis miRebaze
unda asaxavdes im faqts, rom usafrTxoebis gamowvevebi da riskebi,
romelTa winaSec amJamad nato imyofeba, gansxvavebuli xasiaTisaa,
warsulSi arsebul riskebTan SedarebiT. natos unda SeeZlos aseT
riskebsa da gamowvevebze reagireba, Tuki mas surs evropis stabiluroba da
Zveli da axali wevrebis usafrTxoebis dacva. natos gafarToeba es aris
evropaSi mimdinare politikuri da, usafrTxoebis sferos ganviTarebis
nawili. evropuli usafrTxoebis arqiteqtura Sedgeba evropuli
institutebis da transatlantikuri institutebisagan. Tavis mxriv natom
ganaviTara TanamSromlobis meqanizmi evroatlantikuri partniorobis
sabWosa da “partnioroba mSvidobisaTvis” programis farglebSi. aseve
aRsaniSnavia, rom gafarToeba mniSvnelovania yvela evropuli
saxelmwifosaTvis, im qveynebis CaTvliT, romlebic uaxles droSi an
saerTod ar apireben gaxdnen aliansis wevrebi.
mniSvnelovani da gasaTvaliswinebelia gafarToebis Sesaxeb
molaparakebis dros natos wevri saxelmwifoebis da agreTve arawevri
saxelmwifoebis usafrTxoeba.
arsebobs ramdenime instituti, romelic gadamwyvet rols TamaSobs
evropuli usafrTxoebis arqiteqturaSi, am mxriv mniSvnelovania euTo.
euTosa da natos saqmianoba avsebs erTmaneTs. 21-e saukunis evropuli
usafrTxoebis modulis Taobaze euTos diskusiebSi unda aisaxos natos
gafarToebis procesi.
187
gaZlierebuli euTo, gafarToebuli nato, aqtiuri evroatlantikuri
partniorobis sabWo da partnioroba mSvidobisaTvis programa sxva
forumebTan erTad qmnian: farTo, yovelsmomcveli evropuli usafrTxoebis
arqiteqturis Semadgenel nawilebs, romlebic mxars uWeren, ganuyofeli
evropis miznebs.
paqti evropis stabilurobis Sesaxeb, warmoadgens mTels evropaSi
usafrTxoebisa da stabilurobis fundamentur safuZvels. aliansis
gafarToeba mimarTulia evroatlantikur sivrceSi, stabilurobis
gamyarebisa da yvela natos wevri da aseve sxva qveynebis usafrTxoebis
gaZlierebisaken.
rac Seexeba natosTan erTad evrokavSiris gafarToebis process,
aRniSnuli ori organizaciis gafarToeba ganxorcieldeba avtomaturad
maTi Sesabamisi Sida dinamikis da procesebis paralelurad, amitom
TiToeulma organizaciam unda uzrunvelyos, rom maTi ganviTarebis
procesi sworad mimarTuli iyos evropis stabilurobisa da uSiSroebis
miznisaken. evrokavSiris wevrebi axorcieleben erTian ekonomikur da
usafrTxoebis politikas, romelic unda moicavdes kavSiris uSiSroebasTan
dakavSirebul yvela sakiTxs. dokumentSi aseve yuradReba eTmoba evropis
rig saxelmwifoTa iniciativiT Seqmnil dasavleT evropis kavSirs.
dasavleT evropis kavSiri warmoadgnes usafrTxoebis sistemis
uzrunvelyofis ganuyofel nawils. erTis mxriv evropis TavdacviTi
kavSiris ZiriTad komponents da meores mxriv atlantikuri aliansis
evropul dasayrdens. dasavleT evropis kavSiris yvela sruluflebiani
wevri amave dros aris natos wevri. modificirebuli briuselis
xelSekrulebis me-5 muxlis (1954 wels dasavleT evropis qveynebs Soris
xelmowerili dokumenti) da vaSingtonis xelSekrulebis me-5 muxlSi
gaTvaliswinebuli principebis Sesabamisad, natosa da dek-s Soris kavSiris
SenarCuneba Zalze mniSvnelovania. natos, evrokavSirisa da dasavleT
evropis kavSiris, wevrobis Tanmimdevrobobas dadebiTi gavlena unda
hqondes evropis usafrTxoebaze.
GkvlevaSi gafarToebis Sesaxeb aseve aRniSnulia, rom ruseTs
mniSvnelovani wvlilis Setana SeuZlia evropis stabilurobisa da
usafrTxoebis saqmeSi. nato da ruseTi SeTanxmdnen, rom daiwyeben aqtiur,
gafarToebul dialogsa da TanamSromlobas im faqtorebis
gaTvaliswinebiT, rom ruseTs SeuZlia unikaluri da mniSvnelovani wvlili
unda Seitanos, Tavisi pasuxismgeblobis Sesabamisad, rogorc
mniSvnelovanma evropulma, saerTaSoriso da birTvulma Zalam. amave dros
aRniSnulia, rom arc natos, da arc ruseTis mxarisagan ar unda iqnas
miRebuli raime “moulodneli” gadawyvetileba, romelic gavlenas iqoniebs
meore mxaris interesebze.
gafarToebis Taobaze gadawyvetilebis miRebis procesi unda
warimarTos vaSingtonis xelSekrulebis Sesabamisad. TiToeuli qveynis
mowveva unda gadawydes misi sakuTari damsaxurebiT. natos gafarToebis
Sesaxeb diskusiis konteqstSi ukve gamoiTqva SeSfoTeba, rom axal wevrs
SeuZlia “kari daxuros” mis Semdeg sxva axali qveynis miRebisTvis
momavalSi, romlebic SeiZleba aseve iswrafvodnen natos wevrobisaken.
aseTi situacia Tavidan unda iqna acilebuli. alianss SeuZlia saWiroebis
SemTxvevaSi, molaparakebaTa procesis warmoebisas, wamoayenos specifikuri
politikuri pirobebi gawevrianebis Sesaxeb.
Pprogramas “partnioroba mSvidobisaTvis” SeuZlia aseve iTamaSos
mniSvnelovani roli natos gafarToebis procesSi: programaSi
monawileobis periodSi SesaZlo wevrobis kandidatebs daexmaros,
188
moamzados isini saboloo gawevrianebis periodamde natos ZiriTadi
standartebis dakmayofilebis mimarTulebiT, ganamtkicos urTierToba
partniorebTan.
natos arawevr, euTos qveynebTan politikur da samxedro
TanamSromlobis programebSi, “partnioroba mSvidobisaTvis” programa
warmoadgens umniSvnelovanes elements, romelic aRrmavebs
urTierTqmedebas, TanamSromlobasa da stabilurobas evropaSi da xels
uwyobs natos wevri da partniori qveynebis saerTo miznis ganxorcielebas.
“partnioroba mSvidobisaTvis”, programis CarCoebSi TanamSromlobis
gadamwyvet aspeqts warmoadgens is faqti, rom partniorebma daadastures
gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciisa da euTos principebis erTguleba da
ndoba. rac Seexeba im qveynebs romlebic garkveul etapze ver gaxdnen
aliansis wevrebi an ar gaaCniaT ganzraxva gaxdnen natos wevrebi, rogorc
“partnioroba mSvidobisaTvis” programis, iseve rogorc
Crdiloatlantikuri TanamSromlobis sabWos farglebSi aliansi
momavalSic mxars dauWers dokuments natosTan am qveynebis aqtiuri
TanamSromlobis ganviTarebisaTvis.
“partnioroba mSvidobisaTvis” saqmianoba da programebi Riaa yvela
partniorisaTvis, romlebic Tavad wyveten ra tipis SesaZleblobebi
gamoiyenon da ra intensivobiT iTanamSromlon aliansTan am programis
farglebSi. programaSi aqtiuri monawileoba mniSvnelovan rols iTamaSebs
momavali axali wevris aliansTan misaerTeblad momzadebis procesSi,
Tumca es ar gaxlavT gawevrianebis saboloo garantia. aliansis potenciur
axal wevrebs ”partnioroba mSvidobisaTvis” programaSi monawileoba xels
Seuwyobs politikuri da samxedro TvalsazrisiT, gaacnobs maT
Crdiloatlantikuri kavSiris struqturasa da gadawyvetilebis miRebis
procedurebs, agreTve xels Seuwyobs partnior saxelmwifoebs raTa maT
ufro safuZvlianad gaiazron is pasuxismgeblobebi da movaleobebi,
romlebic maT daekisrebaT aliansSi gawevrianebaze survilis gamoxatvis
SemTxvevaSi.
Aamerikis SeerTebuli Statebis geopolitikuri prioritetebi

Aamerikis SeerTebuli Statebma saxelmwifoebriobis Camoyalibebidan
erTi saukunis ganmavlobaSi Sida politikuri procesebis gavlenisa da
qveynis farglebs gareT mimdinare dinamiurad ganviTarebuli saerTaSoriso
movlenebis ganviTarebas Sedegad, SeZlo msoflio masStabis saxelmwifod
gadaqceva.
Arogorc cnobilia, amerikam damoukidebloba gamoacxada 1776 wels. ukve
XIX saukunis pirveli naxevridan, qveyanam metad swrafad daiwyo axali
teritoriebis aTviseba da gafarToeba. jer kidev 1803 wels, aSS-m
safrangeTisagan minimalur fasad SeiZina luiziana, xolo 1819 wels
espaneTi aiZula misTvis florida mieyida.
zemoaRniSnuli teritoriuli gafarToebis Semdeg, amerikam XIX saukunis
20-ian wlebSi “monros doqtrinis” gamocxadebiT, oficialurad ganacxada
Tavisi pretenziebi dasavleT naxevarsferos usafrTxoebaze Tavisi
pasuxismgeblobis aRebis Sesaxeb. 1845 wels aSS-m meqsikas Camoacila texasi,
1846 wels SeiZina inglisis teritoria oregoni. 1848 wels
amerika-meqsikis omis Sedegad aSS-m Tavis samxreTel mezobels Camoacila
misi Tanamedrove teritoriis TiTqmis naxevari, romelzec dRevandel dRes
ganlagebulia aSS-is samxreT-dasavleTi Statebi. 1867 wels ruseTisagan
189
Seisyida aliaska. panamis arxis mSeneblobis Semdeg aSS-is ambiciebi kidev
ufro gaizarda. zemoaRniSnuli arxi uadvilebda aSS-s, Tavisi samxedro-
sazRvao upiratesobis mopovebas rogorc atlantis, iseve wynar okeaneSi.
Aam mxriv aRsaniSnavia, rom 1898 wels gamarTuli aSS-espaneTis omi
gaxldaT aSS-is pirveli omi amerikis kontinentis farglebs gareT,
rodesac aSS-m SeZlo espaneTisTvis waerTmia filipinebi, puerto-riko,
kunZuli guami, xolo kuba gadaqceul iqna aSS-is gavlenis qveS myof
saxelmwifod. XX saukunis dasawyisSi strategiuli dagegmvis amerikelma
specialistebma daiwyes sxvadasxva strategiuli doqtrinebis SemuSaveba or
okeaneSi samxedro-sazRvao batonobasTan dakavSirebiT.
AaSS-is geopolitikuri ambiciebis zrda ganpirobebuli iyo qveynis
swrafi industrializaciiT. Uukve pirveli msoflio omis dawyebamde aSS-is
ekonomikuri potenciali Seadgenda msoflios mSp-is 33%-s.
Ppirveli msoflio omi warmoadgenda qveynisTvis pirvel
SesaZleblobas gadaesrola aSS-is samxedro qvedanayofebi evropaSi.
saxelmwifom, romelic im periodSi imyofeboda SedarebiT izolaciaSi,
swrafad gadasxa atlantis okeanis meore mxares Tavisi SeiaraRebuli
Zalebi, romelTa raodenoba aseul aTass aRemateboda. Ees gaxldaT
pirveli dadastureba saerTaSoriso arenaze axali msxvili moqmedi piris
gamoCenis Sesaxeb.
Mmiuxedavad imisa, rom gasuli saukunis 20-ian da 30-ian wlebSi aSS-Si
dominirebda e.w. izolacionizmis politika, rodesac amerikuli strategia
mimarTuli iyo Tavisi sanapiroebis dacvisaken da XX saukunis 30-ian
wlebSi mTavar saerTaSoriso moTamaSeebad rCebodnen evropuli
saxelmwifoebi da sul ufro izrdeboda agreTve iaponiis roli, ukve meore
msoflio omis periodSi, msoflio politikaSi evropuli era dasrulda, da
Sesabamisad germaniisa da misi mokavSireebis damarcxebis Semdeg, msoflio
politikur rukaze ukve gaCnda ori araevropuli supersaxelmwifo, aSS da
sabWoTa kavSiri.
Mmokled SegviZlia ganvacxadoT, rom aSS-is supersaxelmwifod
gadaqcevas xeli Seuwyo meore msoflio omis dros wamyvani evropuli
saxelmwifoebis dasustebam (maT Soris gamarjvebuli didi britaneTisa da
safrangeTis), agreTve iman, rom aSS-ma gadamwyveti roli iTamaSa germanuli
faSizmisa da iaponuri militarizmis damarcxebaSi da im faqtmac, rom
meore msoflio omis dros aSS-is ekonomika Zalian swrafad gaizarda.
kerZod, 1943 wlisaTvis qveyanaSi samrewvelo warmoebis moculoba TiTqmis
orjer meti iyo, vidre 1937 wels, rac dakavSirebuli iyo meomari
qveynebisaTvis didi moculobis SekveTebis SesrulebasTan145.
Aamave dros, meore msoflio omis Semdeg, aSS-is mier msoflio
hegemonobis mopovebis gzaze mTavar winaRobas warmoadgenda sabWoTa
kavSiri. Ggamomdinare aqedan, amerika gasuli saukunis 40–iani wlebis meore
naxevridan, msoflioSi mosalodneli komunisturi eqspansiis
SeCerebisaTvis, metad aqtiur brZolas awarmoebda. Ggarda amisa, nato-s
Seqmnis Semdeg, aSS-im aiRo mTavari pasuxismgebloba dasavleT evropis
saxelmwifoebis usafrTxoebis uzrunvelyofaze. amitomac iyo, rom nato-s
evropeli mokavSireebis teritoriaze 200-ze meti aSS-is samxedro bazisa da
samxedro obieqtis ganTavseba ganxorcielda nebayoflobiT safuZvelze,
aSS-isa da misi evropeli mokavSireebis interesebis
urTierTgaTvaliswinebiT.
145
daviT ZnelaZe. msoflio ekonomika. Tbilisi, 1997. Ggv.217
190
Mmosalodneli komunisturi eqspansiis sapirwoned, amerikis politikuri
da samxedro wreebis mier SemuSavebul iqna sxvadasxva sagareo-politikuri
doqtrinebi da samxedro strategiebi.
AaSS-is mier “civi omis” periodSi sxvadasxva sagareo-politikuri
doqtrinebidan cnobilia “Sekavebis”, “trumenis doqtrinis”,
“ganTavisuflebis”, “eizenhaueris”, “neitralitetis amoralobis”, “xidebis
gadebis,” “guamis doqtrina”, “karteris doqtrina” da a.S.
rac Seexeba aSS-is samxedro strategiebs, aq aRsaniSnavi iyo “pirveli
dartymis,” “garantirebuli ganadgurebis”, “kontrdartymis”, “strategiuli
stabilurobis”, “sahaero-saxmeleTo operaciebis” strategiebi.
aSS-is samxedro upiratesoba sabWoTa kavSirTan SedarebiT “civi omis”
periodSi sagrZnobi iyo. Tu meore msoflio omis Semdeg sabWoTa kavSirs
samxedro bazebi gaaCnda komunistur blokSi Semaval mxolod 5-6
saxelmwifoSi, aSS-s 80-iani wlebis bolos gaaCnda 1600-mde samxedro baza
34 saxelmwifos teritoriaze, romlebSic erToblivad mudmivad iyo
dislocirebuli 500 aTasamde amerikeli samxedro mosamsaxure. maT Soris
aRsaniSnavia, rom aSS-is mZlavri bazebi gaaCnda uSualod sabWoTa kavSiris
sazRvrebis siaxloves, kerZod TurqeTSi ganTavsebuli iyo 7 samxedro baza,
xolo sabWoTa kavSiris aRmosavleTis sazRvrebTan, Soreul aRmosavleTsa
da wynari okeanis regionSi, aSS iyenebda 350-mde samxedro bazasa da
obieqts, maT Soris “civi omis” damamTavrebel etapze 40 samxedro baza
funqcionirebda samxreT koreaSi, 32 iaponiaSi da a.S. amave dros
aRsaniSnavia, aSS-is ekonomikis maRali done, rac saSualebas iZleoda
gamoyofiliyo soliduri Tanxebi Tavdacvaze. AamasTanave, amerikeli
samxedro mosamsaxureebis socialurma dacvam, armiis profesionalur
yaidaze gadasvlam da sworma samxedro-politikurma ideologiam ganapiroba
aSS-is armiis maRali brZolisunarianoba. garda amisa, mniSvnelovania
aRiniSnos, rom amerikis samxedro mSeneblobaSi monawileodnen da dResac
monawileoben msoflios uZlieresi kompaniebi, romlebic uzarmazar
SekveTebs iRebdnen pentagonisagan. am kompaniaTa Soris aRsaniSnavia
“jeneral dainemiksi”, “makkonel duglasi”, “jeneral eleqtriki”, “lokhidi”,
“rokuel interneSeneli”, “iunaitid teqnolojiz” da sxv.146
MmniSvnelovania agreTve aRiniSnos is faqti, rom civi omis dawyebidanve
aSS-is ukve didi ekonomikuri upiratesoba gaaCnda sabWoTa kavSiris winaSe.
magaliTad, Tu meore msoflio omis periodSi samxedro SekveTebis Sedegad
aSS-is mTliani erovnuli produqtis moculoba 1939-1945 wlebSi gaizarda
93%-iT, xolo samrewvelo warmoeba daaxloebiT 2,5-jer, sabWoTa kavSiris
materialurma zaralma amave periodSi Seadgina 4 trilioni sabWoTa maneTi.
zemoaRniSnulis Sedegad, aSS-s civi omis dawyebis pirveli wlebidanve
mieca saSualeba gaewia mniSvnelovani ekonomikuri daxmareba Tavisi
dasavleT evropeli mokavSireebisaTvis. aq ra Tqma unda aRsaniSnavia
rogorc “marSalis gegma”, rodesac rogorc cnobilia dasavleT evropam
1948-1952 wlebSi miiRo daaxloebiT 17 miliardi aSS dolari, agreTve 1950
wels gamoyofili 900 milioni aSS dolari samxedro daxmarebis
programebisa da erTiani TavdacviTi sistemis CamoyalibebisaTvis.
ukve 1982 wels, aSS-is Sida erovnuli produqti Seadgenda 3 trilion
905 miliards, maSin rodesac sabWoTa kavSiris mep-i 1 trilion 266
miliards. Tu aSS-Si es maCvenebeli 1991 wlisaTvis gaizarda da miaRwia 5
146
Nnika CitaZe. Nnato-Crdiloatlantikuri aliansi. msoflioSi mSvidobisa da
stabilurobis mTavari garanti. Tbilisi, 2008. Ggv. 51
191
trilion 112 miliards, sabWoTa kavSirSi piriqiT, igi 1 trilion 184
miliard dolaramde Semcirda.147
aseve, aRsaniSnavia, rom Tu igive aSS-is SeeZlo ewarmoebina samwliani
omi koreaSi 50-iani wlebis dasawyisSi da Semdgom aTwliani omi vietnamSi
60-iani wlebis ganmavlobaSi da 70-iani wlebis dasawyisSi da saerTo jamSi
“civ omSi” gamarjvebisaTvis daexarja daaxloebiT 5 trilioni dolari,
ekonomikurad CamorCenili ssrk-isaTvis damRupveli aRmoCnda avRaneTSi
samxedro operaciebis warmoeba. amitomac, ukve civi omis damamTavrebel
etapze ssrk-is ukve veRar SeeZlo ganexorcielebina aSS-is mier
warmodgenili “strategiuli TavdacviTi iniciativis” analogiuri programa,
ramac ssrk aiZula mniSvnelovan daTmobebze wasuliyo dasavleTis winaSe.
didi roli aSS-is gamarjvebaSi agreTve iTamaSes sainformacio
saSualebebma, romelTa meSveobiTac xerxdeboda ssrk-sa da aRmosavleT
evropis xalxebisaTvis obieqturi informaciis miwodeba msoflioSi
mimdinare movlenebze. am mxriv, pirvel rigSi aRsaniSnavia aSS-is
sainformacio saagento “iusia”-s qveganyofileba - radiosadguri “amerikis
xma”, romelic eweoda mauwyeblobas msoflios 44 enaze. “amerikis xmasTan”
mWidrod TanamSromlobda radiosadguri “Tavisufleba” da “Tavisufali
evropa”, romlebic funqcionirebdnen gasuli saukunis 50-iani wlebidan. am
mauwyeblobebis kontrols axorcielebda saerTaSoriso radiomauwyeblobis
sabWo, romelic 1973 wels Seiqmna.
garda amisa, sagareo-politikuri propagandis SemuSavebis sakiTxebSi
didi roli iTamaSes iseTma samecniero-kvleviTma centrebma, rogorebicaa
”rend korporeiSeni”, jorjTaunis universitetis strategiuli da
saerTaSoriso kvlevebis centrma, karnegis, fordis da rokfeleris
fondebma, agreTve sxvadasxva sazogadoebrivma organizaciebma, romlebic
dakavSirebulni iyvnen xelisuflebaSi myof administraciebTan. dasavleTis
mxridan sainformacio teqnologiebis gamoyeneba zrdida simpatias
aRmosavleT evropis mosaxleobaSi dasavleTis demokratiis mimarT.
P
aSS-s roli did saWadrako dafaze
P”civi omis” dasrulebis Semdgomi periodi amerikis SeerTebuli

StatebisaTvis Zalian saintereso kvlevis obieqts warmoadgens. qveyanam,
romelmac drois arc Tu ise did monakveTSi moaxerxa gamxdariyo
msoflio lideri, da warmoadgens saqarTvelos strategiul partniors, ar
SeiZleba interesi ar gamoiwvios.
dRevandel dRes, amerikisaTvis misi erovnuli usafrTxoebis
prioritetebis warmatebiT ganviTarebis saqmeSi udidesi mniSvneloba
eniWeba evraziis kontinents. saukuneebis manZilze msoflios evraziuli
Zalebi gankargavdnen, magram dRes evraziis mniSvnelovan nawilSi
araevropuli Zala dominirebs da amerikis globaluri pirveloba
damokidebulia imaze, Tu ramden xans da ramdenad efeqturad SeinarCunebs
igi Tavis gavlenas evraziis sxvadasxva regionSi. aSS, araevraziuli Zalaa,
romelic saerTaSoriso asparezze pirvelobs da evraziaSi Zalauflebis
gavrcelebas cdilobs. Eevraziis ramdenime udidesi saxelmwifo aSS-is
potenciuri metoqes warmoadgens da es saxelmwifoebi etapobrivad sul
ufro da ufro Zlierdebian (ruseTi, indoeTi, CineTi). Aaqedan gamomdinare,
147
192
aSS-m iseTi geostrategia unda SeimuSaos, raTa evraziis sxvadasxva
regionSi Tavisi interesebi didi xnis manZilze ganaxorcielos. M
aSS-is, rogorc demokratiuli saxelmwifos evraziis kontinentze (da
aseve msoflios sxva regionebSic) Tavisi geopolitikuri gavlenis
ganmtkicebas didi mniSvneloba aqvs ara marto aSS-is keTildReobisTvis,
aramed saerTaSoriso mSvidobisTvis. warmatebuli mowinaaRmdegis gamoCenam
SesaZloa masiuri saerTaSoriso arastabiluroba gamoiwvios.
evrazia yvelaze didi kontinentia. msoflio mosaxleobis 75%
evraziaSi cxovrobs da msoflio simdidris umetesi nawilic aq aris. Ase
rom, evraziis erTiani Zliereba amerikis SeerTebuli Statebisas gadawonis,
magram aSS-is sabednierod evrazia Zalian didia imisaTvis (kontinentze
mdebareobs 80-ze meti saxelmwifo), rom erT politikur erTeuls
warmoadgendes. amitomac, igi aris didi saWadrako dafa, romelzedac
grZeldeba TamaSi msoflio batonobisaTvis. ovaluri formis evraziuli
saWadrako dafa uamrav regionul moTamaSes moicavs. mTavari moTamaSeebi
dafis dasavleTiT, aRmosavleTiT, samxreTiT da centrSi arian
ganlagebulni. saWadrako dafa gadaWimulia lisabonidan vlodivostokamde.
es megakontinenti ubralod imdenad didi, mWidrod dasaxlebuli,
kulturulad nairgvaria da istoriulad imdenad ambiciuri qveynebisgan
Sedgeba, rom saeWvoa isini daTmobebze wavidnen Tundac iseT warmatebul
saxelmwifosTan, rogoricaa AaSS. 148
AaSS-evrokavSiri
“civi omis” dasrulebis Semdeg bevri politikuri moRvawisa Tu

damoukidebeli analitikosebis azriT, amerika-dasavleT evropis aliansma-
romelsac ukve aRar hyavda mowinaaRmdege sabWoTa kavSirisa da varSavis
blokis saxiT dakarga Tavisi mniSvneloba da axali geopolitikuri
realobebis gaTvaliswinebiT, misi mniSvneloba TandaTanobiT daknindeboda,
Tumca, saerTo mtris da safrTxis ganeitraleba ar aRmoCnda sakmarisi
winapiroba am strategiuli kavSiris Sesasusteblad da or mxares Soris
TanamSromloba axal etapze gadavida aranakleb saxifaTo gamowvevebis
sapasuxod, saerTo demokratiul faseulobebze dayrdnobiT da saerTo
miznebis misaRwevad. Tumca meores mxriv, aRsaniSvnavia is faqtic, rom “civi
omis” dasrulebis Semdeg Seiqmneboda imis problema, rom im droisaTvis
Teqvsmeti wevri saxelmwifo (1992 wels evrokavSiris wevrTa raodenoba 16-s
Seadgenda) gansxvavebulad dainaxavda da Seafasebda amerika-dasavleT
evropis kavSiris rols da kompetencias. miuxedavad saerTo faseulobebisa,
zogadi miznebisa da SeTanxmebebisa axal safrTxeebTan da axal
gamowvevebTan dakavSirebiT, gansxvavebuli SeiZleba yofiliyo qveynebis
sagareo politikuri da usafrTxoebis prioritetbi, aseve is, Tu rogor
Seafasebda dasavleTis samyaros TiToeuli saxelmwifo aSS-dasavleT
evropis aliansis winaSe arsebul saerTo safrTxes. Aamitomac, Uukve
gasuli saukunis 90-ian wlebSi aqtualuri gaxda saubari amerikis da
evropis TanamSromlobis naklebefeqtianobaze. evrokavSiris farglebSi
momxdarma cvlilebebma da am organizaciis gavlenis gaZlierebam
politikuri, ekonomikuri, usafrTxoebisa da samxedro TvalsazrisiT da
evrokavSiris SigniT dawyebulma debatebma evropis Tavdacvisa da
usafrTxoebis axal politikasTan dakavSirebiT, gamokveTa evropis
regionaluri interesebi da albaToba, rom evropa regionalur
148
Zbigniew Brzezinski. The Grand Chessboard. P. 137
193
stabilurobas ar daayenebda safrTxis qveS globaluri sakiTxebis gamo.
“saerTo mtris winaaRmdeg Sekruli aliansi cxadi da gasagebia. bevrad
ufro rTulia omis Semdgom, mSvidobis da gamarjvebis monapovris
dasacavad SenarCunebuli aliansi.” es sityvebi ekuTvnis didi britaneTis
yofil premier-ministrs uinston CerCils da misi es sityvebi aqtualuri da
adeqvaturi, ara mxolod 40-iani wlebis meore naxevridan, meore msoflio
omis dasrulebis Semdeg gaxda, aramed isini aqtualuria civi omis
Semdegac arsebuli geopolitikuri realobebis drosac. amerikel da
evropel mokavSireebSi gansxvavebuli xedva gavlenas axdens Tundac natos
SigniT gadawyvetilebis miRebis procesze da saerTo jamSi mis
efeqtianobazec.
Eeqspertebi barveli da daalderi gamoyofen sam mniSvnelovan sxvaobas
evropisa da aSS-is strategiaSi. AaSS-rogorc supersaxelmwifos statusis
mqone saxelmwifo msoflio politikaSi mimdinare movlenebs globaluri
masStabiT afasebs, misi evropeli mokavSireebi da mTlianad evrokavSiri ki
regionaluriT. aSS ama Tu im regionSi arsebuli realobebis
gaTvaliswinebiT prioritets aniWebs individualur qmedebebs, dasavleT
evropa ki saerTaSoriso organizaciebTan mWidro TanamSromlobis gziT:
aSS-s ufro radikaluri pozicia gaaCnia da ar gamoricxavs sakiTxis
samxedro gziT gadaWras (rogorc es iyo avRaneTis, kosovosa da
gansakuTrebiT erayis SemTxvevebSi), dasavleT evropis qveynebis nawili ki
prioritets aniWebs politikur da ekonomikur SesaZleblobebs.
1990-ian wlebSi maastrixtis, amsterdamisa da nicis samitebis dros
evrokavSirma usafrTxoebis sferoSi gaatara mTeli rigi reformebi,
romlebmac xeli Seuwyo regionis gaZlierebas. MMmaTgan pirvel rigSi ra
Tqma unda, unda aRiniSnos is ekonomikuri da samxedro xasiaTis reformebi,
romlebic saSualebas aZlevs evrokavSirs saerTaSoriso asparezze
Seasrulos calke moTamaSis roli. ra Tqma unda evrokavSiris gaZliereba
da am organizaciis mier damoukidebeli usafrTxoebis sistemis
Camoyalibeba ar niSnavs amerikasTan TanamSromlobis Sewyvetas an masTan
dapirispirebas, rogorc amas zogierTi mklevari varaudobs. marSalis
gegmidan moyolebuli, evropa-aSS-is TanamSromloba ormxrivad momgebiani
iyo da arc amerikis da arc evropis winaSe dgas am transatlantikuri
kavSiris Sesustebis aucilebloba. Tumca “civi omis” periodisagan
gansxvavebiT 90-iani wlebidan evrokavSiris mier gatarebuli politika
evropis saxelmwifoebs aZlevs saSualebas saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi gaataros
amerikis SeerTebuli Statebisagan gansxvavebuli politika.
sxvaoba amerikul da evropul interesebSi
1992 wels, cnobili amerikeli mecnieri, harvardis universitetTan

arsebuli, jon olinis saxelobis strategiuli kvlevis institutis
direqtori samuel hantigtoni werda: “saerTo mtris ararseboba, romelic
mokavSireebs aerTianebT, aucileblad migviyvans maT Soris arsebuli
winaaRmdegobebis gazrdamde.”149 rig politikur Tu ekonomikur sakiTxebTan
dakavSirebiT amerikas da evropas marTlac aRmoaCndaT gansxvavebuli
interesebi, rac obieqturad arsebuli istoriuli, kulturuli,
geografiuli, politikuri, samxedro Tu ekonomikuri mizezebiT da
149
194
TaviseburebebiT aris ganpirobebuli. Jorj vaSingtonis universitetis
profesori h. nei evropis poziciis Sesaxeb werda: “Tavis droze evropas,
rom gamoeyo mniSvnelovani Zalebi saudis arabeTis da sparseTis yuris
dasacavad, dRes aseTi erTsulovani iqneboda erayis da sadam huseinis
mimarT? KkoreaSi 38-e paralelze evropas 37 000 jariskaci rom hyavdes da
kidev 40 000 iaponiaSi, aseTive dainteresebuli iqneboda CrdiloeT koreis
daSoSminebiT, sainJinro naRmebis akrZalviT, romlebic iq myof amerikel
jarebs icaven, an raketsawinaaRmdego Wurvebis akrZalviT, romlebic
sazRvrebs gareT myofi amerikeli jariskacebis usafrTxoebis garantiaa”.150
Urusi mecnieris utkinis azriT, erT-erTi mTavari aspeqti, romelic
ganapirobebs amerikis da evropis gansxvavebul interesebs aris is, rom
dasavleTi evropa didwilad aris damokidebuli axlo aRmosavleTidan da
ruseTidan energiis eqsportze, xolo energomatareblebis importis
Sewyveta an droebiTi SeCereba gamoiwvevda evrokavSiris ekonomikis
kolafss. AevrokavSirisgan gansxvavebiT aSS SedarebiT naklebad aris
damokidebuli axlo aRmosavleTidan energiis importze. amerikas SeuZlia
islamur samyarosTan dapirispirebis SemTxvevaSi aamoqmedos Tavis navTobis
rezervebi da gazardos navTobis importi laTinuri amerikis qveynebidan,
Tundac igive venesuelis navTobis xarjze, miuxedavad am qveyanaSi arsebul
reJimisa, romelic aSS-is xelisuflebas Riad upirispirdeba. venesuelam
1990-ian wlebSi navTobmopoveba dReSi 3 milion barelamde gazarda da
dRevandel dRes amerikul bazarze navTobis erT-erTi pirveli
mimwodebelia. Ggarda amisa, 2001 wlis 11 seqtembris Semdeg amerikam
gaafarTova kavSirebi kanadis navTobmompovebel regionebTan, navTobiT
mdidar meqsikasTan, nigeriasTan. Ggarda amisa aSS-is evropisgan
gansxvavebiT (romelic didwiladaa damokidebuli ruseTis gazze) hyavs
bunebrivi airis saimedo mimwodebeli, natos wevri saxelmwifo kanadis
saxiT.
zemoaRniSnulis gaTvaliswinebiT, igive energomatareblebis importSi
arsebuli interesebis sxvaoba iwvevs politikuri poziciebis sxvaobas.
amerika ufro aqtiuradaa Careuli da mxars uWers israels axlo
aRmosavleTis konfliqtSi. amerikam borotebis RerZis qveynebi uwoda irans
da erays (rasac mogvianebiT miumata libia da siria). amerikas misi
samxedro da ekonomikuri potencialis gaTvaliswinebiT SeuZlia awarmoos
omi avRaneTSi, eraySi, ar gamoiyvanos jarebi arabeTis naxevarkunZulze an
Soreul aRmosavleTSi moqmedi bazebidan, Tumca evrokavSirs am mxriv
gansxvavebuli midgoma gaaCnia da surs Tavidan aicilos 1973 wlis msgavsi
navTobis krizisi.
EevrokavSirisa da natos wamyvan evropul saxelmwifoebis garkveul
nawils gansxvavebuli pozicia aqvT Crdiloatlantikuri aliansis
gafarToebasTan dakavSirebiTac. Arac naTlad gamoCnda natos 2008 wlis
aprilSi gamarTuli buqarestis samitis dros. zogierTi wamyvani
saxelmwifo kmayofili iqneboda, Tu axali wevrebis miRebis Semdeg nato
ramdenime xans daisvenebda da igive ruseTTan urTierTobas kidev erTxel
ar daZabavda, miTumetes im fonze, rodesac 2008 wlis TebervalSi
dasavleTis qveynebis umravlesobam ruseTis protestis miuxedavad cno
kosovos damoukidebloba. Ggarda amisa, aSS-is dasavleT evropeli
mokavSireebis SeSfoTebas iwvevs evroatlantikuri sivrcis sazRvrebs miRma
eTnikur konfliqtebSi SesaZlebeli CaTreva, risi SemTxvevac ukve iyo
bosniisa da kosovos konfliqtebis dros. amas garda, struqturuli
150
iqve
195
TvalsazrisiT, konfliqtebSi CarTva-arCarTvasTan dakavSirebiT ar aris
advili amerikasa da evropas Soris kompromisis miRweva.
Kamerikelebsa da evropelebs Soris erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi
sxvaobaa saerTaSoriso organizaciebTan TanamSromloba. evropis zogierTi
saxelmwifos lideri arasamarTlebrivad miiCnevs vaSingtonis
gadawyvetilebaTa Seusabamobas saerTaSoriso samarTlis im principebTan,
romlebic uSualodaa dakavSirebuli samxedro Zalis SesaZlo
gamoyenebasTan, radgan rogorc cnobilia am RonisZiebis cxovrebaSi
gasatareblad saWiroa gaeros uSiSroebis sabWos Sesabamisi rezolucia.
gaeros rezolucia sadao sakiTxi ara marto erayis kompaniis dros gaxda,
rodesac aSS-sa da didi britaneTis SeiaraRebuli Zalebi erayis
teritoriaze huseinis reJimis dasamxobad gaeros nebarTvis gareSe
SeiWrnen, aramed 1999 wels iugoslaviis dabombvis drosac, rodesac
amerikelebsa da evropelebs Soris xangrZlivi molaparakebaTa procesis
Sedegad amerikuli winadadeba mxolod maSin iqna miRebuli, roca Tavad
amerika-evropis aliansis yofna-aryofnis sakiTxi daisva. AamasTan
dakavSirebiT, yuradsaRebia britaneTis yofili premier-ministris toni
bleris gancxadeba: “axla gadawyvetilebisaTvis Tavis arideba niSnavs
gavanadguroT natos sandooba.” samagierod mogvianebiT miunhenSi gamarTul
konferenciaze germaniis yofilma kanclerma Srioderma ganacxada, rom
“gaeros uSiSroebis sabWos ignorireba iugoslaviis SemTxvevaSi
gamonaklisi iyo da magaliTi ar unda gaxdariyo”.
Aamerikisa da evropis arakoordinirebuli urTierToba ruseTTan
evrokavSiris samecniero wreebSi naTlad aqvT gaazrebuli is faqti, Tu

ramdenad didi mniSvneloba eniWeba evropis Tanamedrove usafrTxoebis
uzrunvelyofis saqmeSi energiis wyaroebis diversifikacias da ramdenad
maRalia ruseTis mier energetikis politikur iaraRad gamoyenebis
albaToba. 2007 wlis ivnisSi oqsfordis universitetSi, moxsenebaSi, sadac
momzadda prezentacia didi britaneTis energetikuli strategiis Sesaxeb,
gakritikebul iqna britaneTis da mTlianad evrokavSiris pozicia.
moxsenebaSi aRniSnuli iyo evrokavSiris wevri qveynebis mxridan ufro
mkacr da erTian poziciaze ruseTis winaaRmdeg gadasvlis aucilebloba.
dRevandel etapze ruseTi evropis gazze moTxovnilebis sakmaod did
nawils akmayofilebs, amitomac oqsfordis universitetis moxsenebaSi
aRniSnul iqna, rom britaneTma Tavisi mkacri pozicia unda daafiqsiros
evrokavSirSi, raTa gaixsnas bunebrivi airis axali maragebi da ufro
aqtiurad iqnes moZiebuli gazis importis alternatiuli gzebi.
ruseTis mier dRevandel dRes gatarebuli politikis, agreTve misi
teritoriuli sididisa da samxedro potencialis garda, evrokavSirs
bunebrivia ruseTze energodamokidebuleba aiZulebs SedarebiT rbili
politika gaataros ruseTTan mimarTebaSi da xandaxan Tvali daxuWos im
ukanono qmedebebze, romelsac ruseTi eweva rogorc qveynis SigniT, aseve
qveynis gareTac, risi naTeli dadasturebac gaxlavT yofili sabWoTa
respublikebis Sida saqmeebSi uxeSi Careva, ruseTis agresia
saqarTveloswinaaRmdeg da a.S.
amJamad briuselSi myofi Cinovnikebi, skeptikurad uyureben amerikis
mier gatarebul politikas, magram amave dros maTi nawili mudam
optimisturad aris ganwyobilni ruseTisadmi, da am konteqstSi xSirad
arad agdeben centralur da aRmosavleT evropas. MmagaliTad, evrokomisia
ar ganixilavda axali evrokavSiri-ruseTis xelSekrulebis xelmoweris
196
SesaZleblobas, romelime dasavleT evropuli qveyana ruseTis savaWro
embargos msxverpli rom gamxdaroyo. magram evrokavSirma awarmoa
molaparakebebi ruseTTan, miuxedavad ruseTis mier dawesebul embargoze
evrokavSiris wevri poloneTis mier warmoebul xorcis produqtebze. aseve,
Tveebis ganmavlobaSi evrokavSirs aranairi protesti ar gamouxatavs
ruseTis mier litvaSi mimavali navTobsadenis blokirebis Taobaze.
rodesac 2007 wels gaisma ruseTis muqara estoneTis mimarT, rac rogorc
cnobilia dakavSirebuli iyo sabWoTa meomris memorialis
gadaadgilebasTan, evrokavSirs didi Zalisxmeva dasWirda, rom misi erT-
erTi wevri qveynisadmi solidaroba gamoecxadebina. rCeba imis
STabeWdileba, rom yovel axal etapze, evrokavSiri aSkarad aCvenebs
mzadyofnas misi axali wevrebis interesebi kompromisad moitanos
moskovTan kargi urTierTobis SesanarCuneblad. am politikas, miuxedavad
ra Tqma unda misi aramimzidvelobisa, gamarTleba SeiZleba maSin hqonoda,
Tu evropis am kompromisebis Sedegad ruseTi ufro rbili gamxdariyo,
magram faqtia, rom evropis mier aRebuli dRevandeli kursi da strategia
ruseTis yvelaze uares imperialistur instinqtebs aZlierebs.
Aamave dros aRsaniSnavia is faqtic, rom dasavleT evropisgan
gansxvavebiT, evrokavSirSi axali gawevrianebuli da ruseTTan
geografiulad ufro axlos mdebare aRmosavleT evropis saxelmwifoebi
aSkarad gamoxataven TavianT ukmayofilebas ruseTis imperialisturi
politikis gamo da evropaSi did britaneTTan erTad amerikis ZiriTad
dasayrden Zalad ganixilebian. isini evrokavSiris da natos moqmedebis
arealsac ufro farTod xedaven vidre dasavleT evropis regioniT
SemosazRvruls. aqve aRsaniSnavia aRmosavleT evropis ufro gabeduli
pozicia natos SesaZlo gafarToebasTan an Tundac amerikuli bazebis da
samxedro obieqtebis – pirvel rigSi raketsawinaaRmdego sistemebis
aRmosavleT evropis zogierT saxelmwifoSi (poloneTi, CexeTi)
ganTavsebasTan dakavSirebiT.
MmagaliTad aRsaniSnavia is faqti, rom 2008 wlis aprilSi buqarestSi
gamarTuli natos samitis dros aRmosavleT evropisa da baltiispireTis
saxelmwifoebma aSS-sTan erTad mxari dauWires saqarTvelosa da
ukrainisadmi “gawevrianebis samoqmedo gegmaze” gadasvlis ideas. ramdenime
TviT adre, saqarTveloSi vizitisas poloneTis prezidentma lex kaCinskim
Ria da pirdapiri mxardaWera gamoxata saqarTvelos natoSi
integraciisadmi, igives acxadebs estoneTis saqmeTa rwmunebuli
saqarTveloSi, hari lahteini, romelic acxadebs, rom estoneTic uWers
mxars saqarTvelos natoSi integracias. Tavisi gabeduli mxardaWera
daafiqsira latviamac, rodesac natos rigis samitze am qveynis prezidentma
fraibergam Riad daafiqsira Tavisi qveynis pozicia saqarTvelos natoSi
integraciis mimarT.
rac Seexeba amerikis pozicias, igi dasavleT evropisagan gansxvavebulia.
amerikuli politikuri wreebis warmomadgenlebi evropelebTan SedarebiT
ufro Riad akritikeben ruseTis politikas da gacilebiT ufro aSkarad
gamoxataven rogorc aRmosavleT evropis saxelmwifoebis, aseve natos
wevrobis kandidati qveynebis mxardaWeras. Aamis naTeli dadastureba
gaxlavT 2007 wels aSS-is kongresis mier miRebuli rezolucia, sadac
vaSingtoni mxars uWers xorvatiis, makedoniis, albaneTis, ukrainisa da
saqarTvelos natoSi gawevrianebas da am mizniT kongresma aliansis
aspirant qveynebSi, usafrTxoebis seqtorSi reformebis Casatareblad 20
milioni aSS dolari gamoyo.
197
2006 wlis oqtomberSi germanuli Financial Times-isTvis micemul interviuSi,
amerikis saxelmwifo mdivnis TanaSemwem kavkasiisa da samxreT evropis
sakiTxebSi, meTiu braizam, Tavisi kritikuli mosazreba gamoTqva baltiis
zRvaSi gazsadenis gayvanis proeqtTan dakavSirebiT, romliTac moxdeba
ruseTisa da germaniis dakavSireba da SemdgomSi ruseTis gazis eqsporti
dasavleT evropaSi, Tumca gazsadeni gverds auvlis poloneTs da ukrainas.
vaSingtonis msoflio politikis instituts kidev erTi argumenti mohyavs
amerikis da evropis ruseTisadmi ganxvavebuli damokidebulebis
asaxsnelad: ”evropelebs amerikelebze bevrad metad SeawuxebdaT ruseTis
kolafsi da yofil sabWoTa teritoriebze omebis dawyeba, vidre ruseTis
gaZliereba.”151
Eerayis kampania da aSS-evropis urTierTobebi
Esadam huseinis reJimis damxobis dawyebamde diplomatiurma

molaparakebebma erTi weli gastana jer amerikasa da evropas Soris, xolo
Semdeg rogorc ukve aRiniSna, TviT evropis SigniT aRmoCndnen rogorc
amerikis politikis momxreni, aseve misi mowinaaRmdegeebi. DdRis wesrigSi
dadga ori mniSvnelovani sakiTxis ganxilva. Ppirveli dakavSirebuli
iyoMimasTan, Tu ramdenad swori iyo erayis teroristul qveynad
klasificireba, xolo meore ki aSS-is eraySi samxedro moqmedebis
uflebasTan im SemTxvevaSi, Tu ar iarsebebda gaeros uSiSroebis sabWos
rezolucia.
bevri evropuli qveyana ar iziarebda amerikis pozicias, rom erayi
antiteroristuli kompaniis meore nabiji unda gamxdariyo, miuxedavad
buSis administraciis mtkicebisa erayis mier saerTaSoriso terorizmis
mxardaWerisa da “al qaedasTan” kavSiris arsebobis Sesaxeb. samagierod
evropelebi fiqrobdnen, rom erayi qmnida problemas masobrivi
ganadgurebis iaraRis warmoebis gamo. sakiTxisadmi gansxvavebuli midgoma
sxvadasxvagvar politikur midgomebs iwvevda. buSis administracia Tvlida,
rom molaparakebaTa yovelgvari resursi amowuruli iyo da sadam huseinis
mier terorizmis mxardaWerisgan momdinare safrTxe uaxloes momavalSi
unda gadaWriliyo da arsebobda amis erTaderTi gamosavali – huseinis
reJimis Secvla da erayis xelisuflebis saTaveSi progresuli Zalebis
mosvla. bevr evropul qveyanas ki gansxvavebuli Sexeduleba gaaCnda,
kerZod, sadam huseini axlo momavalSi ar iyo safrTxis matarebeli da
saerTaSoriso Tanamegobrobas xeli unda SeeSala misTvis, rom xangrZliv
perspeqtivaSi arsebuli miznebisTvis-masobrivi ganadgurebis iaraRis
SeZenisTvis ar mieRwia. AamisaTvis gaeros warmomadgenlebs kidev erTxel
unda moexdinaT iaraRis inspeqtireba, xolo reJimis Secvla im etapze
aucileblobas ar warmoadgenda.
Progorc wina TavSi aRiniSna, aSS-is prezidentma Tavdapirvelad mxari
dauWira gaeros 1441-e rezolucias masobrivi ganadgurebis iaraRze
inspeqtirebis ganaxlebis Taobaze, Tumca SemdgomSi TeTrma saxlma Tavisi
pozicia Secvala, rasac xsnida im faqtiT, rom erayi uars acxadebda
gaeros inspeqtorebTan TanamSromlobaze da es vaSingtons aZlevda
uflebas daewyo samxedro operacia baRdaTis winaaRmdeg. amis sapasuxod
evropelebi amtkicebdnen, rom inspeqtirebisaTvis meti dro iyo saWiro,
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198
xolo amerika amtkicebda, rom amgvar inspeqtirebas araviTari dadebiTi
Sedegis motana ar SeeZlo, risi ZiriTadi mizezic erayis
arakonstruqciuli pozicia gaxldaT.
MuTanxmoebis mizezi agreTve gaxldaT gaeros mier damatebiTi
rezoluciis miReba, romelic erayis winaaRmdeg Zalis gamoyenebas
legitimurs gaxdida. safrangeTi da germania acxadebdnen, rom inspeqcia
unda gagrZelebuliyo, mogvianebiT ki maT mxari dauWires ruseTis pozicias
da ganacxades, rom win aRudgebodnen damatebiTi rezoluciis miRebas.
mdgomareobam kulminacias miaRwia mas Semdeg, rodesac aSS-is Tavdacvis
ministrma Dronald ramsfeldma safrangeTsa da germanias “Zveli evropa”
uwoda. am etapze evropis rigma qveynebma safrangeTisa da germaniisgan
gansxvavebuli pozicia gamoxates da daafiqsires TavianTi negatiuri
damokidebuleba imasTan dakavSirebiT, rom safrangeTi da germania mTeli
evropis saxeliT saubrobdnen. 2003 wlis 30 ianvars CexeTis, daniis,
ungreTis, italiis, poloneTis, portugaliis, espaneTis, da gaerTianebuli
samefos liderebma Wall Street Journal – Si gamoaqveynes werili, sadac amerikis
pozicias iziarebdnen. werilSi naTqvami iyo rom erays ar surda
eTanamSromla gaeros inspeqtorebTan da amitomac mouwodes saerTaSoriso
Tanamegobrobas, daecvaT mSvidoba da usafrTxoeba erayisTvis masobrivi
ganadgurebis iaraRis CamorTmevis gziT.
EerT kviraSi, centraluri da aRmosavleT evropis saxelmwifoebma,
romlebic natos wevrobis aspirant qveynebad ganixilebodnen, gamoaqveynes
aSS-is mxardamWeri sakuTari gancxadeba.
rogorc cnobilia, 2003 wlis martSi, safrangeTisa da germaniis
winaaRmdegobis miuxedavad, operacia “erayis Tavisufleba” mainc daiwyo.
rogorc mosalodneli iyo gaerTianebulma samefom daxmareba gauwia
operacias da TavianTi mokrZalebuli wvlili Seitanes daniam da
poloneTmac.
aSS-sa da evropis poziciebis msgavsebebi
miuxedavad aSS-sa da dasavleT evropis rig qveynebs Soris arsebuli

garkveuli uTanxmoebebisa, wignis am qveTavSi moyvanili faqtebis mizans ar
warmoadgenda, rom naCvenebi yofiliyo ganxeTqileba amerika-evropis
urTierTobebSi. Akonkretulad am Temis prioritets warmoadgenda
daemtkicebina, rom Tu transatlantikur aliansSi ar arsebobs mkveTrad
gamokveTili saerTo prioriteti, arsebobs imis SesaZlebloba, rom
amerilebma da evropelebma geopolitikuri, ekonomikuri, samxedro,
kulturuli, politikuri Taviseburebebidan gamomdinare sxvadasxva
sferoebSi daikavon gansxvavebuli poziciebi, ramac SesaZloa Tavisi
negatiuri gavlena moaxdinos amerika-dasavleT evropis aliansis
efeqtianobaze. Tumca amave dros, aRsaniSnavia is faqti, rom miuxedavad
garkveuli winaaRmdegobebisa, romelic arsebobda rogorc Tundac “civi
omis” periodSi (mag. suecis krizisi, de golis politika aSS-sTan
mimarTebaSi da a. S.), aseve am periodis dasrulebis Semdeg amerikel da
evropel mokavSireebs Soris, orive mxares ufro meti saerTo gaaCnda da
gaaCnia, rac pirvel rigSi ganpirobebulia imiT, rom amerika da dasavleT
evropa dafuZnebulia saerTo demokratiul Rirebulebebsa da
faseulobebze, da dRevandel dRes natos (amerikel da evropel
mokavSireebs Soris) wevr qveynebs Soris ufro meti Tanxvedra arsebobs
vidre winaaRmdegobani. amasTan dakavSirebiT Cven SegviZlia gamovyoT
Semdegi ZiriTadi faqtorebi:
199
- evrokavSiris qveynebi Tavdacvis biujetirebaze xarjaven imaze naklebs,
vidre saWiroa qmedunariani samxedro Zalis Sesaqmnelad. Ggarda amisa,
evropis SigniT arsebobs poziciaTa erTianobis garkveuli deficiti, rac
Tavis mxriv xels uSlis amerika-evropis aliansis efeqtianobas. imis
gaTvaliswinebiT, rom evrokavSiri marto germania da safrangeTi ar aris
da imisaTvis rom evrokavSirma realurad SeZlos gaawonasworos amerika,
saWiroa erTiani pozicia sagareo politikis sakiTxebSi, romelic Tavis
mxriv gansazRvravs Tavdacvis politikas. Aamerikis samxedro potenciali ki
dRevandel etapze aris konkurentgareSe da aqedan gamomdinare evropas
kvlav sWirdeba amerikis garkveuli garantiebi. miuxedavad imisa, rom
SeiZleba dasavleT evropa bevr sakiTxSi ar iziarebs amerikis politikas,
“beber kontinents” dRemde sWirdeba, rom amerikam moawesrigos globaluri
sakiTxebi. swored am transatlantikuri urTierTobebis wyalobiT SeZlo
evropam uzrunvelyo Tavisi usafrTxoeba me-20 saukunis meore naxevarSi;
- erT-erT umniSvnelovanes faqtors warmoadgens evrokavSirisa da
amerikis ekonomikuri urTierTobebi. EevrokavSiri da aSS erTmaneTisaTvis
nomeri pirveli savaWro partniorebi arian da or mxares Soris vaWrobis
moculoba yvelaze maRalia msoflioSi. Aamis naTel dadasturebas
warmoadgens Semdegi statistikuri monacemebi: evrokavSirsa da aSS-ze
modis msoflio vaWrobis daaxloebiT 40%. yovel dRe daaxloebiT 1,7
miliardi evros Rirebulebis transatlantikuri vaWroba mimdinareobs. Aam
mxriv aseve unda aRiniSnos isic, rom 2007 wels gaJRerda germaniis
kancler angela merkelis idea “transatlantikuri ekonomikuri
TanamSromlobis Sesaxeb”, romelic iTvaliswinebs evrokavSirisa da aSS-is
ekonomikebis daaxloebas. politologTa azriT pirveli nabijebi am gzaze
iqneba evrokavSirisa da aSS-is kanonmdeblobis harmonizacia ekonomikis
sferoSi, rasac Semdeg mohyveba maTi finansuri bazrebis integraciac.
SeiZleba iTqvas, rom am ideis saboloo Sedegi iqneba erTiani
transatlantikuri bazris Seqmna saerTo wesebiTa da standartebiT iseT
sakiTxebSi, rogoric aris inteleqtualuri sakuTreba da finansuri
regulireba;
- bolo wlebSi mniSvnelovnad gaRrmavda TanamSromloba amerikasa da
evrokavSirs Soris samSvidobo operaciebis ganxorcielebis sferoSi. am
mxriv mniSvnelovania aRiniSnos is faqti, rom evrokavSirma Tavis Tavze
aiRo samSvidobo operaciis warmoeba bosnia da hercogovinaSi, sadac
manamde natos egidiT ZiriTadad amerikeli samxedroebi iyvnen
warmodgenilni;
- amerikeli da evropeli mokavSireebi erTad arian CarTulni saxmeleTo
operaciebSi avRaneTis teritoriaze;
- saxezea natos farglebSi amerikisa da evropis interesTa Tanxvedra iseT
mniSvnelovan sakiTxebSi, rogoricaa terorizmisagan Tavdacva;
antisaraketo Tavdacva; samecniero-teqnikuri TanamSromloba;
TanamSromloba partnior saxelmwifoebTan evroatlantikuri partniorobis
sabWosa da programa “partnioroba mSvidobisaTvis” farglebSi da a. S.
- rogorc aSS-s, aseve evrokavSirs saerTo midgoma gaaCniaT saqarTvelos
teritoriul mTlianobasTan dakavSirebiT. arc aSS da arc evrokavSiris
romelime qveyana ar apirebs cnos afxazeTisa da e.w. samxreT oseTis
damoukidebloba, rac gaakeTa ruseTma. orive mxares erTiani midgoma
gaaCniaT ruseTTan mimarTebaSi, rom am qveyanam aucileblad unda gaiyvanos
Tavisi saokupacio Zalebi saqarTvelos ori istoriuli regionidan.
rac Seexeba irans, imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom SeerTebulma Statebma
erayis movlenebis dros dasavleT evropisagan negatiuri gamoxmaureba
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miiRo, iranis sakiTxTan mimarTebaSi movlenebi sxvagvarad viTardeba. Pjer
kidev 2007 wels prezident buSis gancxadebis Tanaxmad “irans jer kidev
bevri ram aqvs asaxsneli sakuTari birTvuli gegmebisa da amasTan
dakavSirebiT warsulSi ganxorcielebuli saidumlo RonisZiebebis Taobaze.
iranma dauyovnebliv unda Sewyvitos uranis gamdidrebis procesi da
molaparakebis magidasTan dajdes. samxedro moqmedebebis warmoebis
aucileblobac bolomde ar aris gamoricxuli”. amasTanave aSS-is
prezidentma gamoTqva imedi, rom iranis winaaRmdeg mkveTri RonisZiebebis
gatarebis aucileblobis sakiTxSi, safrangeTis, didi britaneTisa da
germaniis paralelurad, msoflios sxva wamyvani qveynebic Sesabamis
pozicias daikaveben. zemoaRniSnulTan dakavSirebiT germaniis mTavrobis
pres-spikerma ulrix vilhelmma ganacxada: “CIA moxseneba ar iZleva
damSvidebis safuZvels. aucilebelia oficialur Teiranze saerTaSoriso
zewolis kvlavindeburi gagrZeleba uranis gamdidrebis procesis
SewyvetasTan dakavSirebiT”. 152
GgasaTvaliswinebelia, rom dRes evropaSi aRar arian Srioderi da
Siraqi. saxelisuflebo cvlilebebma safrangeTsa da germaniaSi
mniSvnelovnad Secvala am qveynebis damokidebuleba SeerTebuli Statebis
mimarT. G2007 wlis noemberSi nikola sarkozim da angela merkelma sakmaod
Tbili da nayofieri Sexvedrebi gamarTes TavianT amerikel kolegasTan da
jorj buSs iranis sakiTxze mxardaWera aRuTqves.
aSS-ruseTi
Mmiuxedavad imisa, rom rogorc “civi omis” dasrulebis Semdeg aSS-sa da

ruseTs Soris xelmowerilia rigi SeTanxmebebi da Sesabamisad arsebobs
samarTlebrivi baza ormxrivi urTierTobebis ganviTarebisaTvis, unda
iTqvas, rom bolo periodamde (2008-2009 ww.), gansakuTrebiT im fonze,
rodesac aSS avRaneTSi saomar moqmedebebSia CarTuli, xolo ruseTi
navTobdolarebidan miRebuli Semosavlebis zrdis Sedegad TandaTan
ibrunebs poziciebs saerTaSoriso asparezze, or mxares Soris ufro meti
winaaRmdegoba arsebobda vidre interesTa Tanxvedra. Tumca obamas
administraciis dros SeimCneva urTierTobaTa garkveuli daTboba, razedac
qveviT gveqneba saubari.
dapirispirebam ruseTsa da aSS-s Soris gansakuTrebiT Tavi iCina gasuli
saukunis 90-iani wlebis pirvel naxevarSi, bosniaSi mimdinare konfliqtis
dros, xolo daZabulobam kulminacias kosovos krizisis dros miaRwia.
amave dros, am ori konfliqtis paralelurad ruseTis gaRizianebas aseve
natos SesaZlo gafarToebasTan dakavSirebuli saubrebi iwvevda, da es
procesi ruseTis gansakuTrebul SeSfoTebas dRevandel dRes iwvevs,
radganac Tu ruseTi sabolood Seegua misi politikuri gavlenis sferodan
ukve gamosuli aRmosavleT evropisa da baltiis qveynebis aliansSi
gawevrianebas, dRevandel etapze ruseTis politikur intebliSmentSi
isteriuli gancxadebebi keTdeba natoSi saqarTvelosa da ukrainis SesaZlo
gawevrianebasTan dakavSirebiT.
AaSS-sa da ruseTs Soris dapirispirebis erT-erT TvalsaCino
magaliTs warmoadgens 2007 wlis TebervalSi miunxenis yovelwliur
saerTaSoriso konferenciaze gamarTuli debatebi usafrTxoebis
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201
sakiTxebTan dakavSirebiT. Kkonferencia 2007 wels 43-ed gaimarTa da man
TviT aSS-sa da ruseTs Soris sakmaod daZabul sityvier dapirispirebaSi
Caiara. Tumca es moulodneli aravisTvis ar yofila. buSis administraciam
noembris Sualedur arCevnebSi gancdili marcxis Semdeg (igulisxmeba
kongresis arCevnebi), winaaRmdeg molodinisa, kidev ufro agresiuli
sagareo politikuri kursi aiRo misdami mtrulad ganwyobil
“diqtaturaTa ligasTan” (ruseTi, CineTi, irani, siria, venesuela, sudani) da
am qveynebTan kidev ufro xisti eniT saubari arCia.
Bam konferenciaze yvelaze sayuradRebo yofili prezidentis,
vladimer putinis gamosvla gamovida. senator makeinis gancxadebiT,
romelic imyofeboda im konferenciaze, “es iyo yvelaze agresiuli sityva,
romelic ki ruseTis liders civi omis Semdeg warmouTqvams.”153 Pputinis
amgvari gaSmagebis mizezi gasagebia. maSin, roca sayovelTao azriT, aSS-is
qorTa qori Tavdacvis ministr donald ramsfeldis ufro pragmatikosad
miCneuli robert geitsiT Secvlis Semdeg SeerTebuli Statebi sagareo
politikaSi dialogsa da “urC saxelmwifoTaTvis” “koWis gorebis”
politikaze unda gadasuliyo, buSis administraciam garkveuli
mimarTulebiT kursis kidev ufro gaagresiuloba (am sityvis kargi
mniSvnelobiT) amjobina: 1) axali saerayo strategiis farglebSi iq
damatebiT 21 500 samxedros gagzavna gadawyvita. 2) gazarda Tavisi
samxedro-sazRvao yofna sparseTis yureSi, xolo eraySi iraneli agentebis
winaaRmdeg qmedebebi gaaqtiura da g) garda imisa, rom CexeTi da poloneTi
raketsawinaaRmdego sistemebis ganlagebaze daiyabula, paralelurad perl-
harboridan kamCatkisken msoflioSi umsxvilesi mcuravi radilokaciuri
sadguri gadaanacvla. ministrma geitsma ki CineTSi, CrdiloeT koreaSi da
iranSi arsebul viTarebaTa “gaurkvevlobidan” gamomdinare kongress aSS-is
SeiaraRebuli Zalebis ricxovnobis gazrda moiTxova.
TeTri saxlis am qmedebebma da gancxadebebma ruseTis ukiduresi
aRSfoTeba gamoiwvia. “derJavam” Tavi amerikelebisagan kvlav “samizneSi
amoRebulad” miiCnia, Dda vinaidan es yovelive muxtad zed miunxenis
konferenciis win dagrovda, ar aris gasakviri, vladimer putinma Sansi
xelidan rom ar gauSva da vaSingtons iq umZafresi kritikiT daatyda Tavs.
Mman aSS-is “erTpolaruli” msoflios damyarebaSi an damyarebis
mcdelobaSi dasdo brali.: “da ra aris erTpolaruli samyaro? rogorc ar
unda vcadoT am terminis gakeTilSobileba, es niSnavs Zalauflebisa da
Zalis erTaderT wyaros da erTaderT batons”.
“SeerTebuli Statebi gascda Tavis sazRvrebs yvela-ekonomikur,
politikur Tu humanitarul sferoSi da Tavisi neba sxva saxelmwifoebs
moaxvia, magram yovelive amis Sedegad lokaluri da regionuli omebi ar
Sewyda, xolo am omebSi daRupulTa ricxvi kidev ufro gaizarda. Cven ver
vxedavT verafers, rac am zRvargadasul Zalas Seakavebda. aSS ise gadadis
erTi konfliqtidan meoreze, rom verc erTi maTganis mogvarebas ver
axerxebs. calmxrivi, ukanono qmedebiT man erTi problemis mogvarebac ver
SeZlo. Ees aris erTi batonis, erTi siuzerenis msoflio da amas araferi
aqvs saerTo demokratiastan. amgvari viTareba aZlierebs sxva qveynebis
survils, Seqmnan birTvuli iaraRi. iqmneba Zalian saxifaTo viTareba,
romelSic veRaravin grZnobs Tavs usafrTxod, vinaidan saerTaSori kanoni
zurgs ukan ver daimaleba.”
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rac Seexeba sxva sakiTxebs, maTze putinis azri amgvari gaxldaT:
- “natos gafarToebis process araferi aqvs saerTo evropaSi usafrTxoebis
uzrunvelyofasTan. piruku, es seriozuli faqtoria, romelic ormxrivi
ndobis Semcirebs iwvevs”;
- “raketsawinaaRmdego sistemebTan dakavSirebiT me ar msurs, vinmes
agresiulobaSi davdo brali, magram es ZalTa Tanafardobas erTi mxaris
sasargeblod daarRvevs da, Cveni ekonomikuri da finansuri mdgomareobis
gaTvaliswinebiT, iZulebulni viqnebiT, asimetriuli pasuxisTvis vemzadoT.
Tuki Cven Tavad ver vagebT raketsawinaaRmdego Tavdacvis sistemebs, unda
SevqmnaT amgvar sistemaTa gadamlaxavi sistemebi, da Cven axla swored amas
vakeTebT”.154
putinma kidev erTxel gaimeora, rom ruseTi mxars ar dauWerda kosovos
problemis iseT mogvarebas, romelic konfliqtis erT-erTi mxarisaTvis
miuRebeli iqneba.
Pputinis gamosvlam aSS-is prezident jorj buSis erovnuli
usafrTxoebis sabWos warmomadgenlis gordon jondros TqmiT-TeTri
saxlis “gakvirveba da gaoceba gamoiwvia”.. “Cven gakvirvebulni varT, misi
braldebebi sruliad usafuZvloa” ganacxada jondrom. imavdroulad unda
ganvacxadoT, rom ruseTTan momavalSic viTanamSromlebT iseT sferoebSi,
rogoricaa terorizmis winaaRmdeg brZola da masobrivi ganadgurebis
iaraRis gauvrcelebloba.”
Pputins miunxenuri tribunidan Seexmiana pentagonis Sefi geitsic,
romlisTvisac es erTgvari sadebiuto gamosvla gaxldaT. Mman ganacxada,
rom “rogorc civi omis veterans, erTma guSindelma gamosvlam TiTqmis
Zveli drois nostalgia aRuZra.” Mman aseve aRniSna “ise ki samyaro,
romelSic Cven axla vcxovrobT gacilebiT gansxvavebuli da rTulia
imasTan SedarebiT, rac 20-30 wlis win iyo. axla Cven araerTi saerTo
problema da gamowveva gvaqvs, romelTac swored sxva qveynebTan, maT Soris
ruseTTan erTad unda gavumklavdeT. Aase rom erTi civi omi sakmarisia.
Tumca isic aucileblad unda iTqvas, rom ruseTis politika zogjer-roca
es mis mier calkeuli qveynebisTvis iaraRis miyidvasa Tu energoresursebis
sxva saxelmwifoebze zemoqmedebis mizniT gamoyenebas exeba-aSkara safrTxes
uqmnis saerTaSoriso stabilurobas.” rac Seexeba natos, geitsis azriT,
“ruseTs ar unda eSinodes mis sazRvrebTan aliansis miaxloebisa, radganac
es demokratiuli qveynebis miaxloebas niSnavs.”155
MmogvianebiT igive argumenti gaimeora natos generalurma mdivanma iaap
de hoop sxeferma: “ratom unda nerviulobdes vinme, Tuki mis sazRvrebs
demokratia da kanonis uzenaesoba uaxlovdeba?”
Ggarda amisa, ruseTis gaRizianebas iwvevda aSS-is mier gatarebuli
raketsawinaaRmdego politikac. rodesac poloneTisa da CexeTis premier
ministrebma maTi qveynebis teritoriaze SeerTTebuli Statebis
raketsawinaaRmdego Tavdacvis (rsT) sistemaTa ganlagebasTan dakavSirebiT
mzadyofna gamoTqves. Amis sapasuxod moskovma kidev erTxel ganacxada, rom
is calmxrivad gava sabWour-amerikuli xelSekrulebidan saSualo da
mcire siSoris raketaTa (smsr) likvidaciis Sesaxeb da Tanac poloneTsa
da CexeTs samizned amoiRebs. Eeqspertebis saerTo azriT, amiT ruseTi
154
155
203
verafers moigebs da piruku, arsebobs udidesi Sansi, bevri ram waagos
kidec.
varSavaSi CexeTisa da poloneTis premierebis erToblivi pres-
konferenciis Semdeg poloneTis yofilma premierma kaCinskim aRniSna: “Cven
Rrmad varT darwmunebulni imaSi, rom aucilebelia evropis usafrTxoebis
sakiTxebTan dakavSirebiT da uwinaresad aSS-is rsT-is ganlagebis Taobaze-
principuli gadawyvetilebis miReba. imis mtkiceba, rom aSS-is rsT-is baza
evropaSi ZalTa Tanafardobas Secvlis, aSkara gaugebrobaa, aRniSna man. Aam
nabijis mizani naTelia, igi ar aris mimarTuli arc erTi normaluri
saxelmwifos winaaRmdeg. rsT-is funqcia aziis im saxelmwifoTa
qmedebebisagan Tavdacva iqneba, romelTac ar surT daemorColon
msoflioSi miRebul wesebs.”
SegaxsenebT, rom vaSingtoni poloneTsa da CexeTSi rsT-is sistemis
elementTa ganlagebas e.w. urC saxelmwifoTagan da teroristebisgan
Tavdacvis aucileblobiT xsnida. magram rusebs amis ar sjerodaT. “Cveni
specialistebi ar Tvlian, rom rsT, romelsac amerika aRmosavleT evropis
qveynebSi ganalagebs, im muqaris aRkveTiskenaa mimarTuli, romelic
iranidan, an teroristebisgan momdinareobs” – ganacxada vladimer putinma
2007 wlis 1 Tebervals kremlSi mowyobil pres-konferenciaze.
Pputinis mier am mimarTulebiT kremlSi dawyebuli da mogvianebiT
miunxenis konferenciaze misi da maSindeli Tavdacvis ministris sergei
ivanovis mier ganviTarebuli ieriSi Semdeg kviras jer ruseTis genStabis
xelmZRvanelma iuri baluevskim, Semdeg ki ruseTis strategiuli
daniSnulebis saraketo nawilebis meTaurma nikolai salavcovma gaamwvaves.
Aase magaliTad, baluevskim ganacxada, rom Tuki aSS poloneTsa da CexeTSi
marTlac ganalagebs rsT-is sistemebs, ruseTi calmxrivad datovebs
sabWour-amerikul xelSekrulebas smsr-Ta likvidaciis Sesaxeb. salavcovma
ki daiqadna, rom “Tuki iqneba miRebuli Sesabamisi politikuri
gadawyvetileba, ruseTi 5-6 weliwadSi Seqmnis saSualo siSoris raketebs,
romlebic poloneTisa da CexeTis teritoriaze ganlagebul amerikuli
rsT-is sistemebis winaaRmdeg miimarTeba.”
“dRes mravali qveyana qmnis da srulyofs saSualo siSoris raketebs
maSin, rodesac ruseTma aRniSnuli xelSekrulebis pirnaTlad Sesrulebis
safuZvelze-am iaraRis araerTi sistema dakarga”-ase ganmarta Tavisi
pozicia baluevskim. sergei ivanovma ki xelSekrulebas smsr-Ta likvidaciis
Sesaxeb sulac “civi omis” reliqti uwoda, “ruseTs am raketebiT xelaxla
aRWurva xels Tundac imitom ar SeuSlida, rom maT indoeTi, pakistani,
CrdiloeT korea, CineTi, irani da israeli moiZeven.” “es qveynebi Cveni
sazRvris maxloblad mdebareoben da amis gauTvaliswinebloba ar egebis-am
raketebis qonis ufleba mxolod or qveyanas-ruseTsa da amerikas ara aqvs.
ase ki mudam ver gagrZeldeba.”
rusi kolegebis am gancxadebaze aSS-is Tavdacvis ministr robert
geitsis pirveli reaqcia amgvari gaxldaT: “am xelSekrulebidan ruseTis
gasvla SeerTebul Statebs problemebs Seuqmnis, magram kidev ufro meti
safiqrali evropelebs gauCndebaT”.
GgazeT “fainenSl Taimsis” SefasebiT, ruseTis muqara smsr-Ta
likvidaciis Sesaxeb xelSekruklebidan gasvlis, saSualo siSoris
raketebis Seqmnisa da am raketebis poloneTsa da CexeTSi damiznebis
Taobaze “miznad swored am ukanasknelTa da mTlianad evropis daSinebas
isaxavs. Kkremli fsons imaze akeTebs, rom poloneTsa da CexeTSi
saprotesto aqciebi daiwyeba da saboloo jamSi es qveynebi iZulebulebi
gaxdebian, uari Tqvan amerikuli gegmebis realizaciaze.”
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Tumca samxedro eqspertebi fiqrobdnen, rom moskovis es gaTvlebi mainc
mcdari unda yofiliyo. “kremli arsebiTad, isev im iluzoruli ideidan
amodis-romelmac Tavis droze sabWoTa kavSiris “pionerebis” (5 aTasi km-is
siSoris raketebis) ganlagebisken ubiZga-rom amiT evropis daSinebas da
amerikasTan mis urTierTobebSi ganxeTqilebis Setanas moaxerxebda. am
gulubryvilo varaudma maSinac ki ver imuSava, roca ssrk zemZlavri
saxelmwifo iyo, da miT ufro ganwirulia warumateblobisTvis is axla”-
ganacxada Jurnal “eksport vooruJenies” redaqtori mixeil barabanovi.
garda amisa, misi azriT, aRniSnuli xelSekrulebidan ruseTis gasvla
igives gakeTebasac aiZulebda SeerTebul Statebsac, romelsac amis
Sedegad SesaZlebloba miecemoda, Tavisi raketebi sulac ruseTis
sazRvrebTan ganelagebina. egec ar iyos, moskovis qmedebiT daSinebulma
evropelebma, SeiZleba, vaSingtons axali rusuli safrTxisgan dacva
moeTxovaT. amdenad, moskovis msoflio ekonomikisa da saerTaSoriso
urTierTobaTa institutis eqspert aleqsandr pikaevisa ar iyos – “aSS-is
awyobs kidec xelSekrulebidan ruseTis gasvla, vinaidan es mas evropaSi
ara marto rsT-is sistemebis, aramed raketebis gansaTavseblad aucilebel
argumentebs miscems”.
evropaSi Cveulebrivi SeiaraRebis xelSekruleba
2007 wlis 14 dekembridan dasavleTisaTvis, da pirvel rigSi aSS-

saTvis ruseTi samxedro TvalsazrisiT ukve safrTxes warmoadgens. amis
mizezi ki is gaxlavT, rom ruseTma Cveulebrivi SeiaraRebis Semcirebis
Sesaxeb xelSekrulebaze moratoriumi 14 dekembers moskovis droiT
SuaRames oficialurad aamoqmeda. Aaqedan gamomdinare arsebobs imis
albaTobac, rom natos wevr qveynebTan mosazRvre raionebSi ganlagebuli
rusuli samxedro bazebi samxedro teqnikis didi raodenobiT aivseba.
ruseTma aRniSnuli xelSekrulebis ratificireba 2004 wels moaxdina.
xelSekrulebis Tanaxmad, mis wevr qveynebs atlantikidan uralamde
sabrZolo teqnika xuTi kategoriis mixedviT unda SeemcirebinaT, esenia:
tankebi, javSanmanqanebi, artileria, da moieriSe vertmfrenebi.
aRsaniSnavia rom es xelSekruleba 1990 wels daido, ZalTa balansis
misaRwevad rogorc natos, aseve varSavis xelSekrulebis wevrebs Soris.
cxra wlis Semdeg gaformda SeTanxmebis adaptirebuli versia, romlis
mixedviT, SezRudvebi Cveulebriv SeiaraRebaze ara blokis, aramed
TviToeul qveyanaze calke vrceldeba.
ruseTis wina mowvevis saTaTbirom Tavis erT-erT ukanasknel sesiaze
xmaTa sruli umravlesobiT miiRo dadgenileba imis Sesaxeb, rom ruseTi
Cveulebrivi SeiaraRebis Semcirebis Sesaxeb xelSekrulebidan gasvlas
apirebs. federaciis sabWos mxardaWeris Semdeg ki, dokuments xeli aseve
prezidentma putinma moawera.
sagulisxmoa, rom Cveulebrivi SeiaraRebis gauvrceleblobis Sesaxeb
xelSekrulebaze moratoriumis amoqmedebiT ruseTi uflebas itovebs, rom
Tavis teritoriaze da aseve mis sazRvrebs gareT ganTavsebul bazebze
samxedro teqnikis gadasrolisa an aRricxvianobasTan dakavSirebiT
saerTaSoriso eqspertebs angariSi aRar Caabaros, rac aSS-saTvis axali
Tavis tkivilis sagania.
ruseTma Tavisi qmedeba axsna imiT, rom 2007 wlis oqtombrisTvis,
natom mniSvnelovnad gadaaWarba evropaSi Cveulebrivi SeiaraRebuli
Zalebis SeiaraRebis donis Taobaze SeTanxmebas”. Ees gancxadeba gaJRerda
ruseTis Tavdacvis saministros erT-erTi maRalCinosnis mier. ruseTis
205
oficialuri pirebis gancxadebiT “natos qveynebisTvis SeTanxmebiT
gaTvaliswinebuli doneebi Seadgens 5992 tanks, 9882 javSanmanqanas, 5111
saartilerio erTeuls, 1497 sabrZolo TviTmfrinavsa da 531 damrtymel
Sveulmfrens. aSS-is SeiaraReba am monacemebs gacilebiT aWarbebs”. ruseTs
miaCnia rom es darRvevebi Zalzed saxifaToa. SedarebisTvis: “saflango
zonaSi” ruseTs hyavs 1200 tanki, 2140 javSanmanqana da daaxloebiT 1680
saartilerio erTeuli”(53).
aSS-is Tavdacvis departamentma wuxili gamoxata ruseTis mier evropaSi
Cveulebrivi SeiaraRebis Sesaxeb SeTanxmebaze moratoriumTan dakavSirebiT.
garda zemoaRniSnulisa, aSS-is da natos gavlenis Sesustebis mizniT,
ruseTi aseve cdilobs gaaqtiuros misi iniciativiT Seqmnili
antidasavluri regionaluri organizaciebis saqmianoba. aq pirvel rigSi
saubaria dsT-is koleqtiuri usafrTxoebis xelSekrulebis organizaciaze-
es organizacia warmoadgens samxedro-politikur bloks da masSi dsT-is
eqvsi saxelmwifoa gawevrianebuli, da meore, es gaxlavT “Sanxais
TanamSromlobis organizacia”, romeli rva wlis win ruseTisa da CineTis
iniciativiT Seiqmna da masSi amJamad am ori saxelmwifos garda
centraluri aziis respublikebic arian gaerTianebulni. Eoficialurad am
organizaciis mizans ekonomikuri TanamSromlobis ganviTareba warmoadgens,
magram geopolitikuri TvalsazrisiT mas ufro mniSvnelovani funqciac
akisria, kerZod ori planetaze udidesi evraziuli saxelmwifos
miswrafebaa Seakavos “atlantizmis” gavlena msoflioSi.
NvaSingtonsa da moskovs Soris dapirispirebis erT-erT TvalsaCino
magaliTs aseve iranis birTvuli programis garSemo arsebuli problema
warmoadgens, razedac dawvrilebiT qvemoT gveqneba saubari.
აშშ-რუსეთისურთიერთობებიობამასმოსვლისშემდეგ
2009 wlis dasawyisidan ruseT-aSS-is Soris urTierTobaTa garkveuli

daTboba SeiniSneba. rogorc cnobilia, aSS-s sagareo politikis erT-erT
ZiriTad prioritets warmoadgens iranis birTvul programasTan
dakavSirebuli problemebis mogvareba156. 2009 wlis dasawyisSi amerikaSi
obamas xelisuflebaSi mosvlis Semdeg, aSS-is axladarCeulma prezidentma
prezidentobis pirvelive dRidan toni Secvala iranTan mimarTebaSi,
winamorbedis politikasTan gamijvnis fonze da prezident ahmadinejads
gawvdili xelis politika SesTavaza.
ruseTTan “gadatvirTvis politikis” dawyebis erT-erT mTavar mizezad,
swored iranTan arsebuli problemebis mogvareba moiazreba. vaSingtoni
kargad acnobierebs im faqts, rom ruseTsa da irans erTmaneTTan metad
Tbili urTierToba gaaCniaT. ruseTi iranisTvis, iaraRis da garkveuli
birTvuli nivTierebebis erT-erTi mTavar mimwodebels warmoadgenda, rasac
Teirani atomuri eleqtrosadguris mSeneblobisTvis iyenebda. vaSingtonis
azriT, moskovs SeeZlo garkveuli zemoqmedebis moxdena iranze da aqedan
gamomdinare SesaZlebeli iqneboda TanamSromloba vaSingtonsa da moskovs
Soris, rogorc ormxriv doneze, aseve gaeros uSiSroebis sabWos
farglebSi, raTa Sesabamisi sanqciebi amoqmedebuliyo iranis winaaRmdeg.
“TeTri saxlis” am mcdelobam garkveuli Sedegebi moitana, rodesac 2009
wels ruseTma dauWira mxari sanqciebis SemoRebas iranis islamuri
respublikis winaaRmdeg gaeros uSiSroebis sabWos farglebSi, romlis
156
kalandaZe Teona. samagistro naSromi: “gadatvirTvis politika da misi gavlena
saqarTveloze”. saqarTvelos universiteti. Tbilisi, 2010 w.
206
Tanaxmadac, aikrZala iranisTvis mZime SeiaraRebis miwodeba, gamkacrda
kontroli iranuli bankebis saqmianobaze da iranSi mimavali tvirTebis
Semowmebis mizniT specialuri monitoringis struqtura Seiqmna.
robert kagani, iranTan dakavSirebul gaeros uSiSroebis sabWos
rezolucias obamas administraciis gamarjvebad miiCnevs, Tumca im faqtsac
aRiarebs, rom CineTma da ruseTma moaxerxes rezoluciis teqstis
Serbileba.
Tumca meore amerikeli politologi, devid krameri aRniSnavs, rom buSis

administraciis periodSi, ruseTma samjer dauWira mxari analogiur sust
da gamousadegar sanqciebs iranis winaaRmdeg157.
aRsaniSnavia is faqti, rom ruseTis mier, iranis winaaRmdeg miRebuli

sanqciebis paralelurad, ruseTis saxelmwifo birTvuli gaerTianebis
(“rosatomi”) direqtorma, sergei kirienkom gaakeTa gancxadeba, rom buSeris
birTvuli reaqtori, romelic ruseTma aaSena iranSi, 2010 wlis zafxulSi
Sevidoda eqspluataciaSi, rogorc rusul-iranuli erToblivi sawarmo.
ruseTis premier-ministrma, vladimer putinma ki, stambulis

regionalursamitze kidev erTxel daadastura buSeris amuSavebis ganrigi
da gaero-Si gasamarTi kenWisyris win (rodesac unda mieRoT iranis
winaaRmdeg sanqciebi) ganacxada: ”me ar vcvli Cems Sexedulebas da miviCnev,
rom es rezolucia ar unda iyos gadaWarbebuli, man ar unda Caayenos
iranis mTavroba da mosaxleoba mZime situaciaSi, romelic warmoSobs
Semaferxebel barierebs iranis mSvidobiani birTvuli energiis
ganviTarebis gzaze.”158
jer kidev 1995 wlis ianvarSi, ruseTma xeli moawera xelSekrulebas

buSerSi birTvuli eleqtrosadguris mSeneblobaze da iranis samoqalaqo
birTvuli programisTvis sxva saxis daxmarebis gawevis Sesaxeb. miuxedavad
im faqtisa, rom TeTri saxli da kongresi acxadebdnen, rom irani
savaraudod samoqalaqo birTvuli reaqtoris programas gamoiyenebda
birTvuli iaraRis warmoebis saidumlo operaciisTvis, ruseTma uari
ganacxada gaeuqmebina proeqti. 2010 wlis 21 agvistos ruseTma da iranma
daiwyes buSeris birTvuli eleqtrosadguris fizikurad amuSavebis
procesi.
ruseTis energetikis ministrma Smatkom sagangebod aRniSna, rom “dRis

wesrigi navTobis da gazis sferoSi Cveni urTierTqmedebisTvis, arafriT
SezRuduli ar aris. Cveni TanamSromlobis ganviTareba gaeros uSiSroebis
sabWos sanqciebs da saerTaSoriso samarTlis normebs ar ewinaaRmdegeba”.159
rusi eqspertebis azriT, iranis politikur TamaSSi mTeli rigi

sxvadasxva mamoZravebeli Zalebi monawileoben. modernizatorebi,
157
158
http://en.rian.ru/world/20101202/161585511.html
159
saqarTveloze”. saqarTvelos universiteti. Tbilisi, 2010 w. gv. 54
207
romlebsac miaCniaT, rom qveynis ekonomikis da sazogadoebis
ganviTarebisTvis, ruseTs dasavleTis mxridan aqtiuri mxardaWera (da
investiciebi) sWirdeba, kremls iranTan dakavSirebiT aSS-s poziciis
mxardaWerisken ubiZgeben. SeerTebul StatebTan “modernizaciuli aliansis”
(gansakuTrebiT maRali teqnologiebis sferoSi) gulisTvis, isini obamas
mier dawyebuli “gadatvirTvis” politikis mxardaWeras cdiloben. saboloo
jamSi, obamas administraciam kongress gansaxilvelad ruseTTan birTvul
TanamSromlobaze SeTanxmeba warudgina, kremlma ki gaeroSi iranis
winaaRmdeg sanqciebis gamkacrebas dauWira mxari da TurqeTis da
braziliis mier SemoTavazebuli “iranuli iniciativa” uaryo.
marTalia SeerTebul StatebTan ufro mWidro TanamSromlobis perspeqtiva

moskovs amerikasTan poziciebis daaxloebisken ubiZgebs, Tumca Teirans da
moskovs komerciuli urTierTobebis Zveli tradicia akavSirebs, rac
sasicocxlod mniSvnelovania ruseTis ekonomikis mTeli rigi
seqtorebisTvis. maTi wyalobiT rusul kompaniebs garkveuli dakveTebi
gaaCniaT, gansakuTrebiT TavdacviT seqtorSi. 2010 wlis 14 ivliss, ruseTis
energetikis ministrma sergei Smatkom iranel kolegebTan xeli moawera
“sagzao ruqas” “navTobis, gazis da navTobqimiis grZelvadian
TanamSromlobaze”, rac or qveyanas saSualebas miscems partnioroba
ganamtkicon “transportirebis, gazis gacvlis da gasaRebis, aseve navTob da
navTob qimiuri produqciis” gayidvis sferoSi. maT Soris saubaria iranSi
gazis gaTxevadebis qarxnis mSeneblobasa da am proeqtebis dafinansebisTvis
erToblivi rusul-iranuli bankis SesaZlo Seqmnaze.
moskovSi, demokratiisa da TanamSromlobis institutis direqtori,

andranik migraniani wers: “imisaTvis, rom iranTan urTierTobaSi
dainteresebuli yvela mxare Seeguos ruseTis iranul politikaSi aSS-s
poziciisken seriozul gadaxras, SeerTebulma Statebma moskovs iseTi ram
unda SesTavazos, rac gadawonis rusul –iranuli urTierTobebis
dRevandel upiratesobebs”.160Ees aseve niSnavs imas, rom ruseTs unda
SeeZlos am upiratesobebis sruli siis Sedgena da am gadawyvetilebis Tavs
moxveva yvela dainteresebuli mxarisTvis. Tumca imis gamo, rom amerikas
yvelafris SeTavazeba ar SeuZlia, xolo kremlis im fraqciebs, romlebic
ruseTsa da irans Soris kavSirebis SenarCunebas uWeren mxars,
gadawyvetilebis miRebis procesidan ver gariyav, ruseTis midgoma iranuli
problematikis mimarT, Jurnalist vladimer radiuxinis Tu davesesxebiT
“zigzagiseburi” darCeba.161
rusi eqsperti nikolai gvozdevi Tvlis, rom msgavsi “dabalansebuli

midgoma” (rogorc mas ruseTi uwodebs) SeiZleba SenarCundes (da
SenarCundeba) manam, sanam ar moxdeba Semdegi: an irani Tavad ityvis uars
ruseTTan garigebebze kremlis mxridan SeerTebuli Statebisken
gadadgmuli nabijebis gamo, an aSS-s kongresi ar dablokavs obamas
ruseTTan daaxloebis Zalisxmevas, an sulac, irani ar gadalaxavs birTvul
160
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zRvars. am ukanasknel SemTxvevaSi ruseTs mouwevs calsaxad airCios,
morigebis momxrea, Tu konfrontaciis-SeniSnavs igi.162
vaSingtoni aseve SeSfoTebas gamoTqvamda moskovis gadawyvetilebaze, rom

es ukanaskneli irans S-300 markis sazenito-saraketo kompleqsebs
miawodebda, romlis Taobazec xelSekruleba ukve gaformda. miuxedavad im
faqtisa, rom mogvianebiT ruseTma uari ganacxada S300-is iranisTvis
miwodebaze, gvozdevis azriT “SeTanxmeba bolomde ar gauqmebula, aramed
mxolod gaiyina.”163
“Eurasia Review”–s kolumnisti maikl CeCire fiqrobs, rom ruseTma iranTan

dakavSirebiT ufro mkacri pozicia daikava da am qveyanasTan Tavis Zvel
kavSirebs zewolis berketad iyenebs.
“saqme is aris, rom zemoqmedebis is berketi, romelsac S-300-is miwodeba

warmoadgens, ruseTis geopolitikuri siZlieris gancdas badebs.”
igive mosazreba gamoTqva Tanamedrove iranis kvlevis moskovuri centris

direqtorma, rajab safarovma Bloomberg-is statiaSi: “vidre iranis problema
iarsebebs, dasavleTs ruseTi dasWirdeba, xolo ruseTs mniSvnelovani
geopolitikuri moTamaSis gancda eqneba.”164
Aama dros arsebobs versia, rom ruseTs ar awyobs iranis birTvuli

programis mogvareba imis gamo, rom iransa da dasavleTs Soris
urTierTobaTa daTbobis SemTxvevaSi, irani SeiZleba gadaiqces centraluri
aziidan energoresursebis erT-erT mTavar satranzito qveynad da im faqtis
gaTvaliswinebiT, rom TviTon irani mdidaria bunebrivi airiT (iranis
bunebrivi airis rezervebi Seadgens 20 trilion kubur metrs)
SesaZlebelia, rom iranma moaxdinos Tavis teritoriaze mopovebuli
bunebrivi airis (TurqeTis gavliT) transportireba dasavleTis
mimarTulebiT, am SemTxvevaSi bunebrivia es problemas Seuqmnis ruseTs,
rogorc erT-erT yvelaze mniSvnelovan energomatareblebis eqsportiors
dasavleTis bazarze. aqedan gamomdinare ruseTs awyobs, rom arsebobdes
daZabuloba iranis garSemo, rac Tavis mxriv navTobze maRali fasebis
SenarCunebasac Seuwyobs xels, radgan Teirans gacilebiT naklebi
SesaZlebloba eqneba ganaxorcielos navTobis eqsporti dasavleTis
mimarTulebiT. aseve, dasavleTis demokratiuli sazogadoebis yuradReba
kvlav iranisaken iqneba mipyrobili, rac ruseTs saSualebas miscems
sakuTari geopolitikuri TamaSi awarmoos postsabWoTa sivrceze.
“gadatvirTvis politika” da avRaneTi
ruseTTan “gadatvirTvis politikis” ganxorcielebis kidev erTi

umniSvnelovanesi mizezi avRaneTia. amerikas sWirdeba ruseTi, rom
warmatebiT iqnes ganxorcielebuli samxedro kampania avRaneTis
teritoriaze, sadac 2003 wlidan moqmedeben saerTaSoriso usafrTxoebis
Zalebi nato-s egidiT. amerikas surda ruseTis satransporto
infrastruqturis, maT Soris sahaero da sarkinigzo gzebis gamoyeneba
162
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avRaneTSi samxedro da humanitaruli daniSnulebis tvirTebis gadasazidad,
Sesabamisad, aSS-s did interess iwvevda ruseTTan garkveuli
TanamSromloba da arsebuli daZabulobis Semcireba.
2009 wlis ivlisSi, moskovSi baraq obamas pirveli vizitis dros, ruseTma
Tanxmoba ganucxada vaSingtons misi sahaero sivrcis gamoyenebaze,
avRaneTSi samxedro tvirTebis transportirebis mizniT.
moskovsa da vaSingtons Soris dadebuli sahaero satranzito

xelSekrulebis Tanaxmad, dReSi aSS-s or TviTmfrinavs aqvs ufleba
ganaxorcielos frena ruseTis sahaero sivrceSi, gadaiyvanos samxedroebi
da gadaitanos samxedro tvirTebi. aSS-is saxelmwifo departamentis
warmomadgenlis, filip gordonis gancxadebiT, 2010 wlis oqtombramde 275-
ze meti gadafrena ganxorcielda, romliTac moxda 35,000-ze meti mgzavris
gadayvana da mniSvnelovani tvirTebis gadazidva. ruseTis rkinigzam
uzrunvelyo 10,000 konteineris tranziti. ruseTis survili, rom
mxedvelobaSi miiRos nato-s Txovna vertmfrenebze da avRaneTis
uSiSroebis nacionaluri Zalebis gawvrTnaze, garkveul daxmarebaze
migvaniSnebs. avRaneTis mimarTulebiT gadatanili tvirTebis daaxloebiT
30%-is gadazidvas NDN axorcielebs, xolo NDN–is 65% ruseTze gadis,”
ganmartavs filif gordoni.165
nato-s generalurma mdivanma, anders fog rasmusenma, 2010 wlis 19-20

noembers, lisabonSi gamarTul Crdilo-atlantikuri aliansis samits
“nato-s istoriaSi yvelaze mniSvnelovani samiti” uwoda. samitze Sekrebili
liderebi SeTanxmdnen, rom usafrTxoebis uzrunvelyofaze
pasuxismgeblobas etapobrivad avRaneTis mTavrobas gadascemen da procesi
2014 wlisTvis unda dasruldes, Tumca aliansis warmomadgenlebma aRiares,
rom nato-s armia am vadis amowurvis Semdegac qveyanaSi didi xniT darCeba,
usafrTxoebis uzrunvelyofis Zalebis saxiT mainc.166
analitikosebi samitis erT-erT mTavar movlenad 2010 wlis 20 noembers
gamarTul nato-ruseTis sabWos Sexvedras asaxeleben. Nnato-ruseTis sabWos
urTierToba erT adgilas gaiyina mas Semdeg, rac 2008 wels ruseTma
agresiuli qmedeba ganaxorciela saqarTvelos winaaRmdeg. Tumca dRes
SeiZleba iTqvas, rom aliansma garkveulwilad ukan daixia. natoSi aSS-s
mudmivi warmomadgeneli ivo daalderi Tvlis, rom ruseTsa da natos Soris
dialogi aucilebelia uTanxmoebis gamomwvevi sakiTxebis mosagvareblad.
aliansSi vaSingtonis warmomadgenels usafuZvlod miaCnia varaudi, rom
ruseTma SesaZloa aliansis sisusted aRiqvas masTan mWidro
TanamSromlobisken miswrafeba, miuxedavad imisa, rom moskovs dRemde ar
Seusrulebia saqarTvelosTan omis Semdeg nakisri valdebulebebi.167
Aamave dros, sruliad sawinaaRmdego Sexeduleba aqvs moskovis erT-erT
wamyvan saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis eqsperts, profesor sergei
karaganovs. igi miiCnevs, rom ruseTi, nato-sTan urTierTobiT mxolod
mogebuli darCeba, misi azriT, miuxedavad im faqtisa, rom aliansi
165
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dasustebuli dasavleTis wevrebisgan Sedgeba, arsebuli ormxrivi
urTierToba gaaZlierebs ruseTis globalur pozicias.
karaganovis azriT, ruseTi nato-sTan TanaSromlobiT politikur kozirebs
agrovebs, romlebic momavalSi aSS-sTan da evropasTan urTierTobaSi
gamoadgeba. ruseTis partniorebs gauWirdebaT am urTierTobebze uaris
Tqma, riTac moskovi savaWro poziciebs mraval sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT
(vaWroba, energetika, finansebi) gaiZlierebs.168
NAnato-ruseTis sabWos Sexvedraze, miRebul iqna erToblivi gancxadeba,
sadac aseve saubaria ruseTis momaval TanamSromlobaze natosTan,
avRaneTTan mimarTebaSi. ruseTma Tanxmoba ganacxada, rom xels Seuwyobs
aliansis kampanias da gaafarTovebs sarkinigzo tranzits evropidan
wamosuli tvirTebis avRaneTSi gadazidvis mizniT. aseve, ruseTi daTanxmda
arasamxedro daniSnulebis saqonlis gatarebas, narkotikebis winaaRmdeg
brZolis sakiTxebSi gamarTul wvrTnebSi monawileobas da avRaneTis
sahaero Zalebis mfrinavebis gawvrTnas. moskovma aseve Tanxmoba ganacxada
miyidos ufro meti vertmfreni aSS-s da aseve gawvrTnas avRaneli
mfrinavebi, raTa maT ukeTesad daeuflon ruseTis mier miwodebul sahaero
saSualebebs.
rusi samxedro eqsperti, pavel felgengaueri miiCnevs, rom miuxedavad nato-
s mxridan gadaWarbebuli xmaurisa, moskovis avRanur politikaSi arsebuli
cvlilebebi ar moxdeba. “sabWoTa jarebma avRaneTi oficialurad 1989 wlis
TebervalSi, cxrawliani warumatebeli brZolis Semdeg datoves, Tumca
raRac TvalsazrisiT, ruseTi aqedan bolomde arasdros wasula.”169 moskovi
(TeiranTan erTad) CrdiloeTis antiTalibur Zalebs 2001 wlis
Semodgomamde, aSS-sa da nato-s aq gamoCenamde didi xniT adre amaragebda
iaraRiT, maT Soris artileriiT, tankebiT da vertmfrenebiT.
avRaneTis samTavrobo jarebs dRes 25 satransporto mi-17 gaaCniaT-
romlebic maT ruseTma miawoda, ruseTma gawvrTna pilotebic. koaliciur
jarebSi rusi samxedroebi ar ibrZvian da Tavdacvis ministris anatoli
serdiukovisa da uSiSroebis sabWos mdivnis nikolai patruSevis
gancxadebiT, ruseTs ara aqvs ganzraxuli axlo momavalSi samxedro
personalis avRaneTSi gagzavna, Tumca aq arian rusi da ukraineli mfrinavi
kontraqtorebi, romlebic avRaneTis teritoriis ramdenime saomar regionSi
lojistikur frenebs awarmoeben da xandaxan mtris dartymebsac iReben.
1980-ian wlebSi avRaneTSi mimdinare saomari moqmedebebisTvis avRaneTis
mTebSi ruseTis TavdacviTma industriam Mmi-8-is specialuri modifikacia
Seqmna (Mmi-17-is saxeliT cnobili), romlis Zravasac mtvrisadmi meti
mdgradoba hqonda. ruseTi, pentagonis dafinansebiT Mmi-17-ebs awvdida
avRaneTsa da erayis samTavrobo Zalebs. Tu marTla rame “gardamtexia”
axal SeTanxmebaSi, romlis Tanaxmadac avRaneTSi nato-s jarebs 20-ze meti
mi-17 miewodeba, gaxlavT is, rom maTi fasi samjer gaizarda. 2006 wels, mi-17
6 milioni dolari Rirda, axla ki rogorc ityobinebian, moskovi 18
milions iTxovs. ruseTi imedovnebs, rom vertmfrenebis am garigebiT sul
300 milion dolarze met Semosavals miiRebs.
Talibebi ruseTis megobrebi arasodes yofilan. Talibebis mier
kontrolirebadma avRaneTma SeiZleba islamisturi agresia gaavrcelos,
ramac SeiZleba yofil sabWoTa centralur aziaSi destabilizacia
gamoiwvios, arada aq ruseTs sasicocxlod mniSvnelovani strategiuli da
samxedro interesebi aqvs. is, rom avRaneTSi moqmed jarebs moskovi
168
iqve
169
iqve
211
vertmfrenebs mihyidis, satranzito SesaZleblobebiT uzrunvelyofs,
avRanur personals wvrTnis da narko-trefikings ebrZvis, amiT ruseTi
dasavleTs ki ar ukeTebs SeRavaTs, aramed sakuTar strategiul da
komerciul interesebs emsaxureba, Tumca avRaneTSi aSS-s TaosnobiT
mopovebuli gamarjveba moskovs ar surs, radgan aman SeiZleba grZelvadian
perspeqtivaSi gaaZlieros centraluri aziis regionSi dasavleTis gavlena,
romelsac ruseTi dRemde Tavis strategiul samezoblod miiCnevs.“ruseTi
arasdros gaiRebs sabrZolo Zalas, raTa xeli Seuwyos aseT
dasasruls.”_aRniSnavs samxedro eqspertifelgengaueri .170
saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis eqspertebi, aseve saubroven im garemoebebze,
ris gamoc ruseTs xels aZlevs avRaneTSis areuloba.erT-erTi mizezi
navTobia. iqamde, sanam iransa da AaSS-s Soris mtruli atmosfero sufevs,
avRaneTis teritoria SeiZleba aTvisebul iqnes, rogorc navTobis
satranzito gza, centraluri aziidan pakistanSi avRaneTis gavliT. sanam
omia, da sanam arastabiluroba sufevs, iqamde centraluri aziis qveynebi
ver isargebleben am SesaZleblobiT, rac did mogebas moutanda am
saxelmwifoebs. ruseTi ki am SemTxvevaSi mxolod mogebuli rCeba, mis
interesebSi ar Sedis avRaneTis energetikul programebSi CarTva, is
mSvenivrad irgebs monopolistis mantias da gankargavs centraluri
qveynebis navTobisa da bunebrivi airis beds, mcire gamonaklisiT, romelic
saqarTvelos gavliT miewodeba aRm.evropas.
aRsaniSnavia is faqti, rom ruseTi SeiZleba ar iyos dainteresebuli
avRaneTSi problemis mogvarebiT, radganac “gadatvirTvis politikis”
miuxedavad, ruseTi kvlav ganixilavs dasavleTs, gansakuTrebiT ki aSS-s da
nato-s, moskovis mTavar geopolitikur mowinaaRmdegeebad. amitom ruseTis
interesebSi SeiZleba Sediodes nato-s da aSS-s dasusteba, rogorc
samxedro, aseve ekonomikuri TvalsazrisiT, rac ufro did xans
gagrZeldeba nato-s da AaSS-s kampania avRaneTSi, bunebrivia ufro met
samxedro danakargs ganicdis amerika da misi samxedro resursebi ufro
gamoifiteba, meores mxriv ki es moiTxovs gacilebiT ufro met danaxarjs
da aqedan gamomdinare saWiro iqneba damatebiTi finansuri saxsrebis
gamoyofa, rac problemas Seuqmnis aSS-s.
aRsaniSnavia is faqtic, rom sabWoTa imperiis samxedro marcxi avRaneTSi

1979-1989 wlebSi, garkveul kompleqsebs badebs ruseTis xelisuflebaSi.
ruseTs SeiZleba ar awyobdes natos gamarjveba avRaneTSi, radganac am
SemTxvevaSi ruseTis politika aRmoCndeba warumatebeli Tavis droze.
strategiuli SeteviTi SeiaraRebis xelSekrulebis gaformeba
2010 wels, msoflio politikaSi erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi movlena

gaxldaT aSS-sa da ruseTs Soris gaformebuli axali xelSekruleba
strategiuli SeteviTi SeiaraRebis Semcirebis Sesaxeb. am xelSekrulebas
xeli moewera 2010 wlis 8 aprils, CexeTis dedaqalaq praRaSi. Mmiuxedavad
imisa, rom es dokumenti 2009 wlis zafxulidan dawyebuli ramdenime Tvis
ganmavlobaSi mzaddeboda, mxareebi saboloo SeTanxmebamde aTraundiani
molaparakebebis Semdeg mividnen, Sesabamisad, ver moeswro am
xelSekrulebis 2009 wlis dekembramde gaformeba, rodesac vada gauvida
170
212
wina xelSekrulebas.171saboloo SeTanxmeba gulisxmobs birTvuli
SeiaraRebis 30-procentian Semcirebas. birTvuli qobinebis raodenoba 1550
erTeulamde mcirdeba, xolo raketa matareblebis ki – 700 erTeulamde.172
molaparakebaTa procesSi, ruseTis mxare samarTlianad ar miiCnevda Tavisi
raketebis mwarmoebeli qarxnebis regularul Semowmebas, radgan moskovi
miiCnevda, rom am punqtis mixedviT mxolod vaSingtonis interesebi iyo
gaTvaliswinebuli, Tumca, amerikuli mxare ukve ramdenime weliwadia, rac
saerTod ar awarmoebs axal raketebs da raketebis mwarmoebeli qarxnebic
am xnis ganmavlobaSi daketili iyo. aqedan gamomdinare, ruseTi SeTanxmebis
mixedviT, aSS-is teritoriaze sabrZolo morigeobaze arsebuli raketa-
matareblebis monitorings ganaxorcielebs.
molaparakebaTa procesSi mwvave debatebis Temas aseve warmoadgenda

raketsawinaaRmdego Tavdacvis obieqtebis sakiTxi, romelTa Sesaxebac
ruseTs SeTanxmebis miRweva paralelur reJimSi – zemoaRniSnuli
xelSekrulebis CarCoebSi surda. Tumca, amerikuli mxare moskovis am
pozicias ar eTanxmeboda, vinaidan xelSekruleba strategiul SeteviT
SeiaraRebas exeboda, xolo raketsawinaaRmdego kompleqsebi ki TavdacviT
iaraRs warmoadgens da isini SezRudvas ar eqvemdebarebodnen. miuxedavad
amisa, “gadatvirTvis” politikis gamo, “TeTri saxli” kremlTan mimarTebaSi
garkveul daTmobaze mainc wavida da uari Tqva poloneTisa da CexeTis
teritoriebze stacionaluri raketsawinaaRdego sistemebis ganlagebaze,
romlis gegmac jer kidev jorj buSi umcrosis prezidentobis periodSi
momzadda. Aam proeqtis mixedviT, CexeTSi unda aSenebuliyo mZlavri
radiolokaciuri sadguri iranidan momdinare safrTxis dasafiqsireblad,
xolo poloneTSi ki gzadamWeri raketebis ganTavseba igegmeboda. amis
sanacvlod, aSS-is dRevandelma xelisuflebam miiRo gadawyvetileba, rom
2015 wlisaTvis moxdes mobiluri raketsawinaaRdego sistemebis ganlageba
aRmosavleT evropis ramdenime saxelmwifoSi, maT Soris nato-s wevr
rumineTSi, agreTve xmelTaSua an Sav zRvaSi gemebze. ra Tqma unda,
ruseTisaTvis amerikelTa es gegmac miuRebelia, Tumca isini mainc
kmayofilni darCnenpoloneTsa da CexeTSi stacionaruli sistemebis agebaze
uaris gamo. strategiuli SeteviTi SeiaraRebis Semcirebis Sesaxeb
xelSekrulebis preambulaSi, ruseTis delegaciis daJinebuli moTxovniT,
mainc Caiwera winadadeba, romelic ruseTs xelSekrulebidan gamosvlis
uflebas utovebs. es ki SeiZleba im SemTxvevaSi moxdes, Tu dasavleTis
TavdacviTi raketsawinaaRdego sistemebi im donemde miva, romlis
gadalaxvasac rusuli SeiaraReba veRar SeZlebs. ruseTs ar ZaluZs uxloes
momavalSi dasavleTs daewios TavdacviT SeiaraRebaSi, radgan mas
amisaTvis Sesabamisi arc teqnologiebi da arc materialuri resursebi ar
gaaCnia, amitom igi e.w. asimetriuli pasuxiT imuqreba, ris Sesaxebac Tavis
droze amerikuli strategiuli TavdacviTi iniciativis winaaRmdeg ssrk-is
komunisturi partiis yofili generaluri mdivani gorbaCovic laparakobda.
anu, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom ruseTi moZaladesaviT iqceva.173
xelSekrulebis preambulaSi dafiqsirebulma am winadadebam Tavi iCina aSS-

is kongresSi xelSekrulebis ratifikaciis ganxilvis procesSi. SeTanxmebis
Tanaxmad, orive qveyanaSi ratifikaciis procesi sinqronulad unda
171
www.24saati.ge. 31 dekemberi, 2010 w.
172
iqve
173
www.24saati.ge. 31 dekemberi, 2010 w.
213
momxdariyo, Tumca amerikaSi es procesi ramdenadme gaiwela.
“respublikelTa” nawili am SeTanxmebas Riad ewinaaRdegeboda da kongresis
Sualedur arCevnebamde am dokumentisaTvis maT xmis micema ar undodaT,
Sesabamisad, es procesi gadaido 2010 wlis bolomde. rogorc cnobilia,
“demokratiulma partiam” arCevnebis Sedegad warmomadgenelTa palataSi
umravlesoba saerTod dakarga, xolo kongresis zeda palata-senatSi,
ratifikacias xmaTa ori mesamedi, anu 67 xma sWirdeboda. sabolood, obamam
gaiTvaliswina “respublikelTa” poziciac, rodesac igi daeTanxma
respublikelTa winadadebas, rom rezoluciaSi aRniSnul yofiliyo imis
Sesaxeb, rom amerikas mainc unda ganelagebina mobiluri raketsawinaaRdego
sistemebi centralur evropaSi, razedac Tavidan uari iyo naTqvami.
Aam faqtis gamo, SesaZlebelia ratifikaciis procesi ruseTis saxelmwifo

dumaSic gaiwelos.
aSS-ukraina
metad sainteresoa cnobili amerikeli politologis, aSS-is prezidentis

yofili mrCevlis erovnuli usafrTxoebis sakiTxebSi-baton zbignev
bJeJinskis mosazreba ukrainasTan dakavSirebiT, romelic kargadaa
gaanalizebuli wignSi “didi saWadrako dafa.”
“ukrainis roli postsabWoTa sivrceSi gansakuTrebulia, ukrainis gareSe
aRdgenili ruseTis imperia ufro aziuri da evropisgan dacilebuli iqneba.
ukraina mdidaria Tavisi bunebrivi resursebiT, mas mZlavri ekonomikuri da
samxedro potenciali gaaCnia. garda amisa, ukrainis teritorias ruseTidan
dasavleT evropaSi mimavali navTobsadenebi da gazsadenebi gadakveTs.
aRniSnuli faqtorebi iZleva imis SesaZleblobas, rom 52-milionianma
ukrainam ruseTisagan damoukidebeli politika gaataros. ukrainas ZaluZs
evropis nawili gaxdes ruseTis gareSec, xolo ruseTs amis gakeTeba
mxolod ukrainis meSveobiT SeuZlia.”174
mniSvnelovania aRiniSnos natos 2006 wels gamarTuli rigis, da 2008
wels gamarTuli buqarestis samitebi. sadac ukrainis Sesaxeb mravali
mosazreba iyo gamoTqmuli. kerZod, rigis samitze amerikelma senatorma
riCard lugarma oficialurad ganacxada, rom amerika miesalmeba ukrainisa
da saqarTvelos natoSi integracias. “natos karebi axali wevrebisaTvis,
maT Soris ukrainisa da saqarTvelosaTvis Riaa,” aseTi gancxadeba gaakeTa
rigaSi Casulma jorj buSma. amerikis prezidentis gancxadebiT, natoSi am
qveynis gawevrianebam ukraineli xalxis mxardaWera unda moipovos.
ukrainasTan mimarTebaSi aseve mniSvnelovania aRiniSnos aSS-is
raketsawinaaRmdego sistemis faqtoric. ukrainaSi iuSCenkos
prezidentobisas, molaparakebebi am Temazec mimdinareobda. kerZod, 2007
wlis martSi, rodesac amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis oficialurma pirebma
poloneTisa da CexeTis xelisuflebis warmomadgenlebTan
raketsawinaaRmdego sistemis poloneTsa da CexeTSi ganTavsebis Sesaxeb
konsultaciebi gamarTes, analogiuri konsultaciebi ori dRis
ganmavlobaSi mimdinareobda kievSi ukrainis xelisuflebis umaRles
warmomadgenlebsa da raketsawinaaRmdego Tavdacvis amerikel eqspertebs
Soris. aSS-is delegacias raketsawinaaRmdego Tavdacvis saagentos
direqtori, generali henri oberingi xelmZRvanelobda.
174
Zbigniew Brzezinski. The Grand Chessboard. P. 137
214
oberingi ukrainis Tvadacvisa da uSiSroebis ministrebs, ukrainis
prezidentis pres-mdivans, uSiSroebis sabWos mdivansa da ukrainis
nacionaluri kosmosuri saagentos xelmZRvanels, aseve ukrainis umaRlesi
radis deputatebs Sexvda. aRsaniSnavia rom oberingis siaSi ar figurirebda
ukrainis imdroindeli premier-ministri (da momavali prezidenti)
ianukoviCi, romelic ukrainaSi aSS-is raketsawinaaRmdego sistemis
ganTavsebis kategoriuli winaaRmdegi iyo.
amave dros eqspertebi gamoricxavdnen ukrainaSi amerikuli radarebis
ganTavsebis SemTxvevaSi rusuli raketebis dasavleTis winaaRmdeg
Semotrialebas. aSS-is raketsawinaaRmdego Tavdacvis departamentis
xelmZRvanelma mkafiod ganacxada, rom am radarebis interesTa sferoSi
Sedis CrdiloeT korea da irani.
2010 wlis dasawyisSi ukrainis xelisuflebaSi viqtor ianukoviCis
mosvlam da amis Semdgom kievsa da moskovs Soris gamarTulma
molaparakebebma ukrainaSi Savi zRvis flotis 2045 wlamde darCenis
Sesaxeb, agreTve ukrainisaTvis rusul bunebriv airze dawesebulma axalma-
SedarebiT dabalma tarifebma, ianukoviCis uarma – gagrZelebul iqnas
qveynis evro-atlantikur struqturebSi integracia da a.S. garkveuli
gavlena iqonia aSS-ukrainis TanamSromlobaze, Tumca ukrainis
mniSvnelovani geopolitikuri mdebareobis gamo, “TeTri saxlis” interesebi
am postsabWoTa respublikis mimarT kvlav igive rCeba.
AaSS-CineTi
Ppekini dasavleTTan ideologiuri gansxvavebebis gamo garkveulwilad

ganixileba aSS-is erT-erT mTavar mowinaaRmdeged. magaliTad 2007 wels
pentagonis Sefma, geitsma kongresisagan moiTxova aSS-is SeiaraRebuli
Zalebis ricxovnobis gazrda. igive geitsis TqmiT, “Cven ar viciT, rogor
ganviTardeba situacia iseT qveynebTan dakavSirebiT, rogorebicaa CineTi
da ruseTi, aseve CrdiloeT korea, irani, da sxva”.
geitsi aseve ecada daeyoliebina warmomadgenelTa palatis SeiaraRebul
ZalTa komiteti 2008 finansuri wlisaTvis samxedro saWiroebeze-716
miliardi dolaris gacemaze.
Tavdacvis mdivans mxardaWera qveynis mTavarma samxedro Cinosanma-StabTa
xelmZRvanelebis gaerTianebuli komitetis Tavmjdomarem generalma piter
peisma gamoucxada. misi sityvebis mixedviT, pentagonSi ganixiles omis
ganaxlebis ramdenime SesaZlo scenari: “Seiswavles koreaSi konfliqtis
ganaxlebis SesaZlebloba da kidev erTi konfliqtis ganaxlebis
SesaZlebloba wynari okeanis regionSi.” generlis TqmiT, “marTalia CineTi
uSualod safrTxes ar warmoadgens, magram Cven mainc Tvalyuri unda
vadevnoT imas, rac iq xdeba.” amasTan peisma gansakuTrebiT gamoyo CinelTa
mier 2008 wlis dasawyisSi Tanamgzavris sawinaaRmdego iaraRis gamocda.
aq albaT gansakuTrebuli aRniSvnis Rirsia taivanis probleba – CineTis
xelisuflebis mier taivanze samxedro Setevis ganxorcielebis SemTxvevaSi
ar aris gamoricxuli aSS-sa da partniorebis konfliqtSi Carevac. rogorc
cnobilia, miuxedavad imisa, rom aSS aRiarebs CineTis teritoriul
mTlianobas, mas mWidro samxedro-teqnikuri TanamSromloba gaaCnia
taivanTan.
aRsaniSnavia is faqti, rom rigi amerikeli mecnierebisa, AaSS-isa da
zogadad dasavluri samyaros yvelaze did geopolitikur mowinaaRmdeged
swored rom CineTs MmiiCnevs. am mxriv yuradsaRebia harvardis
universitetTan arsebuli, jon olinis saxelobis strategiuli kvlevis
215
institutis direqtoris samuel hantingtonis cnobil naSromSi -
“civilizaciaTa Sejaxeba” gamoTqmuli mosazreba. naSromSi hantingtoni
dasavleTis yvelaze SesaZlo mowinaaRmdegebad miiCnevs CineTsa da islamur
saxelmwifoebs.
garda amisa aRsaniSnavia, rom aSS-sa da CineTs Soris savaWro balansi
CineTis sasargeblod sul ufro da ufro izrdeba da vaSingtonis savaWro
deficits sul ufro zrdis. 2006 wlis bolos vaSingtonis uaryofiTma
balansma CineTTan daaxloebiT 229 miliard dolars miaRwia. miuxedavad
aSS-saTvis negatiuri procesisa, es Tavis mxriv zrdis CineTis ekonomikur
damokidebulebasac aSS-ze, radganac CineTi sul ufro metad iqneba
damokidebuli Tavisi produqciis amerikis umdidres bazarze eqsportirebis
TvalsazrisiT.
aRsaniSnavia is faqtic, rom oficialurma pekinma gaeros uSiSroebis
sabWos farglebSi mxari dauWira 2010 wlis Semodgomaze iranis winaaRmdeg
SemoRebul sanqciebs, garda amisa, aSS da CineTi TanamSromloben
CrdiloeT koreis birTvuli programis garSemo arsebuli problemis
mogvarebis sakiTxzec.
NaSS-is urTierToba Soreuli aRmosavleTisa da wynari okeanis

demokratiuli samyaros warmomadgenlebTan (iaponia, avstralia, samxreT
korea, axali zelandia)
“civi omis” Semdeg, aSS metad aqtiurad cdilobda usafrTxoebis sistemis

ganmtkicebas msoflios sxvadasxva regionSi da am mxriv igi udides
mniSvnelobas aniWebda evroatlantikuri sivrcis gareT myof demokratiuli
samyaros qveynebTan kavSirurTierTobebis damyarebas.
Aam mxriv mniSvnelovania igive aSS-sa da didi britaneTis mcdeloba
SeeqmnaT natos tipis samxedro-politikuri organizaciebi avstraliisa da
wynari okeanis regionSi.
1951 wels aSS-s, avstraliisa da axali zelandiis iniciativiT Seiqmna
samxedro-politikuri bloki ANZUS (Australia, New Zeland, United States). mis
saqmianobas safuZvlad daedo “wynari okeanis usafrTxoebis paqti”,
romelsac xeli 1951 wels san-franciskoSi moewera. Bblokis farglebSi
regularulad imarTeboda sxvadasxva saxis samxedro manevrebi.
aSS-is kidev ufro daintereseba Soreuli aRmosavleTiT ukanasknel
periodSic ufro naTlad gamoikveTa. magaliTad aSS-m 2008 wels iaponias,
iaponiis kurZulebze antisaraketo radaris damatebiTi ganTavseba
SesTavaza, wynari okeanis regionis Crdilokoreuli birTvuli Setevisagan
dasacavad. garda amisa, rogorc erT-erTi iaponuri gazeTi iuwyeba,
amerikul gasaidumloebul samxedro wyaroze dayrdnobiT, antisaraketo
radarebi saWiroa iaponiaSi dislocirebuli aSS-is jarebisa da samxreT
koreis winaaRmdeg mezobeli komunisturi qveynebis mxridan balistikuri
raketebis gamoSvebis safrTxis Tavidan asacileblad. samxedro sferoSi
SiSi mas Semdeg gaZlierda, rac CrdiloeT koream 2006 wlis ivlissa da
oqtomberSi birTvuli gamocda Caatara, xolo 2010 wlis noemberSi samxreT
koreis teritoriis mimarTulebiT saraketo dartyma ganaxorciela.
imis gamo, rom aSS-s iaponiis CrdiloeT nawilSi ganTavsebuli aqvs
mxolod antisaraketo radarebi, romlebic uSualod aSS-is teritorias
icavs, 2006 wlis ivlisSi koreis mier Catarebuli gamocdisas raketebi
iaponiis zRvaSi Cacvivda.
amave dros, arc Tu mcirea im geopolitikuri faqtorebis sia, romelic
xels SeuSlis iaponias, iqces birTvul saxelmwifod. pirvel rigSi es
216
amerikis Seertebuli Statebis faqtoria. iaponiaze “sruli amerikuli
proteqtoratis” magaliTi iyo jer kidev buSis administraciis dros
yofili saxelmwifo mdivnis, kondoliza raisis turne samxreT-aRmosavleT
aziaSi, sadac igi Seecada, daerwmunebina iaponia da korea sruli dacvis
garantiebSi. amerikas kargad esmis, rom Tu iaponia da samxreT korea
birTvul saxelmwifoebad gadaiqcevian, maT aRar dasWirdebaT amerikelTa
daxmareba da gamomdinare aqedan, vaSingtonsac mouwevs am qveynebSi
ganTavsebuli samxedro bazebis daTmoba, rac aranairad ar Sedis aSS-is
globaluri strategiis gegmebSi. saerTaSoriso gavlenis SenarCunebis
mizniT, amerika mzadaa iaponiis, da ara marto misi, SeiaraRebuli Zalebi
gamoiyenos msoflios nebismier wertilSi saWiroebisamebr da amas iaponiis,
samxreT koreis, avstraliisa da axali zelandiis nato-sTan ufro mWidro
TanamSromlobis iniciativac emateba Tan.
rac Seexeba samxreT koreas, mas 2006 wlis monacemebiT amerikelebis
mxardamxar eraySi ganTavsebuli hyavda 2300 jariskaci. romlebic erayis
qalaq erbilis CrdiloeT nawilSi iyvnen ganlagebulni. A
aSS-is kidev erT strategiul partniors-avstralias eraySi 550 mebrZoli
hyavda, xolo 2010 wlis monacemebiT, am qveynis mebrZolTa ricxvi avRaneTSi
ramdenime aseuls Seadgenda. eraySi avstraliis SeiaraRebuli Zalebis
ZiriTad funqcias avstralieli diplomatebis dacva da erayis samxedro
Zalebis gawvrTna warmoadgenda.
AaRsaniSnavia is faqtic, rom aSS-sa da Soreuli aRmosavleTis
demokratiul saxelmwifoebs Soris TanamSromlobisa da ndobis
ganmtkicebas xels Seuwyobs is faqti, rom swored aSS-s, iaponiasa da
samxreT koreas Soris arsebulma erTsulovnebam iTamaSa erT-erTi
gadamwyveti roli imaSi, rom 2007 wlis 13 Tebervals daido istoriuli
SeTanxmeba, romelic CrdiloeT koreis mxridan birTvuli proeqtis
Sewyvetas, xolo meore mxriv molaparakebis meore mxaris Tanxmobas -
fxenianisaTvis didi raodenobiT energoresursebis gadacemas
iTvaliswinebda da dasavleTs sxvadasxva tipis sanqciebis gauqmebas
akisrebda. Mmiuxedavad imisa, rom CrdiloeT koreis irgvliv jer kidev
arsebobs garkveuli sirTuleebi, Tamamad SeiZleba iTqvas, rom aSS-is
mxridan dawesebuli ekonomikuri sanqciebisa Tu warmatebuli
diplomatiuri urTierTobebis meSveobiT oficialuri fxeniani ver bedavs
situaciis Semdgom eskalacias, rac Tavis mxriv xels uwyobs Soreul
aRmosavleTSi mSvidobis ganmtkicebas.
AAaSS-TurqeTi
nato-s wevr TurqeTTan kargi urTierTobebis SenarCuneba aSS-Tvis

Zalian mniSvnelovania. Aankara akontrolebs Sav da xmelTaSua zRvebs da
abalansebs ruseTs kavkasiaSi. bosforis gavliT yoveldRiurad 1.2 mln.
bareli navTobis transportireba xorcieldeba.
Tu gaviTvaliswinebT amerikis SeerTebuli Statebisa da iranis
bolodroindel urTierTobas, amerikisaTvis mniSvnelovania TurqeTis
mxardaWera.
TurqeTis geopolitikuri mdebareobisa da gansaxorcielebeli
energoproeqtebis garda, amerikis SeerTebuli StatebisaTvis momgebiania
samocmilioniani mosaxleobis mqone TurqeTis teritoriaze ekonomikuri
proeqtebis ganxorcieleba. amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis politikuri
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elita kargad acnobierebs, rom TurqeTs didi rolis Sesruleba SeuZlia
kavkasiis usafrTxoebis ganmtkicebis saqmeSi.
TurqeTsac aqvs Tavisi interesebi amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis mimarT.
pirveli aris is, rom TurqeTs surs evrokavSirSi Sesvla da swored
amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis mxardaWeris imedi aqvs, vinaidan TurqeTis
kidev ufro daaxloeba, integrireba evropasTan, gamoiwvevs TurqeTSi
demokratiuli Rirebulebebis kidev ufro Rrmad damkvidrebas. roca
TurqeTis teritorias safrTxe emuqreboda sabWoTa kavSiris mxridan,
amerikis SeerTebuli Statebi gaxda TurqeTis usafrTxoebis erT-erTi
garanti. aqedan gamomdinare, TurqeTis prioritetia amerikis SeerTebul
StatebTan urTierToba. es aris nato-s farglebSi urTierToba, samxedro
SenaerTebis gaZliereba, ekonomikuri proeqtebi da a.S. TurqeTis
teritoriaze amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis samxedro bazebis arseboba
TurqeTis usafrTxoebaze dadebiTad moqmedebs.
miuxedavad imisa, rom TurqeTis strategiuli partniori amerikis
SeerTebuli Statebia, oficialuri ankara yovelTvis icavs Tavis
poziciebs. magaliTad, erayis omSi TurqeTma amerikis SeerTebul Statebs
ar dauTmo Tavisi sahaero sivrce, Tumca manamde imave ingirlikis samxedro
bazidan xdeboda erayis sivrcis kontroli, ramac ganapiroba huseinis
reJimis Sesusteba.
TurqeTi winaaRmdegi iyo ganxorcielebul yofiliyo ekonomikuri
sanqciebi iranis winaaRmdeg, miuxedavad imisa, rom aSS-is yofilma
saxelmwifom mdivanma kondoliza raisma TurqeTs iranze ankaris mier
ekonomikuri sanqciebis dadebis sanacvlod, SesTavaza garkveuli Suamavlis
rolis Sesruleba TurqeTsa da evrokavSirs Soris, raTa TurqeTi
gawevriandes evrokavSirSi.
TurqeTsa da aSS-is Soris Tbili urTierTobebis miuxedavad arc Tu
ise didi xnis win garkveuli uTanxmoebani warmoiqmna TurqeTSi
ganlagebuli aSS-is samxedro bazebis garSemo, xolo Semdgom aSS-is mier
eraySi ganxorcielebuli samxedro operaciebis garSemo. amis naTeli
dadasturebaa TurqeTis uari, daeTmo Tavisi sahaero sivrce aSS-is
samxedro-sahaero ZalebisaTvis erayis samxedro kompaniis dros 2003 wels.
garda amisa, ankaris ukmayofilebas iwvevs erayis qurTistanis teritoriaze
qurTistanis muSaTa partiis SeiaraRebuli formirebebis arseboba.
TurqeTis xelisuflebis warmomadgenelTa gancxadebiT, vaSingtoni
araviTar qmedebebs ar axorcielebs am teroristuli dajgufebebis
winaaRmdeg, romlebic gadmodian TurqeTis teritoriaze da teroristul
aqtebs axorcieleben. rogorc cnobilia, 2007 wlis bolos TurqeTi ufro
radikalur qmedebebze gadavida da CrdiloeT eraySi qurTTa muSaTa
partiis poziciebi ramdenjerme dabomba. garda amisa, TurqeTs surs TviTon
itvirTos lideris funqcia Sav zRvaze gansaxorcielebeli programebis
(BLACKSEAFOR, Black Sea Harmony) farglebSi da ar dauSvas aSS-is samxedro
flotis gavlenis zrda Sav zRvaze. Tavis mxriv, vaSingtonis ukmayofilebas
iwvevs TurqeTis sul ufro daaxloeba moskovTan, risi erT-erTi naTeli
dadasturebaa gazsadeni “cisferi nakadi”, savaWro brunvis zrda moskovsa
da ankaras Soris da TurqeT-ruseTis koordinirebuli qmedebebi Sav zRvaze
BLACKSEAFOR, Black Sea Harmony-is farglebSi.
miuxedavad am winaaRdegobebisa, orive qveynis interesebSi Sedis
TanamSromlobis Semdgomi ganmtkiceba, risi naTeli dadasturebac gaxldaT
aSS-is axladarCeuli prezidentis, baraq obamas viziti TurqeTSi 2009 wlis
dasawyisSi.
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aSS-irani
amerikis SeerTebul Statebs erayisagan gansxvavebiT, gauWirdeba iranis

winaaRmdeg samxedro operaciebis ganxorcieleba, vinaidan irani samxedro
da ekonomikuri TvalsazrisiT ufro Zlieri qveyanaa, vidre erayi. agreTve,
sadam huseinis winaaRmdegi Tavad erayeli xalxi gaxda, ramac
mniSvnelovanwilad ganapiroba aSS-is warmateba 2003 wels. sxvagvari
situaciaa iranSi. iranis mosaxleobis umravlesobam arCevnebSi mxari
dRevandel prezidents, mahmud ahmedinejads dauWira mxari. ra Tqma unda,
iranis prezidents hyavs mowinaaRmdegeebi Tavis qveyanaSi, rac kargad
gamoCnda 2009 wels Catarebuli saprezidento arCevnebis Semdeg, rodesac
aTasobiT adamiani gamovida quCaSi arCevnebis Sedegebis gasaprotesteblad,
magram mniSvnelovan politikur mowinaaRmdegeebs isini dRevandel etapze
ar warmoadgenen.
irani opek-is meore udidesi navTobmompovebeli qveyanaa. igi msoflio
bazars yoveldRiurad 4 milioni bareli navTobiT amaragebs. iranis
navTobis gareSe rigiT evropel moqalaqes cxovreba kidev ufro
gauZvirdeba.
Tavis droze senatis respublikuri umravlesobis lideri bil fristi
acxadebda: “aSS-s ar SeuZlia neba darTos irans, raTa is birTvuli
iaraRis mflobeli qveyana gaxdes.” misi azriT,“aSS-m jer diplomatiur,
xolo Tu es ver gaWris, maSin ekonomikur sanqciebs unda mimarTos da Tu
esec ver uSvelis samxedro Zalis gamoyenebaze unda daiwyos msjeloba”.
fristis Tanaxmad kongresis wevrebs eyofodaT politikuri neba, iranze
samxedro dartyma gaamarTlon. Aam yvelaferze saubari buSis
prezidentobis dros mimdinareobda.
iranis birTvuli teqnologiebis gzidan gadayvanis saSualeba jer ar
arsebobs. navTobis umsxvilesi maragis wyalobiT irans SeuZlia nebismier
sanqciebs gauZlos, ra Tqma unda Tuki es sanqciebi msoflioSi yvelafers
ar Seexeba. amitom dasavleTs mxolod ori gza aqvs: irans an yumbarebi
unda daayaros an Tavi daanebos. es orive gza gaumarTlebelia, radgan
rogorc cnobilia irani ukve ramdenime welia axorcielebs
gasaidumloebul birTvul programas. man male uranis gamdidrebac unda
SesZlos, ris Semdegadac eqspertebis azriT birTvuli iaraRis Seqmna
mxolod drois faqtori iqneba. Tu aSS irans “Tavs daanebebs”,
gamoricxuli ar aris, rom regionis sxva qveynebma rogorebicaa: saudis
arabeTi, TurqeTi da egvipte mis magaliTs misdion. bombebis daSena ki
SeuZlebelia, radgan aSS naTlad acnobierebs im faqts, rom irani erays
samjer aRemateba, rogorc teritoriulad, ise mosaxleobis mixedviTac.
misi birTvuli obieqtebi ki mTeli qveynis masStabiT aris mofantuli da
rogorc varaudoben birTvul ieriSsac gauZleben. irans axla ambiciuri
lideri hyavs, romelic bolomde wava. irans esmis, rom seriozul sanqciebs
mis winaaRmdeg veravin gamoiyenebs. aSS-s misi okupaciis Zala ar Seswevs.
amitom SesaZlebelia aSS-s TavisaTvis mtkivneul daTmobebze wasvla
mouwevs. Tumca ar aris gamoricxuli, rom aSS-m ganaxorcielos sahaero
dartymebi iranis strategiul _ samxedro da energetikul obieqtebze.
naklebi Sansia, rom vaSingtonma gamoiyenos saxmeleTo dartymebi,
winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi es droSi gaiweleba da, SesaZlebelia,
vaSingtonisaTvis savalalo Sedegebi gamoiwvios.
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aSS da erayi
rogorc ukve aRiniSna, 2003 wlis martSi, eraySi samxedro kompania

daiwyo, saxeliT “erayis Tavisufleba”. aSS-is samxedro daxmareba gauwia
gaerTianebulma samefom, xolo Tavisi mokrZalebuli wvlili Seitanes
rigma evropulma saxelmwifoebma.
rogorc cnobilia, saomari moqmedebebi eraySi dasrulda 2003 wlis 1
maiss, magram teriristuli aqtebis ganxorcieleba koaliciuri Zalebis
winaaRmdeg dRevandel dRemde xorcieldeba. 2010 wlamde, amerikelebTan
erTad samxedro operaciebSi ramdenime natos wevri da partniori qveyana,
maT Soris saqarTvelo monawileobdnen.
amave dros aRsaniSnavia is faqti, rom dRevandel dRes, mas Semdeg
rac aSS-is da sxva qveynebis SeiaraRebuli Zalebi qveynidan gasulebi arian,
eraySi uSiSroebis Zalebs mxardaWera sWirdebaT.
brukingis institutis monacemebiT, eraySi 2004 wlis ianvarSi yvelaze meti
ucxoeli jariskaci imyofeboda-25,6 aTasi samxedro mosamsaxure. 2007 wlis
seqtembrisTvis maTma raodenobam 12,3 aTasi Seadgina. britaneTis premier-
ministrma gordon braunma ganacxada, rom 2008 wlidan londoni orjer
Seamcirebda Tavis kontingents da 2,5 aTas mosamsaxuremde daiyvanda. 2008
wlis dasawyisSi eraySi 165 aTasi amerikeli jariskaci imyofeboda, xolo
ukve 2010 wels amerikelTa mxolod mcire nawili darCa erayis
teritoriaze.
erays amerikis geopolitikaSi didi roli eniWeba ramdenime mizezis gamo.
kerZod, qveyana uSualod esazRvreba irans.iranis mesveurebis gancxadebiT,
erayidan aSS-is jarebis gayvanis SemTxvevaSi, isini yvelanairad
miesalmebian aSS-s am procesis umtkivneulod ganxorcielebaSi. iranis
xelisufalTa gancxadebiT irani dainteresebulia eraySi stabilurobiT.
2007 wels aSS-m irani avRaneTsa da eraySi radikali islamistebis iaraRiT
momaragebaSi daadanaSaula. aSS-s administraciam irans oficialurad
dasdo brali eraySi eqstremisti Siituri dajgufebebis uSualo
mxardaWeraSi. garda amisa, amas emateba 2007 wlis agvistos TveSi erayis
parlamentis sunituri blokis lider adnan al-dulaimis mier gakeTebuli
Ria mimarTva arabuli saxelmwifoebisadmi, romelSic xazgasmiT iyo
aRniSnuli, rom irani aqtiurad exmareboda Siitur bandebs antisunituri
sisxliani teroris warmoebis procesSi.
yovelive es naTlad miuTiTebs, rom mas Semdeg, rac aSS-is da natos sxva
qveynebis sajariso kontingentebma datoves erayis teritoria, eraySi
SesaZloa iranis politikuri gavlena gaizardos. garda amisa, Tu
gaviTvaliswinebT imas, rom erayis mosaxleobis umravlesobas Siitebi
Seadgenen, SesaZloa vifiqroT, rom isini iranis xelisuflebis mxardaWeriT
isargebleben. aseve aq gasaTvaliswinebelia erayis daSlis saSiSroeba
sunitur, Siitur da qurTul nawilebad. garda amisa aRsaniSnavia, rom
irani, da igive SesaZloa ruseTic dainteresebulebi arian eraySi
arastabilurobis SenarCunebiT, radganac es iwvevs aSS-is mxridan samxedro
operaciebis dasafinanseblad damatebiTi saxsrebis gamoyofas, da
Sesabamisad aSS-is kidev ufro dasustebas, da aseve eraySi stabilurobis
damyarebis SemTxvevaSi, qveyanaSi aRorZindeba navTobisa da gazis
mrewveloba, rac gamoiwvevs erayidan “Savi oqros” eqsportis zrdas, xolo
msoflio bazarze damatebiTi navTobis maragebis miwodebis SemTxvevaSi,
amas mohyveba navTobze fasebis SedarebiTi dastabilureba. am mxriv
aRsaniSnavia, rom erayi navTobis dadgenili maragiT msoflioSi meore-
mesame adgils ikavebs.
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Aaseve mniSvnelovania avRniSnoT, rom am konteqstSi aSS-saTvis udidesi
mniSvneloba eniWeba eraySi stabilurobas.
navTobis maragebTan dakavSirebiT unda xazi gaesvas imas, rom uaxloes
momavalSi geologiuri dakvirvebis gaaqtiurebis Sedegad, eraySi navTobis
maragebma, SesaZloa 216 miliard barels miaRwios. tradiciul
raodenobasTan SedarebiT es orjer metia. am etapze miiCneven, rom eraySi
navTobis maragebi 116 miliardi barelia. 2003 wels eraySi aSS-sa da didi
britaneTis Zalebis SeWris momentidan, qveynis geologiuri rukis pirveli
analizis farglebSi, damoukidebelma specialistebma kidev 100 miliardi
bareli aRmoaCines.
Sedegad erayma, SesaZloa navTobis eqsportiori qveynebis organizaciis
(opeki) qveynebs Soris meore adgili daikavos da navTobis maragebis
odenobis mixedviT iransac gauswros. eqspertebis SefasebiT,
uaxloesi xuTi wlis manZilze erays SeuZlia gazardos navTobis mopoveba
dRe-RameSi 4 milion barelamde. 2010 wlis monacemebiT, erayi dRe-RameSi
daaxloebiT 2 milion barel navTobs awarmoebs.
Sesabamisad am mxriv vaSingtonisaTvis am qveynis mniSvneloba kidev ufro
izrdeba. Tumca, stabilurobis mxriv erays udidesi safrTxe ara mxolod
erayidan, aramed TurqeTidanac emuqreba. rogorc avRniSneT, TurqeTma
ramdenjerme dasdo brali vaSingtons, rom es ukanaskneli arafers ar
akeTebs CrdiloeT eraySi qurTistanis muSaTa partiis samxedro aqtivobaTa
alagmvis TvalsazrisiT, rac sul ufro realurs xdis regionSi TurqeTis
samxedro SeWrasac. rasac Sedegad SeiZleba is mohyves, rom Turqi
samxedroebi ara mxolod qurT mebrZolebs, aramed erayis uSiSroebis
Zalebsac Seejaxon.
aSS-s interesebi kaspiis da Savi zRvis regionSi
rac Seexeba amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis interesebs Savi zRva-kaspiis

regionSi, aq aRsaniSnavia, rom aSS-is regionSi ramdenime mizani amoZravebs,
romelTagan aRsaniSnavia Semdegi:
- aSS-s, romelic navTobze moTxovnilebis 50%-ze mets importuli
navTobis xarjze ikmayofilebs da romelsac navTobi politikurad
arastabiluri regionidan, sparseTis yuridan Semoaqvs, Savi da kaspiis
zRvis regionebis saxiT surs Seqmnas “Savi oqros” miRebis alternatiuli
wyaro, raTa gaaCndes arCevanis ufro didi SesaZlebloba da Semcirdes
damokidebuleba sparseTis yuris navTobze;
- aSS-s gaaCnia Tavisi komerciuli interesebi regionSi. vaSingtons
imedi aqvs, rom misi kompaniebis SeRweva regionSi xels Seuwyobs Savi
zRvis qveynebSi ekonomikuri reformebis ganviTarebas da regionis
integracias msoflio ekonomikur sistemaSi. amerikeli kompaniebis mier
Savi zRvis regionSi komerciuli saqmianobis gafarToebas, rasac Tan
axlavs msxvili kapitaldabandebebi da uaxlesi teqnologiebis damkvidreba,
aucileblad mohyveba regionSi vaSingtonis politikuri gavlenis
gaZliereba;
- regionis saxelmwifoebis demokratiuli ganviTarebis, suverenitetisa da
teritoriuli mTlianobisaTvis mxardaWera, raTa uzrunvelyofil iyos
stabiluri garemo;
- aSS-is mier regionisadmi interess ganapirobebs misi geostrategiuli
mdebareoba iranis, erayisa da avRaneTTan uSualo siaxloves. iranis
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maxloblad mdebare regionSi vaSingtonis gavlenis gaZliereba aSS-is erT-
erT strategiul amocanas warmoadgens;
- rumineTisa da bulgareTis natoSi gawevrianebis Semdgom da am qveynebSi
samxedro bazebis ganTavsebis Sesaxeb gadawyvetilebis miRebam, kidev ufro
gazarda aSS-is interesebi am regionSi;
- amerikis mizania Savi zRvis regionis qveynebis kidev ufro aqtiuri CarTva
eraysa da avRaneTSi mimdinare samSvidobo operaciebSi. rogorc cnobilia,
dRevandel dRes rogorc eraySi aSS-is egidiT, agreTve avRaneTSi natos
egidiT warmoebul samSvidobo operaciebSi Savi zRvis regionis ramdenime
saxelmwifos samxedro kontingentebi monawileoben (erayis SemTxvevaSi 2010
wlamde) da zogierTi saxelmwifo gegmavs am monawileobis kidev ufro
gaaqtiurebas;
- erayis qurTistanTan dakavSirebuli problemis gamo ukanasknel periodSi
daiZaba urTierToba aSS-sa da Savi zRvis regionisa da natos erT-erT
wamyvan saxelmwifos, TurqeTs Soris. aqedan gamomdinare aSS-is mizania
urTierTobebis gaumjobeseba TurqeTTan da TanamSromlobis gaaqtiureba am
qveyanasTan iranTan da erayTan dakavSirebul sakiTxebze.
rogorc aRiniSna, erT-erT mniSvnelovan interess aSS-isaTvis
energetikuli resursebi warmoadgens. alternatiuli energowyaroebis
mopoveba dResac rCeba aSS-is erT erT mTavar strategiul amocanad.
sabWoTa kavSiris daSlis Semdeg, swored Savi zRvis da kaspiis regioni
gaxda aSS-isaTvis brwyinvele SesaZlebloba, raTa sparseTis yureze da
sxva regionebze (magaliTad meqsikis yure) Tavisi energodamokidebuleba
Seesustebina. amitom, kaspiisa da Savi zRvis regionSi bunebrivi
resursebisa da satrasporto komunikaciebis gakontroleba da
demokratiuli, stabiluri politikuri sistemis Seqmna aSS-isaTvis
sasicocxlo mniSvnelobis amocana gaxda. gasuli saukunis 90-iani wlebis
bolodan aSS-im Savi da kaspiis zRvis regionebi sakuTari sasicocxlo
interesebis regionad gamoacxada.
Savi zRvis regionidan aSS-is interesebi mTeli evraziis kontinentze
gadis da Sesabamisad, perspeqtivaSi energetikuli resursebiT mdidar
centralur aziamde politikuri gavlenis gafarToebis ambicias warmoaCens.
amas xels uwyobs ssrk-is daSlis Semdeg damoukidebeli saxelmwifoebis
warmoSoba Savi zRvis regionSi.
aSS-isaTvis Tavidanve naTeli iyo, rom Savi da kaspiis zRvis regionis
daTmoba msoflio liderobis daTmobis tolfasi iqneboda. amitom
bJeJinskim, aSS-is yofili prezidentis karteris mrCevelma usafrTxoebis
sakiTxebSi 90-iani wlebis bolos aSS-is mTavrobas urCia, rom ufro meti
ZalisxmeviT Sesuliyvnen Savi da kaspiis zRvis regionebSi. regionSi aSS-
is erT-erTi strategiuli amocana Tavidanve gazsa da navTobze ruseTis
strategiuli monopoliis damsxvreviT ganisazRvra. amasTan regionSi axali
sabWoTa imperiis warmoSobis albaToba ZirSive unda mospobiliyo. kaspiisa
da Savi zRvis regionebSi navTobisa da gazis usafrTxo mopovebisa da
transportirebis mizniT, aSS-isaTvis pirvel rigSi aucilebeli iyo
aRniSnuli safrTxeebis lokalizeba da regionSi politikuri gavlenis
uzrunvelyofa.
rac Seexeba aSS-is urTierTobas saqarTvelosTan, aq unda aRiniSnos,
rom aSS saqarTveloSi, rogorc mniSvnelovan satranzito qveyanaSi,
sakuTari interesebis dacvis grZelvadian garantias qveynis stabilurobaSi,
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teritoriuli mTlianobis aRdgenaSi, demokratiuli institutebis,
samarTlebrivi saxelmwifosa da sabazro ekonomikis ganviTarebaSi xedavs.
Savi da kaspiis zRvis regionSi partnior qveynebTan, maT Soris
saqarTvelosTan aSS-is sagareo politikis erT-erTi mniSvnelovani
elementi strategiuli ganviTarebis politikaa.
Savi da kaspiis zRvis regionSi aSS-s geopolitika msoflioSi axali
wesrigis mniSvnelovan elementebs Seicavs. am wesrigis SenarCunebis
grZelvadiani garantia Savi zRvis regionis qveynebSi demokratiuli
sistemebisa da sabazro ekonomikis ganviTarebaa.
axlo aRmosavleTi, sparseTis yure da aSS
Aaseve mniSvnelovania aRiniSnos, rom axlo aRmosavleTis regionSi mdebare

saudis arabeTis navTobi aSS-is navTobze moTxovnilebis 15%-s
akmayofilebs.
mniSvnelovania is faqtic, rom axlo aRmosavleTis qveynebi, saudis
arabeTi, gaerTianebul arabTa saemiroebi, yatari, irani da erayi navTobis
eqsportiori qveynebis organizacia opekis wevrebi arian. Tu
gaviTvaliswinebT im faqts, rom opekze modis navTobis maragis 77% da
mopovebis 40%,175 da opekis wevri qveynebis politikazea damokidebuli
navTobze msoflio fasebis cvalebadoba, agreTve is faqtic rom opekis
farglebSi axlo aRmosavleTis saxelmwifoebi TanamSromloben
antidasavlur, da Sesabamisad aliansis strategiul mowinaaRmdege iseT
saxelmwifoebTan, rogorebicaa irani da venesuela, vaSingtonisaTvis
udidesi mniSvneloba eniWeba axlo aRmosavleTis qveynebTan normaluri
urTerTobebis damyarebas.
garda amisa, kidev erT problemas warmoadgens is faqti, rom navTobis
opekis paralelurad, axlo aRmosavleTis ramdenime qveyanas gadawyvetili
aqvT e.w. gazis opekis Seqmna. am organizaciaSi ruseTi, irani, venesuela,
alJiri, libia da yatari unda gaerTiandnen. amasTan dakavSirebiT, 2007
aprilSi yataris dedaqalaq dohaSi moxda am saxelmwifoebis
warmomadgenelTa Sexvedra.
ukve 2007 wlis martSi, forumamde ramdenime dRiT adre, evropis
saxelmwifoebma da aSS-m im safrTxeebze miuTiTes, romelic SeiZleba
msoflio gazis maragebis 70-%-is (ruseTis da iranis CaTvliT) mflobeli
saxelmwifoebis mier kartelis Seqmnas mohyves. maTi mosazrebiT, ar aris
gamoricxuli, rom gazis maragebis mflobelebma sakuTari pirobebis
karnaxiT, msoflios mniSvnelovani problemebi Seuqmnan. es ZiriTadad
miwodebis reJimisa da gazis fasis formirebiT iqneba gamowveuli. garda
amisa, aq aRsaniSnavia is faqtic, rom gazis mosalodneli kartelis Seqmna
gamoiwvevs ruseTis, rogorc am kartelis erT-erTi damfuZneblis
gaaqtiurebas iranTan erTad axlo aRmosavleTis regionSi.
zemoaRniSnuli kartelis Seqmnis sawinaaRmdegod, aSS gadamwyvet zomebze
gadavida, kerZod, aSS-is kongresis warmomadgenelTa palatam 2007 wlis
ivlisSi mxari dauWira kanonproeqts, romelic bunebrivi airis eqsportior
qveynebs opekis msgavsi saerTaSoriso kartelebis Seqmnas ukrZalavs.
axlaxan miRebuli gadawyvetilebis mTavari winadadebaa-wyaroebis
diversifikacia da msoflio bazarze gasvlis alternatiuri gzebis Zieba.
175
xaritonaSvili, JRenti. Mmsoflios ekonomikuri da socialuri geografia. Tbilisi, 2000.
Ggv. 92
223
axlo aRmosavleTis regionis mniSvnelobas ra Tqma unda gansazRvravs
iranTan da erayTan siaxlove. am mxriv aRsaniSnavia aSS-is gansakuTrebuli
daintereseba am regionis mimarT, radgan aSS-sa da irans Soris Teiranis
atomuri programis irgvliv arsebuli konfliqtis paralelurad, es ori
qveyana ibrZvis eraySi sakuTaris gavlenis gaZlierebisaTvis. im dros,
rodesac aSS iranis samxedro obieqtebze dartymis miyenebaze fiqrobs,
erayidan aSS-s SeiaraRebuli Zalebis ZiriTadi kontingentis gayvanis
Semdgom, eraySi stabilurobis damyarebis garantis rolis Sesrulebas
iranic apirebs. eraySi, da saerTod axlo aRmosavleTis regionSi iranis
mosalodneli gavlenis Sesakaveblad, amerikis SeerTebuli Statebma,
navTobiT mdidar xuT arabul saxelmwifos 2008 wels 60 mlrd aSS
dolaris Rirebulebis SeiaraReba miawoda. aRniSnuli Tanxidan marto
saudis arabeTisaTvis 20 mlrd. aSS dolaris samxedro teqnika iyo
gaTvaliswinebuli, rac SemTxveviTi ar aris. saudis arabeTi, regionSi
lideri qveynis poziciis damkvidrebis sakiTxSi, iranis mTavar konkurents
warmoadgens. aSS Seecdeba, saudis arabeTis samxedro potencialis
gazrdiT, sagrZnoblad Searyios iranis gavlena mTlianad sparseTis
yureSi. proamerikulad ganwyobili arabuli saxelmwifoebis gaZlierebiTa
da paralelurad iranis dasayrdeni politikuri dajgufebebis
ganeitralebiT eraySi, aSS gacilebiT warmatebiT SeZlebs iq
antiteroristuli kampaniis warmoebis dasrulebas. movlenaTa amgvarad
ganviTarebis SemTxvevaSi, igive aSS-is respublikuri partiis
warmomadgenlebi mniSvnelovnad gaimyareben poziciebs eraySi omis dawyebis
mowinaaRmdegeTa-demokratiuli partiis warmomadgenelTa winaSe, romlebic
am kampanias Tavis droze aSS-saTvis uazros da damRupvels uwodebdnen.
respublikelebi aSS-Si momaval saprezidento arCevnebamde (2012 w), imis
sayovelTao demonstrirebas Seecdebian, rom wamowyebulma
antiteroristulma omma amerikel xalxs usafrTxoebisa da terorizmTan
brZolis kuTxiT realuri Sedegebi moutana.
aSS-is politika axlo aRmosavleTis konfliqtis mimarT176
aSS-issagareopolitikurprioritetebsSorisaxloaRmosavleTserT-er-
TipirveliadgiliekavameoremsoflioomisSemdeg.jerkidevprezidentmah.trumen-
ma1946wels,daaxasiaTaesregionirogorcùzarmazariekonomikuridastrategiu-
limniSvnelobisraioni~.aSS-sTvisamSefasebasiziarebdnenomisSemdgomiperio-
disaSS-isprezidentebi.
axloaRmosavleTisadmiamerikismmarTveliwreebismidgomissafuZvelswar-
moadgensaSS-isekonomikuri,politikuri,samxedro, strategiulidasxvaintere-
sebi,imsaxiT,rogorciswarmoudgeniaTdaesmiTaSS-Si.axloaRmosavleTisregi-
ons,aSSmravaliwlisganmavlobaSiganixilavsrogorcregionaluridalokalu-
rikonfliqtebisdakrizisulisituaciebiserT-erTyvelazeufrosaSiSkeras,ro-
melsacSeuZliagamoiwviosglobalurimasStabiskrizisi.177 maSasadame,isSeiZ-
lebagaxdeszesaxelmwifoTadadidsaxelmwifoebsSoriskonfrontaciis erT-
erTi yvelaze ufro savaraudo wyaro.
176
Ggamisonia mari. axlo aRmosavleTis konfliqti. samagistro naSromi. GsaqarTvelos
universiteti. 2009 w. gv. 92-97.
177
(Современнные Соединенные Штаты Америки Енциклопедический справочник. М. 1988. С. 305)
224
aSS-isaxloaRmosavlurpolitikasaxasiaTebsfriadspecifikuriTavisebu-
reba,racgamoixatebaimaSi,romukvemravaliaTeuliweliaaxloaRmosavleT-
TandakavSirebuliproblemebiganixilebaaramxolodsagareo-politikurdasa-
gareo-ekonomikuriTvalTaxedviT,aramedrogorcSida politikis mniSvnelova-
nifaqtori.esdakavSirebuliapirvelrigSigavlenianiproebrauli lobisgansa-
kuTrebuliaqtiurobiTaSS-Si.
axloaRmosavleTSiTavisipolitikisgatarebisasaSS-ismiergamoyenebu-
liinstrumentebidameTodebiwlebisganmavlobaSiSesamCnevevoluciasganicdi-
da.40-ianwlebSiaSS-sSeuZlebladmiaCndamoqmedebaaxloaRmosavleTSiZveliko-
lonialurisaxelmwifoebismxardaWerisgareSe,racaisaxaaSS-s,didibritaneTi-
sadasafrangeTis1950wlisdeklaraciaSi,romlisTanaxmadacessamiqveyanagae-
rosgverdisavliTsakuTarTavzekisrulobda`droebiTizavisgaran-
tis~rolsarabulqveynebsadaisraelsSoris. Aam samma qveyanam miisakuTraax-
loaRmosavleTis qveynebisSeiaraRebuliZalebisadaSeiaraRebisdonisgansazR-
vrisufleba.178
XX s. 50-ianiwlebisSuaperiodidanaSS-SiregionSiwarmatebagaTvli-
lihqondaTmxolodsakuTarsamxedrosiZlierezedayrdnobiT.1957welsgamocxa-
debuli èizenhauerisdoqtrina~iTvaliswinebdaaSS-is calmxriviCare-
visuflebas,maTSorisSeiaraRebuligziTac,axloaRmosavleTisnebismieriqvey-
nissaSinaosaqmeebSisaerTaSorisokomunizmTanbrZolisaTvis.17960-ianiwle-
bismeorenaxevarSida70-ianiwlebisdasawyisSiZiriTadadfsonidadebuliiqnais-
raelissamxedromanqanisgamoyenebazeaSS-ispirdapirisamxedroCarevisgare-
Se,racyvelazeufromkveTradgamovlinda1967welsisraelismier
ganxorcielebuli samxedro kampaniis periodSi,SemdgomkiregionSiameriku-
liklienturisdiversifikaciaze.
XXs. 70-ianiwlebisdasawyisSiaSS-ispolitikiserT-erTyvelazeufromniS-
vnelovanmiznadgamocxadebuliiyossrkavSiris `gamodevna~axloaRmosavle-
Tisregionidan.praqtikuladesgamoixatebodaregionSissrkavSirTanurTierTo-
bebSisirTuleebisSeqmnaSi.
1978wels,aSS-isegidiTj.karterisprezidentobisperiodSigaformdakemp-de-
vidisxelSekrulebadaSemdgom1979welsegviptesadaisraelsSorissamSvido-
boxelSekruleba.amavdroulad,aRebuliqnakursiamerikulisamxedroZalisuf-
roaqtiurgamoyenebazeregionSisituaciisregulirebismizniTaSS-saTvisxel-
sayrelimimarTulebiT,ramacTavisiasaxvahpova `karterisdoqtrinaSi~.amkur-
sisarsimdgomareobdaimaSi,romaSSRiadmoiTxovdamsofliosnebismierregion-
SimSvidobaze ùflebas~, romelsaciscalmxrivad gamoacxadebda `sasicocx-
lod aucilebeliinteresebis~sferod.
axloaRmosavleTSiaSS-issamxedroaqtiurobasufrometigasaqanimiecar.re-
iganisprezidentobisdros.aSS-is1984-1988wlebissamxedrodoqtrinaSiaxloaR-
mosavleTsgansakuTrebiTmniSvnelovaniadgiliukavia.iqaRniSnulia,rom àmeri-
kuli Zalebimzadundaiyvnenda aucileblobisSemTxvevaSidaikavonpozicie-
biamregionSi,ardaelodonmegobrulimTavrobismowvevas~.israelismier liba-
niswinaaRmdegganxorcielebuli samxedro kampaniis dros 1982wels,arabeT-is-
raeliskonfliqtisistoriisganmavlobaSiaSSpirvelad Sevidapirdapirsamxed-
rokonfrontaciaSipalestinis mxardamWer ZalebTan.
axloaRmosavleTSiaSS-isamJamindeliinteresebidamiznebibevradaagan-
sazRvruli11seqtembrismovlenebiT,romelmacgavlenamoaxdinasaerTaSori-
sopolitikurprocesebze.cnobilia,romamtragikulmovlenamdeaSSmzadiyogae-
178
Ggamisonia mari. axlo aRmosavleTis konfliqti. samagistro naSromi.
GsaqarTvelosuniversiteti. 2009 w. gv. 96.
179
Современнные Соединенные Штаты Америки Енциклопедический справочник. М. 1988. С. 306
225
rosgeneraluriansambleisaTvisSeeTavazebinapalestinissaxelmwifosSeq-
mna.mocemuliwinadadebaarSeicavdakonkretulsakiTxebssazRvrebTanmimarTeba-
Si.aSSmxolodierusalimTandakavSirebiTiTvaliswinebda `sami religiu-
rikonfesiis interesTa gaTvaliswinebas~.j.buSisadministraciaarukavSireb-
daarabeT-israeliskonfliqtismogvarebasisraelisaucilebelintegraciasara-
buldaaxloaRmosavlursamyaroSi,israelisekonomikurdapolitikurTanam-
SromlobasarabulsaxelmwifoebTan.aSS-SimiaCniaT,romisraelsaramouwu-
ravsTavisiistoriulidageostrategiulifunqciadaundagaagrZelosTavisimi-
siaaramartomocemulregionSi,aramedSesaZloaevraziaSic,rogorcaSS-isinte-
resebisadapolitikisgamtarebelma.
axloaRmosavleTiskonfliqtidamisiregulirebispolitika warmoad-
gensregionzeaSS-isgavlenisefeqturinstruments,maTSorisnavTobispolitika-
ze.axloaRmosavleTSiruseTispoziciebisdasustebisSemdeggaizardaevro-
pissaxelmwifoebisdaCineTisgavlena.aSS-spolitikaregionSisulufro“ekono-
mizirebuli”xdebadadakavSirebulianavTobisproblemebTan.wmindageostrate-
giuliamocanebiaxaliSinaarsiTSeivso.aqedan gamomdinare,aSS-isgeneralu-
rimiznebidakavSirebuliaaSS-isenergetikuliusafrTxoebisuzrunvelyofas-
TandaiZensufrogamokveTildasagnobrivsaxes, rac uzrunvelyofilundaiq-
nesregionidannavTobisstabilurimowodebiTmisaRebfasebSi.amitom,aSS-ispozi-
ciebidainiciativebipalestinisadaaxloaRmosavleTisproblemebTandakavSire-
biTganxilulidaSefasebulundaiqnesnavTobisinteresebidan
gamomdinare.aseve, gasaTvaliswinebelia iseTifaqtorebi,rogoricaaarabu-
lidasaerToregionaluriekonomikuribazrebi,finansurinakadebidanedleu-
lissxvawyaroebi. TviT sakomunikacio problemebsac ki gaaCniaT daqvemdeba-
rebuli an meorexarisxovani mniSvneloba180.
aSS-is miaCnia, rom palestina-israeliskonfliqtikritikulimniSvnelo-
bisaa,radganacdidiaadamianTatanjvismasStabebi.amregionsdidimniSvnelobaga-
aCniaaSS-issxvaglobaluriprioritetebisaTvis.vercerTimxarevermiaRwevsmSvi-
dobasTavisuflebisgareSe.amerikamtkiceduWersmxarsdamoukidebeldademokra-
tiulpalestinas,romelicisraelisgverdiTmSvidobianaddausafrTxodganag-
rZobsTanaarsebobas,rogorcyvelaxalxi,palestinelebicimsaxurebenimmTavro-
bas,romelicmaTinteresebsdaicavs.aSSkvlavganagrZobsyvelamxarismxardaWe-
ras,imisaTvis,rommaTSeasrulonTavisimovaleobebi,radganacvaSingtoni e-
ZebsamkonfliqtissamarTliandasayovelTaogadawyvetas . 181
aSS saerTaSorisosazogadoebasa da msoflio safinanso institutebTan
erTad mzadarisiTanamSromlospalestinisreformirebulmTavrobasTanekono-
mikuriganviTarebisaTvis, gauzardospalestinashumanitarulidaxmareba,ag-
reTveSeqmnas,daafinansosdamonitoringigauwiosnamdviladdamoukidebelsasa-
marTlosistemas.aSS-ispoziciaaseTia,TupalestinelebimiiRebendemokrati-
asdakanonisuzenaesobas,daupirispirdebiankorufciasdamkacradetyvi-
anuarsterors,maTSeuZliaTiqonionamerikismxardaWerisimedipalestinissa-
xelmwifosSeqmnissaqmeSi.
aSSagrZelebsisraelisliderebisdarwmunebasimaSi,rom gadadgankonkre-
tulinabijebipalestinissicocxlisunarianidamyarisaxelmwifosmxardasaWe-
rad.gardaamisa,aSSmouwodebsisraels,Sewydesokupirebulteritoriebzedasax-
lebada masSemdeg,racZaladobaSemcirdeba,undaaRdgesTavisufalimimos-
180
(И.Мурадян, Проблемы безопасности в ближневосточнои политике США, М, 2003, с. 25).
181
The National Security Strategy of the United States of America. N.Y. 2005. p. 26.
226
vla,racsaSualebasmiscemsmSvidobian palestinelebsdaubrundnennorma-
lurcxovrebas.
aSS-is amJamindeli prezidentis b.obamas SefasebiT: ìsraeli aSS-s me-
gobari qveyanaa, romelic Cven gviyvarda da pativs vcemdiT arsebiTad. miu-
xedavad amisa, maT TviTon gaiTxares Zalian Rrma samare TavianTi gadawyve-
tilebiT dasavleT napiris kolonizaciis Taobaze, iyolion palestinelebi
TavianT qveyanaSi moqalaqeobis gareSe. israeli sxvisi miwebis kolonizaci-
iT da ZarcviT seriozulad azianebs aSS-s interesebs musulmanur samyaro-
Si~.182
arabeT-israeliskonfliqtTandakavSirebiT,aSS-iserovnuliuSiSroe-
bisstrategiisTanaxmadaSS-ispoziciaaris Semdegi:aSS-sSeuZliagadamwyve-
tirolisSesruleba,magramgrZelvadianimSvidobaSeiZlebamxolodmaSindamyar-
des,rodesacisraelidapalestinaTviTongadawyvetendabolosmouRebenmaTSo-
risarsebulkonfliqts183.
aSS da centraluri azia
miuxedavad imisa, rom centraluri azia geografiuli TvalsazrisiT

Sorsaa aSS-sgan, misi uSualo siaxlove avRaneTTan, sadac aSS natoel
mokavSireebTan erTad awarmoebs saxmeleTo operaciebs, agreTve im faqtis
gaTvaliswinebiT, rom aSS-ma 2001 wlis 11 seqtembris Semdeg avRaneTSi
dawyebuli samxedro operaciebis dros gaxsna ori samxedro baza
centralur aziaSi, kerZod uzbekeTsa da yirgizeTSi, agreTve regionSi
didZali mineraluri, pirvel rigSi ki energetikuli resursebis arsebobis
gamo, iq mimdinare procesebi sul ufro did interess iwvevs amerikis
politikur wreebSi.
centraluri aziis regionis rigi qveynebisaTvis strategiul
mniSvnelobas ramdenime faqtori ganapirobebs:
- kaspiis zRvaSi da centralur aziaSi navTobisa da gazis didi maragia.
magaliTad TurqmeneTi mesame adgilzea msoflioSi gazis eqsportiorTa
Soris. bunebrivi gazis mniSvnelovani maragi gaaCniaT agreTve uzbekeTsa da
yazaxeTs. rac Seexeba navTobis resursebs, centralur aziaSi navTobis
potenciuri maragi Sefasebulia 10-15 miliard tonamde. es ra Tqma unda
gacilebiT naklebia vidre sparseTis yureSi arsebuli maragi, magram
navTobsa da gazze moTxovnileba izrdeba samxreT-aRmosavleT aziaSi,
indoeTis subkontinentze da aseve CineTSi, sadac droTa ganmavlobaSi
SesaZlebloba iqneba gaizardos centraluri aziis regionidan saTbob-
energetikuli resursebis eqsporti;
- saTbob-energetikuli da sxva mineraluri resursebis arsebobis garda
globaluri ganzomileba aqvs agreTve gansxvavebuli kulturebis da
civilizaciebis urTierTSejaxebas. aq erTmaneTs konkurencias eweven
sunituri da Siituri islami da qristianoba rusuli marTlmadidebluri
eklesiis saxiT.
miuxedavd imisa, rom ruseTi axlac umniSvnelovanes rols TamaSobs
regionSi mimdinare movlenebSi, masTan erTad aSS-isTvis centraluri aziis
karebi Riaa. aSS-is interesebSi pirvel rigSi geopolitika devs.
182
(ОбамаиурегулированиеИзраельско-Палестинскогоконфликта.
http://www.juncofe.com/2001/06/obama-andresolving-israelli-palestinian.html).
183
(amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis erovnuli uSiSroebis strategia. Tb. 2005. gv. 27).
227
globalur ekonomikur, politikur da samxedro interesebTan erTad,
vaSingtons ori regionaluri interesi amoZravebs: centraluri aziis
regionis damcveli funqciis efeqturi ganxorcieleba da iranis da
regionis uSualo siaxloves moqmedi islamisti fundamentalistebisagan
Semdari teroristuli Zalebis ormagi Sekaveba, risTvisac amerika
ideologiuri SemarTebiT iRwvis.
aSS acnobierebs, rom centralur aziaSi ruseTis gavlenis Sesustebis

mizniT, man unda `gaaTavisuflos~ ruseTis navTob da gazsadenebis
monopoliisgan yazaxeTi, TurqmeneTi da azerbaijani. Sesabamisad, es
ruseTis zewolis da muqaris potencialis Semcirebas niSnavs.
AaSS-is politika avRaneTSi
2001 wlis 11 seqtembers amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis winaaRmdeg

ganxorcielebulma teroristulma aqtma da am movlenis Sedegad gaeros
uSiSroebis sabWos rezoluciis miRebas mohyva Sesabamisi samxedro
xasiaTis qmedebebis dawyeba aSS-sa da didi britaneTis mxridan, rodesac
2001 wlis 7 oqtombers am ori qveynis samxedro-sahaero Zalebma pirveli
dartymebi miayenes Talibebis poziciebs avRaneTis teritoriaze, sadac
amerikelebis mier mopovebuli sadazvervo monacemebiT Tavis saqmianobas
awarmoebda usama bin ladeni da “al-qaidas” sxva warmomadgenlebi. aSS-is
da didi britaneTis SeiaraRebuli Zalebisa da avRaneTSi maTi mxardamWeri
“CrdiloeTis aliansis” samxedro formirebebis aqtiuri moqmedebebis
Sedegad SesaZlebeli gaxda usama bin adenisa da al-qaidas mxardamWeri
Talibebis reJimis damxoba da avRaneTis xelisuflebis saTaveSi SedarebiT
progresuli Zalebis mosvla.
AaSS-sa da didi britaneTis mier avRaneTSi Catarebuli warmatebuli
operaciis Catarebis Semdeg aSS-is xelisuflebam aqtiurad daiwyo fiqri
centraluri aziis am saxelmwifoSi mSvidobis gasamyareblad.
amerikeli strategebi Cinebulad acnobiereben im faqts, rom Talibans isini
mxolod samxedro saSualebebiT ver daamarcxeben. da es garkveulad imis
gamoc, rom mojanyeebs saimedo TavSesafari aqvT avRaneT-pakistanis
sazRvarze.
avRaneTis operaciam amavdroulad Crdiloatlantikuri aliansis winaSe
arsebuli garkveuli problemebic gamoaCina. sabrZolo moqmedebaTa
umTavres tvirTs swored SeerTebuli Statebi kisruloben. sxva qveynebis
mTavrobebi uars acxadeben maTi samxedro nawilebis SedarebiT usafrTxo
Crdilo da dasavleTi regionebidan saxifaTo samxreTSi gadayvanasa da
brZolaSi Cabmuli mokavSireebisaTvis SeaiaraRebis, magaliTad
vertmfrenebis gadacemaze.
imis gamo, rom evropis rig saxelmwifoebSi Zalzed gaiwela
gadawyvetilebis miRebis procedura, amerikam gadawyvita ZiriTadi imedebi
mxolod sakuTar Tavze daemyarebina.
“amerikis SeerTebuli Statebi iZulebuli iyvnen saerTaSoriso
usafrTxoebis iseTi sistema aerCiaT, romelic sakuTari armiis siZliereze
iqneboda dafuZnebuli. evropa agrZelebs sakuTari regionis ganviTarebaze
orientirebas.”, werda m. tranxtenbergi.
Aamerikis politikurma wreebma TavianTi ukmayofileba gamoxates
evropeli mokavSireebis SedarebiT pasiuri mxardaWeris gamo.
Mmeores mxriv arc evropa iziarebda aSS-is pozicias. Ppirvel rigSi es
dakavSirebuli iyo TeTri saxlis erTpirovnuli gadawyvetilebebiT mTel
228
rig sakiTxebSi. Tu safrangeTis yofili sagareo saqmeTa ministri ar
malavda Tavis uaryofiT damokidebulebas efeqtiani konsultaciebis
arasebobis gamo da aqcents amerikis Secdomebze axdenda, evrokavSiris
sagareo saqmeTa ufrosi komisari kris pateni aRniSnavda, rom: “amerikis
SeerTebuli Statebis warmateba avRaneTSi ramdenime saxifaTo instinqts
aZlierebs: rom Zalis gamoyeneba usafrTxoebis erTaderTi saimedo
dasayrdenia; rom amerikas SeuZlia mxolod Tavisi Tavis imedi hqondes; rom
mokavSireebi SeiZleba mxolod SigadaSig iyvnen gamosadegni.”
Tumca igive evropuli qveynebis mier gatarebuli zomebis Sedegad,
Crdiloatlantikuri aliansis farglebSi miRebul iqna mTeli rigi
gadawyvetilebebi da gatarda reformebi, raTa natos evropeli mokavSireebi
amodgomodnen amerikas terorizmis winaaRmdeg brZolaSi.
Sesabamisad, 2003 wlis agvistodan nato xelmZRvanelobs saerTaSoriso
usafrTxoebis mxardaWeris Zalebs avRaneTSi (ISAF-International Security Assistance
Force), romlis farglebSi pirvel operacias britaneTi xelmZRvanelobda,
meores TurqeTi, xolo mesames germania da holandia.
Tavis mxriv, 2009 wlidan aSS-is samxedro sardlobam avRaneTSi damatebiT
kidev 25 aTasi amerikeli samxedro gaamwesa.
AaSS da laTinuri amerika
GgasaTvaliswinebelia is faqti, rom laTinuri amerikis qveynebis sagareo

politikuri prioritetebi erTmaneTisgan mkveTrad ganxvavdeba. kerZod, Tu
iseTi qveynebi rogorebicaa argentina, brazilia, urugvai - prodasavlur da
Sesabamisad pramerikul politikas atareben, dasavleTisTvis da
Sesabamisad aSS-saTvis sul ufro did problemas warmoadgens navTobiTa
da gaziT mdidari venesuelis prezidentis ugo Cavesis politika, romelic
cdilobs kavSirurTierTobebis ganmtkicebas antidasavlur ZalebTan
laTinur amerikaSi, magaliTad kubaSi kastros reJimTan, aseve ekvadorTan
da antidasavlur ZalebTan sxva kontinentebze. am mxriv mniSvnelovania
aRiniSnos ugo Cavesis vizitebi ruseTSi da belorusSi. putinTan da
SemdgomSi medvedevTan Sexvedrebis dros gadawyda venesuelisTvis
sxvadasxva saxis SeiaraRebis miwodeba, Tavis mxriv ki venesuelam Tanxmoba
ganacxada eRiarebina afxazeTisa da e.w. samxreT oseTis damoukidebloba.
YyuradRebas imsaxurebs agreTve iranis prezidentis mahmud ahmadinejadis
viziti laTinur amerikaSi 2007 wlis ianvarSi, rodesac iranis prezidenti
jer venesuelas ewvia, Semdeg nikaraguas da bolos kitoSi ekvadoris
axladarCeuli prezidentis kurTxevas daeswro. misi turnes
umniSvnelovanes movlenad antiamerikuli fondis Seqmna iqca, ris Taobazec
xeli moewera xelSekrulebas laTinoamerikuli qveynebis liderebTan.
karakasi da Teirani SeTanxmdnen, rom gamoyofen or miliard dolars,
yovelive imis dasafinanseblad, rac msoflioSi aSS-is poziciebs
ewinaaRmdegeba.
rogorc Cavesis gverdiT mdgomma ahmadinejadma mianiSna, ar aris
gamoricxuli, karakasisa da Teirans ukan sxva, ufro msxvili moTamaSeebic
idgnen. “Cven yvela im Zalis mxardaWerisa gveimedeba, visac laTinur
amerikaSi, aziasa da afrikaSi Tavisi interesebi aqvs.” ra Tqma unda ar aris
gamoricxuli, rom ahmadinejadi am “dainteresebulTa” Soris uwinaresad
ruseTsa da CineTs gulisxmobda.
aRsaniSnavia, rom venesuelam da iranma, afrikul saxlmwifoebTan
libiasa da alJirTan erTad garkveuli problema Seuqmnan aSS-is
energetikul usafrTxoebas radgan aSS-isaTvis navTobis erT-erTi mTavari
229
importiori venesuelaa, saidanac aSS misi navTobze moTxovnilebis 10%-s
ikmayofilebs.
ruseTis adgili geopolitikur urTierTobaTa sistemaSi
ruseTis geopolitikuri epoqebi
ruseTis saxelmwifoebriobis ganviTarebaSi gamoirCeva kievis ruseTis

geopolitikuri epoqa, romelic saTaves iRebs mTavari olegis mier 882
wels novgorodisa da kievis ruseTis gaerTianebidan. am aqtiT iqna
gadawyvetili erTdroulad ramdenime geostrategiuli amocana:
 ilmenisa da dnepris slavebis gaerTianeba, aRmosavleT-dasavluri
miwebisa da CrdiloeTisa da samxreTis regionebis gaerTianeba.
 precedentis Seqmna aRmosavleT slavebisa da sxva mezobeli eTnosebis
Semdgomi gaerTianebisaTvis.
 aRmosavleT slavebis erTiani saxelmwifos Seqmna.
 erTiani saxelmwifos teritoriis mniSvnelivani gafarToeba da
mosaxleobis raodenobis gazrda.
 aRmosavleT slavuri saxelmwifos rolisa da statusis amaRleba
evropaSi, misi gaZliereba da gavlena mezobeli qveynebis
geopolitikaze.
 kontrolis ganxorcieleba mniSvnelovan nevis-volixovis dnepris
savaWro da samxedro strategiul gzaze.
 mezobel qveynebTan, upirvelesad bizantiasTan, ungreTTan,
poloneTTan, variagebTan kontaqtis gaZliereba.
 socialur - ekonomikuri da politikuri ganviTarebis daCqareba.
amis garda aRmosavleT slavuri erTiani saxelmwifos Seqmna
moiTxovda gaerTianebis procesis damkvidrebas, rasac im dros
optimalurad xels uwyobda monoTeisturi religia. qristianuli
sarwmuneobis miReba (988-989 ww.) aseve gaxda mniSvnelovani geopolitikuri
aqti slavebisaTvis.
Aam droidan iwyeba aRmosavleTevropuli slavuri eTnosis formireba
saerTo saxelwodebiT `rus~, romelmac Tavis SemadgenlobaSi Seiyvana
iseTi subeTnosebi, rogoricaa ilmeneli slavebi, polonelebi, regoviCebi,
Cizgiloelebi, kriviCebi, variagebi, peCenegebi da a.S. yvelaze didi gavlena
am procesze iqonia bizantiulma politikurma kulturam, religiam da
xelovnebam. kievis ruseTi am dros ganicdida mezobeli qveynebis
zemoqmedebas: yivCaRebis,polonelebis, volgis bulgarebis, xazarebis da.
a.S.
kievis ruseTis epoqa mis winaSe mdgari geopolitikuri amocanebis
gaTvaliswinebiT iyofa centralizirebuli saxelmwifos erTiani da
politikurad Zlieri dedaqalaqis mqone - kievis ruseTis (882-1054 ww.)
periodad, da decentralizaciis periodad (1054-1240 ww.), romelic daiwyo
iaroslav brZenis sikvdilis Semdeg, rodesac ruseTi politikurad gaxda
naklebad mtkice federacia iseTi centrebiT rogorebicaa, kievi,
novgorodi, suzdali, galiCi. centralizaciis periodSi ruseTis sagareo
politikis samxreTis mimarTulebis mTavar geostrategiul mizans
warmoadgenda bizantiasTan momgebiani savaWro xelSekrulebis miRweva da
amasTanave ruseTis politikuri wonis amaRleba; rac Seexeba dasavleTis-
evropul mimarTulebas, aq ruseTisaTvis mTavari iyo SeenarCunebina
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sazRvari ungreTTan da poloneTTan; aRmosavleTis mimarTulebiT ruseTis
mizani iyo gaenadgurebina volgis bulgarebi da xazarebi da moepovebina
volgaze gamavali gza aRmosavleTisaken (sparseTi, arabeTis xalifati);
CrdiloeTis-SeeCerebina variagebis Semoteva; Crdilo-aRmosavleTiT-axali
teritoriebis aTviseba, da iq mcxovreb mosaxleobaze kontrolis daweseba.
decentrilizaciis periodSi yvela rusuli samTavros sagareo
politikuri amocana iyo an samxedro espansia sxva rusul miwebze, an sxva
rusi mTavrebis samxedro eqspansiis SeCereba. Aam dros regionaluri
geopolitika wina planze iyo wamoweuli kontinentaluri geopolitikisagan
SedarebiT. rusi mTavrebi erTmaneTTan aCaRebdnen usasrulo feodalur
omebs. omebis Sedegad maT xelSi uvardebidaT tyveebi, romelTac yiddnen
bizantiis bazrebze. Sida omebis Sedegad rusma mTavrebma ver moaxerxes
gaerTianeba, raTa erToblivi ZalebiT moegerienebinaT realuri safrTxe
samxreTidan, romelic momdinareobda momTabare yivCaRebisagan. amis Sedegad
kievma dakarga saerTo erovnuli dedaqalaqis mniSvneloba jer kidev
TaTar-monRolTa Semosevamde.
ruseTSi urdis epoqa dakavSirebulia monRolebTan sastiki
damarcxebis Sedegad damoukideblobis dakargvasTan. danawevrebuli
rusuli miwebi TaTarTa Semosevam gaanadgura. aqac SeiZleba davinaxoT
ruseTisa da oqros urdos Tanaarsebobis ori gansxvavebuli periodi,
pirveli (1240-1328 ww.) - xasiaTdeba xisti kavSiriT urdosa da ruseTs
Soris, rodesac yvela msxvil ruseTis qalaqSi idga TaTarTa garnizoni da
Ralas agrovebdnen monRolebi. meore periodi daiwyo ivane kalitas
mmarTvelobis droidan, romelic TiTqmis daemTxva meore mniSvnelovan
movlenas-saeklesio dedaqalaqis gadatanas vladimiridan moskovSi (1326 w.).
am dros begarisa da Ralis akrefa evalebodaT rus Tavadebs. pirveli
periodis xisti urTierTobebi urdosTan ar aZlevda ruseTs saSualebas
gaetarebina damoukidebeli politika. amasTanave, ruseTis geopolitikuri
mdgomareoba gaarTula livoniis da tevtonTa ordenebis mier wamowyebulma
`Setevam aRmosavleTisaken~. meore periodis dros moxda moskovis
samTavros gaZliereba, ramac sabolood gamoiwvia urdos uRlisagan
ganTavisufleba (1480 w).
eWvs ar iwvevs is faqti, rom rusuli saxelmwifos ganviTarebis gzaze
mTavari geopolitikuri amocana pirvel periodSi iyo eTnikuri
identurobisa da qristianuli religiisa da sakuTari saxelmwifo
institutebis SenarCuneba; meore periodSi - erovnuli damoukideblobis
mopoveba da ganmtkiceba da sakuTari sagareo politikis gatareba.
moskovis didi samTavros epoqaSi (1480-1582 ww.) mniSvnelovani movlena
gaxldaT is faqti, rodesac ivane mrisxanes mieniWa `sruliad ruseTis
mefis wodeba~ (1547 w.). Aam epoqaSi gamoikveTa ori periodi. pirveli (1480-
1552 ww.), xasiaTdeba iseTi geopolitikuri amocanebis gadawyvetiT,
rogoricaa mopovebuli suverenitetis ganmtkiceba da saxelmwifo
sazRvrebis gafarToeba. ivane II –is (1462-1505 ww.) mefobis dros moskovma
SeierTa iaroslavis samTavro (1463w.), permis mxare (1472w.), rostovis
samTavro (1474w.), didi novgorodi (1478 w.), tveris samTavro (1485 w.), viatkis
miwa (1489 w.). ivane III-m Tavis mxriv ganaxorciela ori warmatebuli omi
litvis winaaRmdeg (1492-1494 ww.) da (1500-1503 ww.) da miierTa ruseTis
dasavleTiT mdebare 19 qalaqi. man miierTa fskovi (1514 w.), riazanis
samTavro (1517 w.), waarTva smolenski litvas 1514 wels.
mesame geopolitikuri epoqis meore periodi gamoirCeva yazanisa (1552
w.) da astraxanis (1556 w.) saxanoebis ganadgurebiT. es iyo dasawyisi
dasavleTze sapasuxo Setevisa,rodesac dasavleTis miwebis okupaciis
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mizniT ruseTma awarmoa livoniis omi (1558-1582 ww.). am dros mTavar
geopolitikur mimarTulebs warmoadgenda samxreT-aRmosavleTis (yazani,
astraxani), dasavleTi - (litva, poloneTi, livoniis ordeni), samxreTis
(yirimis saxano) mimarTulebebi. meoTxe geopolitikuri epoqa _es aris
moskovis samefos epoqa (1552_1682ww.) romelic grZeldeboda ermakis
cimbiruli odiseadan (ivane IV dros) petre I mefobis dasawyisamde. am
epoqis pirvel periodSi moskovis samTavros mizani iyo dasavleT cimbiris
dapyroba. XVI s. bolos da XVII s. dasawyisSi rusebma miaRwies md. Oobamde
da Rala daakisres adgilobriv TaTrebs. aqedan rusebma eqspansia
ganaxorcieles qveda obis mimarTulebiT –bewveuliT mdidar adgilebSi.
ukve XVII saukunis pirvel mesamedSi rusebi xarks agrovebdnen buriati
mosaxleobisgan. amave dros (XVII s. 30-ian wlebSi), rusebi aRweven lenis
auzSi. XVIIs 40_ian wlebSi ki rusebi gavidnen mdinare kolimamde da iqidan
oxotis zRvamde.
moskovis samefos meore periodi xasiaTdeba kidev erTi mTavari
geopolitikuri problemis gadawyvetiT _ ukrainis dapyrobiT. UukrainasTan
“SeerTebis” gadawyvetilebis gansamtkiceblad mefe aleqsi mixeilis Zem
awarmoa omi poloneTTan, ris Sedegadac Tanamedrove belorusiis nawili
moskovis samefos gadaeca, xolo mefem miiRo `rusi TviTmpyrobelis
tituli~.
ruseTis saxelmwifos ganviTarebis mexuTe epoqad SeiZleba
CaiTvalos ruseTis imperiis epoqa, romelic petre I-is mefobiT (1682_1725
ww.) daiwyo. am dros iwyeba imperiis Camoyalibebis periodi, romelic
gamocxadda CrdiloeTis omis (1721 w.) damTavrebis Semdeg. am omSi wydeboda
baltiisa da Savi zRvisaken gasasvlelis mopovebis problema, rasac Tan
daerTo ruseTis flotis mSenebloba da armiis reformireba, vaWrobis,
mecnierebis, teqnikisa da kulturis ganviTareba, rusuli eris
“evropeizacia”. meore periodSi (1721_1917 ww.) ruseTma daipyro uzarmazari
teritoriebi - poloneTis nawili (1815 w.), fineTi (1809 w.), aliaska,
CrdiloeT da samxreT kavkasia (XIX s. pirveli naxevari), Sua azia (1865_1876
ww.).
meeqvse epoqad SeiZleba CaiTvalos sabWoTa saxelmwifos _ epoqa (1917-
1991 ww.). is Tavis mxriv Sedgeba ori periodisagan, pirveli - ruseTis
saxelmwifos politikuri, ekonomikuri, samxedro-strategiuli poziciebis
aRdgena ssrk-s formiT da axali eqspansiis mcdeloba ukve komunizmis da
msoflio revoluciis droSiT. am periodSi saxelmwifos saZirkvelSi
leninisa da stalinis mier Caido nelmoqmedi naRmi _ rac dakavSirebuli
iyo mokavSire da avtonomiuri respublikebis axali sazRvrebis
dadgenasTan.
stalinis reJimis dros sabWoTa kavSirma daipyro dasavleT ukraina
da dasavleT belorusia, kareliis yelis nawili da baltiispireTi (1940 w.),
saxalinis samxreTi nawili da kuriliis kunZulebi (1945 w.), Seiqmna
samxedro-politikuri bloki - varSavis xelSekrulebis organizacia (1955w.),
romelSic Sediodnen: ssrk, bulgareTi, rumineTi, Cexoslovakia, albaneTi,
Seiqmna socialisturi banaki, romelSic zemoT CamoTvlili qveynebis garda
Sediodnen: iugoslavia, CineTi, monRoleTi, koreis demokratiuli
respublika, vietnami, kuba. faqtiurad es qveynebi (mogvianebiT CineTisa da
iugoslaviis garda) sabWoTa kavSirisaTvis dacvis xazs warmoadgendnen.
KsabWoTa komunistur sistemas gaaCnda ambicia ganexorcielebina rusi
mefeebis proeqtebi, magram am miswrafebebma male dakarga istoriuli
dinamika, radgan ssrk Tavis rigebSi aerTianebda eTnikurad, religiurad,
socialur-kulturulad da politikurad gansxvavebul respublikebs,
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romelic imarTeboda erTi centridan da ssrk-is mTeli mosaxleoba
mihyavda utopiuri miznisaken. eqspansiis ukanaskneli cda iyo, sabWoTa
jarebis Sesvla avRaneTSi breJnevis epoqaSi (1979-1989 ww.). es omi ssrk-
saTvis damTavrda gorbaCovis dros, komunizmis kraxis pirobebSi.
sabWoTa saxelmwifos ganviTarebis meore periodi (1970-1991 ww.)
aRiniSna CamorCeniT ganviTarebul qveynebTan SedarebiT. am CamorCenas
amarTlebdnen gareSe Zalebis CareviT.
axla ki ruseTis federacia Sevida Tavis axal, meSvide epoqaSi -
romelsac SeiZleba vuwodoT damoukidebeli ruseTis epoqa. Tavis mxriv,
damoukidebeli ruseTis epoqaSi ori ZiriTadi periodi gamoiyofa-elcinisa
da putinis mmarTvelobis periodebi.
1993 wels miRebul iqna qveynis axali konstitucia, romelmac gamoacxada
ruseTi, rogorc demokratiuli, saero, samarTleblivi, socialuri
saxelmwifo.
saxelmwifos Zliereba da sxva geopolitikuri maxasiaTeblebi ar aris
ucvleli sidide. teritoria, mosaxleobis raodenoba da xarisxobrivi
Semadgenloba, ekonomika, da sxva aspeqtebi cvlilebas ganicdis. rogorc
absoluturi, iseve SefardebiTi geopolitikuri parametrebis cvlileba
mudmivad cvlis saxelmwifos rolsa da statuss saerTaSoriso sistemaSi.
Tu am poziciebidan SevxedavT ruseTis geopolitikur istorias, SeiZleba
SevniSnoT rom ruseTis saxelmwifos geopolitikuri statusisa da rolis
cvlilebis process gaaCnia talRiseburi xasiaTi. ruseTis istoriaSi iyo
geopolitikuri cvlilebebis oTxi talRa. kievis ruseTis epoqaSi
geopolitikuri Zliereba gaizarda, xolo urdos mier ruseTis dapyrobam
ki es Zliereba dasca. Uurdos epoqis meore periodSi isev Zlierdeba
ruseTis geopolitikuri Zala. XIV-XVI saukuneebSi ruseTis gaZliereba
grZeldeboda. geopolitikuri statusi Tavis maqsimums aRwevs ivane
mrisxanes dros, magram misi mefobis dasasruls isev SeiniSneba daRmavali
dinamika. mxolod romanovis gamefebis Sedeg iwyeba zrdis procesi,
romelmac napoleonis damarcxebisT maqsimums miaRwia. SemdgomSi, nikoloz
pirvelis dros isev iwyeba daRmavali talRa da 1917 wels – bolSevikuri
gadatrialebis dros ruseTis geopolitikuri statusi aRwevs minimums. XX
s. 40-iani wlebis meore naxevarSi da 50-ian wlebis dasawyisSi isev iwyeba
aRmasvla, xolo 80-ian wlebidan kvlav daqveiTebis periodi aRiniSneba.
geopolitikuri ganviTarebis talRiseburoba gvaZlevs saSualebas
viwinaswarmetyveloT qveynis ganviTarebis geopolitikuri tendeciebi.
magaliTad, ruseTs mimdinare geopolitikurma epoqam msoflioSi
energomatareblebze fasebis zrdis pirobebSi garkveuli gaZliereba
moutana rogorc ekonomikuri, aseve geopolitikuri TvalsazrisiT. Aamitom,
ruseTi kvlav gaagrZelebs Tavisi imperialisturi politikis
ganxorcielebas post-sabWoTa sivrceze kontrolis gaZlierebis mizniT.
rogorc Sarl lui monteskie ambobda, patara saxelmwifoebi
kvdebian gareTa mtrebis mier ganxorcielebuli qmedebebis Sedegad, xolo
didi saxelmwifoebi-Sida RalatiT. igives aRniSnavda puSkini ruseTTan
mimarTebaSi. ruseTs hqonda ara marto aRmasvlis periodebi petre I-is
mmarTvelobis dros, aramed Savi periodebic, magaliTad elcinis periodSi,
rodesac ruseTis geopolitikuri gavlena msoflioSi minimumamde iyo
Semcirebuli.
Brus mecnierTa da eqspertTa umravlesoba aRiarebs ruseTis imperiis
kraxs XXs. 90-iani wlebis dasawyisSi. isini aRniSnaven, rom sabWoTa
kavSiris daSlis Semdeg miRebul iqna ufro meti danakargi, vidre
233
SenaZeni. ruseTis “sufTa geopolitikur danakargebs” Soris rusi
geopolitikosebi gamoyofen Semdeg faqtorebs:
1. “dakargulia teritoriis 5 ml kv. km –ze meti (TiTqos yofili
mokavSire respublikebis teritoriebi ruseTis ZirZvel miwa-
wyals warmoadgendnen).
2. dakargulia gasasvleli baltiispireTze da Sav zRvaze;
3. resursebis TvalsazrisiT dakargulia Savi zRvis, kaspiis da
baltiis zRvis “Selfebi”;
4. ruseTis imperiis mTelma teritoriam gadainacvla CrdiloeTisa
da aRmosavleTis mimarTulebiT;
5. daikarga saxmeleTo gasasvlelebi centralur da dasavleT
evropaze;
6. ruseTis axal sazRvrebze gaCnda axali ekonomikurad susti
mezoblebi;
7. ruseTma miiRo keTilmouwyobeli sazRvrebi.
sabWoTa kavSiris daSlasTan dakavSirebiT rusi “derJavnikebi” svamen

kiTxvas: “ratom daiSala?” isini am faqts xsnian ramdenime obeqturi
mizeziT. pirveli - geografiuli faqtorebi, anu sabWoTa kavSiris
farTobi. meore- ekonomikuri da mesame –politikuri faqtorebi.
yvela es faqtori axlac moqmedebs, magram maT daemata kidev axali,
kerZod regionebs Soris ekonomikuri kavSirebisa da samecniero-teqnikuri
bazis Sesusteba ruseTSi - amis mizezia emigracia, ruseTidan “tvinebis
gadinebis” procesi.
DdRevandeli ruseTisaTvis metad mtkivneul problemas warmoadgens
mZime demografiuli situacia, ramac XXI s. dasawyisSi katastroful
formebs miaRwia. Ggaeros monacemebiT, ruseTis mosaxleoba yovelwliurad
100 aTasi adamianiT mcirdeba.
Tanamedrove ruseTis erovnuli usafrTxoebisa da sagareo politikuri

prioritetebi
ruseTis erovnuli usafrTxoebis koncefciis Sesabamisad, Tanamedrove

msoflio politikisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia ori urTierTgamomricxavi
tendencia. EerTis mxriv, mimdinareobs saxelmwifoebs Soris integraciuli
procesebi, rac gamoixateba sxvadasxva ekonomikuri da politikuri
gaerTianebebis SeqmniT. meores mxriv, ki adgili aqvs saerTaSoriso
urTierTobebis iseTi modelis damkvidrebis mcdelobas, romelSic
aRiniSneba aSS-is hegemonuri roli da zogadad dasavleTis ganviTarebuli
qveynebis dominireba vaSingtonis qolgis qveS.
KkoncefciaSi aRniSnulia, rom ruseTis mizania xeli Seuwyos pirveli
tendenciis safuZvelze mravalpolusiani msoflios ganviTarebas.
KdokumentSi warmodgenilia ruseTis erovnuli interesebi saerTaSoriso
asparezze, rac gulisxmobs: ruseTis suverenitetis uzrunvelyofas; misi,
rogorc didi saxelmwifosa da mravalpolusian msoflioSi erT-erTi
Zlieri, gavleniani centris statusis uzrunvelyofas; urTierTTanaswori
da ormxrivad sasargeblo urTierTobebis damyarebas msoflios yvela
saxelmwifosTan da regionalur saerTaSoriso organizaciebTan, pirvel
rigSi - damoukidebel saxelmwifoTa Tanamegobrobis saxelmwifoebTan da
ruseTis tradiciul partniorebTan. AaRsaniSnavia, rom am ukanasknelTa
vinaoba dokumentSi ar saxeldeba.
234
KkoncefciaSi didi yuradReba eTmoba Semdeg sagareo safrTxeebs:
zogierTi qveynis mcdelobas, Seasuston saerTaSoriso usafrTxoebis
uzrunvelyofis arsebuli meqanizmebi. Aaq upirvelesad igulisxmeba gaero-
sa da euTos rolis Semcireba da agreTve msoflioSi ruseTis politikuri,
ekonomikuri da samxedro gavlenis Sesusteba; samxedro-politikuri
blokebis gavlenis zrda, Crdilo-atlantikuri aliansis gafarToeba da
ruseTis sazRvrebis siaxloves ucxo qveynebis mniSvnelovani samxedro
kontingentebis ganTavseba; dsT-is SigniT integraciuli procesebis
Sesusteba da ruseTis federaciis saxelmwifo sazRvrebisa da dsT-is wevri
qveynebis gare sazRvrebis siaxloves konfliqturi kerebis arseboba;
ruseTis federaciis teritoriebze pretenziebi da mezobeli
saxelmwifoebis ekonomikuri, demografiuli da kulturul-religiuri
eqspansia ruseTis teritoriaze; saerTaSoriso terorizmi.
ruseTis federaciis sagareo politikis koncefcia
koncefciis Tanaxmad, ruseTi, romelic flobs gaeros uSiSroebis sabWos

mudmivi wevris statuss da gaaCnia mniSvnelovani potenciali da bunebrivi
resursebi, warmoadgens saerTaSoriso politikis aqtiur monawiles da
sagrZnob gavlenas axdens msoflioSi mimdinare politikur procesebze.
dokumentis Sesabamisad, ruseTis sagareo politikisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia
gawonasworebuloba, risi ZiriTadi mizezia misi, rogorc udidesi
evraziuli saxelmwifos, geostrategiuli mdebareoba. aqedan gamomdinare,
ruseTma pasuxismgebloba unda aiRos usafrTxoebis uzrunvelyofaze
rogorc globalur, ise regionalur doneze. koncefciaSi aRniSnulia, rom
Tanamedrove msoflioSi Zlierdeba erTpolusiani struqturis damkvidrebis
tendencia, romlis mixedviTac msoflioSi iarsebebs erTaderTi
supersaxelmwifo - aSS, rac Tavis mxriv zians ayenebs msoflio wesrigs da
SeiZleba saerTaSoriso viTarebis destabilizacia gamoiwvios. Ddokumentis
Tanaxmad, ruseTis Zalisxmeva mimarTuli iqneba saerTaSoriso
urTierTobebis mravalpolusiani sistemis formirebisaken, romelSic
srulad iqneba asaxuli msoflioSi arsebuli mravalferovani interesebi.
KkoncefciaSi didi adgili eTmoba ruseTis sagareo politikis
regionalur midgomebs. yvelaze mniSvnelovani adgili dokumentSi
gankuTvnilia dsT-isa da evropis saxelmwifoebTan urTierTobebis
sakiTxebis mimarT. Ddokumentis Tanaxmad, ruseTis politika mimarTuli
iqneba dsT-is wevr saxelmwifoebTan keTilmezobluri urTierTobebisa da
strategiuli partniorobis ganviTarebisaken, xolo praqtikul doneze
urTierToba damokidebuli iqneba imaze, Tu ramdenad gamoxatavs
mzadyofnas esa Tu is dsT-is wevri saxelmwifo ruseTTan
TanamSromlobisaken Tavis swrafvas. koncefciaSi aseve mocemulia rus
avtorebs Soris sakmaod gavrcelebuli mosazreba dsT-is sxvadasxva
saxelmwifoebTan “integraciis gansxvavebuli siCqarisa da donis Sesaxeb”,
xolo upirveles amocanad ruseT-belorusis kavSiris ganmtkiceba
saxeldeba. DdsT-is sivrceSi prioritetad gamocxadebulia konfliqtebis
mogvarebisaken mimarTuli mcdeloba, savaWro-ekonomikuri TanamSromloba
da saerTaSoriso terorizmTan brZola.
KkoncefciaSi aRniSnulia, rom evropul saxelmwifoebTan TanamSromloba
ruseTis sagareo politikis tradiciul prioritetad ganixileba da
ruseTis mizania Camoyalibebul iqnes saerTo evropuli usafrTxoebisa da
TanamSromlobis demokratiuli sistema. dokumentSi aRniSnulia, rom
ruseTisaTvis erT-erT umniSvnelovanes politikur da ekonomikur
235
partniors evrokavSiri warmoadgens da ruseTis erovnuli interesebis
warmatebiT ganxorcielebisaTvis didi mniSvneloba eniWeba TanamSromlobas
did britaneTTan, germaniasTan, italiasTan da safrangeTTan. Kkoncefciis
Sesabamisad, ruseTis urTierToba natosTan metad mniSvnelovania evropis
kontinentze usafrTxoebis uzrunvelyofis interesebidan gamomdinare,
Tumca, konstruqciuli TanamSromloba SesaZlebeli iqneba mxolod im
SemTxvevaSi, Tu urTierToba damyarebuli iqneba orive mxaris interesebis
urTierTgaTvaliswinebaze da Sesruldeba xelSekrulebiT nakisri
valdebulebebi. DdokumentSi aRniSnulia, rom ruseTis federaciisaTvis
miuRebelia nato-s 1999 wlis samitze miRebuli axali strategiuli
koncefcia, romelic vaSingtonis xelSekrulebis moqmedebis zonis
farglebs miRma gaeros uSiSroebis sabWos sanqciis gareSe Zalis
gamoyenebas gulisxmobs.184
Amokledaa ganxiluli amerikis SeerTebul StatebTan urTierTobebi.
koncefciis Tanaxmad, ruseTi mzadyofnas gamoxatavs gadalaxos aSS-sTan
urTierTobebSi arsebuli mniSvnelovani sirTuleebi, vinaidan, mTeli rigi
principuli uTanxmoebebis arsebobis miuxedavad, or qveyanas Soris
TanamSromloba saerTaSoriso viTarebis gaumjobesebisa da globaluri
strategiuli stabilurobis uzrunvelyofis aucilebel winapirobas
warmoadgens.
rac Seexeba aziuri politikis nawils, koncefciaSi aRniSnulia, rom am
mimarTulebas msoflio politikaSi mimdinare cvlilebebis Sesabamisad
ruseTis sagareo politikaSi sul ufro didi mniSvneloba eniWeba,
radganac ruseTi Tavadac ganekuTvneba am regions, da Sesabamisad
prioritetad unda iqces ruseTis integracia azia-wynari okeanis regionis
gaerTianebebSi – aseansa da “Sanxais xuTeulSi”. DdokumentSi aseve weria,
rom msoflio politikis ZiriTad sakiTxebSi moskovisa da pekinis
interesTa Tanxvedra regionaluri da globaluri stabilurobis erT-erTi
garantiaa. Ddokumentis Sesabamisad, ruseTi mxars uWers iaponiasTan
keTilmezobluri urTierTobebis damyarebas da saxelmwifo sazRvris
sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT orive mxarisaTvis misaRebi gadawyvetilebebis
miRebas. DdokumentSi aseve naTqvamia ruseTis survilze gaaRmavos
tradiciuli partnioroba indoeTTan da ganamtkicos iranTan
urTierTobebi.
ruseTis usafrTxoebis koncefciisa da sagareo politikis koncefciis
ganxilvis safuZvelze SegviZlia gavakeToT daskvna, rom orive dokumenti
naTlad asaxavs Tanamedrove rusul sagareo politikur azrovnebaSi
arsebul sxvadasxva tendencias. Oorive koncefciaSi warmodgenilia
mosazreba mravalpolusiani msoflio wesrigis damyarebis aucileblobis
Sesaxeb, sadac ruseTma sakuTari gansakuTrebuli roli unda Seasrulos.
Oorive dokumentSi gamoxatulia mTeli rigi kritikuli SeniSvnebi
dasavleTis mimarT, romlebic dakavSirebulia natos gafarToebasTan da
erTpolusiani sistemis damkvidrebis mcdelobasTan. A
Tu SevadarebT ruseTis sagareo politikis aziur mimarTulebas
dasavleTis mimarTulebasTan, saubaria aziis saxelmwifoebTan (CineTi,
iaponia, indoeTi, irani) TanamSromlobaze da dasavleTisagan gansxvavebiT
ar aris gamoTqmuli raime kritikuli SeniSvna am saxelmwifoTa mimarT.
amave dros, ruseTis erovnuli usafrTxoebis koncefciaSi mocemuli
184
Nnato-smier 2010
wlisnoemberSidamtkicebuliaxalistrategiulikoncefciisdamtkicebisSemdeg,
SesaZlebeliaruseTissagareopolitikurdoqtrinaSigarkveulicvlilebebiSevides.
236
safrTxeebis CamonaTvalSi yuradReba gamaxvilebulia SesaZlo teritoriul
pretenziebze ruseTis mimarT da mezobeli saxelmwifobis ekonomikur,
demografiul da kulturul-religiuri eqspansiaze. saidanac SegviZlia
gavakeToT daskvna, rom aRniSnuli safrTxis erT-erT mTavar wyarod CineTi
gvevlineba.
B putinis doqtrina
ruseTis yofilma prezidentma, romelmac albaT droebiT prezidentis

postidan wasvla (miuxedavad imisa, rom mas saxelmwifo saTaTbiros
mxardaWeriT SeeZlo konstituciaSi cvlilebebis Setana da mesame vadiT
prezidentis postze darCena) da premier-ministroba gadawyvita, Zalaufleba
dimitri medvedevs gadaabara. Pputinis mmarTvelobis ganmavlobaSi
SemuSavebul iqna erTob saintereso sagareo-politikuri doqtrina,
romelic sruliad SesaZlebelia rom eqskluziurad mxolod misi idea arc
aris da ruseTis mravalsaukunovani imperiuli gamocdilebidan
gamomdinareobs.185
Adoqtrinisa da sagareo-politikuri miznebis ganxorcielebis mTeli idea
“SerCeviTi Zaladobis” teqnologiasa da “wertilovani” agresiis
gamoyenebaSi mdgomareobs.
MmagaliTisaTvis SegviZlia moviyvanoT XXI saukunis dasawyisSi ruseTis
politika CeCneTis, saqarTvelos, poloneTisa da inglisis mimarT. Oamave
dros aRsaniSnavia is faqti, rom ruseTis “derJavnikuli” ambiciebis
dakmayofilebisa da moskovis imperiuli sistemis mdgradobisaTvis
aucilebel winapirobas warmoadgens antagonistur sistemaTa daSla da
maTi erTiani frontiT gamosvlis dauSvebloba.
PpirobiTad Tu vityviT, Tanamedrove ruseTis federacias da mis
saxelmwifoebriv sistemas ramdenime moskovisaTvis miuRebeli -
antagonisturi, sistemurad masTan SeuTavsebeli “sartyeli” akravs,
romlebic, maTi sagareo da saSinao politikis prioritetebidan
gamomdinare, ruseTis politikuri wreebis azriT safrTxes uqmnian ruseTis
saxelmwifoebrivi sistemis mdgradobas.186
1.ruseTis federaciis SemadgenlobaSi Semavali avtonomiuri respublikebi,
anu mcire erebi, romlebic ruseTma Tavisi istoriis sxvadasxva etapze
daipyro. Aam xalxebis nawils, maTi istoriuli warsulidan gamomdinare,
mouspobadi separatistuli inercia gaaCniaT: pirvel rigSi aq unda
yuradReba gavamaxviloT CrdiloeT-kavkasiel xalxebsa da
volgispirelebze, romlebic erTiani separatistuli sistemis Camoyalibebis
Teoriul safrTxes qmnian (amave dros unda aRiniSnos, rom separatistuli
tendenciebi ruseTSi bevrad ufro Zlieri iyo XX s. 90-iani wlebis pirvel
naxevarSi).
2. yofili mokavSire respublikebi-dRes damoukidebel saxelmwifoTa
TanamegobrobaSi Semavali saxelmwifoebi;
3. aRmosavleT evropis qveynebi, romlebic komunistur epoqaSi sabWoTa
imperiis gavlenis sferoSi Sediodnen da dRes maTi umravlesoba nato-sa
da evrokavSiris wevria;
4. dasavleTi.
185
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186
iqve
237
Ppirveli sartyelidan, anu uSualod federaciaSi Semavali avtonomiuri
respublikebidan, ruseTma demonstraciulad da samagaliTod dasasjelad
SearCia CeCneTi, romelic separatizmis gzaze yvelaze Sors wavida da 90-ian
wlebSi droebiT faqtobrivi damoukideblobac ki moipova.
CeCneTSi 1994 wels ruseTis federaluri jarebis Seyvana swored im
mizans isaxavda, rom sxva avtonomiebSi mokalaTebuli potenciuri
separatistebi daeSinebina.
imavdroulad, ruseTis xelisufleba demonstraciulad keTilganwyobili
da momTmeni iyo sxva avtonomiuri respublikebis mimarT, imis miuxedavad,
rom magaliTad, tuvis respublika, TaTreTi an yabardo-balyareTi zogjer
aranakleb separatistul tendencias amJRavnebdnen.
Tavis droze, TaTarstanis respublikis prezidentma mentimor Saimievma
akrZala ruseTis armiaSi TaTreTis mcxovrebTa gawveva, raTa isini ar
yofiliyvnen CaTreulni CeCneTis omSi, xolo yabardo-balyareTis
prezidenti valeri kokovi oficialur gancxadebas akeTebda ruseTsa da
yabardo-balyareTs Soris horizontaluri anu konfederaciuli kavSirebis
damyarebis aucileblobaze.
AaseTi politikis ganxorcielebis Sedegad, ruseTs mieca imis
SesaZlebloba, rom erTis mxriv, sxva avtonomiaTa loialoba
SeenarCunebina, xolo, meores mxriv, ruseTisagan gamoyofis momxreebi
daeSinebina, Tu WkuiT ar iqnebodnen, maTac igive bedi eweodaT, rogorc
CeCnebs.
DaRsaniSnavia is faqti, rom am politikam ruseTisaTvis SesaniSnavi Sedegi
gamoiRo: raki samagaliTod dasjili CeCneTis magaliTis ganmeoreba
sakuTar respublikaSi aravis surda, potenciurma separatistulma
respublikebma – TaTreTmac, yabardo-balyareTmac da yvela sxva
avtonomiebmac 90-ian wlebSi miRebuli separatistuli kanonmdebloba
Secvales da YTavianTi konstituciebi ruseTis konstituciasTan
SesabamisobaSi moiyvanes.
Aimperiulma meTodma, “daSale da ibatone”-s principma am SemTxvevaSi
namdvilad gaamarTla, anu wertilovani dartymiT putinma potenciurad
saSiSi dajgufeba egoisturi interesebiT gamsWvalul calkeul
subieqtebad daSala da, mTlianonaSi, am jgufis loialoba-neitraliteti
uzrunvelyo.
Aaseve xazi unda gaesvas im garemoebas, rom separatizmTan brZolis erT-
erTi ganuyofeli teqnologiuri xerxia “Tavze xelis gadasma” sxva
subieqtebisaTvis im dros, rodesac dajgufebis yvelaze daumorCilebeli
wevris demonstraciuli dasja mimdinareobs.
Arac Seexeba meore jgufs, romlis winaaRmdegac ruseTi analogiur
meTods iyenebs – es gaxlavT e.w. “axlo sazRvargareTis” sivrce - yofili
11 mokavSire respublika, romlebic 1992-93 wlebSi damoukidebel
saxelmwifoTa TanamegobrobaSi gaerTianednen.
AdsT-is sivrceze ruseTma aseTive TvalsaCinod dasasjel msxverplad
saqarTvelo SearCia. ruseTis xelisufleba, wlebis ganmavlobaSi, sxva
yofili mokavSire respublikebis dasanaxad, ugulebelyofs ra yvela
saerTaSoriso-samarTlebriv normas, demonstraciulad, sajarod sjis
saqarTvelos, iqneba es samxedro aqciebi, separatizmis mxardaWera,
saqarTvelos sahaero sivrcis darRveva, teritoriis dabombva, ekonomikuri
blokada da a. S.187
187
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238
yvelaferma aman rogorc viciT kulminacias 2008 wlis agvistoSi miaRwia,
razedac Semdgom TavebSi gveqneba saubari.
imavdroulad, ruseTi xazgasmulad keTilmezoblur urTierTobebs
inarCunebs dsT-is yvela saxelmwifosTan. Bbevr rameze Tvalebsac xuWavs,
bevr problemas Cqmalavs, raTa oficialur Tbiliss da mTlianad qarTul
sazogadoebas ganumtkicos “martoobisa” da “gamonaklisobis” gancda, rac
moskovisaTvis sazogadoebaze fsiqologiuri zemoqmedebis efeqtis miRwevis
erT-erT meTods warmoadgens.
ruseT-saqarTvelos urTierTobebis Semyure (iseve rogorc wina
SemTxvevaSi) dsT-is wevri sxva qveynebi, xedaven ra saqarTvelos mimarT
moskovis agresiul politikas, Tavad ufro loialurni arian ruseTis
mimarT - Yyovel SemTxvevaSi, problemis gamwvavebas eridebian. magaliTad
separatistuli regionebis mqone azerbaijansa da moldovas ruseTisadmi
aranaklebi pretenziebi aqvT, vidre saqarTvelos, magram ruseTTan
urTierTobaSi ufro frTxiloben. Mmiuxedavad imisa, rom am gziT isini maT
winaSe mdgar mTavar strategiul amocanas (dnestrispireTisa da yarabaRis
konfliqtebi) ver gadawyveten, magram ruseTis mimarT SedarebiT loialuri
politikis gatarebiT ufro mZime problemebs icileben Tavidan –
magaliTad, maT teritoriebs aravin bombavs, ar arsebobs savizo reJimi da
ruseTis xelisuflebis kontrolis qveS myofi sainformacio saSualebebi
am ori qveynis sawinaaRmdego reportaJebs ar gadascemen.
Amoskovis mxridan aseTi politikis gatarebis Sedegad, saqarTvelos dsT-
Sic keTrovaniviT SiSiT uyureben da Tbilisi mier viTom “Secdomebis”
gameoreba ar undaT. Pputini ki (da Semdeg medvedevic) amave dros
xazgasmuli keTilganwyobiT Cadis, magaliTad, Cvens mezobel azerbaijanSi
“SehidTa” xeivans yvavilebiT amkobs, ruseTSi Aazerbaijanis weliwads
acxadebs, Tanac, am dros lamis iCoqebs azerbaijanelTa gulis
asaCuyeblad. Ees yvelaferi miuxedavad imisa, rom ruseTi arc apirebs raime
Secvalos yarabaRSi an uari Tqvas somxeTis mxardaWeraze.
Mmesame jgufs aRmosavleT evropa warmoadgens – yofili ssrk-is sateliti
saxelmwifoebi. Asxvadasxva mizezTa gamo aq moskovis mier poloneTi iqna
SerCeuli. Ddakvirveba naTlad gviCvenebs, rom ruseTis yofili prezidenti
mxolod poloneTis prezidentis winaaRmdeg akeTebda Seuracmyofel
gancxadebebs, rom igi “vaSingtonSi samuSaos saZebnelad daZrwis”, swored
poloneTis winaaRmdeg iqna SemoRebuli ekonomikuri sanqciebi am qveyanaSi
warmoebul xorcis produqtebze da ase Semdeg.
imavdroulad ki moskovi “Taflakveris” politikas atarebs ungreTis,
sloveniis da sxva aRmosavleT evropis saxelmwifoebTan mimarTebaSi da
amis Sedegi gaxlavT is, rom rodesac, magaliTad poloneTma da litvam
saqarTvelos mxardamWeri gancxadebebi gaakeTes da ruseT-evrokavSiris
xelSekrulebis xelmowera afxazeTSi ruseTis agresiuli qmedebebis
SeCerebas daukavSires, sloveniam, romelic am dros evrokavSiris
Tavmjdomare qveyana gaxldaT, uari ganacxada poloneTTan da litvasTan
erTad delegaciiT saqarTveloSi gamomgzavrebuliyo.
Bam demarSis mTavari mizezi gaxda sloveniisadmi dafiqsirebuli
preferenciebi – iugoslaviis am yofil respublikas “gazpromi” bevr rames
dahpirda “samxreT nakadis” gazsadenidan.
MmoskovSi yvelaze did SeSfoTebas evrokavSiris konsolidaciis (ufro
zustad konsolidirebuli poziciis) mimarT gamoxataven. amis ardasaSvebad
ki iyeneben “dayavi da ibatone”-s princips, rac gamoixateba evrokavSiris
SemadgenlobaSi Semaval patara saxelmwifoTa egoistur, bunebriv
interesebisa da miswrafebebis ruseTis sasargeblod gamoyenebaSi.
239
Kkremlis klasifikaciiT meoTxe jgufSi Semavali saxelmwifoebidan
moskovma “msxverplad” inglisi SearCia.
DdasavleTis arc erT sxva saxelmwifosTan ruseTs iseTi daZabuli
urTierToba ar hqonda, rogorc did britaneTTan, TviT AaSS-sTanac ki,
romelic, TiTqosda, bevrad met problemas uqmnida ruseTs msoflios
sxvadasxva regionSi.
Ees faqti adasturebs, rom oficialuri kremlis politika am sistemaSi
ar aris reaqtiuli - ar warmoadgens raRac reaqcias ama Tu im
saxelmwifos mier gatarebul politikaze mis mimarT.
ruseTma swored inglisisa da londonis gulSi, pikadilis quCaze datova
SemaZrwunebeli radioaqtiuri kvali, swored britanuli organizacia –
britaneTis sabWos ofisebi daxura ruseTis teritoriaze da ase Semdeg.
amis paralelurad, dakvirveba cxadyofs, rogor megobrul urTierTobebs
amyarebs kremli angela merkelis germaniasa da silvio berluskonis
italiasTan, rac gamoixateba sxvadasxva preferenciebis dawesebaSi pirvel
rigSi energosferoSi (rac energomatareblebze fasebis arnaxuli zrdis
pirobebSi Zalian mniSvnelovani faqtori xdeba) da ara mxolod: ruseTis
grandiozuli bazris xelmisawvdomoba da investiciebis ganxorcielebis
SesaZlebloba im fonze, roca am qveyanaSi “navTobdolarebis” udidesi
masaa brunvaSi, agreTve aranaklebi “satyuaraa”.
raoden paradoqsuladac ar unda gamoiyurebodes, am jgufSi gatarebuli
politikis meTodi da Sedegic imis analogiuria, rogorc TiTqosda sul
sxva, Tvisobrivad gansxvavebul pirvel sartyelSi: saerTo interesebis
mqone jgufis danawevreba calkeul subieqtebad da mTlianobaSi,
ruseTisadmi misi strategiuli loialoba-neitralobis SenarCunebiT.
zemoaRniSnulidan Cven SegviZlia davaskvnaT, rom ruseTi XXI saukunis
dasawyisSic Sua saukuneebis imperiebis Tvisebriv sistemebs eyrdnoba anu
“imperiuli eris” siamayis grZnoba, agresiuli politika, “derJavuli”
vnebebis dakmayofileba am saxelmwifos Semdgomi ganviTarebis aucilebel
winapirobas warmoadgens.
iaponia Tanamedrove geopolitikaSi
xangrZlivi drois ganmavlobaSi iaponia viTardeboda rogorc Caketili

saxelmwifo. mas urTierToba hqonda mxolod regionis sxva qveynebTan –
CineTTan, koreasTan da a.S. Tumca, XVI saukuneSi qveyanaSi SeaRwies
evropelebmac, magram SemdgomSi sekunatma tokuhavam qveyana kvlav Caketa
evropelebisTvis da mxolod or qveyanasTan, CineTTan da holandiasTan
urTierTobda.
XIX saukunis meore naxevarSi iaponia Tavisi geopolitikuri gavlenis
ganmtkicebisa da ekonomikuri ganviTarebis gzas maSin daadga, rodesac
dasavleT evropis yvela msxvil qveyanaSi kapitalisturi meurneoba ukve
aTvisebuli iyo, xolo mTeli msoflio teritoriebi faqtiurad
gadanawilebuli iyo ganviTarebul qveynebs Soris.
iaponiis ganviTarebibsaTvis erT-erTi damaxasiaTebeli Tavisebureba isic
iyo, rom ganviTarebis sawyis stadiaze qveyanaSi, jer kidev SemorCenili iyo
feodaluri wyobilebis naSTebi. 1868 wels meidzis revoluciis Semdeg,
burJuaziuli reformebis ganxorcieleba daiwyo.
Tavisi geopolitikuri gavlenis erT-erT mTavar wyarod iaponiisaTvis
warmoadgenda agresiuli omebi, romlebic man awarmoa 1894-1895 wlebSi
240
CineTTan, 1904-1905 wlebSi ruseTTan da aseve qveynis CarTva pirvel
msoflio omSi, xolo SemdgomSi, 1931 wels kvlav CineTis winaaRmdeg
samxedro kampaniis Catareba. rogorc cnobilia, meore msoflio omis win
iaponiam strategiuli partnioroba daamyara faSistur germaniasTan, xolo
1941 wlis 7 dekembers aSS-is sazRvao baza-pier-harborze Tavdasxmis Semdeg
aqtiurad CaerTo meore msoflio omSi, romelSic rogorc cnobilia igi
damarcxda da okupirebul iqna amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis mier.
meore msoflio omma kardinalurad Secvala iaponiis sagareo politikis
prioritetebi da iaponia am omis Sedegad Rrmad pacifisturi qveyana gaxda.
meore msofli omSi iaponiis danakargs Seadgenda qveynis simdidris
meoTxedi, garda amisa, qveyanam dakarga 3 milionze meti adamiani. amis
Sedegad, ori aTasi wlis ganmavlobaSi pirvelad iaponiaSi SeaRwies
okupantebma. am yovelivem Zireulad Secvala politikuli azrovnebis
mimarTulebebi politikosebsa da moqalaqeebs Soris da maT omze, rogorc
politikis erT-erT saSualebaze, Tqves uari, rac aisaxa qveynis
konstituciaSi romelic 1947 wels iqna miRebuli.
Ookupaciis periodi 1951 wlamde gagrZelda, rodesac san-franciskoSi
gaformda separatistuli sazavo xelSekruleba da moixsna saokupacio
reJimi. miuxedavad amisa, iaponia sakmaod didxans iyo damokidebuli aSS-ze
xelSekrulebis sxvadasxva muxlebis mixedviT, am garemoebam mniSvnelovani
roli Seasrula iaponiis geopolitikuri da ekonomikuri politikis
gansazRvraze momdevno periodSi.
omis Sedegad dangreuli ekonomika saWiroebda gardaqmnebs da Zireul
reformirebas. iaponiis axali geopolitikuri kursis Camoyalibeba swored
am periodidan iwyeba. amerikelebma aiZules iaponelebi gaetarebinaT
agraruli reformebi, gaeSvaT ,,Zaibacus” oligarqiuli klanis wevrebi da
gaetarebinaT sxva reformebi Tavisufali bazris dasamkvidreblad.
amerikelebi exmarebodnen iaponelebs am reformebis gatarebaSi. maT
iaponelebs miawodes im drois uaxlesi teqnologiebi. amas garda iaponiis
roli, rogorc mimwodeblis, gansakuTrebiT gaizarda koreis omis dros.
Uukve gasuli saukunis 50-iani wlebidan iaponiaSi mniSvnelovani
ekonomikuri reformebis ganxorcieleba daiwyo, romlis Sedegadac daiwyo
msxvili sainvesticio kapitalis Semotana ucxoeTidan. Aaseve, faqtiurad
axali teqnikisa da teqnologiebis bazaze, Camoyalibda industrializaciis
sakmaod mZlavri materialur-teqnikuri baza. 60-iani wlebidan iwyeba
iaponiis ekonomikis swrafi tempebiT ganviTareba.
Aamave dros, iaponiis sagareo politikis sayrdeni gaxda amerikis
SeerTebul StatebTan mravalmxriv TanamSromlobaze orientacia.
1960 wlis olimpiadis warmatebiT Catarebas iaponiaSi namdvili ekonomikuri
bumi mohyva. am droisTvis iaponiam aiRo krediti msoflio bankisgan da
daiwyo Cqarosnuli sarkinigzo xazis mSenebloba. wliuri ekonomikuri
zrda iaponiaSi Seadgenda 10%-s. navTobis krizisma iaponiaze
Tavdapirvelad Zalze cudad imoqmeda. iaponiis ekonomikam pirvelad aCvena
uaryofiTi zrdis procenti, Tumca am krizisma saTave daudo iaponiis axal
politikas, romelic maT gaatares energetikis ekonomizaciis kuTxiT.
iaponuri koncernebis mier gamoSvebuli manqanebi moixmardnen gacilebiT
naklebi raodenobis sawvavs, ramac maTi msofilio bazarze popularizacias
Seuwyo xeli. amis Semdeg situacia stabiluri gaxda da ekonomikurma zrdam
ukve dadebiTi procenti aCvena, igi 3.7%-iT gaizarda.
1960 wels aSS-sTan dadebuli san-franciskos xelSekruleba gadaisinja,
xolo 1970 wlidan avtomaturad gagrZelda. am periodSi iaponia sul ufro
Rrmad iWreba da aviTarebs aSS-is globalizaciis strategias. amave dros,
241
iaponia mWidro kavSirebs amyarebs evropis ganviTarebul qveynebTan,
aqtiurad monawileobs evrogaerTianebis sagareo-ekonomikur
urTierTobebSi. aRsaniSnavia agreTve urTierTobebis mniSvnelovnad
gaumjobeseba iaponiasa da CineTs Soris, 1978 wels gaformda iaponiasa da
CineTs Soris samSvidobo da megobrobis xelSekruleba.
1985 wels sastumro ,,plazaSi” xeli moewera xelSekrulebas, ramac ienisa
da iaponuri produqciis TviTRirebuleba gazarda. amas iaponelma
mewarmeebma warmoebis aziis sxva qveynebSi gataniT upasuxes. Sesabamisad,
iaponiam Seitana fasdaudebeli wvlili am qveynebis industrializaciaSi.
amgvarad, iaponia gadaiqca maRalindustriul, ganviTarebul qveynad. mis
wilad, dReisaTvis msoflio produqciis daaxloebiT 17% modis. garda
amisa, iaponia exmareba msoflios sxva qveynebs da aris msoflio bankisa
msoflio savaluto fondis erT-erTi umsxvilesi mewile.
iaponiis politikuri roli Tanamedrove msoflio wesrigSi
XX saukunis dasasrulma moitana kardinaluri cvlilebebi

saerTaSoriso urTierTobebSi. kerZod, aRmosavleT-dasavleTis
dapirispirebis gaqrobam gamoiwvia axali msoflio wesrigis formirebis
aucilebloba. iaponelebisaTvis es gamoixata imiT, rom gaZlierda im pirTa
poziciebi romlebic iaponelebisgan iTxovdnen im politikuri rolis
TamaSs, rac Seesabameboda mis ekonomikur wonas. es yovelive naTlad
gamoCnda sparseTis yuris pirveli krizisis dros, rodesac mokavSireTa
koalicia awarmoebda kampanias erayis winaaRmdeg. iaponia dadga dilemis
winaSe – erTis mxriv konstitucia da sazogadoebrivi azri miuReblad
miiCnevda samxedro SenaerTebis gagzavnas qveynis fargelbs gareT, xolo
meores mxriv, saerTaSoriso sazogadoeba moiTxovda iaponiisgan am tipis
qmedebas. iaponiam gadawyvita sabolood 13 miliardi dolaris gaReba
samxedro xarjebis dasafaravad da regionis qveynebis dasaxmareblad,
Tumca es qmedeba, romelic daujda iaponiis mTavrobas daaxloebiT 100
dolari erT sul mosaxleze, monaTlul iqna Cekistul diplomatiad da
tokios qmedeba gakritikebul iqna im viTarebis dros, rodesac sxva qveynis
Svilebi iq sisxls Rvridnen. iaponeli xalxisTvis es namdvili Soki
aRmoCnda. amis gamo iaponiis parlamentSi daiwyo ganxilva iaponeli
kontingentis gaeros calkeul misiebSi monawilebis Taobaze, rasac
Sedegad iaponeli cisferCafxutianebis mSvidobis SenarCuneba-dacvis
misiebSi monawileoba mohyva. iaponiam gagzava samxedro SenaerTebi
kambojaSi, mozambikSi. zairsa da sxva qveynebSi gaigzavna humanitaruli
daxmarebebi.
iaponia civi omis periodSi erTgvari pasiuri politikiT gamoirCeoda,
Tumca civi omis dasrulebam saerTaSoriso urTierTobebSi calkeuli
qveynebis politikaSi nacionaluri interesebis gadaxedva gamoiwvia. wina
planze waiwia ekonomikurma komponentmac. dRevandeli integraciuli
procesebis fonze ekonomikurma komponentma garkveulad gadawona samxedro
komponenti, Tumca es imas ar niSnavs, rom mas mniSvneloba daukarga.
piriqiT, Tanamedrove procesebma eraySi naTlad dagvanaxa am komponentis
mniSvneloba. iaponia ekonomiuri politikis samxedro politikis
Canacvlebis erT-erTi aqtiuri mxardamWeria. rogorc viciT, Tanamedrove
teqnologiruma procesebma saxelmwifos roli garkveuliwilad daaknina
samoqalaqo urTierTobebSi da saxelmwifo aRar warmoadgens erTaderT
242
aqtors qveyanaSi. Sesabamisad, iaponias am zenacionalobis principis
damkvidrebaSi Tavisi teqnikuri ganviTarebiT udidesi wvlili Seaqvs.
iaponiis wilze modis gaeros sxvadasxva struqturebis dafinansebis
daaxloebiT 20%. iaponias surs saerTaSoriso urTierTobebSi gaxdes
imgvari aqtori, sadac mas sakuTari ekonomikuri wonis Sesaferisi rolis
TamaSis saSualeba eqneba. sagareo politikis ZiriTadi pirveli punqti esaa
ekonomikuri globalizacia da saerTaSoriso Tanamegobrobis
urTierTdamokilebulebis zrda. urTierTdamokidebulebis zrda
gulisxmobs Sida bazrebis imgvar Serwymas, rom calkeuli geografiuli
arealis qveynebi imgvarad aRmoCdnen urTierTkavSirSi, rom nacionalurma
sazRvrebma azri dakargon. es yovelive zrdis an cdilobs gazardos
calkeuli qveynebis zogadi ekonomikuri maCvenebeli, rac gulisxmobs
bazarze did konkurencias. Tumca, ra Tqma unda, globalizaciis Sedegebze
yvelas Tavisi mosazreba aqvs da ramdenad moitans is cxovrebis donis
amaRlebas, amas dro gviCvenebs. esaa demokratiis ideologiuri mxardaWera,
raTa xeli Seewyos calkeul qveynebSi Tavisufali bazris damkvirdebas,
rac damatebiTi bazris perspeqtivaa teqnologiurad ganviTarebuli
iaponiisTvis. sabazro ekonomika Tavis mxriv, gulisxmobs imgvar damcav
meqanizms, rasac Tavisi arsiT warmoadgens demokratiuli saxelmwifo
sistema, Tumca igive aziis qveynebis magaliTze SegviZlia davaskvnaT, rom
Tavisufali bazari SeiZleba funqcionirebdes sxva tipis reJimSi. es
arsebiTad politikuri elitis gadawyvetilebebzea damokidebuli. iaponia,
Tavis mxriv, exmareba demokratiul da sabazro reformirebas calkeul
qveynebSi. iaponiis mTavar mizans warmoadgens Tavis xalxis keTildReoba
da mSvidobiani ganviTareba, rac saWiroebs mSvidobian msoflio sistemas.
civi omis dros iaponia moqmedebda, rogorc dasavluri blokis erT-erTi
wevri, dRes ki iaponias sakuTari ekonomikuri wonis Sesabamisad ZaluZs im
rolis TamaSi, romliTac SeuZlia garkveuli msoflio wesebis Seqmna da
misi warmarTva garkveuli mimarTulebiT. Sesabamisad, iaponiis saqmianoba
mimarTulia am miznis miRwevisken, rac gamoxatulia misi aqtiuri
monawileboTi gaeroSi. civi omis periodisgan gansxvavebiT, sadac
saerTaSoriso urTierTobebSi ori aqtoris garSemo ikvreboda aliansebi,
dRevandeli saerTaSoriso wesebi Tvisobrivad sxva xasiaTis matarebelia.
iaponiis moqmedebis areali ormxrivi SeTaxmebebidan varirebs globaluri
xasiaTis politikur formebamde. iaponiis saqmianoba gamoixateba, rogorc
saerTaSoriso organizaciebSi (gaero, msoflio savaluto fondi), aseve
kontinenturi tipis SexvedrebSi (evropa-aziis Sexvedrebi) aqtiur
monawileobaSi, regionaluri tipis organizaciebSi monawileoba da
ormxrivi SeTanxmebebis gaformeba calekul qveynebTan mis erT-erT mTavar
prioritets warmoadgens.
amas garda, qveyana monawilebs calkeul humanitarul da samSvidobo
tipis misiebSi. iaponiis saqmianoba gaeroSi dafasda 1996 wels, is airCies
uSiSroebis sabWos aramudmiv wevrad, rac im rolis Sesabamisobas
warmoadgens, romelic iaponiam unda iTamaSos momavali msoflio wesrigis
formirebaSi.
regionalur organizaciebSi aRsaniSnavia aseani da wynari okeanis
auzis ekonomikuri TanamSromlobis organizacia. am organizaciaSi Sedis 21
saxelmwifo, igi cdilobs vaWrobis liberalizacias da administraciuli
normebis gamartivebas da biznesis warmoebis Tavisuflebis damkvidrebas
organizaciis wevrebs Soris.
ormxrivi urTierTobebi
243
amerika aris iaponiis umsxvilesi da upirvelesi partniori. am ori
qveynis urTierToba mSvidobian Tanaarsebobazea dafuZnebuli da am
regionSi usafrTxoebis garkveuli garantiaa. am mimarTulebiT SegviZlia
davasaxeloT amerika-iaponiis SeTanxmeba usafrTxoebis ZiriTadi
principebis Taobaze, romelic daido 1951 wels, romlis Sedegadac amerikam
moipova ufleba ganeTavsebina iaponiaSi sakuTari samxedro bazebi. es
xelSekruleba avtomaturad ganaxlda 1970 wlidan. xelSekrulebaSi
ganxilulia amerikuli bazebis statusi kunZul okinavaze.
iaponia cdilobs CineTTan arsebuli istoriuli Tu praqtikuli
problemebis farTo dialogis gziT mogvarebas.
rac Seexeba koreas, masTan iaponias aerTianebs saerTo-demokratiuli
faseulobebi, aseve, saerTo interesebi usafrTxoebis sferoSi. iaponia
cdilobs maqsimalurad daareguliros viTareba CrdiloeT koreasTan.
iaponia aris Tanamedrove tendenciebis aqtualuri mxardamWeri. es
tendencia gulisxmobs msoflioSi mimdinare procesebis teqnologiuri
ekonomikuri, politikuri procesebis integraciis ufro maRal xarisxs. am
kuTxiT gansakuTrebiT aRsaniSnavia iaponiis mier mesame msoflios
qveynebisaTvis gamoyofili Tanxebi. am sistemis mSvidobiani ritmi
damatebiT SesaZleblobebs qmnis teqnologiurad ganviTarebuli
iaponiisTvis. iaponia xdeba axali saerTaSoriso wesrigis erT-erTi mTavari
aqtori, rac gamomdinareobs misi ekonomikuri siZlieridan.
Tavi rom davaneboT Tavdacvis mizniT aSS-iaponiis saraketo sferoSi
TanamSromlobas, interesmoklebuli ar aris igive sferodan axlad
gamJRavnebuli sxva aspeqtic. KkerZod, 2007 bolos gavrcelda samTavrobo
dokumenti, sadac birTvuli qobinebis gegmebia ganxiluli.
iaponiis samTavrobo wreebSi sul ufro xSirad gaismis mowodebebi imis
Sesaxeb, rom iaponiam kardinalurad unda Secvalos samxedro-politikuri
kursi. “CrdiloeTkoreuli safrTxis” Tezisis gamoyenebiT xelisufleba
mosaxleobas mouwodebs, uari Tqvas qveynis konstituciur pacifistur
muxlze, sadac aRniSnulia, rom iaponia uars ambobs omis warmoebasa da
SeiaraRebuli Zalebis yolaze. oficialur doneze ukve miaCniaT, rom
aucilebelia Zlieri SeiaraRebuli Zalebis formireba da misaReb kanonze
dayrdnobiT iaponiis armiisa da flotis msoflios nebismier wertilSi
samxedro operaciebSi monawileoba aSS-sTan erTad da centraluri
sadazvervo sammarTvelos msgavsi struqturis Seqmna.
rac Seexeba mosaxleobis damokidebulebas sakonstitucio
cvlilebebisadmi, 2006 wels Catarebuli sazogadoebrivi azris gamokiTxvis
Sedegebic mowmobs, rom wina xelisuflebis axalma ideologiam ukve
imuSava. gamokiTxulTa 60 procenti sakonstitucio cvlilebebis momxreiyo.
xolo is faqti, rom iaponiis parlamentSi deputatTa saerTo raodenobidan
ori mesamedi mzad iyo, mxari daeWira konstituciaSi cvlilebebis Setanis
kanonproeqts, ara marto ideologiuri manqanis amuSavebaze, aramed
uaxloes momavalSi amgvari cvlilebebis raodenobaze metyvelebs.
Tumca sainteresoa, rom maSin, rodesac liberalur-demokratiuli
partiis xelmZRvaneli pirebi oficialurad inarCunebdnen masobrivi
ganadgurebis iaraRTan dakavSirebul ukve damkvidrebul pozicias,
mTavrobis kabinetis wevrebi farulad, magram ukve xSirad saubrobdnen
teqnologiuri SesaZleblobebis moculobaze, romelic iaponias birTvul
iaraRze muSaobis saSualebas miscemda. 2007 wels iaponiis
warmomadgenelTa palatis usafrTxoebis komitetis sxdomaze iaponiis
244
yofilma sagareo saqmeTa ministrma taro asom birTvuli programis
ganviTarebis realur SesaZleblobebze isaubra.
“Tavdacvis mizniT minimaluri raodenobiT SeiaraRebis floba ar
ikrZaleba konstituciiT. amasTan akrZaluli arc birTvuli iaraRia, Tuki
misi moculoba ar scildeba saxifaTo sazRvars”- ganacxada sagareo
uwyebis meTaurma.
rusuli sainformacio saSualebebis mier gavrcelebuli cnobebiT,
iaponias aqvs rogorc uranis, aseve plutonis maragi. 2005 wlis dasawyisSi
qveyana flobda 43.8 tona plutons, aqedan 5,9 tona Tavad iaponiis
teritoriaze inaxeboda, xolo 37,9 tona did britaneTsa da safrangeTSi188.
amave dros, arc Tu mcirea im geopolitikuri faqtorebis sia, romelic
xels SeuSlis iaponias, iqces birTvul saxelmwifod. pirvel rigSi es
amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis faqtoria. iaponiaze “sruli amerikuli
proteqtoratis” magaliTi iyo 2007 wlis bolos kondoliza raisis turne
samxreT-aRmosavleT aziaSi, sadac igi Seecada, daerwmunebina iaponia da
korea sruli dacvis garantiebSi. amerikas kargad esmis, rom Tu iaponia da
samxreT korea birTvul saxelmwifoebad gadaiqcevian, maT aRar
dasWirdebaT amerikelTa daxmareba da gamomdinare aqedan, vaSingtonsac
mouwevs am qveynebSi ganTavsebuli samxedro bazebis daTmoba, rac
aranairad ar Sedis aSS-is globaluri strategiis gegmebSi. saerTaSoriso
gavlenis SenarCunebis mizniT, amerika mzadaa iaponiis, da ara marto misi,
SeiaraRebuli Zalebi gamoiyenos msoflios nebismier wertilSi
saWiroebisamebr da amas iaponiis, samxreT koreis, avstraliisa da axali
zelandiis nato-sTan TanamSromlobis gaRrmavebis iniciativac emateba Tan.
meore faqtorad SeiZleba ganvixiloT ruseTis Crdilo da samxreT
koreisadmi mezobluri damokidebuleba.
2009 gamarTuli saparlamento arCevnebis Semdeg, rodesac 1946 wlis
Semdeg pirvelad, mmarTvelma liberalur-demokratiulma partiam dakarga
saparlamento umravlesoba, xelisuflebis saTaveSi mosulma axalma,
memarcxene mimarTulebis Zalam mosaxleobas aRuTqva, rom igi yvelafers
gaakeTebda, raTa kunZul okinavaze ganTavsebuli amerikuli samxedro baza
gauqmebuliyo, Tumca axalma xelisuflebam sabolood gaiTvaliswina is
faqti, rom erTis mxriv jer kidev arsebobs CrdiloeT koreis birTvul
programasTan dakavSirebuli problema, xolo meores mxriv iaponia
esazRvreba ruseTs, romlis prezidenti 2010 wlis noemberSi meore
msoflio omamde iaponiis iurisdiqciaSi myof kurilis kunZulebs estumra.
TurqeTis roli da adgili Tanamedrove geopolitikaSi
TurqeTi didi qveyanaa Tavisi kulturiT, geografiiT, mosaxleobiT,

saxelmwifoebriobiT, istoriuli warsuliTa da dRevandeli dRiT. Kkidev
ufro naTel momavals uwinaswarmetyveleben mas specialistebi.
saqarTvelos mezobelma bolo wlebis ganmalobaSi gatarebuli reformebis
wyalobiT ise mniSvnelovnad ganaviTara Tavisi ekonomika, rom evropis erT
– erTi yvelaze CamorCenili qveyana mcire periodis manZilze
industriulad ganviTarebuli qveyana gaxda. bolo periodSi kaspiis
energetikuli resursebis irgvliv irgvliv ganviTarebulma movlenebma
kidev ufro naTelyo TurqeTis mzardi roli regionalur politikaSi.
188
www.24saati.ge. October, 2007.
245
TurqeTis geopolitikuri mdebareoba bevrjer gamxdara am qveynis
rogorc gamarjvebis, winsvlisa da aRorZinebis, ise damarcxebis,
CamorCenilobisa da dacemis mizezi imisda Sesabamisad, Tu rogori
damokidebuleba iyo mis garSemo arsebul geopolitikur Zalebs Soris.
TurqeTis sagareo politikis warmmarTveli ZiriTadi principia
musTafa qemal aTaTurqis sityvebi, “mSvidoba qveyanaSi, mSvidoba
msoflioSi”.189 ankaraSi kargad ician TurguT ozalis sityvebis fasic:
“SiSiT sagareo politika ver warimarTeba”190 da marTlac, TurqeTi sakmaod
aqtiur sagareo politikas awarmoebs.
GganvixiloT TurqeTis sagareo politikis ramodenime
mimarTuleba.
TurqeTis urTierToba aSS-sTan da evrokavSirTan
rogorc Crdiloatlantikuri xelSekrulebis organizaciis mokavSire da

evropis sabWos wevri, TurqeTi civi omis arsebobis dros aTwleulebis
ganmalobaSi realur daxmarebas uwevda dasavleTis usafrTxoebasa da
Tavdacvas.
dRes vaSingtonisaTvis mokavSireobas gansazRvravs is, rom TurqeTi
geopolitikuri TvalsazrisiT mdebareobs axlo aRmosavleTSi da amave
dros bisek-is erT-erTi damfuZvnebeli da aqtiuri wevria.
axlo aRmosavleTis mniSvnelobas aSS-is politikisaTvis ramdenime
faqtori gansazRvravs, romelTagan yvelaze mniSvnelovania regionis
uzarmazari gavlena msoflio ekonomikaze, masSi Tavmoyrili
energoresursebis masStaburi odenobis gamo. AaSS-is prezidentis
administraciam metad aqtiuri da amave dros gadamwyveti roli iTamaSa
kaspiis “didi” navTobis TurqeTis teritoriis gavliT gatarebis saqmeSi.
miuxedavad imisa rom amerika am navTobproeqtis ganxorcielebidan miiRebs
mcire moculobis navTobs, misTvis mainc mniSvnelovania misi
ganxorcieleba. Aam proeqtiT SesaZlebeli gaxdeba, TurqeTis teritoriis
gavliT, dasavleTis saxelmwifoebis uzrunvelyofa navTobiT da gaziT da
amerikis strategiuli mokavSireebis energousafrTxoeba. aseT viTarebaSi
msoflio bazarze gaCndeba damatebiTi raodenobis navTobi da Sesabamisad
momavalSi SesaZlebeli gaxdeba navTobis fasebis daregulireba. Aaseve
SesaZlebeli gaxdeba iranisa da ruseTis ekonomikis Sesusteba, romelTa
sabiujeto Semosavlebi damokidebulia navTobis gayidvis Sedegad miRebul
Semosavalze. Tu gaviTvaliswinebT aSS-s da iranis bolodroindel
urTierTobas, amerikisTvis mniSvnelovania TurqeTis mxardaWera.
Aamave dros aRsaniSnavia bolo periodSi or qveyanas Soris
urTierTobaTa garkveuli gaciveba. UurTierToba gansakuTrebiT daiZaba
erayis omis wina. 2003 wels, TurqeTi amerikelebTan kordinaciis gareSec
apirebda Seeyvana CrdiloeT eraySi Tavisi armia, raTa ar daeSva iq
qurTebis avtonomiis Seqmna sadam huseinis reJimis damarcxebis Semdeg. Ees
aqcia ar Sedga aSS-sa da natos wevri sxva qveynebis am aqciisadmi mkveTrad
uaryofiTi damokidebulebis gamo. erayis omis win TurqeTi orazrovan
situaciaSi aRmoCnda. erTi mxriv, TurqeTs aSinebda baRdadis reJimis
dacemis SemTxvevaSi erayis daSla da mis nangrevebze qurTuli saxelmwifo
warmonaqmnis daarseba, rac ewinaaRmdegeba ankaris geopolitikur
189
Nnika CitaZe. sadisertacio naSromi “kaspiis sanavTobo proeqtebi da saqarTvelos
satranzito roli. Ggeopolitikuri da ekonomikuri aspeqtebi”gv. 76
190
iqve
246
interesebs. meores mxriv, mas ar surda misi umTavresi mokavSiris –
amerikis ganawyeneba. am omis winaaRmdegi aRmoCnda TurqeTis mosaxleobis
absoluturi umravlesobac.
Aamerikis armias surda saSualeba miscemoda, rom samxreT-aRmosavleT
anatoliis gavliT CrdiloeT eraySi baRdadisaTvis meore fronti gaexsna.
amis sanacvlod vaSingtoni did finansur daxmarebaze daTanxmda TurqeTs.
ankaras dapirdnen 6 miliard dolars pirdapiri daxmarebis saxiT da 9
miliards – sesxebis saxiT. miuxedavad imisa, rom amerika Tavis politikas
aRmosavleTSi terorizmTan da ara islamTan brZolas uwodebs, islamur
saxelmwifoebs Soris solidarobis momenti sakmaod maRalia da amitomac
TurqeTis parlamentma 2003 wlis 1 marts uari Tqva am garigebaze. Aamerikis
samxedro TviTmfrinavebs aekrZalaT TurqeTis aerodromze dajdoma.
amerikis samxedro xomaldebze myofi jaris nawilebi sam kviras amaod
elodnen gadasxmas samxreT TurqeTis navsadgurebSi. bolos isini
iZulebuli gaxdnen suecis arxis gavliT sparseTis yureSi wasuliyvnen,
raTa samxreTidan SeetiaT baRdadze. ankaraSi myofi amerikeli diplomatebi
maSinve alaparakdnen “TiTqmis gamousworebel zaralze” ormxrivi
urTierTobisaTvis. erTma maTganma TurqeTs “erayis omis pirveli
diplomatiur msxverplic” ki uwoda. magram radgan TurqeTs, misi
geografiuli mdebareobis gamo, strategiuli mniSvneloba aqvs rogorc
amerikisTvis, ise natosTvis, naklebad savaraudoa rom es uTanxmoebani or
qveyanas Soris namdvilad “gamousworebeli” iqneba.
TurqeTis sagareo politikis erTerTi faqizi wertilia urTierToba
evrokavSirTan. Aam gaerTianebaSi gawevrianeba aris is sanukvari ocneba, ris
ganxorcielebasac igi aTwleulebis ganmalobaSi uSedegod cdilobda da
dResac uSedegod cdilobs.
TurqeTma prodasavluri arCevani 1923 wels gaakeTa, rasac mohyva
qemalisturi reformebis saxeliT cnobili cvlilebebi, romlebmac Sedegad
mogvca gregorianuli kalendris, aseve modificirebuli laTinuri anbanis
SemoReba da evropul modelze damyarebuli axali samoqalaqo, savaWro da
sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsebi. imdroindeli prezidentis mustafa qemalis
(aTaTurqis) saSinao da sagareo politikis orientacia mkacrad pro-
dasavluri iyo da am mimarTulebiT TurqeTi realurad midioda. es
tradicia dRemde grZeldeba da TurqeTi mTeli mondomebiT cdilobs
evropisken mimaval gzaze bolo nabiji gadadgas_gaxdes evrokavSiris wevri.
meore msoflio omis ganmavlobaSi TurqeTma neitraliteti SeinarCuna
da omSi mxolod 1945 wels Caeba mokavSireebis mxares germaniis winaaRmdeg.
1949 wels TurqeTi gaeros wevri gaxda da 1950-1953 wlebSi am organizaciis
egidiT koreis omSic miiRo monawileoba CrdiloeT koreis winaaRmdeg.
TurqeTis amgvarma politikam mas Sedegad moutana natos wevroba 1952 wels.
TurqeTi evrosabWos wevria misi daarsebis wlidan (1949).
TurqeTis da evrokavSiris urTierToba sakmaod xangrZliv periods
moicavs. pirvelad TurqeTma evropis ekonomikur kavSirSi gawevrianebis
survili 1959 wels gamoTqva. evropis ekonomikurma kavSirma TurqeTs
SesTavaza TanamSromlobis xelSekrulebis gaformeba im dromde, sanam
moxerxdeboda TurqeTis kavSirSi gawevrianeba. 1963 wlis seqtemberSi daido
ankaris SeTanxmeba. es SeTanxmeba iTvaliswinebda sabaJo xelSekrulebis
dadebas, romelic xels Seuwyobda TurqeTisa da evropis daaxloebas
ekonomikis da vaWrobis sferoebSi.
1970 wlis noemberSi xeli moewera damatebiT protokols, romlis
mixedviTac dRis wesrigSi unda damdgariyo TurqeTsa da evropis
247
ekonomikur kavSirs Soris gacvlil saqonelze tarifebis da qvotebis
gauqmebis sakiTxi.
TurqeTisa da evropis urTierToba Sewyda 1980 wlisTvis, rodesac

qveyanaSi moxda samxedro gadatrialeba. 1982 wels miRebul iqna axali
konstitucia, xolo 1983 wels axali mTavrobis arCevis Semdeg
TanamSromloba aRdga da 1987 wels TurqeTma ganacxadi gaakeTa srul
wevrobaze. evrokomisiam da evrokavSiris sabWom daadastures TurqeTis
kandidatura, Tumca misi sruli gawevrianeba gadades ufro Sesaferisi
droisTvis, romelic vera da ver dadga.
1999 wlis evrokavSiris helsinkis sabWoze TurqeTi oficialurad cnes
evrokavSirSi gasawevrianebel kandidat qveynad.
2002 wels daiwyo reformebis axali seria evrokavSiris standartebis
Sesabamisad. erT-erTi iyo sikvdiliT dasjis gauqmeba.
TurqeT-evrokavSiris urTierTobebSi Semdegi mniSvnelovani movlena
gaxldaT 2002 wels kopenhagenSi gamarTuli evrokavSiris samiti, romlis
mixedviTac 2004 wlis dekemberSi komisiis moxsenebebis da rekomendaciebis
safuZvelze kidev erTxel ganixileboda TurqeTis kandidatura, Tu
ramdenad akmayofilebda es ukanaskneli kopenhagenis politikur kriteriums.
2004 wlis 17 dekembers gadawyda gamarTuliyo damatebiTi
molaparakebebi TurqeTis gawevrianebis Taobaze da im prioritetebis
gansazRvra, risi Sesrulebac TurqeTs sWirdeba evrokavSirSi
gasawevrianeblad.
aRsaniSnavia is finansuri daxmareba, romelsac TurqeTi
evrokavSirisgan iRebs raTa moergos evrokavSiris mier dadgenil
kriteriumebs. finansuri daxmareba TurqeTs miewodeba institucionaluri,
ekonomikuri da sxva saxis reformebis gasatareblad. es daxmareba kidev
ufro gaizarda 2007 wlidan. 2007-2013 wlebSi TurqeTisTvis aRmoCenili
finansuri daxmareba daaxloebiT miliardi evroTi ganisazRvreba.
TurqeTSi gatarebuli cvlilebebis sapasuxod evrokavSirma
molaparakebebis dawyebis TariRad gamoacxada 2005 weli. avstriis
mTavrobis mcdelobis gamo, molaparakebebis dawyeba gaWianurda.
erT-erTi rekomendacia, romelic TurqeTs mieca aris is, rom TurqeTma
unda gansazRvros finansuri perspeqtiva 2014 wlidan. am rekomendaciam
garkveulwilad migvaniSna savarudo droze-TurqeTi evrokavSirs ver
SeuerTdeba 2015 wlamde. evrokavSiris oficiozis raRac nawili savaraudo
wlad ganixilavs 2019 wels.
realuri mizezebi Tu ratom ar iReben TurqeTs evrokavSirSi Semdegia:
TurqeTis evrokavSirSi miReba-armiRebis sakiTxi ufro metad politikur
elfers atarebs. 69,660,559 mosaxleobiT TurqeTi evrokavSirSi germaniis
(mosaxleoba 82,468,000) Semdeg meore qveyana iqneba, rac seriozul
cvlilebas moaxdens evrokavSiris parlamentis Semadgenlobaze, xolo
Turqebis xma parlamentSi angariSgasawev Zalas SeiZens. am faqtma SesaZloa
seriozuli gavlena moaxdinos evroparlamentis muSaobaze da ganxiluli
kanonproeqtebis miReba-armiRebis sakiTxze. Tu gaviTvaliswinebT
ideologiur sxvaobas evropasTan, solidarobas islamisturi samyarosadmi
da inerciiT samxedroebis maRal aqtivobas sazogadoebriv da politikur
cxovrebaSi, evropisTvis TurqeTis sakuTar rigebSi miReba garkveul
riskTan aris dakavSirebuli. miTumetes, rom ekonomikurad arcTu fexze
mdgomi amxela qveynis “zidva” evrokavSirisTvis garkveul sirTules
warmoadgens, amas davumatoT arcTu saxarbielo imiji rigiTi evropelebis
248
TvalSi rasac kulturul da ideologiur gansxvavebasTan erTad,
umuSevari muSaxelis evropaSi gadinebac uwyobs xels.
garda amisa, mniSvnelovania sazRvrebis sakiTxic. TurqeTis teritoriis
mxolod 3% mdebareobs evropaSi. misi dedaqalaqi, kviprosis msgavsad
aziaSia. es niSnavs, rom TurqeTis evrokavSirSi miRebis SemTxvevaSi
evrokavSiris gareTa sazRvrebi gadaiwevs centralur aziaSi da
evrokavSiris uSualo mezoblebi aRmoCndebian somxeTi, azerbaijani,
saqarTvelo, irani, erayi, siria. Seqmnili mdgomareobis fonze erayTan,
iranTan da siriasTan uSualo mezobloba da sazRvrebis gayofa
evrokavSirs naklebad awyobs, miTumetes Tu gaviTvaliswinebT TurqeTis
grZel sasazRvro zols. am SemTxvevaSi faqtobrivad iSleba buferi Sua
aziasa da evrokavSirs Soris, rac evrokavSirs regionis usafrTxoebidan
gamomdinare naklebad awyobs.
garda imisa, rom TurqeTi evropaSi rigiT meorea mosaxleobis
raodenobis mxriv, ZiriTadi problema imaSia, rom misi mosaxleobis 99.8 %
musulmania da es evropisgan udides kulturul gansxvavebas qmnis. evropis
mosaxleobis umetesi nawili tradiciulad qristiania. EerT-erTi evropeli,
vinc amis Sesaxeb Riad ganacxada, iyo safrangeTis prezidentis yofili
mrCeveli Jak atali, romelmac ganacxada: “TurqeTis evrokavSirSi Sesvlis
ZiriTadi xelisSemSleli faqtori religiuri gansxvaveba - islamia”191
miuxedavad imisa, rom orive maTgani uaryofs religiuri niSniT
gansxvavebulobis mniSvnelobas, es gansxvaveba did problemad rCeba.
Tumca movlenebi rogorc ar unda ganviTardes da evropa TurqeTs
xelgaSlili, romc ar Seegebos, am ukanasknels naklebad awyobs pro-
dasavluri kursis Secvla. miTumetes Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, rom
evrokavSiri TurqeTisTvis pirveli ekonomikuri partnioria amerikasTan ki,
rogorc natoSi, aseve mis gareT ankaras didi xnis TanamSromloba da
partnioroba akavSirebs.
TurqeTis urTierToba samxreT kavkasiis qveynebTan
rodesac samxreT kavkasiis samma saxelmwifom moipova damoukidebloba,

TurqeTma dauyovnebliv aRiara maTi suvereniteti. AaRsaniSnavia, rom am
qveynebis suverenitetis aRiarebis procesSi adgili ar hqonia araviTar
diskriminaciul politikas, maT Soris somxeTTan mimarTebaSi.
TurqeTis dainteresebas kavkasiiT, mravali aspeqti gaaCnia.
damoukideblobis sawyis etapze samxreT kavkasiis qveynebi SiSobdnen, rom
panTurquli ideebiT gamsWvaluli TurqeTi SesaZloa maTTvis safrTxed
qceuliyo. sabWoTa kavSiris daSlis Semdeg TurqeTs namdvilad amoZravebda
Turanis aRdgenis ambicia, 120-milioniani Turqulenovani mosaxleobiT.
Turqebi aqcents akeTebdnen enis faqtorze da darwmunebulebi iyvnen, rom
Turqulenovani dialeqtebi da Turquli eTnosi azerbaijanis, uzbekeTis,
yirgizeTis, TurqmeneTis da TviT ruseTis federaciis Turqul-TaTruli
mosaxleoba erT mTlian organizmad gaerTiandeboda. Turqi politikosebis
gegmebi ufro Sorsac midioda, maT surdaT mTavari rolis dakaveba
adreatikis zRvidan CineTamde, romelSic Sevidodnen centraluri aziis
respublikebi, kavkasia, SavizRvispireTi da balkaneTi.
TurqeTis imedebi ar gamarTlda. igi TiTqmis mowyvetilia axal
“Turqul samyaros”. misi imedebi gamxdariyo hegemoni Turqulenovan
191
Nnika CitaZe. sadisertacio naSromi “kaspiis sanavTobo proeqtebi da saqarTvelos
satranzito roli. Geopolitikuri da ekonomikuri aspeqtebi”gv. 79
249
respublikebSi da damakavSirebeli xidi dasavleTsa da aRmosavleTs
Soris ar ganxorcieda. misi dominanturi ambiciebi mxolod azerbaijaniT
Semoifargla.
Turqul-azerbaijanuli urTierTobebi idealuria. TurqeTi iyo
erTaderTi saxelmwifo, romelmac azerbaijanis pozicia daikava yarabaRis
konfliqtSi. kaspiis sanavTobo proeqtebma es ori qveyana kidev ufro
daaaxlova erTmaneTs. Ggarda amisa, somxeTSi “daSnakebis” gaZlierebisa da
1915 wlis genocidis sakiTxis erevnis oficialuri politikis rangSi
ayvanis Semdeg amgvari kavSiri kidev ufro gaRrmavda.
TurqeT-somxeTis urTierTobebi ki metad daZabulia. konfliqti
jer kidev otomanTa imperiis droidan iRebs saTaves. yvelaze metad
gaxmaurebulia 1915 wlis movlenebi, rodesac aRmosavleT anatoliidan,
sadac TurqeTi ruseTs eomeboda, ruseTis imperiaSi, siriasa da eraySi
gaZevebul iqna asi aTasobiT somexi, ramac Sedegad moitana uamravi
msxverpli. TurqeTis gancxadebiT somxebis teritoriidan gaZeveba moxda
usafrTxoebis miznebidan gamomdinare, radgan es ukanasknelni mxars
uWerdnen mowinaaRmdeges. safrangeTis da sxva qveynebis moTxovnis
miuxedavad TurqeTi uars acxadebs cnos 1915-1922 wlebSi somxebis genocidi.
manamde somxeTTan urTierTobis mogvareba faqtobrivad warmoudgenelia.
oficialuri TurqeTi aRiarebs ormxriv msxverpls, magram uars acxadebs
aRiaros Turqebis mier somxebis genocidi. es movlena xels uSlis TurqeT-
somxeTis sazRvris gaxsnas, miuxedavad imisa, rom 2009 wels TurqeTisa da
somxeTis sagareo saqmeTa ministrebma SveicariaSi xeli moaweres
SeTanxmebas diplomatiuri urTierTobebis aRdgenis Sesaxeb. dRemde ar
momxdara zemoaRniSnuli xelSekrulebis ratificireba orive qveynis
parlamentebis mier. TurqeTi axorcielebs srul ekonomikur embargos
somxeTis winaaRmdeg da masTan sazRvrebi Caketili aqvs. erT-erTi faqtoria
aseve somxeT-azerbaijanis konfliqti mTian yarabaRSi. TurqeTma mxari
dauWira sulierad da eTnikurad ufro axlos myof azerbaijans. baqo-
Tbilisi-jeihanis navTobsadeni, romlis proeqtSic TurqeTi erT-erTi
partnioria, somxeTis teritoriis gverdis avliT gaedineba.
balkaneTi, kavkasia, axlo aRmosavleTi, Sua azia, Savi zRva da
aRmosavleT xmelTaSuazRvispireTi is regionebia, sadac yovelTvis
mimdinareobs iseTi mniSvnelobis mqone politikuri Tu eTno-religiuri
movlenebi, romlebic gavlenas axdens msoflios politikur procesebze.Aam
regionTa centrSi yofna TurqeTs politikuri manevrirebis saSualebas
aZlevs. amitomac misi roli msoflio asparezze dRiTidRe izrdeba.
TurqeTi da Turqulenovani samyaro
mniSvnelovani aRiniSnos TurqeTSi axali geopolitikuri interesebis kvlav

gamoCena Turqulenovani qveynebis mimarT.
TurqeTis premieris, erdoganis gancxadebiT, Turqulenovani
saxelmwifoebi, romelTac istoriul-kulturuli Rirebulebebi da
adamianuri kavSirebi aerTianebT, sagareo-politikur sferoSi
arakoordinirebul qmedebaTa gamo Zalian bevrs kargaven. Aamis
gamosasworeblad erdogani Turqulenovan saxelmwifoTa meTaurebis
yovelwliuri samitebis institucionalizebasa da mudmivi samdivnos Seqmnis
iniciativiT gamovida. Ppolitikuri kavSiris Seqmnis idea TurqeTis
xelisuflebam pirvelad am organizaciis wina kongresze gamoTqva. Aaxali
gaerTianebas Seqmnis perspeqtivebs safrTxe rom ar daemuqros, TurqeTi
mzad aris, gaerTianebis SesaZlo wevrebs Soris arsebuli winaaRmdegobebis,
250
umTavresad sasazRvro problemaTa mogvarebis saqmeSi Suamavlis misiac
itvirTos.
sabWoTa kavSiris daSlamde Turqul politikur istebliSmentSi,
respublikis damfuZnebeli mamis Mmustafa qemal aTaTurqis anderZisamebr,
gviandeli otomanTagan mimdinare ocnebebi imperiis Sua aziamde ganvrcobis
Sesaxeb tabuirebuli gaxldaT. 1991 wlis Semdeg nacionalist TurqTa
miswrafeba, Turquli gavlenis sartyeli adriatikidan CineTamde aRadginon,
reanimirdeba da ankaram, samxreT kavkasiisa da centraluri aziis
Turqulenovan saxelmwifoebTan erTad, politikuri gaerTianebis
Camoyalibeba scada.
Aam mimarTulebiT Aankara, 2002 wlis noemberSi xelisuflebaSi
zomieri islamistebis mosvlis Semdeg, isev gaaqtiurda. imis miuxedavad,
rom xelisuflebam evrokavSirSi gawevrianeba umTavres prioritetad
dasaxa, imavdroulad arabul samyarosTan mTvlemare kavSirebis
gacocxlebac daiwyo da axlo-aRmosavlur sarbielzec mCqefare
diplomatiuri saqmianobac gaaCaRa, ekonomikis stabiluri zrdis kvalobaze
Turqulenovan saxelmwifoebTan politikuri kavSirebis ideasac daubrunda
da vaSingtonis daJinebuli moTxovnis winaaRmdeg, “urC” iranTan
energetikis sferoSi ramdenime msxvili kontraqtis gaformebazec wavida.
mimomxilvelTa azriT, TurqeTis sagareo politikaSi aRmosavluri
veqtoris gaZliereba bolo wlebSi dasavleTTan misi urTierTobebis
garTulebiT unda aixsnas. ankaris gaRizianebas ramdenime faqtori iwvevs.
uwinaresad is, rom evrokavSirSi misi Sesvlis Taobaze gamarTul
molaparakebebs bolo ar uCans-briuseli TurqeTisgan mravali winapirobis
dakmayofilebas iTxovs, xolo safrangeTis prezidenti nokola sarkozi
sulac acxadebs, rom TurqeTis adgili evrokavSirSi saerTod ar aris.
dasavleTisa da TurqeTis poziciebis Tanxvedra am ukanasknelisTvis iseT
umniSvnelovanes problemebTan dakavSirebiTac ar xdeba, rogoricaa
CrdiloeT kviprosis statusi, damokidebuleba qurTul umciresobasTan Tu
somxebis genocidi. Yyvela am sakiTxSi Aankara dasavleli mokavSireebisgan,
gansakuTrebiT ki aSS-sgan Tavs naRalatevad miiCnevs. amgvar ganwyobas
asaxavs is, rom Turqebs Soris SesamCnevad mcirdeba evromomxreTa
raodenoba, xolo aSS-is, 2007 wlis monacemebiT, mosaxleobis mxolod 9
procentiRa afasebs dadebiTad. cnobisaTvis igive maCvenebeli 2000 wels 52
procents Seadgenda.192
“aSkaraa, rom realuri safrTxeebi TurqeTs ara mezoblebisgan,
aramed mokavSireebisgan emuqreba”-darwmunebulia liberal-islamuri
gazeTis “zamanis” mesvete ali bulkaji. imas, rom aseTma Sexedulebebma
Turqul sazogadoebaSi ukve mkvidrad gaidga fesvi, saerTaSoriso
urTierTobaTa profesori ihsan dagic adasturebs: “xalxs marTlac sjera,
rom amerika aRar aris megobari da mokavSire da rom piriqiT, is TurqeTis
erovnuli usafrTxoebisaTvis umTavres safrTxes warmoadgens, xuTi wlis
win aseTi ram warmoudgeneli iyo, axla ki es ukve dominanturi
Sexedulebaa.193”
amitomac, TurqeTTan urTierTobebis gauaresebis SemTxvevaSi
dasavleTs regionSi sxva saimedo dasasyrdeni sWirdeba.
192
Nnika CitaZe. “geopolitika”. Tbilisi, 2008 w. gv. 129
193
iqve
251
centraluri aziis roli Tanamedrove geopolitikaSi
centraluri aziis regionis rigi qveynebisaTvis strategiul mniSvnelobas

ramdenime faqtori ganapirobebs:
- kaspiis zRvaSi da centralur aziaSi navTobisa da gazis didi maragia.
magaliTad TurqmeneTi mesame adgilzea msoflioSi gazis eqsportiorTa
Soris. bunebrivi airis mniSvnelovani maragi gaaCniaT agreTve uzbekeTsa da
yazaxeTs. rac Seexeba navTobis resursebs, centralur aziaSi navTobis
potenciuri maragi Sefasebulia 10-15 miliard tonamde. es ra Tqma unda
gacilebiT naklebia vidre sparseTis yureSi arsebuli maragi, magram
navTobsa da gazze moTxovnileba izrdeba samxreT-aRmosavleT aziaSi,
indoeTis subkontinentze da aseve CineTSi, sadac droTa ganmavlobaSi
SesaZlebloba iqneba gaizardos centraluri aziis regionidan saTbob-
energetikuli resursebis eqsporti;
- saTbob-energetikuli da sxva mineraluri resursebis arsebobis garda
globaluri ganzomileba aqvs agreTve gansxvavebuli kulturebis da
civilizaciebis urTierTSejaxebas. aq erTmaneTs konkurencias eweven
sunituri da Siituri islami da qristianoba rusuli marTlmadidebluri
eklesiis saxiT.
gareSe Zalebis faqtoris mniSvneloba centralur aziaSi:
am kompleqsur, arastabilur, calkeul adgilebSi feTqebad regionebSi
erTmaneTs upirispirdeba msoflios udidesi da saSualo sididis
saxelmwifoebis mniSvnelovani ekonomikuri da strategiuli interesebi.
gareSe ZalTa interesebi regionSi mxolod nawilobriv gansxvavdeba
erTmaneTisagan, isini ZiriTadad ekonomikur sargebels eZeben,
gansakuTrebiT sakuTari Tavis navTobiTa da gaziT uzrunvelyofas da
mrewvelobisaTvis momgebiani SekveTebis miRebas cdiloben.
amave dros aRsaniSnavia is faqti, rom centralur aziaSi bolo periodSi
mimdinare politikuri movlenebis gamo, aSS-is poziciebi am regionSi
ramdenadme Sesustda. am mxriv mniSvnelovania aRiniSnos, rom regionis
qveynebis sagareo-politikuri prioritetebi erTmaneTs Tanxvdeba.
yuradRebas imsaxurebs is faqti, rom centraluri aziis respublikebis
sagareo-politikuri prioritetebi ruseTTan TanamSromlobis
ganmtkicebazea orientirebuli. kerZod, amaze naTlad metyvelebs is faqti,
rom centraluri aziis oTxi saxelmwifo dsT-is koleqtiuri usafrTxoebis
xelSekrulebis wevri qveynebia, garda amisa isini ruseTTan da CineTTan
erTad gawevrianebulni arian Sanxais TanamSromlobis xelSekrulebis
organizaciaSi. aseve aRsaniSnavia, rom ramdenime wlis win strategiuli
mdebareobis mqone uzbekeTis interesebSi Sedioda ruseTze Tavisi gavlenis
Sesusteba, prezidenti qarimovi natos 1999 wels gamarTul samitsac ki
daeswro da Tavisi mxardaWerac gamoxata aliansis mier gatarebul
politikisadmi kosovos cnobil movlenebTan dakavSirebiTac, magram
andiJanSi 2004 wels ganviTarebuli cnobili movlenebis Semdeg, rodesac
dasavleTma mkacrad gaakritika uzbekeTis xelisufleba mis mier adamianis
uflebaTa darRvevis gamo, am qveynis mTavrobam piri isev ruseTisaken
ibruna. rac Seexeba TurqmeneTs, miuxedavad misi neitralurobisa, es
qveyanac damokidebulia ruseTze, radgan Turqmenuli gazis eqsporti
evropaSi swored ruseTis teritoriis gavliT xorcieldeba.
mniSvnelovania TviT ruseTis poziciac centralur aziaSi. miuxedavad
imisa, rom ruseTis poziciebi mTel msoflioSi sagrZnoblad Sesustda,
ruseTi axerxebs Tavisi mniSvnelovani politikuri gavlenis SenarCunebas,
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da mis gaZlierebasac ki centralur aziaSi. am mxriv mniSvnelovania
aRiniSnos, rom ruseTis iniciativiT centralur aziaSi Seqmnilia
centraluri aziis swrafi reagirebis Zalebi, romelic moicavs ruseTis,
tajikeTis, yazaxeTis, yirgizeTisa da yazaxeTis 10 batalions.
am Zalebis gaZlierebiT ruseTi centralur aziaSi narkotrefikingis,
terorizmisa da adgilobrivi konfliqtebis Sekavebasac imedovnebs.
ruseTsa da centraluri aziis saxelmwifoebs gansakuTrebiT awuxebT
arastabiluroba avRaneTSi da regionidan narkotrefikingi. amis miuxedavad,
garkveul doneze ganviTarda centraluri aziis saxelmwifoebis natosTan
TanamSromloba avRaneTis sakiTxSi. kerZod, nato-s samxedro da samoqalaqo
daniSnulebis tvirTebis avRaneTSi transportireba centraluri aziidanac
xorcieldeba, Tumca 2007 wels, rodesac nato-sa da ruseTs Soris
daZabuli urTierToba arsebobda, ruseTis sagareo saqmeTa ministrma
sergei lavrovma natos narkotrefikingis winaaRmdeg erToblivi
brZolisTvis Tavis aridebaSi dasdo brali.
Mmiuxedavad zemoaRniSnulisa, amave dros xorcieldeba brZola
energetikuli resursebis kontrolisaTvis, sadac dasavleTis
saxelmwifoebi TavianTi aqtiuri politikis gatarebas cdiloben. am mxriv
aRsaniSnavia ganvixiloT ramdenime mniSvnelovani proeqtic:
kaspiispira gazsadenis proeqti 2007 wlis 11 maiss ruseTis prezidentis
vladimer putinis yazaxeTsa da TurqmeneTSi vizitis dros xeli moewera
deklaracias, romelSic sami qveynis (ruseTi, yazaxeTi, TurqmeneTi)
prezidenti Tavis mTavrobebs avalebda, raTa 2007 wlis pirvel
seqtembramde momzadebuliyo xelSekruleba kaspiispira gazsadenis
proeqtis Taobaze. es gazsadeni TurqmeneTidan yazaxeTis teritoriis
gavliT gava ruseTze.
aRsaniSnavia is faqti, rom putinis vizitamde erTi kviriT adre
TurqmeneTis prezidentma Tavisi qveynis kuTvnil kaspiis seqtorze SemouSva
amerikuli navTobgiganti ”Sevroni.” rogorc cnobilia “Sevrons”
centraluri aziis teritoriaze arsebul sabadoebze muSaobis didi
gamocdileba gaaCnia. am kompaniis daSveba TurqmeneTis mxridan kidev erTi
imis maniSnebeli unda iyos, rom qveyana Tavisi geografiuli mdebareobiT
gamowveuli izolaciis garRvevas cdilobs. TurqmeneTis prezident
berdimuhamedovisgan signalebi mas Semdegac ar Sewyvetila, rac man
kaspiispira gazsadenis proeqtis deklaracias moawera xeli. misi
gancxadebiT “kaspiispira gazsadenis proeqti transkaspiuri proeqtis
ganxorcielebas ar gamoricxavs.”194 gamomdinare aqedan, jer kidev arsebobs
imis realuri Sansi, rom dasavleTis qveynebisa da kompaniebis meSveobiT
ganxorcieldes alternatiuli proeqtebi, romelTa meSveobiTac gazis
transportireba Savis zRvis regionis gavliT evroatlantikur sivrceSi
iqneba SesaZlebeli. am mxriv aucilebelia aRiniSnos Semdegi: 2006 wlis
pirvel naxevarSi TurqmeneTma 33,68 miliardi kuburi metri gazi moipova. am
moculobidan 21 miliardi transportirebul iqna ruseTis mimarTulebiT.
2007 wels, eqspertTa monacemebiT es maCvenebeli 40 miliardamde gaizarda.
2030 wlisaTvis ki mopovebam daaxloebiT 250 miliardi unda Seadginos. Tu
yvelaferi gegmis mixedviT wavida, daaxloebiT 2012 wlisaTvis mopovebam 100
miliardi kuburi metri unda Seadginos. es moculoba ki sakmarisi iqneba,
rom gazi transkaspiuri gazsadeniTac (evropis mimarTulebiT) wavides. am
ideis ganxorcielebis SemTxvevaSi ki dasavleTis ramdenime qveyana
aqtiurad iqneba CarTuli. Aaucilebelia aRiniSnos, rom 2010 wels
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dasrulda gazsadenis mSenebloba CineTis mimarTulebiT, romlis meSveobiT
daaxloebiT 30 miliardi kuburi metri bunebrivi gazi unda iyos
transportirebuli.
unda aRiniSnos isic, rom TurqmeneTs gazis udidesi maragebi gaaCnia.
dadgenili maragi Seadgens daaxloebiT 22 trilion kubur metrs.
imisaTvis rom ganxorcieldes transkaspiuri proeqti, aucilebelia rom
ruseTs ar hqondes Turqmenuli gazis SeuzRudavi raodenobiT Sesyidvis
saSualeba. amis safrTxe ki namdvilad arsebobs Tu gaviTvaliswinebT imas,
rom ruseTi gegmavs TurqmeneTisgan wliurad Seisyidos 50 miliardi
kuburi metri bunebrivi airi. amasTanave ruseTs surs, gaaformos
TurqmeneTTan grZelvadiani SeTanxmeba gazis mowodebasTan dakavSirebiT,
romelic 2028 wlamde iqneba gaformebuli. Tuki TurqmeneTis xelisuflebas
namdvilad surs, rom qveyana mxolod rusul koridorze ar iyos mibmuli,
maSin ruseTTan amgvari kabaluri xelSekrulebis gaformebaze uari unda
ganacxados da ufro aqtiuri gaxados molaparakebaTa procesi natosa da
evrokavSiris wevr saxelmwifoebTan.YY
nabuqos proeqti
evrokavSiris wevri qveynebis didi nawili, gansakuTrebiT centraluri
da aRmosavleTi evropis qveynebi metwilad damokidebulni arian ruseTis
gazze (mag: bulgareTi ruseTisgan iRebs moxmarebuli gazis 94%, avstria -
74% da a.S.) evropelebi mTlianobaSi moxmarebuli gazis meoTxedze mets
iReben rusuli “gazpromisgan”. gazi evropaSi Sedis ukrainasa da
poloneTze (belorusiis gavliT) gamavali gazsadenebis meSveobiT.
2005 wlis dekembris bolos dawyebuli uTanxmoebis Sedegad (gazproms
surda gazis safasuri gaezarda $50-dan $230-mde) ruseTma ukrainas gazis
miwodeba Seuwyvita. ruseTidan evropaSi gazis daaxloebiT 76%-is
transportireba swored ukrainis teritoriaze arsebuli gazsadenebiT
xorcieldeba da evropis mTelma rigma qveynebma, maT Soris avstriam,
ungreTma, safrangeTma, germaniam, slovakeTma, italiam da poloneTma
gamoTqves ukmayofileba, vinaidan maT gazsadenebSi 30%-iT daiklo wnevam.
analogiuri ganmeorda 2009 wlis ianvarSi, sanam ukrainaSi xelisuflebis
saTaveSi ruseTisaTvis miuRebeli prezidenti v. iuSCenko imyofeboda.
miuxedavad imisa, rom ruseTi cdilobs axsnas Tavisi moqmedebebi,
rogorc wminda ekonomikuri xasiaTiT gamowveuli nabijebi, bolo dros
ruseTisa da sxva postsabWoTa respublikebis da ssrk-is yofil satelit
qveynebTan urTierTobebma yvelas naTlad daanaxa, rom ruseTi Tavis
resursebs iyenebs politikur berketad, rac safrTxis qveS ayenebs evropis
saxelmwifoebis energo-usafrTxoebas. amasTan erTad, evropisaTvis
mniSvnelovania, ara mxolod energiis wyaros stabilurobis uzrunvelyofa,
aramed misi diversifikacia, raTa Tavidan iqnas acilebuli ruseTis
mTavrobis mier marTuli “gazpromis” monopolia evropis bazarze. kidev
erTi mizezi alternatiuli gzebis Ziebisa aris evropis mzardi
moTxovnileba bunebriv airze. EeqspertTa gaTvlebiT, evropis mxridan gazis
importze moTxovna gasammagdeba da 200 miliardis nacvlad (2002 wels) 2030
wlisTvis gaxdeba 600 miliardi kuburi metri.
aqedan gamomdinare, jer kidev 2003 wels evrokavSirma wamoiwyo axali
gazsadenis proeqti – “nabuko” (Nabucco), romelic iTvaliswinebs gazis
transportirebas TurqeTidan avstriaSi – bulgareTis, rumineTis da
ungreTis gavliT. nabukos gazsadeni TurqeTSi, erzrumTan SeuerTdeba baqo
– Tbilisi - erzrumis da iran - TurqeTis gazsadenebs. gazsadeni
warmoadgens kaspiis regionisa da axlo aRmosavleTis qveynebidan
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(TurqmeneTi, yazaxeTi, azerbaijani, irani) gazis evropaSi transportirebis
saSualebas. gazsadenis mSeneblobis Rirebuleba Seadgens daaxloebiT 7,5
miliard evros da misi mSenebloba savaraudod daiwyeba 2011 wels da
eqspluataciaSi Seva 2015 wlisaTvis. sawyis fazaSi, gazsadeni
yovelwliurad gaatarebs 13 miliardamde kubur metr bunebriv airs, xolo
2020 wlisTvis es ricxvi savaraudod miaRwevs 30 miliard kubur metrs.
gazsadenSi gamavali gazis naxevari miewodeba baumgartens (avstria), xolo
naxevars gamoiyeneben satranzito qveynebi.
AamasTan dakavSirebiT aRsaniSnavia, rom baqo – Tbilisi - erzerumis
monakveTis gagrZelebas aRmosavleTiT warmoadgens trans-kaspiis wyalqveSa
gazsadeni, romelic iTvaliswinebs Turqmenuli da yazaxuri gazis eqsports
da baqo – Tbilisi - erzerumis gazsadenis meSveobiT mis SeerTebas nabukos
gazsadenTan. Tavdapirvelad trans-kaspiis proeqtze saubari daiwyo 90-ian
wlebSi, Tumca mas didi winaaRmdegoba gauwies ruseTma da iranma, amave
dros Tavi iCina dapirispirebam kaspiis zRvis sazRvrebis gayofis Sesaxeb
am regionis qveynebs Soris da proeqtze saubrebi droebiT Sewyda. 2006
wlis dasawyisidan kvlav aqtualuri gaxda am gazsadenis sakiTxi da masSi
erTi SexedviT aqtiurad CaerTo rogorc yazaxeTis, aseve TurqmeneTis
mxare. Tumca 2007 wlis maisSi TurqmeneTisa da yazaxeTis prezidentebis
ruseTis prezidentTan molaparakebebis Catarebisa da erToblivi
deklaraciis xelmoweris Semdgom SesaZlebelia transkaspiuri gazsadenis
ideas garkveuli problemebi Seeqmnas.
nabukos proeqtis mTavari aqcionerebi arian OMV (avstria), MOL
(ungreTi), Transgaz (rumineTi), Bulgargaz (bulgareTi), BOTAS (TurqeTi).
saubaria proeqtSi gazpromis SesaZlo monawileobaze, Tumca am proeqtis
Zireuli arsidan gamomdinare, es naklebad realuria da SeiZleba
CaiTvalos rogorc wminda taqtikuri nabiji.
rac Seexeba proeqtSi iranis monawileobas, Tuki gaviTvaliswinebs bolo
dros mis garTulebul urTierTobebs dasavleTTan, albaT ver CavTvliT
mas stabilur partniorad am etapze, magram gazsadenis xelsayreli
mdebareoba (iran-TurqeTis gazsadeni swored erzrumTan mTavrdeba)
iTvaliswinebs am qveyanasTan SesaZlo TanamSromlobas.
iranis geopolitikuri prioritetebi
1979wels iranSi homeinis xelmZRvanelobiT ganxorcielda “islamuri

revolucia”, romlis ZiriTadi Rirebulebani dResac rCeba iranis
politikuri sistemis mniSvnelovan elementad. Tumca qveyanas islamuri
ganviTareba sulac ar uSlis xels aqtiuri roli daikavos saerTaSoriso
urTierTobebSi.
1979 wlidan moyolebuli iranis sagareo da TavdacviTi politika or
dapirispirebul orientacias “islamur universalizms da sparsul
nacionalizms” Soris arsebul daZabulobas asaxavda. 80-ian wlebSi
ZiriTadad islamuri tendenciebi dominirebda, 90-iani wlebidan ki
upiratesoba sparsulma nacionalizmma moipova, romelic sabWoTa kavSiris
daSlis Semdeg regionaluri saxelmwifos statusis mopovebaSi gadaizarda.
DdaSlili sabWoTa kavSiris teritoriaze warmoqmnil 15 saxelmwifodan
rvas iranTan akavSirebda saerTo politikuri da kulturuli urTierToba.
ramodenime am respublikebidan istoriis raRac monakveTSi iranis
SemadgenlobaSic ki Sedioda. somxeTs, azerbaijans da TurqmeneTs gaaCnia
255
saerTo sazRvari iranTan. aqedan gamomdinare, urTierToba postsabWoTa
sivrcesTan iranisTvis sasicocxlo mniSvnelobisaa.
zogierTi politikosis azriT, sabWoTa kavSiris daSlis Semdeg
regionSi simZimis centrma iranze gadmoinacvla. centraluri azia jer
kidev ar iyo gamosuli sabWoTa kavSiris daSliT gamowveuli procesebidan,
rom iranma ukve doplomatiuri aqtiuroba daiwyo. misi ekonomikuri
politika iTvaliswinebda Seeqmna axali regionaluri sivrce, romelSic
Sevidoda centraluri azia, pakistani, avRaneTi da samxreT kavkasia. Aam
uzarmazar, politikurad arc Tu mdgrad regionSi irans surda hegemonia
moepovebina da politikuri gavlenis aRsadgenad moqmedeba jer mezobeli
somxeTisa da azerbaijanis konfliqtSi mediatorobiT daiwyo.
irani multieTnikuri regionia, romlis mniSvnelovan nawils
azerbaijanelebi Seadgenen, amitom azerbaijanis respublikaSi mimdinare
procesebs Teirani didi yuradRebiT ekideba da masTan urTierTobas
udides sagareo mniSvnelobas aniWebs. Aazerbaijanelebi iranSi
ricxobrivad mosaxleobis meore jgufs warmoadgenen, romlebsac mWidro
kontaqtebi aqvT TavianT sisxliT monaTesave azerbaijanelebTan.
Tavdapirvelad, irani baqosTan daaxloebas sarwmunoebrivi faqtoriT
cdilobda. irani oficialur religiad Siizms aRiarebs, am sarwmunoebas
azerbaijanic misdevs, Aamitom azerbaijanTan saerTo enis gamonaxvis erT-
erTi mizezi islamur samyaroSi poziciebis ganmtkicebac iyo. magram
yarabaRis konfliqtSi da saerTod kavkasiasTan urTierTobaSi iranis
keTilmezobluri ganwyoba aSkarad somxeTisken gadaixara. MmarTalia
iraneli azerbaijanelebi yovelTvis mouwodebdnen iranis mTavrobas
erTmorwmune azerbaijanelebis mxareze gadasuliyvnen da zurgi SeeqciaT
“urwmuno somxebisaTvis”. magram aq didi roli iTamaSa TurqeTis faqtorma.
azerbaijani mkveTrad gadaixara TurqeTis mxareze da moxda am
saxelmwifoebis banakebad dayofa: TurqeTi – azerbaijani da somxeTi –
irani; miuxedavad aseTi dayofisa, irani Zlier dainteresebulia yarabaRis
konfliqtis mogvarebiT.
iranis geopolitikur interesebSi Sedis da lamis sasicocxlo
mniSvneloba eniWeba konfliqtis droulad mogvarebas Semdegi mizezebis
gamo:
gaWianurebuli konfliqti iranis usafrTxoebasac Seuqmnis safrTxes.
misi sazRvrebis gayolebaze amtydari samxedro operaciebi iranis
stabilurobasac mniSvnelovnad SeuSlis xels, radgan am konfliqtSi
SeiZleba gaaqtiurdes ruseTi, romelsac Tavis strategiul doqtrinaSi
pirdapir aqvs gacxadebuli, rom misi strategiuli sazRvrebi centralur
aziaSi iranamde da avRaneTamde vrceldeba, xolo kavkasiaSi iransa da
TurqeTamde.
ltolvilebis problema - ltolvilTa gadasvla iranSi gaaqtiurda 1993
wlis seqtemberSi, roca saboloo operaciebi daiwyo naxiCevanSi da isini
sagrZnoblad miuaxlovda irans.
irans awyobs rom azerbaijanic da somxeTic Tanabar mdgomareobaSi
imyofebodnen, arc erTi ar moZlierdes da arc meore. igi arc Zlieri
qristianuli somxeTis momxrea da arc Zlieri azerbaijanis, romelsac
yovel wuTs SeuZlia teritoriuli pretenziebi wauyenos irans da
azerbaijanelebiT dasaxlebuli miwebis gadacema mosTxovos.
irani yvelanairad cdilobs rom aRkveTos TurqeTis gaZliereba
regionSi. Aamitom azerbaijanis proTurquli orientaciis gaZlierebiT
irani misda uneburad somxeTis mokavSireTa ricxvSi aRmoCnda, e.i. ruseTis
Tanamoazre gaxda.
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irani warmoadgens samxreT-dasavleT aziaSi mniSvnelovan qveyanas,
romelic erTmaneTTan akavSirebs axlo aRmosavleTs, centralur aziasa
da samxreT kavkasias, amitomaa, rom iranisTvis mniSvnelovania am
regionebTan urTierToba, rogorc politikuri, ise ekonomikuri
TvalsazrisiT.
iranisa da centraluri aziis qveynebis urTierTobebi
centraluri aziis respublikebTan irans mWidro urTierTobebi

akavSirebs. iranis iniciativas warmoadgens centraluri aziis qveynebTan
damakavSirebeli magistralis aRdgena, transportisa da komunikaciis sxva
saSualebebis ganviTareba, am gziT es qveynebi, romlebsac zRvaze
gasasvleli ar gaaCniaT, daukavSirdebian sparseTis yures. 1991 wels iransa
da am qveynebis mier xelmowerili iqna SeTanxmeba sazRvrebis
diskriminaciis aRmofxvris Taobaze. mogvianebiT aseTi SeTanxmeba daido
iransa da ruseTs Soris. 1992 wlis bolosaTvis iranma sparsulenovani
qveynebis (irani, avRaneTi, tajikeTi) konglomeratis daarsebas miaRwia.
mogvianebiT Catarda konferencia, sadac miwveulni iyvnen centraluri
aziisa da kaspiis zRvis auzis damoukidebeli islamuri respublikebi.
iranis regionSi liderobisTvis problemas warmoadgens is faqti, rom misi
mosaxleobis umravlesoba Siitia da oficialuri religiac Siizmia, maSin
roca centraluri aziis respublikebSi Siitebi umciresobaSi arian. amitom
regionSi poziciebis gamyarebas irani ruseTis meSveobiT cdilobs. amitom
Crdiloeli mezoblis gulis mosageblad irani centraluri aziis
respublikebSi islamis “importsac” ki erideba.
irani da saerTaSoriso sazogadoeba
Tanamedrove etapze irani saerTaSoriso sazogadoebasTan

dapirispirebaSi aRmoCnda misi birTvuli programis ganxorcielebis gamo.
2002 wels amerikulma Tanamgzavrebma gamogzavnes iranis samxreTSi,
sparseTis yuris sanavsadguro qalaq buSerTan mSenebare atomuri
eleqtrosadguris reaqtoris gumbaTis, gamacivebeli milebis, wyalsatumbi
mowyobilobisa da zogierTi analitikosis azriT, aviaraketebis
sawinaaRmdego batareebis gansalagebeli adgilebis suraTebi. irani
irwmuneboda, rom es msubuqi wylis reaqtori mxolod mSvidobiani
energiis sawarmoeblad iyo gamiznuli. amerikis dazvervis maSindeli
monacemebiT irans gaaCnda birTvuli iaraRis Seqmnis programa da aseTi
iaraRi mas 2009 wlamde eqneboda. israelis dazvervis SefasebiT ki es sul
oriode wlis ganmalobaSi SeiZleba momxdariyo.AaSS-is yofilma
prezidentma jorj buSma 2002 wels ukve miakera irans “borotebis RerZis’’
Semadgeneli nawilis iarliyi. PpresaSi ki gaJona informaciam iranis
birTvuli programis qveynis uzarmazar teritoriaze geografiuli
ganfenilobis Sesaxeb. Aase magaliTad, uranis gamamdidrebeli sawarmo
ganlagebuli abaliSi, q. isfahanTan; mZime wylis warmoeba 1996 wlidan
araqSi, 150 kilometrSi q. Teiranidan; meore, aseTive mSenebare sawarmo
naTanzSi, q.qaSanis samxreT-aRmosavleTiT 40 kilometrSi. 2003 wlis
TebervalSi oficialurad gamocxadda, rom iranSi aRmoCenili iqna uranis
sabado, rac imas niSnavda, rom qveyana aRar iqneboda damokidebuli
mxolod ruseTidan Semotanil birTvul sawvavze. E
Ees sakiTxi axla gansakuTrebiT simwvaviT dadga, rodesac iranma
muqara ar daiSura rogorc israelis, ise aSS-s mimarT, Tumca mis atomur
257
programas kvlavac mSvidobians uwodebs. irani acxadebs rom Teirani
yvela Rones ixmars rom omi ar moxdes, magram saerTaSoriso sazogadoebis
mier Setevis SemTxvevaSi maT win aRudgeba. buSis administracia
ganixilavda preventiuli zomebis miRebis variants, rac samxedro Zalis
gamoyenebas gulisxmobda, magram maTTvis ufro sasurveli aRmoCnda
diplomatiuri gadawyvetilebis moZebna.
mahmud ahmadinejadis gancxadebebi msofliosTvis miuRebelia. 2006 wlis
martSi gaero-m irans uranis gamdidrebis samuSaoebis SewyvetisaTvis
erTTviani vada misca. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, irans sadamjelo sanqciebi
emuqreboda. saerTaSoriso politikaSi oficialuri Teiranis mier
garTulebul situacias kidev ufro amZimebda msoflios bazarze “Savi
oqros” gaZvireba (rogorc cnobilia, 2008 wlis agvistodan navTobze
fasebis dacema daiwyo). EeqspertTa nawili fiqrobs rom iranma navTobis
gaZvireba xelovnurad gamoiwvia, radganac misTvis navTobi aris birTvuli
iaraRis flobis TvalsazrisiT sakuTari ambiciebis ganxorcielebis erT-
erTi uZlieresi saSualeba. Mmsoflio bazarze navTobis miwodebis mxriv
irani msoflioSi mesame qveyanaa. Sesabamisad, igi fasebis politikis
ganmsazRvrelic aris. irani dasavleTs da aSS-s masTan molaparakebebze
wausvlelobis SemTxvevaSi misi kontrolis qveS myofi sparseTis yuris
gadaketviTac emuqreba.
iranis amgvari politika gamowveulia im garemoebiTac, rom amerikas jer
kidev ver dauregulirebia situacia avRaneTSi da eraySi da imedovnebs
rom am pirobebSi amerika ar gadadgams ukidures nabijebs da ar daesxmeba
Tavs irans, miTumetes, rom aSS-is axladarCeulma prezidentma baraq obamam
iranTan dialogis warmoebaze mzadyofna gamoTqva.
savaraudoa, rom erayis SemTxvevisagan gansxvavebiT, iranis winaaRmdeg
amerikas dasavleT evropis saxelmwifoebi Riad dauWeren mxars. irans
albaT arc islamuri qveynebis mxardaWeris imedi unda hqondeT, radgan maT
aRizianebT mahmud ahmadinejadis agresiuli politika.
ruseT-iranis urTierTobebi
miuxedavad imisa, rom atomuri energiis saerTaSoriso saagentom 2007

wlis TebervalSi moamzada axali moxseneba iranTan dakavSiremiT, am
dokumentma axali da damaimedebeli araferi SesTavaza msoflio
sazogadoebas: irani warmatebiT agrZelebs Tavis birTvul programas.
cxadia, amave dros irani irwmuneba, rom es programa mxolod mSvidobian
miznebs emsaxureba. Tumca es gancxadebebi did rwmenas ar aRZravs,
miTumetes, rom iranelTa lideri erTob xSirad imuqreba “israelis miwis
piridan aRgviT”. am saqmes aseve arTulebs is faqti, rom birTvuli
programis winaaRmdeg erTiani frontiT gamosvla ar xerxdeba. Tuki natos
wamyvani saxelmwifoebi-aSS, germania, britaneTi da safrangeTi mkacri
sanqciebis SemoRebas iTxoven, ruseTi da CineTi iranis mimarT rbil
politikas qadageben. metic, ruseTi SeSfoTebulia iranis winaaRmdeg
sanqciebis SemoRebis Sesaxeb sul ufro mzardi muqariT da sakiTxis
mSvidobiani gziT gadawyvetas iTxovs. amis Sesaxeb 2007 wlis seqtemberSi
ganacxada ruseTis sagareo saqmeTa ministrma lavrovma.
ruseTis sagareo politikuri uwyeba axali sanqciebis SemoRebas ar
eTanxmebodaa. Tavis frang kolegasTan, bernard kuSnerTan Sexvedris dros
(2007 w.) lavrovma ganacxada, rom “ruseTi SeSfoTebulia sul ufro
gaxSirebuli informaciiT imis Taobaze, rom seriozulad ganixileba
258
iranis winaaRmdeg samxedro sanqciebis gatarebis sakiTxi. Zneli
warmosadgenia, ra SeiZleba amas mohyves regionisaTvis”. 195
am mxriv aRsaniSnavia is faqti, rom dasavleTisaTvis ruseT-iranis
kavSiri did problemas warmoadgens. miuxedavad imisa, rom SesaZlebelia
ruseTSi kargad esmiT, Tu ra saSiSroebas warmoadgens masobrivi
ganadgurebis iaraRis gavrceleba da isic, rom ruseTSi kargad ician, rom
irani maTTan axlosaa da roca aseTi mezobeli birTvul iaraRs iZens,
cxovreba sulac ar xdeba ioli-piriqiT. Aam mxriv aRsaniSnavia is faqti,
rom 2010 wlis seqtemberSi gaeros uSiSroebis sabWos farglebSi ruseTma
mxari dauWira axali sanqciebis SemoRebas iranis winaaRmdeg, Tumca
saeWvoa, rom Tavisi ormagi standartebis damkvidrebiT cnobilma ruseTma
realurad praqtikaSi dauWoros mxari sanqciebs. Cven SegviZlia
gavaanalizoT is ZiriTadi aspeqtebi, romlebic ruseTs iranTan mimarTebaSi
sxva mimarTulebiT urTierTobebis damyarebisaken ubiZgebs, kerZod:
- ruseTisTvis iranTan TanamSromlobas birTvul sferoSi didZali
finansuri mogeba moaqvs. iranze am sakiTxSi zewola am mogebaze uaris
Tqmas niSnavs. anu, am SemTxvevaSi saqme ara imdenad politikas, aramed
komercias exeba. aseve ruseTisTvis didi mniSvneloba eniWeba iranTan
samxedro sferoSi TanamSromlobas, radganac ruseTis SeiaraRebis
mniSvnelovani nawili iranSi iyideba;
- iranis garSemo gaurkveveli viTarebis Seqmna rTul mdgomareobaSi ayenebs
aSS-s, romelic zesaxelmwifos rolSi Tavs movaled grZnobs, daicvas
wesrigi da Tuki amisTvis saWiro gaxdeba, masobrivi ganadgurebis iaraRis
gavrcelebas win aRudges. eraySi da avRaneTSi mZime viTarebis Seqmnis
Semdeg, pacifisturi ganwyoba mTeli msoflios masStabiT kidev ufro
gaizarda da es ki aSS-sa da zogierTi natoeli mokavSiris (magaliTs
britaneTis) prestiJs sagrZnoblad dascems. garda amisa, iranTan oms
navTobze fasebis kidev ufro zrda mohyveba, rac ruseTs xels aZlevs.
iranze dartymiT, kidev ufro gaizrdeba antiamerikuli da anti-natouri
agresia islamuri samyaros did nawilSi;
- amave dros iranis irgvliv arsebuli gaurvevloba iwvevs navTobze maRali
msoflio fasebis SenarCunebas, rac sagrZnoblad zrdis ruseTis sabiujeto
Semosavlebsa da savaluro rezervebs. 2008 wlis pirveli naxevris
monacemebiT, ruseTis savaluro rezervebma 500 miliard dolars
gadaaWarba.
- aseve didi mniSvneloba eniWeba im faqts, rom ruseTisa da iranis
koordinirebuli politikiT navTobis eqsportis sferoSi, aseve imis
gaTvaliswinebiT, rom orive qveyana cdilobs “gazis opekis Seqmnas”, natos
wevri qveynebis energousafrTxoeba seriozuli safrTxis qveS dadgeba.
aRsaniSnavia is faqti, rom ruseTi da irani gazis maragebiT msoflioSi
pirvel-meore adgilebs inawileben;
- orive qveyanas xels aZlevs daZabuloba eraySi, avRaneTSi da mTlianad
axlo aRmosavleTis regionSi, radganac arastabiluroba avRaneTSi da
eraySi ar aZlevs am ukanasknels ganaviTaros Tavisi sanavTobo seqtori da
Sesabamisad ufro meti moculobis navTobi gaitanos msoflio bazarze, rac
SedarebiT daaregulirebda msoflio fasebs navTobze da SeaCerebda “Sav
oqroze” fasebis zrdas.
Tavisi miznebis misaRwevad irani kargad iyenebs teroristul
organizaciebs. aseve ar aris gamoricxuli, rom irani daxmarebas uwevdes
Talibebs natos ZalebTan sabrZolvelad, miuxedavad imisa, rom avRaneTSi
195
259
Talibebis mmarTvelobis periodSi irans metad daZabuli urTierToba
gaaCnda moZraoba “Talibanis” warmomadgenlebTan. iranis mesveurebi kargad
acnobiereben im faqts, rom rom eraySi da avRaneTSi stabiluroba Zalze
uaryofiTad imoqmedebs iranis radikaluri religiuri liderebis
SesaZleblobebze. gaZlierdeba aSS-sa da natos politikuri gavlena
regionze, aseve aRmosavleTiT prodasavluri avRaneTi, dasavleTiT
reformirebuli erayi rTul geopolitikur garemoSi moaqceven irans. Y
amave dros, iranis problemis gadaWra aSS-saTvis da mTlianad
demokratiuli samyarosaTvis metad rTul amocanas warmoadgens. kerZod, am
mxriv aRsaniSnavia ramdenime faqtori:
- ruseTisa da CineTis arakonstruqciuli qmedebebis Sedegad
GWianurdeba iranisaTvis mkacri moTxovnebis wamoyeneba da Sesabamisi
sanqciebis SemoReba;
- igive ekonomikuri sanqciebis SemoRebamac SeiZleba ver gaamarTlos.
magaliTad iranisTvis navTobis eqsportis moculobis SezRudva, (rogorc
es xdeboda huseinis erayTan dakavSirebiT misi reJimis damxobamde, rodesac
am ukanasknels ufleba hqonda mxolod 2 milioni tona navTobis eqsporti
moexdina) - SesaZloa navTobze msoflio fasebis kidev ufro zrda
gamoiwvios;
- aseve cnobilia, rom irans gaaCnia navTobis da gazis didi maragi.
magaliTad, irani flobs msoflio navTobis maragis 9%-s da gazis
msoflio maragis 16%-s. marto 2006 wels iranma energetikuli
resursebis eqsportis Sedegad 54 miliardi dolaris mogeba miiRo196.
AaSS, irani da mosalodneli saomari moqmedebebi
rac Seexeba iranis winaaRmdeg samxedro operaciebis warmoebas aSS-is

mier, rogorc es moxda eraySi, aqac erayisgan ganxvavebiT metad rTuli
iqneba aseTi saxis operaciebis Catareba, rac gamowveulia ramdenime
faqtoriT, kerZod:
- savaraudoa rom natos evropeli mokavSireebis umravlesobam uari
ganacxados TavianTi samxedro kontingentis gagzavnaze iranSi;
- iranis ekonomika gacilebiT ufro ganviTarebulia erayTan SedarebiT,
radgan am ukanasknels gaeros mier 90-iani wlebis dasawyisSi SemoRebuli
sanqciebis gamo aSS-sTan omis periodSi metad mwiri finansuri resursebi
gaaCnda;
- irans erayTan SedarebiT gacilebiT ufro didi teritoria gaaCnia, igi
aRemateba 1 milion kvadratul kilometrs da aSS-is Zalebis iranSi SeWris
SeTxvevaSi gaWirdeba amxela teritoriis kontroli;
- iranis mosaxleoba aRemateba 60 milion kacs, Sesabamisad mobilizaciis
SemTxvevaSi irans SeuZlia moaxdinos udidesi raodenobis adamianuri
resursis koncentracia;
- iranis xelisuflebas mosaxleobasa da armiaSi ufro meti mxardamWeri
hyavs, rac naTlad gamoixata saprezidento arCevnebis dros, rodesac
mosaxleobis umetesobam mxari swored ahmadinejads dauWira. Sesabamisad es
aisaxeba iranis armiis brZolisunarianobaze. amave dros igive 2003 wlis
eraySi mosaxleobis udidesi nawili sayovelTao ekonomikuri gaWirvebis
pirobebSi iyo huseinis winaaRmdegi, es ki aisaxeboda jaris dabal
brZolisunarianobaze, sadac huseins gaaCnda dabali avtoriteti;
196
OPEC Annual Statistical Bulletin 2006
260
- irans hyavs bevrad ufro Zlieri armia SeiaraRebis da raodenobrivi
TvalsazrisiTac. MmagaliTad, iranis Tavdacvis saministros SeiaraRebuli
Zalebisa da lojistikis gaTvaliswinebiT hyavs 545 aTasi samxedro
mosamsaxure, da misi samxedro xarjebi 2005 wlis monacemebiT aRemateboda
6 miliard 300 milion aSS dolars, rac Seadgenda iranis mTliani Sida
produqtis 3,5%-s. aseve mniSvnelovania aRiniSnos, rom sayovelTao
mobilizaciis SemTxvevaSi irans SeuZlia gamoiyvanos 12 milion 285 aTasi
rezervisti. iranis SeiaraRebaze iricxeba 200-ze meti samxedro
TviTmfrinavi da vertmfreni, 2080 tanki. 197
am faqtorebis gaTvaliswinebiT aSS-s iranis winaaRmdeg SeuZlia
gaataros Semdegi politika:
- uzrunvelyos stabiluroba iranis teritoriis irgvliv. pirvel rigSi

eraySi, da am SemTxvevaSi Tu erayi dadgeba mSvidobiani ganviTarebisa da
navTobis eqsportis gzaze, erayis progresiT gagulisebuli iraneli
reformistebi moZlierdebian da radikaluri islamis poziciebi iranSi
Sesustdeba;
aseve mniSvnelovania iranis garSemo sxva saxelmwifoebis gaZlierebac. am
mxriv magaliTad sayuradReboa aRiniSnos, rom 2007-2008 wlebSi SeerTebuli
Statebma, iranis sagrZnobi Sesustebis mizniT, navTobiT mdidar xuT
arabul saxelmwifos 60 mlrd. aSS dolaris SeiaraRebas miawoda.
irani da dasavleT evropa

rac Seexeba evropuli qveynebis monawileobas iranTan dakavSirebuli
problemis mogvarebaSi, aq SesaZlebelia rom evropam irans SesTavazos am
qveynis energetikul proeqtebSi CarTva birTvuli programis SeCerebis
sanacvlod. kerZod dRes ganxilvis stadiaSia iran-TurqeTis
damakavSirebeli gazsadenis proeqtis ganxorcieleba, romlis mixedviTac
iranuli navTobi da gazi evropaSi Savi zRvis gverdis avliT unda Sevides.
TurqeTis mTavrobis informaciiT, irans TurqeTisa da saberZneTis
teritoriaze gamavali milsadenebiT dasavleT evropis energoresursebiT
momarageba SeuZlia. Aaseve TurqeTis xelisufalTa gancxadebiT, TurqeTi
mzad aris saamisod 2 miliardi dolaris investicia ganaxorcielos da
iranuli energoresursebi evropas miawodos.
garda amisa, aseve ganixileba sakiTxi imasTan dakavSirebiT, rom
evrokomisia amuSavebs kidev erT proeqts, romlis mixedviTac, evrokavSiri
ganixilavs sakiTxs, Turqmenuli gazis evropisaTvis iranis gavliT
miwodebis Taobaze. am mxriv proeqtis gadamwyvet etapze SesaZlebeli iqneba
evropaSi iranis gavliT 16 miliard kubur metramde gazi iqnes
importirebuli.
yovelive amisaTvis ki SesaZlebelia evropelebsa da irans Soris
garkveuli garigeba daidos, rogorc es moxda CrdiloeT koreis
SemTxvevaSi.
Ggeopolitikuri viTareba Savi zRvis regionSi
evropisa da aziis gzasayarze mdebare Savi zRvis regioni

geostrategiuli TvalsazrisiT erT-erT umniSvnelovanes teritorias
197
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armed_Forces_of_the_Islamic_Republic_of_Iran
261
warmoadgens, romelic metad did rols TamaSobs Tanamedrove
saerTaSoriso urTierTobebSi.
rogorc cnobilia, regionis politikur rukaze fundamentur
cvlilebebs adgili hqonda gasuli saukunis 80-iani wlebis bolosa da 90-
iani wlebis dasawyisSi, rac upirveles yovlisa dakavSirebuli iyo
kardinalur politikur cvlilebebTan aRmosavleT evropasa da yofil
sabWoTa kavSirSi da ganpirobebuli iyo demokratiuli procesebis
ganviTarebasTan AaRmosavleT evropaSi, maT Soris Savi zRvis regionSi
mdebare bulgareTsa da rumineTSi da sabWoTa kavSiris daSlasTan, risi
Sedegic gaxda regionSi myofi yofili sabWoTa mokavSire respublikebis
(saqarTvelo, somxeTi, azerbaijani, ukraina, ruseTis federacia, moldova)
mier saxelmwifoebrivi damoukideblobis mopoveba.
dRevandel dRes regionis TiToeul qveyanas gaaCnia Tavisi sakuTari
sagareo-politikuri da erovnuli usafrTxoebis prioritetebi.
civi omis Semdgom periodSi regionSi mravali mniSvnelovani movlena
ganviTarda, sadac dadebiTi aspeqtebidan mniSvnelovania aRiniSnos Semdegi:
- Savi zRvis ekonomikuri TanamSromlobis organizaciis (bisekis) Seqmna;

- regionSi mdebare postsabWoTa respublikebis nato-s programa
“partnioroba mSvidobisaTvis” programaSi gawevrianeba;
- regionis saxelmwifoebis gawevrianeba evropis sabWoSi;
- Savi zRvis regionis oTxi saxelmwifos mier regionaluri organizacia
suam-is Seqmna;
- natosa da evrokavSiris gafarToeba da am organizaciebSi rumineTisa da
bulgareTis gawevrianeba;
- “vardebis revolucia” saqarTveloSi da “narinjisferi” revolucia
ukrainaSi;
- natos mier intensiuri dialogis procesis dawyeba saqarTvelosa da
ukrainasTan;
- Savi zRvis regionis postsabWoTa respublikebis (ruseTis garda)
evrokavSiris samezoblo iniciativis programaSi CarTva;
- globaluri mniSvnelobis ekonomikuri proeqtebis ganxorcielebis dawyeba,
romelTa Soris pirvel rigSi aRsaniSnavia evropa-aziis satransporto
derefnisa da kaspiis energetikuli proeqtebi.
rac Seexeba Savi zRvis regionSi mimdinare negatiur procesebs, isini
pirvel rigSi dakavSirebulia Semdeg faqtorebTan:
terorizmi. regionSi arsebuli teroristuli dajgufebebi kvlav
agrZeleben teroristuli aqtebis ganxorcielebas. am mxriv aRsaniSnavia
TurqeTis teritoriaze moqmedi qurTTa muSaTa partiis dajgufebebi,
teroristuli da diversiuli jgufebi afxazeTSi, e.w. samxreT oseTSi,
CeCneTSi da ruseTis federaciis SemadgenlobaSi Semaval sxva CrdiloeT
kavkasiis respublikebSi; Q
terorizmis gavrcelebas xels uwyobs agresiuli separatizmi. regionSi
arsebuli separatistuli regionebi warmoadgenen arakontrolirebad
teritoriebs, rac qmnis metad xelsayrel pirobebs teroristuli banakebis
daarsebisa da arsebobisaTvis. separatistuli teritoriebi warmoadgenen
metad xelsayrel adgils ukanono vaWrobis, gansakuTrebiT narkotikebiT
ukanono brunvisaTvis, fulis gaTeTrebisa da sxva kanonsawinaaRmdego
operaciebis gansaxorcieleblad. garda amisa, separatizmis arsebobis
udides problemas ra Tqma unda warmoadgens ukanono SeiaraRebuli
formirebebis funqcionireba, romlebic SeaiaraRebulni arian Tanamedrove
262
samxedro aRWurvilobiT. rogorc cnobilia separatistuli moZraobebis
ganviTarebis erT-erT mTavar mizezs warmoadgens regionis zogierTi
saxelmwifos oficialuri struqturebis mier separatistuli moZraobebis
pirdapiri da Ria mxardaWera, rodesac am saxelmwifoebis Sesabamisi
struqturebi finansuri da samxedro xasiaTis daxmarebas uweven
separatistul reJimebs, amis naTeli dadasturebaa ruseTis mier 2008 wlis
agvistoSi saqarTvelos teritoriis 20%-is okupacia da afxazeTsa da e.w.
samxreT oseTSi marionetuli xelisuflebebis pirdapiri mxardaWera.
erT-erT umniSvnelovanes problemas, romelic aferxebs TanamSromlobis
ganviTarebas Savi zRvis regionSi warmoadgens daZabuli ormxrivi
urTierTobebi regionis ramdenime saxelmwifos Soris, am SemTxvevaSi
aRsaniSnavia ruseT-saqarTvelos konfliqti, somxeT-azerbaijanis
konfliqti, daZabuli urTierTobebi erTis mxriv TurqeTsa da somxeTs,
meores mxriv ruseTsa da moldovas Soris. agreTve mniSvnelovania
aRiniSnos teritoriuli davebi ukrainasa da rumineTs, agreTve ukrainasa
da ruseTs Soris.
rac Seexeba ekonomikuri xasiaTis problemebsa da gamowvevebs, isini pirvel
rigSi dakavSirebulia regionis energetikul usafrTxoebasTan da Savi
zRvis regionis qveynebis umravlesobis sust social-ekonomikur
ganviTarebasTan.
miuxedavad zemoaRniSnuli problemebisa, uaxloes warsulSi
ganviTarebuli pozitiuri procesebi iZleva imeds, rom regionSi arsebuli
daZabulobani etapobrivad dadebiTad gadawydes. am mxriv erT-erT
umniSvnelovanes faqtors warmoadgens natos gafarToeba da aliansis
gazrdili roli globaluri usafrTxoebis sistemis CamoyalibebaSi.
baltiis saxelmwifoebisa da Savi zRvis dasavleT sanapiroze mdebare
saxelmwifoebis aliansSi miRebis Semdeg natos Semdgom strategias
warmoadgens ufro intensiuri TanamSromlobis ganviTareba Savi zRvis
regionis postsabWoTa respublikebTan. am mxriv pirvel rigSi aRsaniSnavia
natos rigis samitze miRebuli erToblivi dokumenti, sadac aRniSnulia
aliansis mier saqarTvelosa da ukrainasTan intensiuri TanamSromlobis
mniSvneloba.198
natosTan TanamSrolobis gzaze Savi zRvis regionis qveynebisaTvis metad
mniSvnelovania aliansis gamocdilebis gaziareba usafrTxoebis sferoSi
reformebis Catarebis TvalsazrisiT, SeairaRebuli Zalebis natos
standartebiT uzrunvelyofaSi da a.S.
natos gafarToebasTan erTad umniSvnelovanes faqtors warmoadgens
evrokavSiris gafarToeba da regionSi mdebare postsabWoTa respublikebis
evrokavSiris samezoblo iniciativaSi CarTva, rac dadebiT gavlenas
moaxdens reformebis ganxorcielebis procesze am qveynebSi.
udidesi roli regionSi arsebuli problemebis mogvarebis sakiTxebSi
SeuZliaT iTamaSon ekonomikurma proeqtebma. regionis qveynebis
ekonomikurma ganviTarebam SeuZlia udidesi roli Seasrulos separatizmis
damarcxebaSi, radganac separatistuli regionebis de-faqto xelisuflebis
warmomadgenlebi (saqarTvelos teritoriaze ruseTis mier okupirebuli
regionebi), agreTve am regionebis mosaxleoba dainteresebuli iqneba ufro
metad iyos integrirebuli im ganviTarebuli ekonomikis mqone
saxelmwifoSi, romlisgan gamoyofasac am etapze ase eswrafvian
separatistuli regionebis xelmZRvanelebi.
198
Uukrainis prezidentad v. ianukoviCis arCevis Semdeg, rogorc cnobilia am qveynis
xelisuflebam uari ganacxada survilze, gaxdes nato-s wevri
263
ekonomikuri aspeqtebidan ra Tqma unda pirvel rigSi gansakuTrebiT
unda aRiniSnos im saerTaSoriso satransporto da energetikuli
proeqtebis Sesaxeb, romelSic aqtiurad arian CarTulni Savi zRvis
regionis saxelmwifoTa umravlesoba. pirvel rigSi aq aRsaniSnavia evropa-
aziis satransporto koridoris-trasekas proeqti da “didi abreSumis gzis”
aRdgenis mcdeloba regionis saxelmwifoTa mier msoflios wamyvani
demokratiuli qveynebis monawileobiT. rogorc cnobilia, abreSumis gza
funqcionirebda Cvens welTaRricxvamde me-8-7 saukuneebidan da am gzis
meSveobiT xdeboda CineTisa da indoeTis dakavSireba elinisturi samyaros
berZnul qalaq-saxelmwifoebTan da mogvianebiT romis imperiasTan.
zemoaRniSnuli kavSirurTierTobebi ZiriTadad xorcieldeba Savi zRvis
regionis meSveobiT.
zemoaRniSnuli proeqtebis, agreTve Savi zRvis dasavleT sanapirosken
evrokavSirisa da nato-s gafarToebis Sedegad, regionma axali
geostrategiuli funqcia SeiZina, igi moeqca msoflios mravali wamyvani
saxelmwifos mTavrobebisa da maTi energetikuli kompaniebis politikuri
da ekonomikuri interesebis sferoSi. aRniSnul regions Tavisi arsebobis
periodSi (Savi zRvis regionSi saxelmwifoebis Camoyalibebis droidan)
yovelTvis gaaCnda Tavisi geostrategiuli mniSvneloba. saukuneebis
ganmavlobaSi igi mravaljer gamxdara sxvadasxva Zlieri saxelmwifoebis
Tavdasxmis obieqti. am saxelmwifoTa liderebs mSvenivrad hqondaT
gaTviTcnobierebuli evropisa da aziis gasayarze mdebare, strategiuli
navsadgurebisa da sxva mniSvnelovani satransporto komunikaciebis mqone
regionis strategiuli mniSvneloba.
Ggeopolitikuri viTareba samxreT kavkasiaSi
kavkasiis regions gaaCnia Zalzed xelsayreli geopolitikuri mdebareoba,

rac saukuneebis manZilze momxibvlels xdida mas sxvadasxva qveynebisa Tu
imperiebisaTvis, regionisa da msoflios uZlieresi qveynebisaTvis. amave
dros, rogorc cnobilia samxreT kavkasia danawevrebulia masSi mimdinare
eTnopolitikuri an saxelmwifoTaSorisi konfliqtebis gamo. gansxvavedeba
samive qveynis sagareo-politikuri da usafrTxoebis prioritetebi. maT aqvT
strategiuli kavSirebi gansxvavebul regionalur da globalur ZalebTan
(nato, aSS, ruseTi, TurqeTi, irani da a. S.), romelTa politika am regionSi
damyarebulia urTierTsawinaaRmdego miznebze.
amave dros ra Tqma unda kavkasiaSi didi saxelmwifoebis geopolitikis
mTavari faqtori regionSi arsebuli navTobisa da gazis resursebia, maT
Soris mopovebasa da transportirebaze kontroli. rogorc satranzito
regioni, kavkasia esazRvreba kaspiis regions, centraluri aziis qveynebs da
irans. am qveynebSi gazisa da navTobis mniSvnelovani maragia. kavkasiis
geopolitikuri mniSvnelobis warmoCena swored am geopolitur da
geografiul WrilSia SesaZlebeli.
regionSi arsebuli daZabuli urTierTobebis fonze izrdeba kavkasiis
qveynebis Tavdacvis biujetebi. magaliTad somxeTma Tavdacvis sferoze
2007 wels 300 mln dolari daxarja, rac 2006 wlis maCvenebelze 35%-iT
meti iyo. amave dros aRsaniSnavia, rom jer kidev 2005 wels somxeTis
Tavdacvis biujeti mxolod 100 milion aSS dolars Seadgenda. rac Seexeba
azerbaijans, Tu 2004 wels qveynis samxedro biujeti 270 mln dolaris
iyo, 2005 wels-300 mln dolaramde gaizarda. 2006 wels 600 milion dolars
264
gautolda, xolo 2007 wels 1 mlrd dolaramde avida.199 2011 wlisaTvis, am
qveynis Tavdacvis biujeti ki 3 mlrd. dolars gadaaWarbebs.
imis gamo, rom wignis mniSvnelovani nawili saqarTvelos daeTmoba, am
TavSi detalurad iqneba gaanalizebuli mxolod Cveni uSualo mezoblebis,
somxeTisa da azerbaijanis geopolitikuri roli da adgili dRevandel
msoflioSi.
somxeTi. somxeTma, miuxedavad saqarTvelosTan SedarebiT naklebad
xelsayreli geostrategiuli mdebareobis gamo, Tavidanve uaryo yarabaRis
sakiTxSi daTmobis sanacvlod regionSi gansaxorcielebel proeqtebSi
ufro aqtiurad CarTvis idea. igi gaRizianebulia masTan dapirispirebuli
azerbaijanis ZalisxmeviT energetikul proeqtebTan dakavSirebiT, radgan
maTi realizacia gamoiwvevs azerbaijanis gaZlierebas, aman SeiZleba
gamoiwvios am qveynis ekonomikis sxvadasxva dargebis ganviTareba da
yarabaRis konfliqtTan dakavSirebiT didi saxelmwifoebis azerbaijanis
mxareze gadabireba.
ruseTis imperiuli Zalebi aSkarad ganixilaven somxeTis gamoyenebis
SesaZleblobas kavkasiisa da kaspiis zRvis regionSi gansaxorcielebeli
proeqtebis CasaSlelad. amis gamo ar aris gamoricxuli, saomari
moqmedebebis ganaxleba yarabaRSi. magaliTisaTvis SeiZleba moviyvanoT 90-
iani wlebis bolos momxdari faqti, rodesac ruseTma somxeTs usasyidlod
gadasca daaxloebiT ramdenime aTeuli miliardi dolaris saomari
aRWurviloba, agreTve isic, rom axalqalaqis samxedro bazidan gamotanili
teqnikis transportireba ganxorcielda somxeTis teritoriaze ganlagebul
giumris samxedro bazaze. destabilizaciis arseboba regionis Tundac erT
saxelmwifoSi (aq ki saubari exeba somxeTs, azerbaijans da saqarTvelos)
mTlianad kavkasiisa da evroatlantikur regions xdis arastabilurs da
aqedan gamomdinare safrTxes uqmnis nebismieri proeqtis ganxorcielebas.
1996 wlis aprilSi somxeTma evrokavSirTan `partniorobisa da
TanamSromlobis Sesaxeb~ xelSekrulebas moawera xeli. 2004 wlidan
somxeTi gaxda evrokavSiris samezoblo politikis wevri, xolo 2009
wlidan aRmosavleTis samezoblo politikis wevri. natosTan
urTierTobisas ki somxeTi sifrTxiles iCens da cdilobs Tavisi poziciis
ruseTTan SeTanxmebas, Tumca 2004 wels man daiwyo individualuri
partniorobis samoqmedo gegmis-“aipapis” ganxorcieleba.
regionaluri organizaciebidan somxeTi damoukidebel saxelmwifoTa
da Savi zRvis ekonomikuri TanamSromlobis organizaciis wevria.
somxeTis mmarTveli wreebis warmomadgenelTa mosazrebis Tanaxmad, Tu
àbreSumis gzis~ proeqti mxolod dasavleTisaken kaspiis zRvaSi
mopovebuli navTobisa da gazis gadatvirTvas iTvaliswinebs, somxeTi
saerTaSoriso sazogadoebas, azerbaijanTan uTanxmoebis gamo bevrs
verafers SesTavazebs.
somxeTis politikur wreebSi didi xania arsebobs usityvo konsensusi
yarabaRis sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT. TiTqmis yvela politikuri Zala
aRiarebs imas, rom yarabaRis azerbaijanisaTvis daTmoba SeuZlebelia.
meores mxriv, somxeTis mosaxleobaSi sul ufro metad izrdeba imis
Segneba, rom yarabaRis sakiTxis gadawyvetis gareSe somxeTis ganviTarebas
199
stabilurobis mTavari garanti. Tbilisi. 2008 w. gv. 132E
265
didi dabrkolebebi gadaeRobeba win, risi erT-erTi naTeli magaliTia Savi
da kaspiis zRvis regionSi mimdinare proeqtebidan somxeTis gamoTiSva.
azerbaijani, romelsac saerTaSoriso mxardaWeris imedi aqvs, cdilobs
yarabaRis konfliqtis mowesrigebis procesSi monawileTa wre
maqsimalurad gaafarTovos da msoflios sazogadoebas warudginos es
konfliqti, rogorc somxeTis mier misi teritoriis mitaceba da ara
rogorc yarabaRis somexTa brZola TviTgamorkvevisaTvis. dasavleTis
mxridan somxeTze zewolis gaZlierebis baqos mTavari koziri ra Tqma unda
kaspiis navTobia. rac ufro izrdeba kaspiis navTobis resursebis
damuSavebaSi CarTuli ucxouri kompaniebis ricxvi, miT ufro mkacr
xasiaTs Rebulobs baqos pozicia mTian yarabaRTan mimarTebaSi. bolo xans
somxeTsa da azerbaijans Soris warmoebul molaparakebebSi garkveuli
winsvla SeiniSneba.
somxeTsa da natos wevr TurqeTs Soris dRevandel etapze metad
daZabuli urTierTobaa, miuxedavad imisa, rom 2009 wels orma qveyanam xeli
moawera SeTanxmebas diplomatiuri urTierTobebis aRdgenis Sesaxeb, Tumca
am xelSekrulebis ratificireba dREmde ar momxdara. TurqeTis mxare
uaryofs 1915 wels genocidis faqts da somxebis didi raodenobiT daRupvas
maT mier mowyobil ajanyebas miawers.
somxeTis mTavroba saerTaSoriso rezonansis meTodiT cdilobs
aiZulos TurqeTi uari Tqvas somxeTis ekonomikur blokadaze.
genocidis problemis garda somxeTisa da TurqeTis urTierTobebis
xelis SemSleli faqtoria yarabaRis sakiTxic. TurqeTi konfliqtis
dawyebidan azerbaijanis mxardamWer Tanamimdevrul politikas
axorcielebda.
ruseTisa da somxeTis urTierToba politikuri TvalsazrisiT metad
dinamiurad viTardeba. am ori qveynis poziciebi regionul da msoflio
politikis sakiTxebSi erTmaneTs emTxveva an erTmaneTis msgavsia. bevri
msgavseba SeiniSneba dsT-s farglebSi TanamSromlobis sakiTxebTan
dakavSirebiT. ruseTisa da somxeTis poziciebi kidev ufro daaxlovda mas
Semdeg, rac Aazerbaijanis xelisuflebam dasavleTis wamyvan
navTobkompaniebTan xeli moawera `saukunis kontraqts~ xeli. kaspiis
sanavTobo proeqtebis ganxorcilebas orive qveyana ganixilavs rogorc
ruseTis mier kavkasiis regionSi gavlenis sferos dakargvas da somxeTis
poziciebis Sesustebas. amitom rogorc ruseTi, aseve somxeTi cdiloben
maqsimalurad SeinarCunon is mWidro urTierToba, romelic am qveynebs
Soris arsebobs. 1996 wlis 29 agvistos ori qveynis prezidentebis mier
xeli moewera xelSekrulebas `megobrobis TanamSromlobisa da
urTierTdaxmarebis~ Sesaxeb. oficialurma baqom SeSfoTeba gamoTqva am
xelSekrulebasTan dakavSirebiT da mas uwoda "samxedro paqti". ruseTsa da
somxeTs Soris erT-erT umTavres mimarTulebas warmoadgens Tavdacvisa da
usafrTxoebis sakiTxebSi TanamSromloba, rac TavisTavad urTierTobis
maRal doneze metyvelebs. saerTaSoriso politikur wreebSi didi
rezonansi gamoiwvia 1996 wlis ganmavlobaSi ruseTis mier somxeTisaTvis
miliard dolaris Rirebulebis SeiaraRebisa da samxedro aRWurvilobis
gadacemis faqtis gamJRavnebam, agreTve 2005 wlidan somxeTis teritoriaze
axalqalaqis samxedro bazidan giumriSi SeiaraRebis gatanam. azerbaijanma
oficialuri protesti gamoTqva ruseTis interesebis winaaRmdeg.
somxeTisaTvis didi mniSvneloba aqvs ruseTTan TanamSromlobas
regionis politikuri problemebis mogvarebis sferoSi. susti
266
somxeTisaTvis ruseTTan samxedro kavSirs sasicocxlo mniSvneloba aqvs,
magram es kavSiri samxreT kavkasiaSi Tavisi gavlenis SesanarCuneblad da
regionSi TurqeTis eqspansiis SesaCereblad ruseTisaTvis metad
mniSvnelovania. ruseTis SeSfoTebas iwvevs agreTve amerikisa da natos
poziciebis momZlavreba samxreT kavkasiaSi, saqarTvelos mzadyofna nato-
sTan mWidro kavSirebis dasamyareblad. meore mxriv somexi eqspertebis
nawili SiSobs, rom ruseTs SeuZlia somxeTis iZuleba samSvidobo
procesis daCqarebisaken. garda amisa somxebi fiqroben, rom ruseTis
dasusteba gamoiwvevs saqarTvelosa (okupirebul regionebSi) da somxeTSi
misi samxedro Zalis SezRudvas, rac somxeTis sagareo politikaze
mniSvnelovan gavlenas moaxdenda. ruseTis dasusteba an kavkasiis regionis
aSS-s srul gavlenaSi moqceva SeuZlebels gaxdis moskov-Teiran-erevanis
geopolitikuri RerZis realizebasa da Aazerbaijanis energetikuli
proeqtebisaTvis maqsimaluri xelisSeSlis SesaZleblobas, razec somexi
politikosebi did imedebs amyareben.
ruseTTan mWidro TanamSromlobis miuxedavad somxeTs metad Tbili
urTierTobebi aqvs dasavleTis mowinave qveynebTan, gansakuTrebiT ki aSS-
Tan. am ukanasknelis Zalisxmeva mimarTulia iqiTken, rom Secvalos
somxeTis strategiuli orientacia ruseTze, gaamyaros Tavisi politikuri
gavlena am qveyanaSi da somxeTisa da azerbaijanis poziciebis daaxloebiT
gadawyvitos yarabaRis problema. zemoaRniSnuli faqtorebis gamo, amerikis
SeerTebuli Statebi somxeTis xelisuflebisagan Semdegi sakiTxebis
gadawyvetas cdilobs:
_ qveynidan gayvanil iqnas ruseTis samxedro baza da arsebiTad
Seicvalos urTierToba ruseTTan;
_ gawydes somxeTis yovelgvari kavSiri iranTan;
_ yarabaRi farTo avtonomiuri uflebebiT darCes azerbaijanis
SemadgenlobaSi;
vaSingtoni, rogorc humanitaruli donori, aqtiur zegavlenas axdens
somxeTSi mimdinare politikur procesebze. am mxriv mniSvnelovania somxur-
amerikuli diasporis roli, romelsac didi gavlena aqvs somxeTis
politikur elitaze. mniSvnelovania aRiniSnos aSS-is mier somxeTis
“mileniumis” programaSi CarTva, romelmac praqtikuli ganxorcieleba 2006
wlidan daiwyo da somxeTs am mizniT daaxloebiT 235 milioni aSS dolari
gamoeyofa.
azerbaijani. saqarTvelos strategiulma partniorma, gawonasworebuli

navTobpolitikis wyalobiT moipova dasavleTis da TurqeTis mxardaWera
da iqca kaspiisa da Savi zRvis regionis erT-erT sakvanZo qveynad.
energetikuli politikis gatarebisa da ucxoeTis navTobkompaniebTan
mravalmiliardiani kontraqtebis gaformebis Sedegad erT sul mosaxleze
ucxouri investiciebis moculobiT azerbaijani dsT-is qveynebs Soris
pirvel adgilzea. qveyanaSi yoveldRiurad daaxloebiT 20 milioni
dolaris moculobis ucxouri investicia xorcieldeba. qveynisTvis aseve
mniSvnelovania evrokavSiris samezoblo politikaSi, xolo 2009 wlidan
evrokavSiris aRmosavleTis partniorobis programaSi CarTva.
azerbaijanis amJamindeli xelisuflebis mier dasaxuli kursis erT-
erT ZiriTad mimarTulebad rCeba kaspiisa da Savi zRvis regionSi
poziciebis gamyareba, normaluri urTierTobebis SenarCuneba rogorc
ruseTTan, aseve dasavleTis wamyvan saxelmwifoebTan, ucxouri
267
investiciebis mozidva, navTobisa da gazis erTobliv damuSavebaze axali
kontraqtebis gaformeba da ganxorcileba, maT Soris mniSvnelovania
evropis mimarTulebiT axali milsadenebis mSenebloba Savi zRvis regionis
qveynebis gavliT. ucxouri investiciebis mozidvis mxriv miRweuli Sedegebi
TvalSisacem dadebiT gavlenas axdens azerbaijanis social-ekonomikur
ganviTarebasa da saerTaSoriso prestiJis ganmtkicebaze. 2006-2007 wlebSi
azerbaijanSi mTliani Sida produqtis zrdam 30%-s gadaameta.
Tu Cven gadavxedavT Aazerbaijanis mier gatarebul sagareo politikas,
qveynis bolo wlebis sagareo politikis analizi erTis mxriv
prodasavluri kursis ganmtkicebasa da saimedo partniorebis ricxvis
zrdaze miuTiTebs, rac ZiriTadad sanavTobo strategiisa da realizaciis
gziT xorcieldeba da meores mxriv qveynisTvis metad mniSvnelovania
ruseTTan keTilmezobluri urTierTobebis SenarCuneba, razec naTlad
metyvelebs ruseTis prezidentebis, putinisa da SemdgomSi medvedevis
vizitebi baqoSi. Tumca am urTierTobebs garkveuli daRi daasva ruseTis
mier azerbaijanisadmi gazis eqsportis Sewyvetam 2006 wels mas Semdeg,
rodesac azerbaijanma uari ganacxada rusuli gazis importze 230
dolarad.
azerbaijanis sagareopolitikuri prioriteti dasavleTTan, pirvel
rigSi aSS-Tan da TurqeT-saqarTvelosTan urTierTobis gaaqtiurebisakenaa
mimarTuli.
paralelurad, regionSi strategiuli interesebis gaTvaliswinebiT,
vaSingtoni da evrokavSiri cdiloben gaaZlieron azerbaijan-yazaxeTisa da
azerbaijan-TurqmeneTis TanamSromloba da aRmofxran is garkveuli
daZabuloba, romelic arsebobs am qveynebs Soris (gansakuTrebiT
Aazerbaijan-TurqmeneTis) TanamSromlobis gzaze.
amerikis SeerTebul Statebsa da azerbaijans Soris urTierTobaTa
ganxilva unda daviwyoT 1997 wlidan, roca Sedga azerbaijanis prezidentis
heidar alievis pirveli viziti aSS-Si. igi Sexvda prezident klintonsa da
prezidentis administraciis sxva maRali Tanamdebobis pirebs.
euTo-s minskis jgufis farglebSi aSS aqtiurad uWers mxars
azerbaijanis teritoriul mTlianobas. misi udidesi navTobkompaniebi
aqtiurad monawileoben kaspiis energoresursebis aTvisebaSi. aSS-is
interess azerbaijanis mimarT agreTve aZlierebs is faqtic, rom aSS-is
geopolitikuri interesebis sferoSia moqceuli Savi da kaspiis zRvis
regioni, sadac azerbaijans Tavisi energoresursebis gamo gansakuTrebuli
adgili eniWeba.
amave dros, ori qveynis urTierTobis ganviTarebis Semaferxebeli
faqtori iyo aSS-is kongresis mier miRebuli 907-e Sesworeba, romelic
azerbaijanisaTvis aSS-is samTavrobo daxmarebis aRmoCenas krZalavda.
~Tavisuflebis mxardaWeris aqti~ e. w. 907 Sesworeba 1992 wels amerikis
kongresma azerbaijanis mier yarabaRis winaaRmdeg ekonomikuri embargos
sababiT miiRo, Tumca dRes ukve amerikeli pilitologebi acxadeben, rom
yarabaRis problemis mowesrigebas ara baqo, aramed erevani aferxebs.
cxadia, rom 907-e Sesworeba Tavad amerikis interesebs ewinaaRmdegeba. AaSS-
is prezidentis administraciis mravali mcdelobis miuxedavad, Sesworeba
ramdenime wlis ganmavlobaSi kidev ZalaSi rCeboda, romlis ZiriTadi
mizezia somxuri diaspora, romelsac didi gavlena aqvs aSS-is senatSi.
Tumca mas Semdeg, rac azerbaijanma aiRo mkveTri prodasavluri kursi,
agreTve aSS-is udidesi dainteresebam Aazerbaijanis energoresursebis
268
mimarT ganapiroba is faqti, rom miuxedavad somxuri lobis
winaaRmdegobisa, aSS-is kongresma ramdenime cota xnis win gaauqma
azerbaijanis mimarT dawesebuli embargo.
azerbaijan-ruseTs Soris urTierTobebi Soris rogorc politikuri,
aseve ekonomikuri urTierTobebi bolo wlebis ganmavlobaSi
winaaRmdegobrivad viTardeboda. azerbaijani samxreT kavkasiaSi im qveyanas
warmoadgens, sadac ar arsebobs ruseTis samxedro bazebi. marTalia
moskovis zewolis Sedegad azerbaijani 1993 wels oficialurad Sevida
dsT-Si, magram ruseTis samxedro bazebi mas Tavis teritoriaze ar
daubrunebia, Tumca qveyanaSi isev ruseTis zewolis Sedegad 2000 wlidan
funqcionirebs ruseTis sakuTrebaSi myofi gabalinis radiolokaciuri
sadguri.
or qveyanas Soris urTierTobis yvelaze mwvave problemad kaspiis
zRvis iuridiuli statusi, kaspiis energoresursebis aTvisebasTan
dakavSirebuli problemebi, somxeTisaTvis iaraRis gadacema da ruseT-
somxeTis TanamSromlobis sakiTxebi rCeba. azerbaijanSi seriozul
SeSfoTebas gamoTqvamen ruseT-somxeTis TanamSromlobis gafarToebis
gegmebTan dakavSirebiT, garda amisa, rogorc zemoT aRiniSna, aucilebelia
aRiniSnos azerbaijanis mier ruseTis gazis importze uaris Tqma, rodesac
ruseTi cdilobda aeZulebina azerbaijani raTa am ukanasknels uari eTqva
sakuTari gazis saqarTveloSi eqsportze. saqarTveloze zewolasTan erTad
ruseTis mizani iyo xeli SeeSala ruseTidan TurqeTSi mimavali “cisferi
nakadis” konkurenti proeqtis baqo-Tbilisi-erzurumis proeqtis
ganxorcielebisTvis. Tavis mxriv, azerbaijanmac uari ganacxada
ganexorcielebina navTobis transportireba ruseTis port novorosiiskamde
baqo-novorosiiskis navTobsadenis meSveobiT, Tumca, ukve 2008 wlis
agvistos Semdeg, or qveyanas Soris daido rigi SeTanxmebebi, maT Soris
ruseTis mier azerbaijanSi mopovebuli jer 500 milioni, xolo Semdeg 1
miliardi kuburi metri bunebrivi airis Sesyidvis Taobaze. agreTve,
azerbaijanuli navTobis baqo-novorosiiskis milsadeniT transportirebis
Taobaze.
azerbaijan-TurqeTis urTierTobebi tradiciulad strategiuli
partniorobis farglebSi viTardeba. yarabaRis konfliqtis mowesrigebis
sakiTxSi, TurqeTi erTmniSvnelovnad azerbaijans uWers mxars. kaspiis
sanavTobo proeqtebma es ori Turqulenovani qveyana kidev ufro daaxlova.
baqom araerTgzis aRniSna, rom azerbaijanis ZiriTadi navTobsadeni
Turqul port jeihanisken gaemarTeba.
or qveyanas Soris urTierTobebi kidev ufro gamyarda mas Semdeg,
rodesac daiwyo jer baqo-Tbilisi-jeihanis navTobsadenis, xolo 2007
wlidan baqo-Tbilisi-erzurumis gazsadenis funqcionirebam. amave dros
udidesi mniSvneloba eniWeba baqo-Tbilisi-axalqalaqi-yarsis rkinigzis
amoqmedebasac, romelsac SeuZlia mniSvnelovani dadebiTi gavlena
moaxdinos kaspiisa da Savi zRvis, da aseve mTlianad evro-atlantikur
regionSi savaWro-ekonomikuri urTierTobebis ganviTarebaze.
1996 wels azerbaijansa da evrokavSirs (romlis wevri ramdenime
qveynis navTobkompania aqtiurad monawileobs kaspiis navTobis aTvisebis
saqmeSi) Soris gaformda ~partniorobisa da TanamSromlobis SeTanxmeba~,
romelic ZalaSia 1999 wlis 1 ivlisidan. aRniSnuli SeTanxmebis erT-erT
prioritetul mimarTulebas energetikul sferoSi TanamSromloba
warmoadgens. agreTve, udidesi mniSvneloba eniWeba azerbaijanis CarTvas
269
evrokavSiris samezoblo iniciativis farglebSi 2004 wlidan, da
aRmosavleTis partniorobis programis farglebSi 2009 wlidan.
evrokavSiris interesebi qveynis mimarT gansakuTrebiT gaizarda mas Semdeg,
rac evropam seriozulad daiwyo fiqri axali gazsadenis mSeneblobis
Sesaxeb azerbaijanis teritoriaze, raTa SemdgomSi moxdes evropis
mimarTulebiT bunebrivi gazis transportireba.
zemoaRniSnulidan gamomdinare, azerbaijanis respublikis sagareo
politikis ZiriTad miznad SeiZleba ganisazRvros kaspiis sanavTobo
proeqtebSi ucxouri navTobkompaniebis maqsimaluri CarTva, erovnuli
damoukideblobis gamyareba, teritoriuli mTlianobis aRdgenis
xelSewyoba, regionaluri TanamSromlobis gaRrmaveba da sxvadasxva
saxelmwifoebTan Tanasworuflebiani urTierTobebis gamyareba.
suami
postsabWoTa sivrceze regionaluri TanamSromlobis erT-erT TvalsaCino

magaliTs saqarTvelos, ukrainis, azerbaijanisa da moldovas aliansi -
suam-i warmoadgens.
suam-is arseboba miuTiTebs, rom dsT-is sivrceSi aSkarad gamoikveTa
saxelmwifoTa ori ZiriTadi dajgufeba. pirvels Seadgenen is qveynebi,
romelTa sagareo politikis mTavar prioritets, pirvel rigSi, ruseTTan
integraciuli procesebis ganviTareba warmoadgens. am jgufs miekuTvnebian,
ase vTqvaT, `rusuli~ orientaciis qveynebi. masSi gaerTianebuli arian dsT-
is koleqtiuri uSiSroebis xelSekrulebis qveynebi - ruseTi, belorusia,
yazaxeTi, somxeTi, yirgizeTi, yazaxeTi da tajikeTi. am qveynebma 1999 wlis
20 aprils ganaaxles 1993 wlis maisSi taSkentSi xelmowerili
xelSekruleba dsT-is qveynebis koleqtiuri usafrTxoebis Sesaxeb. garda
amisa am organizaciis 5 wevri (ruseTi, belorusia, yazaxeTi, yirgizeTi,
tajikeTi) ekonomikuri xasiaTis mqone xelSekrulebis, `sabaJo kavSiris~
wevrebi arian.
rac Seexeba meore dajgufebas, mas warmoadgenen suam-is wevri
saxelmwifoebi, romelTa mTavar sagareo-politikuri prioritets
dasavleTis qveynebTan daaxloeba warmoadgens. saqarTvelom, azerbaijanma
ar ganaaxles xelSekruleba dsT-is qveynebis koleqtiuri usafrTxoebis
Sesaxeb, xolo moldova da ukraina Tavidanve ar monawileobdnen am
xelSekrulebaSi (cnobilia, rom 2010 wlis ianvarSi ukrainaSi Catarebuli
saprezidento arCevnebis Sedegad, qveynis prioritetebi nawilobriv
Seicvala).
saerTo problemebis da interesebis gaTvaliswinebiT savaraudo iyo,
rom suam-i aqtiuri regionuli warmonaqmni iqneboda, Tumca ukanasknelma
wlebma cxadyo, rom suam-is farglebSi TanamSromloba bevr problemasTan
iyo dakavSirebuli. suuam-is imijs didi dartyma miayena uzbekeTis
poziciam, romelic 2002-2005 wlebSi praqtikulad ar monawileobda suuam-is
egidiT gamarTul SexvedrebSi.
suam-is funqcionirebad organizaciad Camoyalibebas mniSvnelovnad
uSlis xels ruseTis mizanmimarTuli mcdelobebi Seaferxos organizaciis
saqmianoba da moaxdinos misi diskreditacia da dezorganicia.
amasTan erTad unda aRiniSnos rom suam-s aqvs yvela SesaZlebloba
iqces srulfasovan regionul organizaciad, romelic akmayofilebs Tavisi
wevrebis miznebs da interesebs. mniSvnelovania suam-is wevri qveynebis
270
xelsayreli geopolitikuri mdebareoba da dasavleTis, kerZod ki aSS-is da
evrokavSiris mxardaWera.
TanamSromlobis sferoebi:
saqarTvelosaTvis prioritetulia suam-is farglebSi
TanamSromlobis gaRrmaveba rigi mizezebis gamo. upirveles yovlisa
aRsaniSnavia, rom saqarTvelos SeuZlia suam-is gadaqceva Savi zRvis auzis
qveynebis organizaciad, romlis mTavari prioriteti iqneba TanamSromloba
usafrTxoebis, demokratiuli institutebis ganviTarebisa da adamianis
uflebebis dacvis, terorizmis winaaRmdeg brZolis da sxva saerTo
interesebis sferoebSi. amasTan aRsaniSnavia, rom suuam-ma ar unda dakargos
Tavdapirveli – energetikuli derefnis usafrTxoebis da ekonomikuri
TanamSromlobis gaRrmavebis funqcia.
institucionaluri sakiTxebi:umniSvnelovanesi sakiTxia suam-is
sainformacio centris Camoyalibeba, romelic Seasrulebs organizaciis
samdivnos funqcias. aseTi centris Seqmnis SemTxvevaSi SesaZlebeli gaxdeba
aSS-is mier suam-is proeqtebis pirdapiri dafinanseba, maSin rodesac axla
es samxreT-aRmosavleT evropis TanamSromlobis iniciativis (SECI-South
Eastern European Cooperation Initiative) centris meSveobiT xorcielddeeba. suam-is
saqmianobis koordinaciis garda sainformacio centri unda gaxdes suam-is
wevri qveynebis sazogadoebebis da gare samyarosaTvis suam-is Taobaze
informaciis gavrcelebis saSualeba.
konfliqtebis mogvarebis sferoSi TanamSromloba: suam-is wevr qveynebs
bevri saerTo xasiaTis problemebi gaaCniaT, maT Soris teritoriuli
mTlianobis problema, agresiuli separatizmi (afxazeTi da samaCablo
saqarTveloSi, dnestrispireTi moldovaSi, mTiani yarabaRi azerbaijanSi)
da konfliqtebis savaraudo wyaroebis arseboba. aRsaniSnavia, rom es
problema aseve aqtualuria ukrainisaTvis, imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom
ukrainaSi arsebobs yirimis avtonomiuri olqi.
zemoaRniSnulidan gamomdinare, suam-is wevri qveynebisaTvis
potenciuri konfliqtebis aRmofxvris sakiTxebSi TanamSromloba erT-erT
mTavar prioritetul mimarTulebas warmoadgens.
Sesabamisad, mniSvnelovania suam-is gadaqceva organizaciad, romelic
izrunebs Savi zRvis regionSi konfliqtebis gadaWraze da aqtiur
Zalisxmevas gaiRebs eTnikuri da sxva umciresobebis uflebebis da
TviTmyofadobis dasacavad.
adamianis uflebebis dacvis da demokratiuli institutebis ganviTarebis
sferoSi TanamSromloba TanamSromlobis ganviTareba adamianis uflebebis
dacvis da demokratiuli institutebis ganviTarebis sferoSi suam-isaTvis
erT-erT umniSvnelovanes prioritets warmoadgens. am mimarTulebiT
sasurvelia TanamSromloba Semdeg sakiTxebze:
- wevr-saxelmwifoebSi suam-is egidiT arCevnebis monitoringi;
- informaciis da gamocdilebis urTierTgacvla da gaziareba
erovnuli umciresobebis dacvis sferoSi;
- informaciis da gamocdilebis urTierTgacvla samxedro Zalebze
demokratiuli kontrolis ganxorcielebis sferoSi.
samxedro-politikuri TanamSromloba: metad didi mniSvnelobis amocanas

warmoadgens TanamSromloba samxedro-politikur sakiTxebSi. am sferoSi
koordinirebuli moqmedebebis ganviTarebis mizniT mizanSewonili iqneboda
muSaoba Semdeg sakiTxebze:
- dsT-is sivrceSi ruseTis gavlenis Sesustebis mizniT muSaobis
dawyeba usafrTxoebis sferoSi TanamSromlobis dawyebaze. aRniSnuli
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nabiji, Cvenis azriT, aiZulebs ruseTs ufro frTxili politika gaataros
suam-is qveynebis mimarT; miuxedavad amisa, SesaZlebelia koleqtiuri
usafrTxoebis organizaciis ganxorcielebis Sesaxeb msjelobis dawyeba
wevri-saxelmwifoebisaTvis monawileobisgan Tavis Sekavebis daTqmis (opt-out
clause) uflebis miniWebiT;
- principuli saerTo poziciis Camoyalibeba suam-s ori wevri qveynis
(saqarTvelo da moldova) teritoriidan ruseTis federaciis samxedro
kontingentis (saokupacio Zalebi saqarTveloSi da me-14 armia moldovaSi)
umokles vadebSi gasvlasTan dakavSirebiT;
- suam-is farglebSi koordinirebuli saqmianobis warmoeba wevri-
saxelmwifoebis evro-atlantikur struqturebTan integraciis mizniT;
- suam-is rolis gaZliereba Savi zRvis usafrTxoebis sistemaSi;
- molaparakebis gamarTva suam-is wevr-saxelmwifoebTan
saqarTvelosa da azerbaijanis teritoriaze erToblivi samxedro
wvrTnebis warmoebis Sesaxeb. aRniSnuli wvrTnebis mTavari amocana unda
iyos baqo-Tbilisi-jeihanis navTobsadenis erToblivi dacva suam-is
samxedro Zalebis mier, raTa aRkveTili iqnes saqarTveloSi ruseTis mier
okupirebuli regionebidan da safrTxis potenciuri sxva wyaroebidan
momdinare raime saxis provokacia;
- koordinirebuli poziciebis SemuSaveba nato-s an aSS-is
xelmZRvanelobasTan molaparakebebis dros, raTa aRniSnuli samxedro
wvrTnebisaTvis SesaZlebeli iyos finansuri saxis daxmarebis gaweva, aseve
SesaZleblobebis farglebSi suuam-is specialuri daniSnulebis
qveganayofebis Tanamedrove Nnato-s SeiaraRebiT aRWurva;
- suam-is wevr-saxelmwifoTa samxedro mosamsaxureebis
kvalifikaciis amaRlebis mizniT poziciebis SemuSaveba suuam-is wevri
romelime qveynis teritoriaze nato-s programa `partnioroba
mSvidobisaTvis~ farglebSi samxedro wvrTnebis Catarebis Taobaze,
programis sxva wevr saxelmwifoebTan erTad;
- mniSvnelovania koordinirebuli politikis warmoeba ruseTTan,
sxvadasxva saxis provokaciebis Tavidan asacileblad.
evrokavSirTan daaxloebis formati: suam-s gaaCnia didi potenciali iqces
ara marto srulfasovan regionul organizaciad, aramed misi wevri
saxelwifoebis evrokavSirTan daaxloebis meqanizmad. imis gaTvaliswinebiT,
rom suam-is oTxi wevri saxelmwifo aseve CarTulia aRmosavleTis
partniorobis programis politikaSi da gaaCniaT mkveTri pro-evropuli
miswrafebebi, savaraudod momgebiani da mniSvnelovani iqneba
TanamSromlobis gaRrmaveba evrokavSirTan.
evrokavSirTan urTierTobis mniSvnelovani etapi daiwyo 2003 wlis
noemberSi, rodesac evrokavSiri seriozulad dainteresda suuam-is
saqmianobiT. evrokavSirTan partniorobis gasaRrmaveblad sasurvelia:
- suam-is wevr-saxelmwifoebSi TanamSromloba evrokavSiris
standartebTan Sesabamisad kanonmdeblobis harmonizaciis sferoSi;
- suam-is miznebis da amocanebis evrokavSiris miznebTan da
amocanebTan SesabamisobaSi moyvana;
- suam-is farglebSi evrokavSiris daxmarebiT da egidiT saerTo
proeqtebis ganxorcieleba da evrokavSiris eqspertizis gamoyeneba;
- suam-is energetikuli derefnis da anti-teroristuli funqciebis
gaZliereba, rac pirdapir kavSirSia regionSi evrokavSiris interesebTan.
terorizmis da transnacionaluri danaSaulebebis winaaRmdeg brZola:
272
am mxriv umniSvnelovanesia saerTo virtualuri anti-teroristuli da
samarTaldacvis sakiTxTa regionuli virtualuri centris (VLEC - Regional
Virtual Law Enforcement Center) Seqmnis dasruleba. virtualuri centri da
saxelmwifoTaSorisi sainformacio menejmentis sistemis proeqti (VC/IIMS),
evrokavSiris da aSS-is daxmarebiT aucileblad unda dasruldes umokles
vadaSi. msgavsi centris Seqmna mniSvnelovnad Seuwyobs xels Savi zRvis
regionSi anti-teroristuli garemos Camoyalibebas da suam-is prestiJis
amaRlebas saerTaSoriso sazogadoebis TvalSi.
momavalSi aseve mniSvnelovani iqneba realuri centris Seqmna suam-
is romelime wevri-saxelmwifos dedaqalaqSi, romelic koordinacias
gauwevs suam-is wevrebis anti-teroristul da samarTaldamcav qmedebebs.
aranakleb mniSvnelovania narkotikuli nivTierebebis gavrcelebis
winaaRmdeg brZola. saqarTvelom, rogorc qveyanam, romelic suam-is
farglebSi anti-narkotikuli saqmianobis koordinatoria, unda gaagrZelos
aqtiuri TanamSromloba wevr-saxelmwifoebs Soris erTiani anti-
narkotikuli politikis SesamuSaveblad. am mxriv, rogorc zemoT
avRniSneT, mniSvnelovania virtualuri centris efeqturi funqcionireba.
centris operacionalizaciisaTvis aucilebelia:
- narkotikuli nivTierebebis gadamtanebis, sindikatebis da
narkotikebis gadaadgilebis Sesaxeb konfidencialuri, sarwmuno
informaciis sistematizacia da virtualuri centris meSveobiT suam-is
wevr saxelmwifoebs Soris gacvla;
- farTomasStabiani anti-narkotikuli propagandis Catareba wevr
saxelmwifoebSi;
- ucxoel kolegebTan mWidro kontaqtebis damyareba da eqspertizisa
da gamocdilebis gacvla.
energetikis sferoSi TanamSromloba: erT-erT umTavres prioritets suam-
is wevri saxelmwifoebisaTvis warmoadgens evro-aziuri satransporto
derefnisa da kaspiis navTobis dasavleTis mimarTulebiT transportirebis
sferoSi TanamSromlobis gaZliereba. mniSvnelovania aRiniSnos, rom
arsebobs proeqti, romlis mixedviT azerbaijanidan saqarTvelos
teritoriis gavliT sufsis terminalidan navTobis transportireba
tankerebis meSveobiT moxdeba.
am mxriv sayuradReboa odesa-brodis navTobsadenis roli. ramdenadac
cnobilia odesidan, jer kidev sabWoTa periodSi arsebuli navTobsadenis
da axali odesa-brodis navTobsadenis meSveobiT moxdeba navTobis
transportireba aRmosavleT da dasavleT evropis, agreTve moldovas
mimarTulebiT.
ekonomikuri da satransporto TanamSromloba:

bolo wlebis ganmavlobaSi ukraina da azerbaijani Sedian
saqarTvelos umsxviles savaWro partniorTa aTeulSi. rac Seexeba
saxelSekrulebo-samarTlebriv bazas, suam-is wevr saxelmwifoebTan
sxvadasxva sferoSi saqarTvelos xelmowerili aqvs 200-ze meti dokumenti,
aqedan 100-ze meti ekonomikuri xasiaTisaa.
udidesi mniSvneloba eniWeba suam-is wevr saxelmwifoTa Soris
ekonomikuri TanamSromlobis ganviTarebas da erTiani ekonomikuri sivrcis
Seqmnas. aseve mniSvnelovania suam-is wevr-saxelmwifoebs Soris
transportis sferoSi TanamSromlobis gaRrmaveba da saerTo ZalisxmevebiT
investiciebis mozidva regionSi satransporto infrastruqturis
gasaviTareblad.
273
suam-is satransporto derefnis ganviTareba idealur winapiroba
iqneba wevr-saxelmwifoebs Soris ekonomikuri da sxva saxis
TanamSromlobis gasaRrmaveblad.
suam-is wevr-saxelmwifoebs Soris ekonomikuri TanamSromlobis
gasaRrmaveblad mniSvnelovania Tavisufali vaWrobis Sesaxeb SeTanxmebis
da transportis xelSewyobis proeqtebis (Transport Facilitation Project)
implementacia. msgavsi proeqtebis warmatebiT Sesrulebam samxreT-
aRmosavleT evropis TanamSromlobis iniciativis farglebSi (SECI – South-
East European Cooperation Initiative) dadebiTad imoqmeda makedoniis, bulgareTis,
rumineTis, albaneTis, ungreTis, xorvatiis da moldovas sabaJo
administraciebis ganviTarebasa da momzadebaze.
vaWrobis da transportirebis xelSewyobis programis mTavari mizania
suam-is qveynebSi mimzidveli satransporto infrastruqturis ganviTareba
da am qveynebis ekonomikuri usafrTxoebis uzrunvelyofa.
zemoTCamoTvlili miznebis misaRwevad sasurvelia:
erT-erT umTavres prioritets suam-is wevri saxelmwifoebisaTvis
warmoadgens evro-aziuri satransporto derefnisa da kaspiis navTobis
dasavleTis mimarTulebiT transportirebis sferoSi TanamSromlobis
gaZliereba.
institucionaluri sakiTxebi: mniSvnelovaniasuam-is sainformacio centris
Camoyalibeba, romelic koordinacias gauwevs suam-is saqmianobas.
am ideis gansaxorcieleblad albaT aucilebelia koordinirebuli
moqmedeba suuam-is wevri saxelmwifoebis Sesabamisi saministroebis
Sesabamis departamentebsa da sammarTveloebs Soris, raTa moxdes saboloo
SeTanxmeba Tu ra tipis informaciis gacvlaa aucilebeli suam-is ufro
efeqturad funcionirebis mizniT.
sainformacio centri unda gaiyos ramdenime sammarTvelod da
ganyofilebad, magaliTad: samxedro TanamSromlobis sammarTvelo,
politikisa da usafrTxoebis sakiTxebis sammarTvelo, ekonomikuri
TanamSromlobis sammarTvelo da a. S. TiToeuli sammarTvelo Tavis mxriv
unda daiyos calkeul ganyofilebebad an mimarTulebebad, magaliTad:
politikisa da usafrTxoebis sakiTxebis sammarTvelos erT-erTi
ganyofileba iyos suam-is evro-atlantikur struqturebTan urTierTobis
ganyofileba da a. S.
centris saqmianoba unda iwarmoebodes suam-is qveynebis Sesabamis
saministroebTan (magaliTad samxedro TanamSromlobis sammarTvelos
Tavdacvis saministroebTan da a. S.) mWidro TanamSromlobis gziT.
sasurvelia rom centrma miRebuli informaciis safuZvelze,
gansazRvros suam-is politikis is prioritetuli mimarTulebebi, romelic
xels Seuwyobs sxvadasxva sferoSi TanamSromlobis ganviTarebas wevr
saxelmwifoebs Soris.
kaspiis zRvis regionis mniSvneloba Tanamedrove msoflio

geopolitikaSiKN
kaspiis zRvis regionSi gansaxorcielebeli energetikuli proeqtebis

Sedegad regionma axali geostrategiuli funqcia SeiZina, igi moeqca
msoflios mravali wamyvani saxelmwifos mTavrobebisa da maTi
energetikuli kompaniebis politikuri da ekonomikuri interesebis sferoSi.
specialistebis TqmiT, winaswarma gamoTvlebma cxadyo, rom 2010-2020 wlebSi
msoflio moTxovna navTobze weliwadSi saSualod 2-3%-iT gaizrdeba,
274
xolo 2030 wlisaTvis msoflio moTxovnileba navTobze gaizrdeba
daaxloebiT mesamediT-dRe-RameSi 110-113 milion barelamde. swored es aris
erT-erTi mizezi imisa, rom ukve ramdenime welia, rac dasavleTis wamyvani
saxelmwifoebi, romlebic cdiloben Tavi daaRwion axlo aRmosavleTis da
ruseTis energoresursebze damokidebulebas da eZeben am nedleuliT
uzrunvelyofis alternatiul wyaroebs msoflios sxvadasxva regionebSi.
erT-erT aseT mniSvnelovan regions warmoadgens kaspiis zRvis auzis
regioni, sadac msoflios wamyvanma kompaniebma 1995 wlidan moyolebuli,
mniSvnelovani kapitaldabandebebi ganaxorcieles.
navTobis mTavari sabadoebi kaspiis zRvis regionSi ZiriTadad

azerbaijanisa da yazaxeTis teritoriazea ganlagebuli. resursebis
savaraudo saerTo raodenoba 200 mlrd barels (daaxloebiT 32 mlrd tona)
aRwevs, ukve aRmoCenili 30 mlrd barelis (daaxloebiT 5 mlrd tona)
CaTvliT.
yazaxeTSi navTobis ZiriTadi resursebi ganlagebulia qveynis

dasavleT da centralur nawilebSi. es navTobi didZal gogirds Seicavs.
postsabWoTa sivrceSi yazaxeTi ganixileba rogorc navTobiT yvelaze
mdidari qveyana ruseTis Semdeg. aq aRmoCenilia navTobisa da gazis
daaxloebiT 180 sabado, maTgan aTvisebulia mxolodE60. navTobis
dadgenili maragi daaxloebiT 2,2 miliard tonas Seadgens, potenciuri
maragi-8 miliard tonas, xolo wliuri mopoveba 70 milioni tonaa.
TurqmeneTis navTobis savaraudo resursebi daaxloebiT 46 miliardi

barelia (6,5 mlrd tona).
uzbekeTSi, sadac ganlagebulia navTobisa da gazis 230-mde sabado,

navTobis dadgenili maragi 100 milion tonaze metia.
azerbaijanis navTobis aRmoCenili maragi Seadgens 2,3 mlrd tonas,

xolo savaraudo resursebi 7 miliard tonaze metia.200
saTbob-energetikuli resursebis miwodebis usafrTxoebis mizniT,

momxmarebeli qveynebi navTobproduqtebis wyaroebis diversificirebas
axdenen. swored esaa erT-erTi mizezi imisa, ris gamoc msoflios
yuradReba kaspiis zRvis auzis energoresursebisadmia miqceuli. kaspiis
zRvis auzSi ki, gansakuTrebiT azerbaijanis energoresursebs strategiuli
ganlageba gaaCnia. magaliTad TurqmeneTis sabadoebi momxmareblisagan didi
manZiliTaa daSorebuli da komerciulad Znelad asaTvisebelia, amitom am
qveynebs energoindustriis bedi ZviradRirebuli milsadenebis agebazea
damokidebuli.
kaspiis zRvis auzis regions msoflio bazarze navTobis miwodebis

wyaros diversificireba da arastabilur sparseTis yureze
damokidebulebis sagrZnoblad Semcireba SeuZlia.
kaspiis regionis resursebi umniSvnelovanesia msoflios energetikuli

usafrTxoebisaTvis.
200
Nnika CitaZe. “kaspiis sanavTobo proeqtebi da saqarTvelos satranzito roli.
Ppolitikuri da ekonomikuri aspeqtebi”. sadisertacio naSromi. 2004 w. gv. 25
275
xmelTaSua zRvis regionSi arsebuli geopolitikuri
viTareba
xmelTaSua zRvis regioni, sadac evropis samxreT nawilSi mdebare

qveynebi warmoadgenen natosa da evrokavSiris wevr saxelmwifoebs, didi
xania moqceulia dasavleTis, gansakuTreebiT ki Crdiloatlantikuri
aliansis da evrokavSiris interesebis sferoSi. jer kidev 1969 wels natom
Seqmna samxedro-sazRvao SenaerTi xmelTaSua zRvaze arsebuli gamowvevebis
sapasuxod. 1970 wels, natos samxedro dagegmarebis komitetma Tavdacvis
ministrebis doneze gamarTul Tavis morig sesiaze, dagmo sabWoTa
daswrebis zrda xmelTaSua zRvis regionSi da miesalma natos samxedro-
sazRvao SenaerTis Seqmnas xmelTaSua zRvaSi.
DdRevandel etapze natos mier xmelTaSua zRvis akvatoriaSi xorcieldeba
aliansis programa Active Endevour.
regionis aliansis arawevr qveynebTan - Crdilo afrikasa da axlo
aRmosavleTSi nato Tavis TanamSromlobas awarmoebs xmelTaSuazRvis
dialogis saSualebiT. xmelTaSua zRvis dialogi warmoadgens aliansis
usafrTxoebis uzrunvelyofisadmi politikis ganuyofel nawils, romelic
dafuZnebulia TanamSromlobaze da mWidrodaa dakavSirebuli
usafrTxoebis viTarebasTan xmelTaSua zRvis regionSi.
dialogi dawyebul iqna 1994 wels da Tavdapirvelad mas miuerTdnen eqvsi
saxelmwifo: egvipte, israeli, iordania, mavritania, maroko da tunisi. 2000
wlidan dialogis monawile gaxda alJiri. dialogis mizans warmoadgens
urTierTanamSromlobis ganviTareba xmelTaSuazRvis regionSi, aseve
regionaluri TanamSromlobisa da stabilurobis uzrunvelyofa.
dialogis farglebSi gaTvaliswinebulia wevr-saxelmwifoebTan
politikuri diskusiebis warmoeba. saqmianoba dafuZnebulia erTwlian
samuSao programaze, sadac ZiriTadi yuradReba eTmoba praqtikuli
TanamSromlobis ganviTarebas iseT sferoebSi, romlebic dakavSirebulia
usafrTxoebasa da TavdacvasTan, samoqalaqo dagegmvasTan da
mecnierebasTan.
dialogi iRebs sxvadasxva formas, kerZod, dialogis monawile
qveynebidan mowveva saswavlo kursebze natos skolaSi - oberamergauSi
(germania) da natos Tavdacvis kolejSi romSi. dialogis monawileTaTvis
kursebi tardeba samSvidobo operaciebis, SeiaraRebiaze kontrolis,
ekologiuri dacvis, samxedro-samoqalaqo TanamSromlobis, agreTve evropis
usafrTxoebis sakiTxebze.
amave dros aRsaniSnavia is faqti, rom dialogis dawyebas dasabami mieca
mas Semdeg, rac 1994 wels natos wevri qveynebis sagareo saqmeTa
ministrebis Sexvedraze miRebul iqna gancxadeba natos wevri qveynebis
mzadyofnis Sesaxeb “daemyarebinaT kontaqtebi erTjerad safuZvelze
Crdiloatlantikur alianssa da natos arawevr xmelTaSua zRvis regionis
qveynebs Soris.”
dialogi ZiriTadad dafuZnebulia ormxriv urTierTobebze natosa da
dialogis wevr saxelmwifoebs Soris. is agreTve mimarTulia saerTaSoriso
ZalisxmevaTa aqtivizaciisaken, msgavsad barselonis procesisa, rodesac
1995 wlis noemberSi evrokavSiris TxuTmetma wevrma saxelmwifom da
xmelTaSua zRvis regionis Tormetma saxelmwifom, romlebic ar Sediodnen
evrokavSirSi-alJirma, egviptem, israelma, iordaniam, kviprosma, libanma,
maltam, marokom, palestinis administraciam, siriam, tunisma da TurqeTma
xeli moaweres barselonis deklaracias, romelic gansazRvravda evropasa
da xmelTaSuazRvispireTs Soris partniorobis farglebs. deklaraciaSi
276
miTiTebul iqna sami ZiriTadi mizani: 1) usafrTxoebisa da politikis
sferoSi partniorobis damyareba, romelic mimarTuli iqneboda mSvidobisa
da stabilurobis saerTo zonis Seqmnaze; 2) ekonomikuri da finansuri
partnioroba, mimarTuli aRorZinebis saerTo zonis Seqmnaze; 3) calkeul
moqalaqeebs Soris socialuri d kulturuli partniorobis ganviTareba,
raTa gafarToebul iqnes kontaqtebi wevri saxelmwifoebis samoqalaqo
sazogadoebebs Soris. F
xmelTaSuazRvis qveynebTan TanamSromloba mniSvnelovania im faqtis
gaTvaliswinebiTac, rom regionis qveynebi floben mniSvnelovan
energetikul resursebs. magaliTad, evropis mier navTobis importis
TiTqmis 10% CrdiloeT afrikidan xorcieldeba (ZiriTadad libiidan). rac
Seexeba bunebriv airs, aq importis 27% alJiridan mowodebuli bunebrivi
airiT xorcieldeba.
axlo aRmosavleTi da sparseTis yure – umniSvnelovanesi

geopolitikuri regionebi
msoflios mravali qveynisaTvis sparseTis yuris regionis qveynebTan

TanamSromlobis ganviTarebas udidesi mniSvneloba eniWeba. ra Tqma unda
regions udidesi mniSvneloba eniWeba ramdenime faqtoris gaTvaliswinebiT:
regioni metad mdidaria energetikuli resursebiT. kerZod, msoflioSi
navTobis damtkicebuli maragis 66,4% ganTavsebulia axlo aRmosavleTis
regionSi. raodenobrivi TvalsazrisiT, sparseTis yureSi “Savi oqros”
dadgenili maragi daaxloebiT 100 miliard tonas Seadgens. am mxriv,
gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovani navTobis maragi gaaCnia saudis arabeTs-
daaxloebiT 22-26 mlrd tona da quveiTs-daaxloebiT 10 mlrd tona.201
rac Seexeba gazis maragebs, aq aRsaniSnavia, rom udidesi gazis maragebi
gaaCnia yatars, am qveyanaSi 2005 wels gazis mopovebam daaxloebiT 26
miliardi kuburi metri Seadgina.
Aaseve mniSvnelovania aRiniSnos, rom axlo aRmosavleTis regionSi
mdebare saudis arabeTis navTobi evropuli saxelmwifoebis am sawvavze
moTxovnilebas 12,78%-iT akmayofilebs. rac Seexeba aSS-is, am qveynis
navTobis importis 15% xorcieldeba sparseTis yuris regionidan.
mniSvnelovania is faqtic, rom axlo aRmosavleTis qveynebi, saudis
arabeTi, gaerTianebul arabTa saemiroebi, yatari, irani da erayi navTobis
eqsportiori qveynebis organizacia opekis wevrebi arian. Tu
gaviTvaliswinebT im faqts, rom opekze modis navTobis maragis 77% da
mopovebis 40%, da opekis wevri qveynebis politikazea damokidebuli
navTobze msoflio fasebis cvalebadoba, agreTve is faqtic, rom opekis
farglebSi axlo aRmosavleTis saxelmwifoebi TanamSromloben
antidasavlur, da Sesabamisad dasavleTisaTvis strategiul mowinaaRmdege
iseT saxelmwifoebTan, rogorebicaa irani da venesuela, dasavluri
samyarosaTvis udidesi mniSvneloba eniWeba axlo aRmosavleTis qveynebTan
normaluri urTerTobebis damyarebas.
garda amisa, kidev erT problemas warmoadgens is faqti, rom navTobis
opekis paralelurad, axlo aRmosavleTis ramdenime qveyanas gadawyvetili
hqondaT e.w. gazis opekis Seqmna. am organizaciaSi ruseTi, irani, venesuela,
alJiri, libia da yatari unda gaerTianebuliyvnen. amasTan dakavSirebiT,
2007 aprilSi yataris dedaqalaq dohaSi moxda am saxelmwifoebis
warmomadgenelTa Sexvedra.
201
Nnika CitaZe. “geopolitika”. Tbilisi, 2008 w. gv. 139
277
am Sexvedramde erTi wliT adre, 2006 wlis noemberSi natos ekonomikurma
komitetma aliansis wevrebs mosalodneli garTulebis Sesaxeb specialuri
konfidencialuri moxsenebiT acnoba. moxsenebaSi aRwerili iyo “opekis”
tipis bunebrivi airis axali aliansi.
ukve 2007 wlis martSi, forumamde ramdenime dRiT adre, evropis
saxelmwifoebma da aSS-m im safrTxeebze miuTiTes, romelic SeiZleba
msoflio gazis maragebis 70-%-is (ruseTis da iranis CaTvliT) mflobeli
saxelmwifoebis mier kartelis Seqmnas mohyoloda. maTi mosazrebiT, ar
aris gamoricxuli, rom gazis maragebis mflobelebma sakuTari pirobebis
karnaxiT, msoflios mniSvnelovani problemebi Seuqmnan. es ZiriTadad
miwodebis reJimisa da gazis fasis formirebiT iqneba gamowveuli. garda
amisa, aq aRsaniSnavia is faqtic, rom gazis mosalodneli kartelis Seqmna
gamoiwvevs ruseTis, rogorc am kartelis erT-erTi damfuZneblis
gaaqtiurebas iranTan erTad axlo aRmosavleTis regionSi.
axlo aRmosavleTis regionis mniSvnelobas ra Tqma unda gansazRvravs
iranTan da erayTan siaxlove. am mxriv aRsaniSnavia aSS-is gansakuTrebuli
daintereseba am regionis mimarT, radgan aSS-sa da irans Soris Teiranis
atomuri programis irgvliv arsebuli konfliqtis paralelurad, es ori
qveyana ibrZvis eraySi sakuTaris gavlenis gaZlierebisaTvis. im dros,
rodesac aSS iranis samxedro obieqtebze dartymis miyenebaze fiqrobs,
erayidan aSS-s SeiaraRebuli Zalebis didi nawilis 2010 wels gegmazomieri
gayvanis Semdeg, eraySi stabilurobis damyarebis garantis rolis
Sesrulebas iranic apirebs. eraySi, da saerTod axlo aRmosavleTis
regionSi iranis mosalodneli gavlenis Sesakaveblad, amerikis SeerTebuli
Statebma, navTobiT mdidar xuT arabul saxelmwifos 2008 wels 60 mlrd
aSS dolaris Rirebulebis SeiaraRebas miawoda. aRniSnuli Tanxidan marto
saudis arabeTisaTvis 20 mlrd. aSS dolaris samxedro teqnika iyo
gaTvaliswinebuli, rac SemTxveviTi ar aris. saudis arabeTi, regionSi
lideri qveynis poziciis damkvidrebis sakiTxSi, iranis mTavar konkurents
warmoadgens.
arabeT-israelis konfliqtis geopolitikuri aspeqtebi
axloaRmosavleTSididixaniaarsebobsdaZabulobissaSiSikera.arabeT-is-
raelis dauregulirebelikonfliqtiukve60welzemetia,racuaryofiTadaisaxe-
baaRniSnuliregionisxalxebisdasaxelmwifoTamdgomareobaze.202amkonfliq-
tisSesaxebSeiZlebaiTqvas,romsaxezeastabiluri arastabiluroba xangrZli-
vidroisganmavlobaSi. axloaRmosavleTSi qveregioni, romelicteritoriu-
ladmoicavs israelis saxelmwifos md. iordanes dasavleTnapirsda Razis
seqtors,mravaliaTeuliwelia,racurTulesipolitikuriprocesebisarenaswar-
moadgensdaumniSvnelovanesiadgiliaglobalurigeopolitikuriTvalsazri-
siT.
msofliopolitikaZireuladSecvala aRmosavleT-dasavleTis konfliq-
tisdasrulebam.“civiomis”damTavrebasvarSavisxelSekrulebisrRvevada ssr
kavSirisdaSlamohyva,riTacbolomoeRo bipolarul, orpolusiansiste-
mas.esiyogeopolitikuriZvra,romelic,cxadia,axloaRmosavleTiskonfliq-
tismimdinareobazecaisaxa.
202
Mmari gamisonia. samagistro naSromi: axlo aRmosavleTis konfliqti. saqarTvelos
universiteti. Tbilisi, 2009.
278
axloaRmosavleTisproblemismTavararsswarmoadgenspalestinelixal-
xisbedi,romelicgaurkveveliadaararisgadawyvetilisakuTaridamoukidebe-
lisaxelmwifosSeqmnissakiTxi,romlisSesaxebacarsebobsgaerosgeneralu-
riasambleis1947wlis29noembris#181(II)rezolucia,xangrZliviperiodisganmav-
lobaSigadauWreliiyoaseveisraelissaxelmwifosarsebobisuflebisaRiare-
baarabulisaxelmwifoebismxridan,romelsacadasturebdaasevegae-
ros1947wlisigiverezolucia.1948wlisomisSedegaduamravmapalestinelmaarab-
madatovasamSoblodamezobelqveynebsSeexizna.dReisaTvispalestineliltol-
vilebisraodenobasxvadasxvawyaroebisTanaxmad3,7-3,9milionia.arabeT-israe-
liskonfliqtSigansakuTrebiTmwvavedganixileba ierusalimiskuTvnilebissa-
kiTxi.gaeros#181(II)rezoluciisTanaxmad,demilitarizirebuliierusalimieq-
vemdebarebagaerosmeurveobissabWoskontrols.ierusalimi1950wlis22ian-
varsisraelmaTavismaradiuldedaqalaqadgamoacxada,Tumcaamgadawyvetile-
basmsofliossaxelmwifoebisumravlesobaaraRiarebsdamaTidiplomatiuriwar-
momadgenlobebikvlavTel-avivSiaganlagebuli.
israelismier1967wlidanokupirebulteritoriebzemimdinareobsdasaxle-
bebisswrafitempebiTmSenebloba. Uunda aRvniSnoT,romaRmosavleTierusa-
limsTavismomavaldedaqalaqadmoiazrebspalestinisavtonomia,gaerosuSiSro-
ebissabWos1979wlis#446rezoluciisTanaxmad.palestinelTa azriT, esdasax-
lebebiarariskanonieridaseriozuldabrkolebaswarmoadgensaxloaRmosav-
leTSiyovlismomcvel,samarTliandagarantirebulimSvidobisdamyarebissaqme-
Si.israelisaseTiqmedebebiZalzeamwvavebspalestinelebisadaebraelebis ur-
TierTobas.aRsaniSnavia,rompalestinisgadauWreliproblemateroristulior-
ganizaciebisSeqmnismizezigaxda,racsafrTxesuqmnismSvidobasaramartoregion-
Si,aramedmsofliomasStabiT.amrigad,palestinislokaluriproblemagloba-
lurproblemadgardaiqmna.axloaRmosavleTiskonfliqtismimdinareobissxva-
dasxvaperiodebSiamsakiTxisgadasaWreladmonawileobdnenrogorcregio-
nisqveynebi,asevemsofliosdidisaxelmwifoebi,cxadiasakuTariideologiu-
ri,geopolitikuridaekonomikuriinteresebidangamomdinare.axloaRmosavleT-
Si, XX s.80-ianwlebSiSewyvetilisamSvidoboprocesisganaxlebasxeliSe-
uwyo“civiomis”dasrulebam,ssrkavSirisdaSlam,sparseTisyurisomSierayisda-
marcxebam. amrigad,90-ianiwlebisdamdegisaTvisviTarebaSeicvala.erayisdamar-
cxebisSemdegaSS-sprezidentmaj.buSmagamoacxadaàxalimsoflioswesri-
gis”Sesaxeb aSS-isxelmZRvanelobiT.ssrkavSirisdaSlisSemdegmsoflioSidar-
CaerTaderTisaxelmwifo -aSS,romelic arabeT-israeliskonfliqtismogvare-
basSeudga.vaSingtonisstrategiisarsebiTiSemadgenelinawiligaxdanavTo-
bisresursebisdacvadabrZolaradikalizmTanaxloaRmosavleTSi.sparseTisyu-
risomSiaSS-ismokavSireobaarabulqveynebssWirdebodaTimisaTvisac,romZalis-
mieriTumSvidobianigziTmoegvarebinaTarabeT-israeliskonfliqti.
samSvidoboprocessxeliSeuwyossrkavSirisdasustebamdadaSlam.“ci-
viomis”dasrulebamgavlenamoaxdinarogorcisraelis,isearabuliqveynebispo-
ziciebze.siriamdapgo-m(palestinis ganTavisuflebis organizacia) ssrkavSi-
rissaxiTdakargesmniSvnelovanimokavSire,romelicmaTmZlavrsamxedro-poli-
tikurdadiplomatiurmxardaWerasuwevda.israelmakidakargasaSiSimteri.“ci-
viomis”dasrulebamagreTveSeasustaisraelis,rogorcaSS-sstrategiulipar-
tniorisroliglobalurikonfrontaciis pirobebSi. ssrkavSirisdaSliTga-
mowveulmaebraelTamasobrivmaemigraciamisraelisekonomikaSiproblemebiSeq-
mna.maTigadaWrakiSeuZlebeliiyoaSS-sadadasavleTisdaxmarebisgareSe. eskiSe-
saZlebeligaxdebodamxolodimSemTxvevaSi,TuisraeliarabebTanmolaparakeba-
SimiiRebdamonawileobas. arabebsadaisraelelebsSorissamSvidobomolapara-
kebebisdawyebasxels uwyobda sxvamizezic.1988welspalestiniserovnulmasab-
WomaRiarauSiSroebissabWos#242-erezolucia,romelicmoiTxovdaarabeT-isra-
279
eliskonfliqtisgadasaWreladpalestinisorsaxelmwifoddayofas.arabeT-is-
raeliskonfliqtzedidigavlenamoaxdinamadridiskonferenciamdaosloSi
gamarTulma molaparakebebma,riTacsafuZveliCaeyaraTanamedrovesamSvido-
boprocessdaramacganapirobapalestinisavtonomiisSeqmna. miuxedavadami-
sa,erTaSoriswinaaRmdegobadasisxlianibrZolagrZeldeba,xolodidiqveyne-
bisinteresebiaxloaRmosavleTisregionisadmi.arabeT-israeliskonfliqti
kvlav mimdinareobs dananatrimSvidobajerkidevarCans.
axloaRmosavleTiskonfliqtSizesaxelmwifoTa,didiqveynebisinterese-
bikvlavikveTeba,maTSorisWidili axalformebsiZens,arenazeaxaliaqtore-
biCndebian.miuxedavadimisa,romaxloaRmosavleTisproblemarTuliadaZne-
ladgadasaWreli,problemismogvarebismxrivgarkveuliwarmatebebiciqnamiRwe-
uli.dRessaWiroasamSvidoboprocesisxelSewyobadamxardaWera,raTamSvido-
bamdasamarTlianobamdaisadgurosaxloaRmosavleTSi.
axloaRmosavleTissamSvidoboprocesisganviTareba1994-2010 w.w.203
samSvidoboprocesiaxloaRmosavleTSi1994-99wlebSimimdinareobdauamra-
visirTulisadawinaaRmdegobebispirobebSi.xSiradmxareebierTmaneTsadanaSau-
lebdnenimaSi,romaricavdnenSeTanxmebebismuxlebsadaaRebulvaldebule-
bebs.magaliTad,palestinelebmaerovnuliqartiidanpunqtiisraelisganadgure-
bisSesaxebaramoiRes.israelisjarebma 1994 wlis 13 aprilisaTvis ar dato-
vesRazasseqtori da ieriqoni,racgaTvaliswinebuliiyo“principebisdeklara-
ciiT”.i.arafaTimoiTxovdaisraelisjarebisgayvanasdaTqmuldroSi.manaraer-
TxelSewyvitamolaparakebebi.1994wlisTebervalSimolaparakebadasrulda.
1994wlis4maiss,qairoSixelimoawerespalestina-israelisxelSekrule-
basRazasseqtorisadaieriqonisraionisSesaxeb.amieridandaiwyo“principe-
bisdeklaraciiT”gaTvaliswinebulixuTwlianigardamavaliperiodi.xelSekru-
lebisZiriTadipunqtebiaseTiiyo:uSiSroebissferoSi RonisZiebebisgatareba
daisraelisSeiaraRebuliZalebisgayvanaaRniSnuliteritoriebidan,palesti-
nisxelisuflebisstruqturadaSemadgenloba,misiiurisdiqciadasakanonmdeb-
louflebebi,palestinispoliciisSeqmna,urTierTobaisraelsadapalesti-
nisxelmZRvanelobasSoris,palestinelebisaTvissamoqalaqosaqmeebisgadace-
ma,iuridiulisakiTxebidaekonomikuriurTierTobebi.
1994wlis7ivlissparizSimolaparakebebisaxalietapidaiwyesrabinma, peres-
ma daarafatma.ganixilebodapalestinisavtonomiisdasavleTnapirisdarCe-
nilteritoriaze palestinis iurisdiqciisgavrcelebissakiTxi.
ierusalimissakiTxsoslosxelSekrulebebSimniSvnelovaniadgilieka-
vadamisisamomavlogadadebaiyogaTvaliswinebuli,raTaTavidanaecilebinaTmo-
laparakebebisCaSla.pgo-smouwiakompromiszewasvladaman uariTqvaTavismoTx-
ovnaze- TviTmarTvelobiTgaTvaliswinebuliteritoriebisfarglebSiierusa-
limiSesuliyo,magramigimoiTxovda,romRazasadaieriqonisTviTmarTvelo-
bisadministraciaierusalimidanwarmoebuliyo.israelisaTviskipriorite-
tadrCeboda `wmindaqalaqis~statusisSenarCuneba,israelissuverenuldadauna-
wevrebeldedaqalaqad ierusalimis darCena.amrigad,pgo-sStab-binisierusa-
limSidaarsebaisraelissazogadoebisTvismiuRebelidarTuladaRsaqmeliiqne-
boda.
1994wlis29agvistosisraelmadapgo-mxelimoaweresxelisuflebisadaval-
debulebebisgadacemismosamzadebelxelSekrulebas.204 aRsaniSnavia,romamxel-
203
Mmari gamisonia. samagistro naSromi: axlo aRmosavleTis konfliqti. saqarTvelos
universiteti. Tbilisi, 2009.
204
The Middle East Peace Process 2000, p. 20
280
SekrulebisdadebasarmohyoliadadebiTi procesiisrael-palestinelTaSoris
urTierTobebSipiriqiT,isgauaresda,racgamoixatebodaZaladobisormxrivaq-
tebSi,rogorcebraelebis,aseveislamistieqstremistebismxridan.miuxedavadami-
sa,israelisdapalestiniswarmomadgenlebikvlavganagrZobdnenmuSaobaspales-
tinisTviTmmarTvelebisgafarToebisdadasavleTinapiridanisraelisjare-
bisgayvanisTaobaze.
1995welsmewamuli(wiTeli)zRvispirakurortTabaSiisraelsadapgo-sSo-
rismolaparakebaTaaxaliraundisSemdegmxareebmaimavewlis28seqtembersvaSin-
gtonSixelimoaweres ìsraelelTa da palestinelTaSualedurxelSekrule-
basdasavleTnapirisadaRazasseqtorisSesaxeb~,(mokled,“SualedurixelSekru-
leba~).amxelSekrulebam,romelsacaraoficialuradoslo II-sacuwodeben,daas-
rulaisraelsadapgo-sSorismolaparakebebispirvelifaza.205issaSualebasaZ-
levdapalestinelebs,waremarTaTTavianTisakuTarisaSinaosaqmeebidaimavdro-
ulad,icavdadasavleTnapirzeisraelissasicocxlo,gansakuTrebiT,usafrTxo-
ebisinteresebs.
xelSekrulebisTanaxmad,palestinissabWovaldebuliiyo,rominauguracii-
danorTveSigaeuqmebinapgo-sqartiisismuxlebi,romlebicisraelissaxelmwi-
fosganadgurebiskenmouwodebda.palestiniserovnulisabWosdadgenile-
biT,1996w.14aprilspalestiniserovnuliqartiisSesabamisimuxlebiSesworda.
1995wlis4noembersisraelispremier-ministriicxak rabinimoklaebrael-
mareligiurmafanatikosmai.amirma.samSvidoboprocesiaxalmapremier-minis-
trma,SimonperesmagaagrZela.1995wlisbolosseriozuliuTanxmoebisgareSedas-
ruldaisraelisTavdacvisZalebisgayvana(hebronisgamoklebiT),riTacgaCnda
SesaZlebloba imisa, rom palestinaSi-mdinare iordanes dasavleTnapirsada
RazasseqtorSi arCevnebi Catarebuliyo.
1996wlis20ianvarsarCeuliqnapgo-ssakanonmdebloorgano_palestinissaka-
nonmdeblosabWoRazasseqtorsadaierihonisraionSi.aRniSnulisabWo88wevrisa-
ganSedgeboda.avtonomiurixelisuflebismeTauri(rais-prezidenti)iasirarafa-
Tigaxda.9maissSeiqmnapalestiniserovnuliavtonomiismTavroba.
SualedurixelSekrulebismTavarimniSvnelobaisiyo,romigiiTvaliswineb-
daisraelismierdasavleTinapirissamxedrookupaciisdamTavrebas. esdokumen-
timianiSnebda israelisyofilimTavrobebismierwarmoebuli `didiisrae-
lis“politikisadapalestinismiwebisaneqsiisnawilobriviuaryofas,rogorcre-
ligiur,isesamxedro-strategiulWrilSi206.
~SualedurixelSekrulebis~,anu“oslo II~SeTanxmebebisxelmowerasuaryo-
fiTadSexvdnenrogorcdasavleTnapirisdaRazasseqtorisislamistieqstremis-
tebi,iseisraelismemarjveneebi.palestinelebisaTvismiuRebeli iyo yoveli-
ve,racaruzrunvelyofdamaTTvissuverenulsaxelmwifos,israelikidasav-
leTnapiristeritoriebisgadacemasdaiqpalestinissamxedroSenaerTebisSeq-
mnasstrategiulsafrTxedaRiqvamda.
1996wlis29maisisarCevnebSipremier-ministriSimonperesiSecvala“liku-
dis”memarjveneblokislidermabeniaminneTaniahum.mansamSvidoboprocesi-
swarmarTvis mkacripoziciaairCia,SualedurixelSekrulebiTgaTvaliswinebu-
liisraelisSeiaraRebuliZalebisgayvanahebronidangaWianurda.
Aaxalma premierma “likudis”partiisaTvisdamaxasiaTebelipolitiku-
rikursiganagrZo.isSromispartiisagangansxvavebiT,palestinelebisaTvisteri-
toriulidaTmobebisSewyvetasmoiTxovda.formula `mSvidobateritoriissa-
205
israelisa da palestinis xelSekrulebebi 1993-1999 ww. qarTuli diplomatia. weliwdeu-
li, t. 7, Tbilisi, 2000, gv. 272
206
n.lomouri, palestina-israelis konfliqti da samSvidobo procesi XX saukunis bo-
los. dis. Tb. 2005. gv. 121.
281
nacvlod“,neTaniahumSecvalaformuliT `teritoriauSiSroebissanacvlod“.mi-
siazriT,axlo aRmosavleTiskonfliqtismowesrigebaundadamyarebodauSiSro-
ebasdademokratias,isgamoricxavdapalestinissaxelmwifosSeqmnasdasavleTna-
pirze,da ukompromisoiyoierusalimisstatusissakiTxSic.israelisxelisuf-
lebagegmavdaaxaliebraulidasaxlebebismSeneblobasdasavleTnapirzedasau-
kunismiwurulisaTvisebraelmosaxleTaraodenobisgazrdas500aTasamde207.
israelebsadapalestinelebsSorissisxlianiSetakebebidaiwyoseqtem-
brisbolos,esgamowveul iqna neTaniahusbrZanebiT ierusalimSigaeTxaraTara-
bulidaebrauliubnebisdamakavSirebeliarqeologiurigvirabigodebisked-
lisgaswvriv. erTa Soris dapirispirebaminTifaTasdawyebidanerTerTiyvela-
zemetiraodenobis msxverpligamoiwvia.neTaniahusaseTqmedebasakritikeb-
dnenrogorcarabuli,isedasavleTisqveynebidamasaxaliinTifaTisgaRviveba-
SiadanaSaulebdnen.
1997wlis2ianvarssagrZnobiwinsvlaaRiniSnahebronisoqmissaboloovarian-
tisSemuSavebis procesSi. damainc,sabolooSeTanxmebismiRwevisaTvissaWi-
rogaxdaaxloaRmosavleTSiaSS-issagangebokoordinatoris,denisrosisaqtiu-
ridiplomatiurisaqmianoba,iordaniismefishuseinisCareva,romlismierSeTava-
zebulikompromisiorivemxaremmiiRo.
amrigad,hebronisTaobazeormamxaremSeTanxmebas1997wlis17ianvarsmiaRwi-
a,rocaxelmoweriliqnaoqmi `hebronSiisraelisZalebisgadaadgilebasTanda-
kavSirebiT“.oqmSimTavariiyopunqtebiusafrTxoebisadasamoqalaqosakiTxe-
bisSesaxeb,gansazRvruliiyoamsferoebSikonkretulipirobebi.hebronisoqmiqa-
laqsorzonadyofda:HH-1zona,sadacpasuxismgeblobayvelasferoSigadaecemo-
dapalestinelebsdaHH-
2zona,sadacpasuxismgeblobauSiSroebisdargSiisraelismxaresrCeboda.
hebronissakiTxzemolaparakebebissirTuleswarmoadgendais,romorivemxa-
recdilobdamomgebianipirobebimoepovebinaSemdgomidiplomatiurisvlebisaT-
vis.israelicadapalestinelebiccdilobdnen,romhebronisoqmispirobebimomava-
ligegmebisaTvisdaekavSirebinaT208.
hebrobis oqmis xelmowera imiT aris mniSvnelovani, rom is israelis
likudis mTavrobasa da pgo-s Soris molaparakebebis Sedegad miRweuli
pirveli xelSekruleba iyo. am xelSekrulebis dadebiT israelma pgo mola-
parakebebis srulfasovan monawiled miiCnia da aRiara palestinelebTan
warmoebuli samSvidobo procesi.
hebronisoqmiimisdasturia,romisraelismeomarmaflangmadaTmosionistu-
riocnebis,didiisraelisSeqmnis imedi.marTlac,SeTanxmeba hebronSikoncep-
tualurrevoluciashgavda.likudispartiisliderineTaniahu,romelicisrae-
lismTelteritoriazeebraulikontrolisSenarCunebisideologiiyo,pira-
dadiyoCarTuliimmolaparakebebSi,romeliciTvaliswinebdaisraelisistoriu-
linawilispalestinelebisaTvisgadacemas,mzadiyonaxevradsuverenulipales-
tinissaxelmwifoskoncefciaeRiarebinadalikudismTavrobismierganxorciele-
bul `dasaxlebispolitikaSi“daTmobebzewasuliyo.gansakuTrebiTxazgasasme-
liammolaparakebebisebraelipatriarqebisbibliurqalaqSiwarmoebaiyo209.
palestinis sazogadoebisagan gansxvavebiT, palestinisliderebihebro-
nisoqmsdadebiTadaRiqvamdnen.maTmiaCndaT,romesSeTanxmebaqalaqis(israelismi-
207
jafariZe T. samSvidobo procesi axlo aRmosavleTSi. (israelisa da palestinis xelSek-
rulebebi 1993-1999 ww). qarTuli diplomatia. weliwdeuli, t. 7, Tb. 2000, gv. 281; Cosasli, Paul.
Arab-Israeli Relations, 1967-2000, MENA. 47-th Edition. Europa Publications Limited. 2007, 57.
208
Rodman, Peter W. After Hebron, "The National Interest". Spring. 1997
209
(Buchanan 2000. p. 303).
282
er)okupirebisdasasrulisdasawyisiiyo.dasavleT napiris fataserT-erTicno-
bilixelmZRvanelisTanaxmad, `palestinelTayvelazedidimiRwevaiyoaSS-ismi-
ergarantirebulijarebisgadaadgilebisSemdgomigegmadaumetesiteritori-
isgaTavisuflebismisaRebiTariRi~.210hebronisoqmssaerTaSorisoTanamegobro-
bacdaisraelismemarcxeneTaumravlesobacdadebiTadSexvda. palestinele-
bidaisraelismosaxleobamiiCnevda,romsamSvidoboprocesisakengzaxsni-
liiyo,TumcamaTiSefasebanaCqareviaRmoCnda.hebronisoqmismuxlebiarSesrul-
da.
sulmale,erTiTvisSemdeg,palestinelTaprotestisadasaerTaSorisokri-
tikisfonze,israelismTavrobamdaamtkica6500binismSeneblobisproeqtiierusa-
limsadabeTlemsSorismdebareharhomaSi.esmSeneblobaketavdaerTaderTdamakav-
Sirebelgasasvlels,aRmosavleTierusalimsadadasavleTnapirsSoris.
palestinelebmaebraulidasaxlebebismSeneblobaisraelismiersamSvido-
boprocesisgamiznulSeferxebadmiiCnies.arafaTisazriT,israelismTavro-
bisesgadawyvetilebasafrTxisqveSayenebdamiRweulSedegebs;misganwyobasizia-
rebdnenarabulisamyarosliderebic.martisdasawyisSiiordaniismefehuseinmane-
TaniahusmrisxanebiTsavseweriligaugzavna,sadacwerda:`TqvenangrevTsamSvido-
boprocessdameTqvendamiiotisodenarwmenackiaRardamrCa“.egviptispreziden-
timubaraqi `Zaladobisaxalierisdasawyisze“saubrobda,kritikuliiyoklin-
tonisSefasebac:`mevisurvebdi,romarmiRebuliyoaseTigadawyvetileba,rad-
ganamgvariqmedebaaremsaxurebandobis Camoyalibebas,CemiazriT,ismxolodun-
doblobasamkvidrebs“.211
israelsa da palestinelebs Soris male Ria dapirispireba daiwyo. mov-
lenebiaseganviTarda:1997wlis11martspalestinisxelisuflebamganacxa-
da,romisraelTanyovelgvarkontaqtswyvetda.palestinelebmauariTqvessabo-
loostatusisSesaxebmolaparakebebze,romelic17martsundadawyebuli-
yo.18martskiisraelisbuldozerebmaharhomaSimSeneblobadaiwyes,yoveli-
veamaskipalestinelebissaprotestodemonstraciebimohyva.samidRisSem-
degki,1997wlis21martspalestinelmateroristmaTel-aviviscentrSibombiaafeT-
qa,rasacsamiadamianissicocxleSeewira.samSvidobomolaparakebebisaRdge-
nisyovelgvariimediCakvda.
1997wlis7aprils,vaSingtonSi,klintonsadaneTaniahusSorisgaimarTaSex-
vedra.neTaniahussurdadaZabulimdgomareobidangamosvladawamoayenawinadade-
baoslosprocesiTgaTvaliswinebuligardamavaliperiodissakiTxebisaT-
visgverdiaevloTdapirdapirsaboloostatusisSesaxebdaewyoTmolaparakebe-
bi.SemdgomSi, aSS-misraelsadapalestinelebsufroadviliformulaSesTava-
za.israelsTaviundaSeekavebinaSemdgomicalmxriviqmedebebisagan.palestine-
lebskiterorizmiswinaaRmdegbrZolismkacrimeTodebiundaSemoeRoT,amispara-
leluradkigardamavalidasaboloostatusisSesaxebmolaparakebebiundawar-
marTuliyo.212
1997wlis25aprilsgaerosgeneraluriasambleisriggareSesesiam mii-
Ro#10/2rezolucia,romelSicdagmobiliaisraelisdasaxlebispolitika.Sede-
gad,xuTdReSiisraelmagaxsnateritoriebida55000palestinelssaSualebamie-
210
(Rekhess, Elie and Litvak, Meir, Palestinian Affairs, "Middle East Contemporary Survey", Ed. Bruce Maddy-
Weitzman, Westiew press, 1997. p. 40-141).
211
Rekhess, Elie and Litvak, Meir, Palestinian Affairs, "Middle East Contemporary Survey", Ed. Bruce Maddy-
Weitzman, Westiew press, 1997. p. 145.
212
Rekhess, Elie and Litvak, Meir, Palestinian Affairs, "Middle East Contemporary Survey" Ed. Bruce Maddy-
We itzman, Westriew Press, 1997. p. 152.
283
cadabrunebodaTavissamuSaosierusalimSi.dazavebisiluziismiuxedavad,
palestinelTa mxridanteraqtebimaincgagrZelda.diplomatiurimcdelobe-
biuSedegoaRmoCndaneTaniahusadaarafaTsSorisarsebuliundoblobaiyoSeTan-
xmebismiuRwevlobis erT-erTimizezi.
yoveliveamisSedegadaxloaRmosavleTissamSvidoboprocesididisirTule-
ebispirispiraRmoCnda.dapirispirebulmxareebsSorisSuamavlobakvlavamerike-
lebmaiTaves.1998wlis15oqtombersprezidentmaklintonmaisraelelebidapales-
tinelebiswarmomadgenlebiaSS-Simd.uai-splantaciazemiiwviasamSvidoboproce-
sisgasagrZelebladdasaboloostatusisSesaxeb molaparakebebisdasawyebad.
memorandumismizaniiyogardamavaliperiodissakiTxebismogvarebadamxaree-
bisSorissaboloostatusisSesaxeb molaparakebebisaTvisgzisgaxsna.amgva-
rad,uaisxelSekrulebaiTvaliswinebdaisraelsadapalestinelebsSorisjerki-
dev1993da1995wlebSimiRweuliSeTanxmebisTanaxmaddasavleTnapiridanisrae-
lisjarebisgamosvlas.SromispartiisxelmZRvanelobismierSemuSavebulifor-
mula `miwa mSvidobissanacvlod~,arasdrosmoswonda“likudis”premier-mi-
nistrs,TumcauaiSimassworedrommSvidobisadauSiSroebispirobebissanac-
vlod,palestinelebisaTvismniSvnelovaniteritoriebisdaTmobamouwia.213
1998wlis23oqtombersxelmowerilimd. uaismemorandumiefuZnebodaor-
mxrivvaldebulebebsdaexebodauSiSroebisgansakuTrebulzomebs.palestinele-
bismieraRebulivaldebulebebisyovelietapisdamTavrebisSemdeg,israels unda
gadaecateritoriisgarkveuliprocentipalestinelebisaTvis,warsuliSeTan-
xmebebiTgaTvaliswinebuli`jarebisSemdgomigadaadgilebis~konteqstSi.214
uaismemorandumisTanaxmad,undagauqmebuliyopalestiniserovnuliqarti-
isismuxlebi,romlebicSeuTavsebeliiyo1993wlis9seqtemberspgo-sadaisrae-
lismTavrobebsSorisgacvliliwerilebisSinaarsTan,romlebicrogorcukveaR-
vniSneT,israelisganadgurebismowodebasSeicaven.qartiisesmuxlebi14dekem-
berspalestiniserovnulmasabWomgaauqma.
memorandumisTanaxmad,orivemxaresstrategiuliekonomikuridialogiun-
dadaewyo.memorandumikrZalavdapalestinissaxelmwifosdamoukideblobisga-
mocxadebasdamoiTxovdateritoriebissaboloostatusisSeTanxmebasormxa-
resSoris molaparakebaTa Sedegad. uaismemorandummakvlavRiaddatovaisra-
elsadapalestinelebsSoriswinaaRmdegobebismTavarisakiTxebi.sazRvrebi,
ltolvilTabedidaierusalimissaboloostatusi.215
md. uaismemorandumiserT-erTmTavarmiRwevadSeiZlebaCaiTvalosarafa-
Tismierpalestinissaxelmwifosdamoukideblobis gamocxadebis gadadeba,
radganarafaTiimuqrebodapalestinissaxelmwifosdamoukideblobiscalmxri-
vigamocxadebiT1999wlis4maisisTvis.
damoukideblobiscalmxrivgamocxadebasmohyvebodaisraelismkacrireaq-
ciadaigi moaxdendaRazasadadasavleTnapirisaneqsias. amteritoriebisnawils
isedacisraeliakontrolebda.palestinelebicxvdebodnen,romdamoukideblo-
biscalmxrivigamocxadebiTmaTmxolodismcireteritoriadaumtkicdebo-
daT,romelsacim periodSi akontrolebdnen.
1998wlis13-14dekembersaSS-sprezidentiklintonipirveladewviapalesti-
nisavtonomias.misi vizitiwarmoadgendauaisxelSekrulebisprincipis- `mi-
213
Sicherman, Harvey, The Camp Wye Accords, “Foeign policy Research Institute,” 1998. p. 2.
214
los. dis. Tb. 2005, gv. 134.
215
Sicherman, Harvey, The Camp Wye Accords, “Foreign Policy Research Institute”, 1998, p. 8.
284
wamSvidobissanacvlod~mxardaWeras.klintonisesvizitimravalipalestineli-
saTvisniSnavdaaSS-smierpalestiniserovnulimiswrafebebisaRiarebas.
palestiniserovnulisabWoSigamosvlisasklintonmaaRniSna,rompalestine-
lebssakuTarteritoriebzesakuTarisaqmeebismarTvisrealuriSansigauC-
ndaT.manganacxada:`mevamayob,romvarpirveliamerikeliprezidenti,rome-
licdgasaqpalestinelxalxTanerTad.pirvelad,palestinismoZraobisistoria-
Si,palestinisxalxsdamaTmierarCeulwarmomadgenlebsaqvTsaSualebaTavadgan-
sazRvronTavianTibedisakuTarmiwaze,amerikassursTqveniwarmatebadadagexma-
rebaTSeqmnaTsasurvelisazogadoeba~.216
uaismemorandumiwarmoadgendaoslosprocesSigaCeniliRrmakrizisidanga-
moyvanismcdelobas.TumcaesprognoziargamarTlda.1998wlis20dekembersisrae-
lismTavrobamSeaCeramd. uaismemorandumispirobebisSesrulebisproce-
si.amismizezikigaxdapalestinelebismxridanZaladobisaxaliaqtebi,israe-
lismxridankidasavleTnapirzeebraulidasaxlebebisaqtiurimSeneblobadapa-
lestinelipatimrebisgaTavisuflebazeuarisTqma.
samSvidoboprocessaxaliimpulsimisca1999welsisraelispremier-minis-
tradehudbaraqisarCevam,miuxedavadmisimkacripoziciisaebraelTadasaxlebe-
bis, palestinelltolvilTadabrunebisdaierusalimissa-
kiTxebSi.1999wlis4seqtembersegvipteSi,wiTelzRvazemdebarekurortSarmaS-Se-
ixSiequdbaraqmadaiasirarafaTmaxelimoaweresaxalsamSvidoboSeTanxme-
bas,“xelmowerilixelSekrulebebisSeusrulebelivaldebulebebisganri-
gisganxorcielebisdamudmivstatuszemolaparakebaTaganaxlebismemoran-
dums~.Mmas araoficialuraduaiIIuwodeben. SarmaS-SeixismemorandumiSei-
cavs1999wlisdekemberSiSeCerebuliuaisxelSekrulebisSesasrulebladdaad-
redadebulxelSekrulebaTaSeusrulebelsamSvidobovaldebulebebs.
SarmaS-SeixismemorandumisanalizisasmaincikveTebaramdenimesiaxle:israe-
lismolaparakebaTaprocesSi axalistrategia,amerikelTadaxmarebazeday-
rdnobiTpalestinelebismieraxalivaldebulebebisnawilobrividadasture-
ba,ametapzeaSS-ssagrZnobladSemcirebuliroli.217
amrigad,samSvidoboprocessurTulesidaumZimesigamocdaelodebodawin.is-
raelisdapalestinisgansxvavebulipoziciebiarTulebdamolaparakebebssabo-
loostatusze.
2000wlis12ivliss,aSS-Si,kemp-devidSidaiwyomolaparakebebiehudbaraqi-
sadaarafaTisxelmZRvanelobiTisraelsadapalestinis mxareebs So-
rissabolooxelSekrulebisdasadebad.molaparakebebSimonawileobdaaSS-spre-
zidentib.klintoni,romelmacyvelaRoneixmara,raTamxareebiSeTanxmebuliy-
vnen.kemp-devidissamitzeaSS-smiermxareebisaTvisSemoTavazebulipirobebismTa-
varipunqtebiaseTiiyo _ palestinissaxelmwifosSeqmna,romlissazRvrebiSe-
TanxmebuliiqnebodaisraelTan,israelisjarebisgamoyvanadasavleTnapi-
ris95%-dan.usafrTxogzisSeqmnadasavleTnapirsadaRazasdaasevebeTlem-
sadaramalasSoris,raTapalestinelebsTavisufalidausafrTxomgzavrobissa-
SualebahqonodaT.israelismierierusalimismaxlobladmdebaresoflebismaa-
le,adumiSidagivaT zeevisgacvlaqalaqisCrdiloeTiTganlagebularabulrai-
onebSi.ierusalimisZvelqalaqSida misSemogarenSipalestinelebisaTvistaZ-
rismTasTanmimavalicalkegzisSeqmna,israelis moqalaqeebisaTvis Tavisufa-
limgzavrobaebrauliaxalSenebiskenmimavalgzebze,palestinisjarisSeqmnamZi-
meartileriisadasahaeroZalebisgareSe,aRmosavleTidansamxedrosafrTxisSem-
216
T.jafariZe. samSvidobo procesi, TviTmmarTveloba da islamuri radikalizmi palestina-
Si. dis. Tb. 2006. gv. 35.
217
Sicherman, Harvey, The Camp Wye Accords, “Foeign Policy Research Institute”, 1998, p. 1.
285
TxvevaSi,israelisjarebisiordaniisdablobisgaswvrivganlageba,palestine-
liltolvilebisdidiraodenobiTdabrunebaprogramisfarglebSidasaerTaSo-
risofondisSeqmnapalestineliltolvilebisqonebiskompensaciisdabrune-
bismizniT,fondSididiTanxaisraelismierundayofiliyoSetanili.
kemp-devidSiisraeliformaluradpirveladdaTanxmdapalestinissaxelmwi-
fosSeqmnasdamzadiyopalestineliltolvilebisSezRuduliraodenobisdab-
runebazeojaxisgaerTianebisprogramisTanaxmad.Tavismxriv,palestineleb-
mapirveladdaixiesTavianTiTavdapirvelipoziciebidandadaTanxmdnen,romisra-
elimaTdaubrunebda1967wlisomisdrosaneqsirebulteritoriebsaramTlia-
nad,aramedmxolodmaTgarkveulnawils.palestinelebigaerosuSiSroebissab-
Wos#242rezoluciazedayrdnobiTmoiTxovdnensuverenitets1967welsdapyro-
bilaRmosavleTierusalimismTelarabulubanze,israelskisTavazob-
dnenZvelqalaqs,ebraulubansadagodebiskedels,magrammxareebmaverSeZlesmieR-
wiaTkompromisisaTvisierusalimTandakavSirebiT.
2000wliskemp-devidissamitiebraelebsadapalestinelebsSorispirve-
lioficialurimolaparakebaiyoierusalimisTaobaze.iskiTxva,Tuvinundaakon-
troloserTdrouladiudevelTa,qristianTadamuslimTaTviswmindaqalaqi,is-
rael-palestiniskonfliqtsadamisimogvarebisTanamedroveetapzecrCebacen-
tralursakiTxad,yvelazesakamaToTemaddauTanxmoebismizezad.ierusalimiyo-
velTvisumniSvnelovanesrolsTamaSobdaaxlo aRmosavleTisnebismiersamSvi-
doboSeTanxmebaSi.TumcajerjerobiTverc erTmasamSvidobomolaparake-
bamverSeZloamdilemiswarmatebiTgadaWradamxareTapoziciebSiaraferiSec-
vlila,ufrometic,isinikidevufrometaddaSordnenerTmaneTs.218
ierusalimisSesaxebarafaTmaaRniSna:ìerusalimiaraamxolodpalesti-
nisqalaqi,isaseveaarabuli,islamuridaqristianuli qalaqi.Tukimeierusalim-
TandakavSirebiTmiviRebgadawyvetilebas,rCevaundavkiTxoCemsZmebssunitebs,Si-
itebsdayvelaarabulqveyanas~.219
marTalia, molaparakebebiuSedegoddamTavrda, Tumca garkveulprogre-
sad SeiZleba miCneul iqnes is, rom palestinelebsa daebraelebsSorissag-
rZnobladSemcirdaarsebuliwinaaRmdegobebidamanamdetabudadebuli `wmin-
dad~SeracxulisakiTxebickiganxilul iqna.israelis mier palestinissuvere-
nitetisaRiarebaRazasseqtorsadamd. iordanesdasavleTnapirisumetesterito-
riebze,imismagaliTs warmoadgenda, rom molaparakebebigaxda ufro qmediTi
da Sedegiani.
saerTodarabulistoriografiaSi (F.Husseini 2000, Khaled Abu Toameh 2000,
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Diplomatique". December, 2000. Muhammad Gellay. Palestinian Rights. "Middle East Insight
September-October. 2000) miRebuliaazri,rom2000wliskemp-devidissamitmaargaamar-
Tlamaszedamyarebuliimedebi.miuxedavadimisa,romwinsvlaSeiniSnebodasamSvi-
doboprocesSidasamomavlodmciredikompromisebicgakeTda.mxareebiverSeTan-
xmdnenvercerTsakiTxze,samSvidoboprocesikideverTxelSevidaCixSidaSewy-
da2000wlisivnisisbolos.
israelisadaaSS-swarmomadgenlebisajarogamosvlebSiaRniSnavdnen,romis-
raelisdelegaciamaSkarakompromiszewasvliTyvelaferigaakeTaSeTanxme-
bismiRwevisaTvis,magrampalestinelebmaardaTmespirvandelipoziciebi.pales-
tinelebikisamitisCaSlasaSS-sxelmZRvanelobasabralebdnendaamtkiceb-
218
los. dis. Tb. 2005, gv. 144-145.
219
los. dis. Tb. 2005, gv. 148.
286
dnen,romkemp-devidSimaTipartniorebimaszegacilebiTZlierebiiyvnen.amerike-
lebmakinacvladimisa,rommiukerZoebelimediatorismovaleobaSeesrulebi-
naT,israelismxaredaiWires,raTazewolisadaZaldatanebissaSualebiTpales-
tinelebisaganiseTidaTmobebimieRoTierusalimTandakavSirebiT,romelicmisa-
Rebiariqnebodapalestinelixalxis,arabulidasaerTodmuslimurisamyarosaT-
vis.220
palestinelebsmiaCniaT,romyvelamiRweuliSeTanxmebaundadamyarebo-
daprincips`miwamSvidobissanacvlod~dagaeros#242rezolucias,romelickrZa-
lavsomissaSualebiTmiwismiTvisebas.palestinelebidasavleTnapirsdaRa-
zasokupirebulteritoriebadTvliandamoiTxovdnenmSvidobissanacvlodgaTa-
visuflebas,israelisaTviskiesadgilebisadavoteritoriebia,romelTabedite-
ritoriulikompromisebiTundagadawyvetiliyo.amgvarad,religiurimizeze-
bisparalelurad,uTanxmoebisaTvisteritoriulisakiTxicgadamwyvetifaqto-
riiyo.israeliTanxmdebodaokupirebuliteritoriebisnawilobrivgaTavisuf-
lebas,xoloarabulimxareisraelisdabrunebas1967wlamdearsebulsazRvreb-
SiiTxovda.marTalia,kemp-devidismeoresamitisdrosisraelimetaddiddaTmoba-
zewavida,rodesacoponentebs okupirebulipalestinisteritoriebis90%-isga-
TavisuflebaSesTavaza,palestinelebisaTvisdarCenili10%-isisraelisaT-
visdaTmobamaincmiuRebeliiyo,sworedamteritoriaSiSediodapalestinismoma-
valisaxelmwifosdedaqalaqiaRmosavleTierusalimi.221
amrigad,samSvidobomolaparakebebiCixSiSevidaormxriviuTanxmoebebisga-
mo.arafaTisorWofobamdaarSemdgarmamSvidobampalestinismosaxleobaSiimed-
gacruebagamoiwvia.isiniseriozulukmayofilebasgamoxatavdnen.kidever-
TxeldaiwyoZaladoba,romelicpalestinelTaazriT,brZolissaukeTesoiara-
RiaRmoCnda.Tukemp-devidismolaparakebebisSemdegpalestinismosaxleo-
bis52%uWerdamxarsZaladobas,erTiwlisSemdegmxardamWerTaraodenoba86%gax-
da.palestinisxelmZRvanelobam,israelTaazriT,gadawyvitamoexdinaprovoci-
rebasamxedroSetakebisadaaeZulebinaisraelimieRoyvelamisiwinadadeba.amissa-
babigaxda2000wlis 28seqtemberi.222
al-aksasinTifada,amboxi,ZaladobistalRapalestinelarabeb-
sadaebraelebs Soris2000wlisseqtembrisbolos daiwyo.mas meore inTifada-
sacuwodeben.mravalipalestineliinTifadasTvlisganmaTavisuflebelbrZo-
laducxoelTaokupaciiswinaaRmdeg,israelelebikimasteroristulkampaniadmi-
iCneven.2000wlis29seqtembridan2005wlis15ianvramdeinTifadasSedegaddaiRu-
pa3223palestinelimSvidobianimoqalaqedasamxedropiri.israelis mxridan
msxverpliSeadgenda959-s. 223
israelisadapalestinelebisteritoriulikonfliqtismowesrigebiski-
deverT cdaswarmoadgendae.wkvartetis (aSS, evrokavSiri,ruseTidagaero)mi-
erSemuSavebuligegma,romelsac`sagzaoruka~ewodeba.`kvarteti~2001welsCamo-
yalibdaruseTisenergiuliZalisxmevisSedegad,evrokavSirismxardaWe-
riT.`kvarteti~mowodebuliiyoardaeSvasamSvidoboprocesiskolafsi.aSSdae-
TanxmamisCamoyalibebas,radganjerkidevmouSuSebeliiyokemp-devidismolapara-
220
Husseini, Feisal, Failed Compromise at Camp David, “The Monde Diplomatique.” December 2000. p. 3.
221
n.lomouri, palestina-israelis konfliqti da samSvidobo procesi XX saukunis bolos.
dis. Tb. 2005, gv. 153
222
Электронная Еврейская Энциклопедия (http://www.elewen.co.il/artcle/13130/zahav=true.
223
Арабо-Израйльский конфликт. Гоитваза Иерусалим. Волна насилия на палестинских территориях. 29
сентября - 6 октября, 2000. http://www.middleeast.narod.ru/polestina/html.
287
kebebisCaSliTgamowveuliWriloba,daamerikelebsarundodaTmartoezi-
daTklintonismemkvidreobistvirTi.
2002wliszafxulSiaSSkvlavdaubrundaarabeT-israeliskonfliqtisdare-
gulirebisTemas.24ivnissjorjbuSigamovidaaxloaRmosavleTiskonfliqtisda-
regulirebisaTvis`sagzaorukis~SemuSavebiswinadadebiT,romelSicpirve-
ladistoriaSiaSS-sprezidentmanaTladganacxada,romisrael-palestinismola-
parakebebisSedegadundaaRmocendespalestinisdamoukidebelisaxelmwifo,is-
raelisgverdigverdusafrTxodaaRiarebulsazRvrebSi.marTalia,amerikeleb-
mamanamdexmamiscesgaerosuSiSroebissabWos1997wlisrezolucias,sadacamisSe-
saxebiyosaubari,magramesiyokoleqtiuridokumenti.
`sagzaoruka~oficialurad2003wlis29aprilsiqnawardgenilidamniSvnelo-
vanwingadadgmulnabijswarmoadgenda2000wlismolaparakebebisCaSlisSem-
deg.isfaqti,rom`sagzaoruka~miRebuliqnaisraelelebismier,warmoadgendagar-
RvevaskonfliqtismimdinareobaSi. manamde israeli ar Tanxmdeboda arc erT
dokumentze, romelSic fiqsirdeboda palestinis saxelmwifos Seqmna.`sag-
zaoruka~gulisxmobda2005wlamdepalestinisarabulisaxelmwifosSeqmnas,zo-
gierTiwinaswaripirobisdacviT.ampirobisarsiaseTia:palestinismxaresmoeTxo-
vebodaterorizmisaRmofxvra,TavisufaliarCevnebisadapolitikurirefor-
misCatareba,konstituciisSeqmna,israelismxareskisamxedronawilebisgayvanapa-
lestinuriteritoriebidan,ukanonoddaarsebuliblokpostebismoSla.palesti-
nissaboloosazRvrebisaerTaSorisokonferenciasundadaedgina.224
aSS-sadadidibritaneTismTavrobebiZalianiyvnenmowadinebulni,raTaesgeg-
maganxorcielebuliyo.amiTmaTundodaTeCvenebinaTTavisimiukerZoeblobaara-
bulisamyarosaTvis.buSicdilobdaTaviaeridebinaaxloaRmosavleTiskonfliq-
tisdaregulirebaSiuSualoCarevisagan.2003wlisivnisSiigi Cavidaregion-
SidaSexvdaisraelisadapalestinismTavrobismeTaurebs.
israelispremier-ministrma,romelicpalestinissaxelmwifosSeqmnasewina-
aRmdegeboda,mxaridauWira`sagzaorukas~.SaronisdamokidebulebisSesaxebisra-
eliserT-erTigazeTiaseganmartavda: `Saroni ZireuladarSecvlila,mag-
rammanairCiaWkvianuritaqtika,radgandromogvagebinos.amdroisTviskiamerikaCa-
eflobasaprezidentosaarCevnokampaniaSi,racgauZnelebsmas,ganaxorcielos
zewolaisraelze.amasobaSikivinicisramoxdeba~.
2007wlisaTvisnaTeligaxda,romkonfliqtisdaregulirebamTlianadCix-
SiSevida.amdrosaSS-sadministraciamwamoayenamorigiiniciativa.2007wlis16iv-
lissjorjbuSigamovidavrcelisityviT,romSemodgomazemoewyoT`saerTaSori-
soSexvedra~palestina-israeliskonfliqtisdasaregulireblad.
amerikulidiplomatiiskursisSecvlisganxorcielebaswarmoadgendakon-
ferenciaanapolisSi2007wlisnoemberSi,romelSicmonawileobamiiRo49qvey-
nissagareosaqmeTaministrma,ruseTisCaTvliT.maszemoxerxdakvlavganaxlebu-
liyomolaparakebaTaprocesiisraelsadapalestinelebsSoris`sagzaoru-
kis~problematikisSesaxeb,mxareebsmouwodebdnenmorigebisaken2008wlisbolom-
de.paraleluradmoxerxdamTlianobaSiregionaluridaZabulobisSemcire-
badawlebisganmavlobaSigadauwyvetelisakiTxebisgadawyveta.
2008welsamoqmedda `SeTanxmeba dacvisSesaxeb~,israelsadaRazisseq-
torsSoris,moxerxdasakonstituciokrizisisganmuxtvalibanSi,prezidentisar-
CevadanacionalurierTianobismTavrobisformireba.daregulirdaurTierTo-
basiriasadalibansSoris,maTdaamyaresdiplomatiuriurTierTobebidaSeTan-
224
r.gaCeCilaZe,axloaRmosavleTi; sivrce, xalxi, politika. Tb. 2008. gv. 462.
288
xmdnensazRvrisdelimitaciisSesaxeb.daiwyopirdapirimolaparakebebisiria-
sadaisraelsSorismSvidobisSesaxebTurqeTisSuamavlobiT.225
Tumca,2008wlisdekembrisda2009wlisianvrismovlenebma,rocaganaxldasa-
raketodartymebihamasismxridan,rasac israelmamasirebulidabombvebiTa da
RazaSi masStaburioperaciiTupasuxa (romelmacdidimsxverpligamoiwviamo-
saxleobaSi),aCvena,romarabeT-israeliskonfliqtisgadawyvetajerkidevSorsa-
a.amsisxlianidapirispirebisSedegebidamangreveliaRmoCndasamSvidoboproce-
sisaTvis. cxadia, rom saWiroa molaparakebebi.
2010 wlis maisis Sua ricxvebisaTvis aSS-s xelSewyobiT aRdga kontaq-
ti israelelebsa da palestinilebs Soris. rogorc daud quTabiaRniSnavs,
`raRac xdeba axlo aRmosavleTis konfliqtSi, magram Zneli saTqmelia,
konkretulad _ ra? raRac axali gamoCnda, magram yvela mxare TiTqos isev
tradiciul poziciazea~.226
arabuli liga xels uwyobs arapirdapir molaparakebebs palestina-
israels Soris. sxvadasxva forumebze, romlebSic palestineli liderebi
monawileoben, isini eTanxmebian molaparakebebis gagrZelebas. yvelaze xis-
tma palestinelma politikosma, romelic molaparakebebSi iRebs monawileo-
bas, saebereqaTmac ki Secvala Tavisi ritorika, palestinis prezidentma mah-
mud abasma ki sakmaod optimisturi interviu misca israelis televizias.
magram israeli ar eTanxmeba amerikelebisa da palestinelebis moTxovnas
Sewyvitos mSenebloba ierusalimSi.
palestinelebs esmiT, rom israelze zewolis gareSe mcired Tu Seic-
vleba situacia. maT aseve gacnobierebuli aqvT, rom ZaladobriviwinaaRmde-
goba mizanSeuwoneli nabijia, amitom maT aqcenti gaakeTes araZaladobriv
qmedebaze _ saerTaSoriso sazogadoebis TanadgomiT gaagrZelon zewola
“okupantebze”. pgo-s mTavarma jgufma `fatam~ es xazi gaatara 2010 wlis
zamTarSi beTlemSi gamarTul me-6 kongresze, romelic 20-wliani pauzis
Semdeg Catarda. pgo-s sxva oficialuri warmomadgenlebi ki kvlav demon-
straciebsa da saprotesto aqciebSi monawileoben.
garda araZaladobrivi qmedebebisa, palestinelebi saxelmwifos Seqmnis
sxva saSualebebsac mimarTaven. salam faiadi, palestinis energiuli da da-
savleTSi ganswavluli premier-ministri axorcielebs gegmas, romliTac pa-
lestinis de-faqto saxelmwifo unda gamocxaddes 2011 wlis agvistoSi. pa-
lestinis saxelmwifos mSenebloba samoqalaqo mTavrobis xelSia, politi-
kuri Zalisxmeva ki sakuTar Tavze pgo-s aqvs aRebuli, romlis meTauri mah-
mud abasi `fatas~ lideri da palestinis mTavrobis meTauria.
pgo warmatebulia agreTve evropis mxardaWeris mopovebaSi, raTa ga-
mocxadebul iqnes palestinis saxelmwifo. israelSi cvlilebebis misaRwe-
vad amerikelebi sxvadasxva xerxs mimarTaven. Tu mimdinare procesi CaiSle-
ba, obamam SeiZleba wamoayenos sakuTari gegma - klintonis gegmis
analogiuri. amavdrouladbevri miiCnevs, rom palestina da israeli ase ax-
los arasdros yofilan SeTanxmebasTan. amerikelebis samSvidobo gegma sa-
marTliani da gonivrulia, romelsac bevri Cveulebrivi ebraeli da pales-
tineli miesalmeba. kidev erTi amerikuli SeTavazeba isaa, rom Tu yvelafe-
ri zemoTqmuli CaiSleba, israel-palestinis problema gadawydeba saerTa-
Soriso konferenciaze. amgvari konferenciis mowyoba gawerilia gzamkvlev
dokumentSi, rogorc molaparakebebis mesame faza. am dromde ebraelebi da
225
О.Павлов, Разночтения ближневосточной "карты". ж. Международная Жизнь, №2-3. 2009. с. 64.
226
daud quTabi, mSvidoba nebismieri mniSvnelobiT axlo aRmosavleTSi. 2010 w. gaz. ì-
beria~, #16,10-16 maisi, gv. 6.
289
palestinelebi wiTeli xazis sxvadasxva mxares arian da acxadeben, rom
arasdros gadakveTen mas.227 amrigad, momavali aCvenebs, SesaZlebelia Tu
ara SeTanxmeba, romelic pozitiuri SedegebiT unda damTavrdes orive mxa-
risaTvis.
balkaneTi da kosovos problema
rogorc viciT, 90-iani wlebis dasawyisidan iugoslaviis daSlis Sedegad

regionSi erTdroulad ramdenime konfliqturi kera Seiqmna, ris Sedegadac
regionSi Tavisi poziciebis gamyareba daiwyo natom, romelmac Tavisi
pirveli warmatebuli gamocda samxedro da samSvidobo operaciebis
ganxorcielebis sferoSi swored mniSvnelovani geostrategiuli
mdebareobis mqone balkaneTSi Caatara, pirvelad bosniaSi 1994-1995 wlebSi,
xolo Semdgom 1999 wels kosovoSi, ris Sedegadac aliansma uzrunvelyo
stabiluroba am regionSi.
kosovoSi natos mier samxedro operaciebis warmoebis dros, regionSi
TanamSromlobis ganmtkicebis mizniT, vaSingtonis samitze wamoyenebul iqna
“natos iniciativa samxreT-aRmosavleT evropisaTvis”. iniciativis mizani
gaxldaT regionaluri TanamSromlobisa da mravalwliani usafrTxoebisa
da stabilurobis uzrunvelyofa.
es iniciativa eyrdnoboda oTx ZiriTad princips: sakonsultacio forumi
usafrTxoebis sakiTxebSi samxreT-aRmosavleT evropaSi; specialuri
samuSao jgufis Seqmna monawileTa ganusazRvreli raodenobiT samxreT-
aRmosavleT evropaSi TanamSromlobis ganviTarebis sferoSi. am samuSao
jgufis Seqmna unda momxdariyo evroatlantikuri partniorobis sabWos
egidiT politikuri komitetis sesiis doneze; programa “partnioroba
mSvidobisaTvis” samuSao instrumentebis Camoyalibeba; regionis
qveynebisaTvis TanamSromlobis miznobrivi programebis ganxorcieleba
usafrTxoebis sferoSi.
am konsultaciur forumSi Sediodnen natos wevri saxelmwifoebi da
momijnave regionis eqvsi saxelmwifo-albaneTi, bulgareTi, xorvatia,
rumineTi, yofili iugoslaviis respublika makedonia, slovenia da bosnia
da hercogovina.228 am forumis pirveli sxdoma Catarda natos umaRles
samitze erT-erTi kuluaruli Sexvedris dros 1999 wlis aprilSi. ukve
Semdgomi Sexvedrebi imarTeboda elCebis doneze natos Stab-binaSi
briuselSi.
rigi sakiTxebis gadawyvetisas, romelsac didi mniSvneloba gaaCnia mTeli
samxreT-aRmosavleTis da Sesabamisad balkaneTis regionisaTvis, maT Soris
“gamWvirvalobis” sakiTxebi samxedro dagegmarebis sferoSi, antikrizisuli
daregulirebisa da Tavdacvis sferos marTva da a S. gamoyenebul iqna
“partnioroba mSvidobisaTvis” programebis farglebSi ganxorcielebuli
meTodologia. saqmianobis saxeobebis gansazRvris procesSi, magaliTad
seminarebis gamarTva zemoaRniSnul Temebze orientiribuli iyo mTeli
regionisaTvis.
regionaluri proeqtebis koordinirebis mizniT samxreT-aRmosavleT
evropaSi usafrTxoebis sakiTxebis ganxilvisaTvis Seqmnil iqna
sakoordinacio jgufi
227
daud quTabi, mSvidoba nebismieri mniSvnelobiT axlo aRmosavleTSi. 2010 w. gaz. ìberia~,
#16, 10-16 maisi, gv. 6.
228
bulgareTi, rumineTi, slovania im periodSi jer kidev ar iyvnen nato-s wevrebi
290
momdevno wlebSi moxda TanamSromlobis kidev ufro ganmtkiceba
evrokavSirs, natosa da regionis saxelmwifoebs Soris.
rogorc cnobilia, ukve 2004 wels natos sruluflebiani wevrebi
gaxdnen rumineTi, slovenia da bulgareTi, xolo igive slovenia 2004 wels,
xolo bulgareTi da rumineTi 2007 wels aseve gawevrinadnen evrokavSirSi,
ramac didi roli Seasrula samxreT-aRmosavleT evropaSi dasavleTis
poziciebis ganmtkicebaSi. aseve mniSvnelovania aRiniSnos, rom rom nato-
s 2008 wlis aprilSi gamarTul buqarestis samitze miRebul iqna
gadawyvetileba xorvatiisa da albaneTis nato-Si gawevrianebasTan
dakavSirebiT, es procesi 2009 wels dasrulda.
metad sainteresoa dasvleTis qveynebis midgoma kosovos sakiTxisadmi.
maTi azriT, kosovos serbeTisagan iuridiulad gamoyofa saboloo
daaregulirebs kriziss balkaneTSi da Seqmnis stabilur garemos
balkaneTis regionSi mSvidobis damyarebisaTvis. Amas mohyva mohyva aSS-sa
da evrokavSiris wevri qveynebis umravlesobis mier kosovos de-iure
aRiareba 2008 wlis Teberval-martSi. 2010 wlis noembris monacemebiT
kosovos damoukidebloba ukve 60-ze metma saxelmwifom aRiara.
am mxriv Cven SegviZlia gavakeToT ramdenime daskvna. kerZod, zogierTi
eqspertis azriT, da igive ruseTis xelisuflebis warmomadgenelTa
gancxadebis Sesabamisad, kosovos precendenti SesaZlebeli iqneboda
gamoyenebuli sxva separatistuli regionebisaTvis, pirvel rigSi post-
sabWoTa sivrceze arsebuli araRiarebuli teritoriebisaTvis-afxazeTi,
yofili samxreT oseTis avtonomiuri olqi, dnestrispireTi, mTiani
yarabaRi. rogorc cnobilia ruseTis mier saqarTvelos winaaRmdeg
ganxorcielebuli agresiis erT-erTi ZiriTadi mizezi kosovos aRiarebac
gaxldaT. Tumca am SemTxvevaSi saqme gvaqvs Zalian didi gansxvavebasTan
kosovosa da zemoaRniSnuli separatistuli regionebSi arsebul
mdgomareobas Soris. kerZod, kosovoSi vrceldeboda gaerTianebuli erebis
organizaciis administracia. Sesabamisad, kosovos teritoriaze Catarebuli
yvela saxis arCevnebi legitimurad CaiTvala. xolo zemoaRniSnuli
postsabWoTa sivrceSi arsebuli separatistuli regionebi warmoadgenen
ukontrolo teriroriebs. rac Seexeba aseve magaliTad ganxvavebas
kosovosa da afxazeTs Soris, aqac aRsaniSnavia, rom Tu kosovos
SemTxvevaSi iugoslaviis centraluri xelisuflebis mier xorcieldeboda
kosovos mosaxleobis genocidi, afxazeTis SemTxvevaSi piriqiT, afxazeTis
mosaxleobis umravlesobis, ZiriTadad eTnikuri qarTvelebis devna
xorcieldeboda separatistuli reJimis mier gareSe Zalebis mxardaWeriT.
garda amisa, afxazeTis konfliqtis dros ugulebelyofil iqna
saerTaSoriso samarTlis ZiriTadi principebi ruseTis federaciis mier,
romelic yvelanair - samxedro, ekonomikur, finansur daxmarebas uwevda da
uWevs separatistul reJims afxazeTSi, rac sabolood 2008 wlis agvistoSi,
zemo afxazeTze ruseTis mier kontrolis damyarebis Semdeg afxazeTis
sruli okupaciiT dasrulda.
magram amave dros aRsaniSnavia, rom kosovos aRiarebiT iqmneba didi
saSiSroeba imisa, rom balkaneTis regioni axali denTis kasrad gadaiqces,
kerZod:
- serbeTSi agordeba antisadasavluri talRa, rasac mohyveba is, rom
mniSvnelovnad gaizrdeba imis SesaZlebloba, rom saparlamento Tu
saprezidento arCevnebis Semdeg am qveynis xelisuflebaSi kvlav movidnen
nacionalisturi, prorusuli Zalebi da Sesabamisad dasavleTi balkaneTis
regionSi dakargavs mniSvnelovan mokavSires;
291
- Cven gvaqvs imis precendenti, rom kosovoSi 1999 wels samxedro
operaciebis dasrulebis Semdeg, kosovos ganTavisuflebis armiis
mebrZolebi gadavidnen mezobel makedoniaSi, kerZod am qveynis im regionSi,
romelic albanelebiT mWidrod dasaxlebul regions warmoadgenda. Aam
faqtma daZaba viTareba am qveyanaSi da gamoiwvia natos konfliqtSi CarTvis
saWiroeba. KSesabamisad kosovos SesaZlo aRiarebis SemTxvevaSi, ar aris
gamoricxuli, rom makedoniaSi albanurma mosaxleobam analogiuri
gamosvlebi moawyos ukve makedoniis Semadgenlobidan gamosvlis moTxovniT;
- Tavis mxriv didi safrTxe Seeqmneba 1995 wels xelmoweril deitonis
xelSekrulebas musulmanur, xorvatul da serbul mxareebs Soris
bosniaSi. aRniSnulma SeTanxmebam wertili dausva saomar moqmedebebs
bosniasa da hercogovinaSi, rodesac es qveyana daiyo or respublikad -
serbul respublikad da musulmanur-xorvatul federaciad. Sesabamisad,
Tu moxda kosovos aRiareba da Seiqmna Sesabamisi precendenti, maSin
SesaZlebelia rom igive bosniis serbeTis respublikam moiTxovos
bosniisgan gamoyofa da serbeTTan SeerTeba, rasac SeiZleba umarTavi
procesebi mohyves sami eTnikuri jgufiT dasaxlebul bosniasa da
hercogovinaSi;
- kosovos aRiarebam aseve SesaZloa daZabuloba gamoiwvios serbeTis
ungrelebiT dasaxlebul voevodinaSi da kosovos CrdiloeTSi
macxovrebel serbul mosaxleobaSi;
- da bolos, serbeTi acxadebs, rom is ar dauSvebs kosovos gamoyofas
serbeTisgan, Sesabamisad, SesaZloa kosovos aRiarebas mohyves saomari
moqmedebebis ganaxleba belgradis mxridan, ramac SeiZleba gamoiwvios
konfliqtSi albaneTis CarTvac kosovari albanelebis dasacavad, da
dasavleTis qveynebs Tavidan mouxdeT iTamaSon Suamavlis roli
ganaxlebul konfliqtSi.
CineTis geopolitika
CineTis aRmavlobas msoflio saxelmwifos statusamde yuradRebiT

akvirdebian, gansakuTrebiT ki XX saukunis bolo aTwleulSi. CineTis
geopolitikuri mniSvnelobis zrdam didad Secvala saerTaSoriso
urTierTobebi. specialistTa azriT, uaxloes 10-15 weliwadSi CineTis
zegavlena kidev ufro gaizrdeba.
CineTis ganviTarebis specifikuri pirobebi
CineTis ganviTarebis specifikur pirobebad SeiZleba CaiTvalos

Semdegi faqtorebi:
 mosaxleobis udidesi maCvenebeli da iafi muSa xeli.
 investiciebis dagegmirebuli saxelmwifoebrivi regulireba,
sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi ekonomikuri sferoebis ganviTareba;
 maRali teqnoloigiebis aTviseba, eqsportis ganviTareba-
gavrceleba;
 evraziaSi yvelaze didi bazari;
 samxedro Zalis intensiuri mSenebloba.
XX saukunis bolos CineTis soflebSi mcxovreb adamianTa raodenoba
daaxloebiT 800 mln. iyo. aqedan 700 mln. miwaTmoqmedebiT da
mecxoveleobiT iyo dakavebuli. darCenili 100 mln. kaci? maTTvis
292
vargisiani miwebi aRar darCa. daiwyo migracia qalaqebSi, ramac Tavis mxriv
umuSevroba gamoiwvia urbanul adgilebSi. daaxloebiT 10 mln. adamiani
yovelwliurad gadadis qalaqSi sacxovreblad. Tu uaxloes wlebSi
mdgomareoba ar Seicvleba da migraciis done ar Semcirdeba, qalaqebi ver
moaswrebs axladmosaxleTa aTvisebas.
msoflio bankis prognoziT, XXI saukunis 10-ian wlebSi CineTis
importi honkongTan da taivanTan erTad 650 mlrd dolars gadaaWarbebs
iaponiis 530 mlrd dolaris importis winaaRmdeg. rogorc TviTon Cinelebi
acxadeben, XXI saukune maTi civilizaciis saukunea. didia CineTis miRwevebi
samxedro sferoSic. 10-15 welSi CineTi iqneba birTvuli iaraRis mqone
udidesi saxelmwifo Zlieri ekonomikiT.
Aaswleulebis ganmavlobaSi CineTi eqspansiis obieqts warmoadgenda.
monRoleTidan dawyebuli iaponiiT damTavrebuli. am dros CineTs “eZina”.
Tavis droze napoleonma Tqva: “iq giganti wevs. mas Zinavs. dae eZinos,
radgan roca gaiRiZebs mTels msoflios SeanjRrevs.“229
CineTis sagareo ekonomikuri kavSirebi
CineTSi erTpartiuli politikuri sistemis arseboba xels ar uSlis

ucxoel investorebs kapitaldabandebisTvis. CineTis ekonomikuri da
politikuri sistema stabiluria. ucxouri kapitaldabandebebic izrdeba.
1980 wlidan 2000 wlamde igi 4,5-jer gaizarda.
CineTis eqsporti yovelwliurad 25-30 %-iT izrdeba.
samxreT_aRmosavleT aziaSi dawyebuli krizisis gamo, XX saukunis
bolos da XXI saukunis dasawyisSi, CineTma daiwyo bazrebis daarseba
evropaSi, afrikaSi, laTinur amerikasa da aSS-Si. am dros CineTis eqsporti
evrokavSiris qveynebSi 25%-iT gaizarda, afrikaSi-45%, laTinur amerikaSi-
38%, aSS-Si ki-TiTqmis 20%-iT. sagareo vaWrobis monacemebiT CineTi
mexuTedan meoTxe adgilze gadavida msoflioSi. 2003 wlis oqtomberSi
Sexvedrisas, bangkokSi, buSma daadanaSaula CineTis lideri xu czintao,
rom CineTi atarebs arakeTilsindisier savaluto politikas, ramac iqamde
miiyvana mdgomareoba, rom aSS-s savaWro balansis deficitma CineTTan
mimarTebaSi 103 mlrd dolari Seadgina.
rac Seexeba ruseT-CineTis urTierTvaWrobas, raoden gasakviris ar
unda iyos, 2008 wels maCvenebeli igive iyo, rac iyo daaxloebiT 5 wlis
win. amis mizezi martivia. ruseTis eqsporti ufro dasavleTzea
orientirebuli. Tumca maTi urTierToba gacilebiT stabiluria, xolo imis
prognozireba Tu rogori iqneba am ori giganti qveynis urTierToba XXI
saukuneSi cota sariskoa.
zogierTi rusi geopolitikosi Tvlis rom CineTi ruseTisTvis did
safrTxes warmoadgens da am sifrTxiles sakmao safuZvelic aqvs.
dResdReobiT CineTi erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi geopolitikuri
faqtoria. pirveli qveyana aRmosavleT samyarodan, romelmac xomaldi
gauSva kosmosSi, ara xelovnuri TanamgzavriT, aramed adamianiT. xolo 10-15
weliwadSi CineTis isedac didi gavlena ruseTze ufro gaizrdeba,
gansakuTrebiT ki Soreul aRmosavleTsa da cimbirSi.
CineTSi sakuTari saqonlis eqsportis moculoba gazardes inglisma,
germaniam, safrangeTma, italiam, Tumca bolo dros isini am qveyanaSi
pirdapiri kapitaldabandebebiT ufro arian dainteresebulni.
229
293
rac Seexeba CineTis urTierTobas e.w. “patara drakonebTan” (samxreT
korea, honkongi, singapuri, malaizia), am TanamSromlobas mZafri
konkurencia axasiaTebs.
AaRsaniSnavia is faqti, rom CineTis separatistul regionSi-taivanSi
SeimuSaves grZelvadiani programa, romliTac taivani ara marto regionSi
aramed mTels msoflioSi unda gaxdes ekonomikuri centri da daikavos
wamyvani adgili. amgvari gegma CineTSicaa Sedgenili, e.w. “pudunis gegma”.
igi gulisxmobs Sanxais raionSi gigantur (100 mln kaci) saerTaSoriso
savaWro, satransporto, finansuri da kulturuli centris Camoyalibebas,
romelic lideris pozicias daikavebs. es sakiTxi sayuradReboa, Tundac
imitom rom didia imis albaToba, rom XXI saukuneSi moxdeba ori CineTis
(materikuli CineTisa da taivanis) gaerTianeba erT saxelmwifod, rac mas
uZlieres safinanso-ekonomikur imperiad gadaaqcevs.
demografiuli politika
Tezisis “demografiuli imperializmi” avtorebma u. goguanma da van

CJaocviunma wignSi “CineTi den siapinis Semdeg: 10 arsebiTi problema”
aRniSnes rom msoflios nebismieri qveyana didi safrTxis winaSe dadgeba,
Cinelebis 10%-ic ki Tu gadawyvets qveynis datovebas. es Tezisi ukve
amoqmedda cimbirsa da Soreul aRmosavleTSi. pekinis mTavrobam romc
SeZlos “erTi ojaxi-erTi bavSvi” politikis gatareba, 2015 wlisTvis
CineTis mosaxleoba sul cota 300 mln kaciT gaizrdeba.
qalaqis mosaxleobis TiTqmis 1/4 umuSevaria. es ki 250 mln adamians
Seadgens. amgvari maCvenebeli rogorc wesi emigraciis erT-erTi mTavari
mizezia. Cinelebi saerTod Zalian Sromismoyvare xalxia, ucxo
atmosferoSi adaptireba ar uWirT, cotas Wamen, advilad itanen sicxes Tu
sicives-es yvelaferi maT saSualebas aZlevs yvelgan icxovron.
integracia “did CineTSi”
CineTis swraf ganviTarebas da saerTod mis geostrategias

yuradRebiT akvirdeba saerTaSoriso sazogadoeba. misi prioriteti XXI
saukuneSi kidev ufro gaizarda. CineTis, taivanis, malaiziis, filipinebis
ekonomika gansakuTrebiT swrafad momZlavrda 90-ian wlebSi. es “aziisa da
wynari okeaneTis TanamSromlobis” Seqmnis Sedegicaa. yovelgvari pirobaa
imisaTvis, raTa Camoyalibdes “didi CineTi” an “CineTis saerTo bazari”,
sadac gaerTiandeba CineTi, taivani, honkongi, aomini, singapuri. maT Soris
mWidro ekonomikuri Tu sxva saxis urTierTobebi damyarda. miuxedavad
urTierTkonkurenciisa, maT Soris integraciis done izrdeba da yalibdeba
“didi CineTis” ConCxi.
amgvarad, XXI saukunis pirvel naxevarSi SesaZlebelia msoflio
arenaze gamovides uZlieresi msoflio saxelmwifo. igi daaregulirebs ara
marto “did CineTSi” mcxovreb erTa cxovrebas, aramed msoflioSi
mimofantul mravalrocxovan CinelTa cxovrebasac.
am mimdinare movlenebisadmi did interess iCens bevri qveyana, pirvel
rigSi ki ruseTi, romelsac CineTTan 4000 km-iani sazRvari akavSirebs.
amgvarad, XXI saukuneSi “didi CineTi” SesaZloa realobad iqces. es
geopolitikuri gaerTianeba Tavisi makroekonomikuri maCvenebliT
mniSvnelovnad Camoitovebs germanias, safrangeTs, italias da did
britaneTs, erTad aRebuls.
294
CineTis geopolitika
CineTma 2006 wlis SIPRI-is (stokholmis saerTaSoriso mSvidobis kvlevis

instituti) monacemebis mixedviT, TavdacviTi sferoSi dafinansebis
mixedviT iaponias gauswro da aziaSi pirvelobas daeufla. misi Tavdacvis
biujeti 2008 wlis monacemebiT daaxloebiT 50 miliard dolars Seadgenda,
xolo iaponiisa – 43,7 miliard dolars.
amave dros aRsaniSnavia, rom CineTisa da ruseTis maCveneblebi msoflio
samxedro xarjebis 3-4%-s Seadgens. magram CineTi da ruseTi samxedro
danaxarjebis zusti maCveneblebis miRebis uflebas ar iZlevian. CineTi
agreTve warmoadgens iaraRis yvelaze msxvil importiors msoflioSi
indoeTTan erTad.
Ppekini dasavleTTan ideologiuri gansxvavebebis gamo garkveulwilad
ganixileba aSS-is erT-erT mTavar mowinaaRmdeged. magaliTad 2007 wels
pentagonis Sefma, geitsma kongresisagan moiTxova aSS-is SeiaraRebuli
Zalebis ricxovnobis gazrda. igive geitsis TqmiT, “Cven ar viciT, rogor
ganviTardeba situacia iseT qveynebTan dakavSirebiT, rogorebicaa CineTi
da ruseTi, aseve CrdiloeT korea, irani, da sxva”.
Aaq albaT gansakuTrebuli aRniSvnis Rirsia taivanis probleba – CineTis
xelisuflebis mier taivanze samxedro Setevis ganxorcielebis SemTxvevaSi
ar aris gamoricxuli aSS-s da misi partniorebis konfliqtSi Carevac.
rac Seexeba CineTis mier supersaxelmwifos statusis SesaZlo mopovebas,
SeiZleba iTqvas, rom es komunisturi qveyana zesaxelmwifos rolisTvis
ukve emzadeba. 2020 wlisaTvis qveynis samxedro biujeti 400 miliard
dolaramde aiwevs. es marTalia amerikis Tavdacvis biujetis naxevari
iqneba, magram samagierod sxvebis biujets mniSvnelovnad gadaaWarbebs-
magaliTad, ruseTis samxedro biujeti wliuri 4%-iani zrdis pirobebSic
ki im periodisaTvis mxolod 100 miliard aSS dolars miaRwevs.
kosmosi mniSvnelovan adgils daiWers CineTis SeiaraRebul ZalebSi da am
ideis xorcSesxmisaTvis mTeli SeiaraReba CineTSi iwarmoeba. araa
gamoricxuli, rom 2020 wlisaTvis CineTi, Tavisi ekonomikuri moculobiT
amerikas gautoldes. aseve aRsaniSnavia, rom CineTs igive indoeTisagan
gansxvavebiT sul mcire, regionuli liderobis gamocdileba da tradicia
ukve gaaCnia da zesaxelmwifos rolisTvisac ufro metad aris mzad.
mniSvnelovania agreTve aRiniSnos ruseT-CineTis aliansi. am mxriv ra
Tqma unda aRsaniSnavia or qveyanas Soris TanamSromloba Sanxais
TanamSromlobis organizaciis farglebSi, sadac es ori qveyanaa
gawevrianebulia yofili sabWoTa kavSiris respublikebTan - centraluri
aziis saxelmwifoebTan erTad.
YyuradRebas imsaxurebs is faqtic, rom moskovi gegmavs evropaze
orientirebuli energetili resursebis eqsportis diversificirebas. Tavis
mxriv, axlandel situaciasTan SedarebiT, moskovi 2020 wlisaTvis gemavs
Tavisi energo-eqsportis aziis mimarTulebiT gazrdas, kerZod, navTobis
dRevandeli 3-dan 30 procentamde, gazisas-5-dan 25 procentamde. am faqtma
SeiZleba gazardos dasavleTis qveynebis moTxovnileba rusul
energomatareblebze da Sesabamisad gazardos fasebi. aseve mniSvnelovania
CineTis mcdeloba ganaxorcielos navTobis importi iranidan. eqspertTa
monacemebiT CineTi iranidan misi navTobze moTxovnilebis daaxloebiT 30%-
s ikmayofilebs. aseve aqtualuria CineTis mcdeloba ganaxorcielos
navTobisa da gazis importi centraluri aziidan, saidanac
energomatareblebis importi ganzraxuli aqvT evropul saxelmwifoebs.
295
magram am potencialis miuxedavad, CineTis gaZliereba da meore
zesaxelmwifos SesaZlo aRmoceneba ar qmnis iseT did safrTxes, rogor
safrTxesac msoflio civi omis dros grZnobda. sxva Tu araferi, aSS da
CineTi ekonomikurad imdenad arian erTimeoreze damokidebulni, rom maT
Soris seriozuli dapirispireba warmoudgenelia. xolo Tuki CineTis
gaZlierebam agresiuli xasiaTi miiRo, es aucileblad gamoiwvevs sapasuxo
reaqcias regionis sxva didi saxelmwifoebis-indoeTisa da iaponiis
mxridan.
garda amisa aRsaniSnavia, rom aSS-sa da CineTs Soris savaWro balansi
CineTis sasargeblod sul ufro da ufro izrdeba da vaSingtonis savaWro
deficits sul ufro zrdis. 2006-2008 wlebSi vaSingtonis uaryofiTma
balansma CineTTan daaxloebiT 229 miliard dolars miaRwia. miuxedavad
aSS-saTvis negatiuri procesisa, es Tavis mxriv zrdis CineTis ekonomikur
damokidebulebasac aSS-ze, radganac CineTi sul ufro metad iqneba
damokidebuli Tavisi produqciis amerikis umdidres bazarze eqsportirebis
TvalsazrisiT.
CineTi sagareo politikaSi misdevs ruseTisagan ganxvavebul strategias.
Tavad Cinelebi mas “mSvidobian aRzevebas” uwodeben. programa, romelic
sul raRac ramdenime wlis win iqna miRebuli, mowodebulia, msoflio
sazogadoebrioba CineTisadmi dadebiTad ganewyos da imavdroulad xeli
Seuwyos misi gavlenis gazrdas. rogorc avRniSneT, dRes CineTi ukve
scildeba regionuli saxelmwifos statusis CarCoebs da aSkarad acxadebs
pretenziebs momavlis supersaxelmwifoobaze. amasTanave, rogorc
gavleniani amerikuli analitikuri centris eqspertebi acxadeben, CineTis
umTavresi amocanaa, ar daupirispirdes aSS-is da momavlis
supersaxelmwifoobisken “asimetriluli” strategiis saSualebiT imoZraos.
“mSvidobiani aRzeveba” ganviTarebul da ganviTarebad saxelmwifoebTan
mimarTebaSi sxvadasxva saSualebaTa gamoyenebas gulisxmobs. ganviTarebad
qveynebs CineTi ekonomikur Tanadgomas sTavazobs. CineT-afrikis 2007 wels
gamarTul noembris samitze CineTis xelisuflebam mzadyofna gamoTqva,
afrikelebs 5 miliardi dolaris moculobis SeRavaTiani sesxi gamouyos.
CineTma maT 1 miliardis davalianeba miuteva da sanaclod maTTan 2
miliardi dolaris saerTo Rirebulebis kontraqtebi gaaforma.
imavdroulad, CineTma laTinuri amerikis qveynebTan 50 miliardi dolaris
saerTo Rirebulebis 400-mde xelSekruleba dado.
CineTis strategiis arss saukeTesod gamoxatavs filipinebis SemTxveva. am
qveyanam verasgziT miaRwia msoflio bankisgan misTvis misaRebi pirobebiT
sesxis aRebas maSin, roca CineTma yovelgvari pirobis gareSe da
SeRavaTiani procentiT myisve asesxa 2 miliardi dolari. “msoflioSi
afaseben rom CineTi, gansxvavebiT amerikisgan, araviTar politikur
garantiebs ar iTxovs”-acxadeben analitikosebi. DmarTlac, CineTi did
mniSvnelobas ar aniWebs, ama Tu im qveyanaSi demokratiulia reJimi Tu
diqtatoruli, da swored amis wyalobiTaa, rom qveyana ganviTarebad
samyaroSi nel-nela ipyrobs lideris pozicias.
Aaqcentis “pozitiur dRis wesrigze” gadatanas cdilobs CineTi
ganviTarebul qveynebTan mimarTebaSic. “ukanaskneli wlebis ganmavlobaSi
CineTis ekonomika sul ufro Ria xdeba msxvili dasavluri
korporaciebisaTvis”-ambobs erT-erTi rusi eqsperti-“da, rac ufro
mWidrod ebmevian isini CineTs, miT ufro izrdeba CineTis lobisturi
resursi dasavleTSi”. Yyovelive amis Sedegad dasavluri biznesi dRes
sisxlxorceulad aris dainteresebuli CineTTan rigian urTierTobasa da
aseve CineTis ekonomikis momaval ganviTarebaSi.
296
Aaranaklebi roli ekisreba kulturul eqspansias – 2004 wels CineTis
mTavrobam moiwona mTeli msoflios masStabiT 100-ze meti “konfuciuri
institutis” Seqmnis programa. am institutTa mizania Cinuri kulturisa da
enis gavrceleba.
“mSvidobiani aRzevebis” strategiis Sedegad CineTi ganviTarebad
samyaroSic imaRlebs avtoritets da dasavleTis TvalSic iumjobesebs
imijs. 2005 wels Catarebuli gamokiTxvebis Sedegad, romelic aziis,
afrikis, evropisa da amerikis 16 qveyanaSi Catarda, 11 qveyanaSi
gamokiTxulTa 50 procentze metma ganacxada, rom CineTis mimarT dadebiTad
aris ganwyobili. Des maSin, rom aSS-ma aseTi maCvenebeli mxolod oTx
qveyanaSi miiRo. gamokiTxvaSi monawileobamiRebuli Svidi evropuli
qveynidan aSS-is mimarT dadebiTi ganwyoba mxolod poloneTSi dafiqsirda,
danarCenebi ki CineTis mimarT ufro dadebiTad ganwyobilni gamodgnen.
AaSS da evropa saerTo dasavlur civilizacias miekuTvnebian, rac
pirvels meoris TvalSi TiTqos apriori unda aZlevdes upiratesobas
CineTTan SedarebiT, magram mTeli saqmec swored eg aris, rom CineTi,
romelic ar iziarebs dasavlur Rirebulebebs da Tanac komunisturi
partiis mier imarTeba, rbili da ukonfliqto sagareo politikiT igebs.
Aamave dros aRsaniSnavia is faqtic, rom dasavleTsa da CineTs ramdenime
saerTo interesic gaaCniaT. kerZod, orive mxare metad dainteresebulia
CineTis mezoblad mdebare CrdiloeT koreaSi birTvuli programis garSemo
arsebuli problemis mogvarebiT. aseve mniSvnelovani aRiniSnos, rom
rogorc dasavleTis qveynebis absoluturi umravlesoba, aseve CineTi
warmoadgenen energoresursebis umTavres importiorebs, aqedan gamomdinare
es faqti ganapirobebs imas, rom orive mxarem navTobze msoflio fasebis
zrdis sawinaaRmdegod koordinirebuli politika gaataron.
afrikis politikuri ruka230
afrika sididiT evraziis Semdeg meore kontinentia. misi farTobi kunZu-

lebis CaTvliT 30,3 mln. km2-s Seadgens. igi gamoirCeva bunebrivi pirobebisa
da landSaftebis mniSvnelovani TaviseburebebiT. afrika erTaderTi kon-
tinentia, romelsac ekvatori TiTqmis Suaze kveTs. amis gamo klimaturi da
geografiuli sartyelebi ekvatoris mimarT simetriulad meordeba, magram
misi gulismagvari formis (konfiguraciis) gamo Crd. naxevarsferoSi
mdebare teritoria farTobiT TiTqmis orjer aRemateba samxreT
naxevarsferoSi mdebare teritorias.
sxva kontinentebisgan gansxvavebiT afrika gamoirCeva Tanamedrove po-
litikuri rukis ganviTareba-Camoyalibebis yvelaze tragikuli istoriiT.
ramdenime saukunis manZilze igi koloniur kontinents warmoadgenda.
kacobriobis civilizaciis ganviTarebis istoria Sav, samarcxvino laqad
atarebs monavaWrobis epoqas, ramac afrikis mkvidr mosaxleobasa da mis
genofonds mouSuSebeli ziani miayena.
afrikaSi cxovrobs 415 milion kacze meti. mosaxleoba metad
araTanabradaa ganlagebuli. sustad dasaxlebuli da dausaxlebelia udab-
noebi – sahara, namibi. aq 1kv.km-ze 1 kacze naklebi modis. agreTve aris
raionebi, romlebic sruliad ukacrielia. sapirispiro suraTia nilosis
qvemo dinebaSi, sadac 1kv.km-ze 1000-ze meti kaci modis. es aris erT-erTi
mWidrod dasaxlebuli olqi mTel dedamiwaze.
230
xaritonaSvili, JRenti. Mmsoflios ekonomikuri da socialuri geografia. Tbilisi, 1999
w.
297
afrikaSi cxovrobs evropuli, ekvatoruli, anu negroiduli da mongo-
loiduri rasis xalxebi. kontinentis CrdiloeT nawilSi cxovroben
afrikis uZvelesi mosaxleni-berberebi da arabebi. materikis didi nawili,
saharidan ukidures samxreTamde dasaxlebulia negroidebiT. afrikaSi
cxovrobs yvelaze dabali xalxi-negridebi, anu pigmeebi (romelTa saSualo
simaRle mamakacisa daaxloebiT 140sm-ia, qalisa – 130sm) da erT-erTi
yvelaze maRali xalxi nilosis auzSi ( mamakacebis saSualo simaRle 182sm-
ia). abisiniis mTianeTi dasaxlebulia eTiopelebiT, romlebic evropelebsa
da negroidebis Sereuli qorwinebis Sedegad warmoiSvnen da warmoadgenen
gardamavali rasas evropeidebsa da negroidebs Soris.
dReisTvis kontinentze 50-ze meti saxelmwifoa, romelTa umetesoba
XXs-is Sua periodamde koloniebs warmoadgenda. kerZod: sudani, kenia,
uganda, nigeria, gana, siera-leone, gambia, kunZ. sokotra da seiSelis kunZu-
lebi, samxreTi afrika inglisis mflobelobaSi iyo.
safrangeTis kuTvnileba iyo alJiri, centraluri da das. afrika. ita-
lia flobda libias, somalis nawils, eriTreas. belgias ekuTvnoda kongo.
1960 weli istoriaSi Sevida, rogorc afrikis koloniuri uRlisgan
ganTavisuflebis weli. marto erTi wlis ganmavlobaSi damoukidebloba
miiRo 17-ma saxelmwifom. 60-ian wlebSi damoukidebeli gaxda kidev 15 sax-
elmwifo. yvela maTgani damoukidebelia, gaurkvevelia mxolod das. saharis
statusi _ jerjerobiT igi marokozea mierTebuli. Tumca gaero varaudobs
referendumis Catarebas teritoriis saboloo bedis gadasawyvetad.
kontinentze 3 konstituciuri monarqiaa: lesoto, maroko da svazi-
lendi. afrikaSi mxolod erTi ganviTarebuli qveyanaa _ samxreT afrikis
respublika, yvela danarCeni ganviTarebadia.
afrikaSi moqmedebs ramodenime regionaluri gaerTianeba: afrikis
erTianobis organizacia, afrikis qveynebis ekonomikuri Tanamegobroba,
centraluri afrikis qveynebis ekonomikuri Tanamegobroba, arabuli
maRribis kavSiri, arabul saxelmwifoTa liga da a.S.
Aaziis politikuri ruka231
Aazia farTobis mixedviT da mosaxleobis raodenobis mxriv udidesi

kontinentia msoflioSi. igi gadaWimulia aRmosavleTiT wynari okeanidan
dasavleTiT uralamde, CrdiloeT arqtikidan samxreT ekvadoramde.
Aaziis landSaftebi mravalferovnebiT gamoirCeva. teritoriis
mniSvnelovani nawili Zvel mTebs ukavia. Aaxalgazrda mTaTa sistemebi
qmnian or uwyvet zols. AaziaSi mdebareobs msoflioSi erT-erTi udidesi
vake, umaRlesi mTaTa sistemebi, zegnebi da a.S. azia mdidaria sasargeblo
wiaRiseuliT: navTobiTa da gaziT, naxSiriT, rkiniT, kaliT da a. S.
kontinenti Zalzed mdidaria mdinareebiT da tbebiT, mravalferovania
flora da fauna. Aaziis umaRlesi mwvervalia jomolungma_8848 m.
simaRliT, yvelaze dabali adgilia mkvdari zRvis sanapiro_400 m. zRvis
donidan. Aaziis udidesi kunZulia borneo, xolo udidesi
naxevarKkunZulia arabeTis n/k.
DdReisaTvis aziaSi 3,4 miliardi adamiani cxovrobs. Aaziis
teritoriaze gavrcelebulia msoflioSi arsebuli TiTqmis yvela saxis
231
w.
298
religiuri mimdinareoba. MmWidrod dasaxlebuli qveynebia: singapuri,
maldivi, bangladeSi.
teritoriis sidide, mosaxleobis siWrele da politikuri rukis
Taviseburebani mravalferovan ekonomikur situacias ayalibebs. AaziaSi
mdebareobs ekonomikuri TvalsazrisiT iseTi maRalganviTarebuli
saxelmwifo, rogoricaa iaponia, sul ufro da ufro mzardi da
ekonomikurad cvalebadi qveyana_CineTi.
Kkontinentze tradiciulad gamoyofen sam “kulturul
samyaros”_indurs, Cinurs da arabul_islamurs. Mmsoflio religiebis
udidesi nawili swored aziaSi warmoiSva. Aazia uZvelesi civilizaciebis
memkvidrea, msoflios mdinareTa sanapiroebze aRmocenebuli oTxi
civilizaciidan sami aziaSi mdebareobs.
aziis politikur rukaze mniSvnelovani cvlilebebi xdeba meore
msoflio omis Semdeg, rodesac koloniuri sistemis daSlis Sedegad
Seiqmna damoukidebeli politikuri erTeulebi. aziis teritoriis 1/3_ze
meti yofil sabWoTa sivrces ukavia, kerZod ruseTis federaciis aziur
nawils da yazaxeTis, uzbekeTis, tajikeTis, yirgizeTis da TurqmeneTis
teritoriebs.
MmsoflioSi socialisturi sistemis daSlis Sedegad aziis kontinentze
am orientaciis qveynad darCa mosaxleobis raodenobis mxriv udidesi
saxelmwifo - CineTi, aseve vietnami, Crd. korea, laosi.
DdanarCeni saxelmwifoebidan 20 respublikaa, 14 monarqia.
aziaSi dRevandel etapze funqcionirebs ramdenime regionuli
organizacia _ samxreT aziis TanamSromlobis regionuli asociacia,
samxreT_aRmosavleT aziis saxelmwifoTa asociacia, aziis ganviTarebis
regionuli asociacia.
sparseTis yuris saxelmwifoTa umravlesoba gaerTianebulia navTobis
eqsportior qveyanaTa organizacia_opekSi. A”civi omis” periodSi aziis
teritoriaze moqmedebda samxedro blokebi_sento da seato.
AamJamad aziis politikur rukaze 45 suverenuli saxelmwifoa
avstralia da okeaneTis politikuri ruka232
Aregionis udidesi saxelmwifo-avstralia, rogorc saxelmwifo

amerikis msgavsad kolonializmis epoqis dros Seiqmna. Eevropul
kolonizacias safuZveli Cauyara j. kukis mogzaurobebma. Mman britaneTis
samflobelod gamoacxada misi eqspediciis mier aRmoCenili avstraliis
aRm. sanapiro 1770 wels da am miwebs uwoda “axali samxreT uelsi”. 1778
wlis 26 ianvars kapitanma filipma daafuZna pirveli dasaxleba. 1827 wels
didma britaneTma suvereniteti mTel kontinentze gamoacxada. 1801 wels
moxda avstraliis koloniebis gaerTianeba. Aam droisTvis 6 kolonia
arsebobda. isini aRmocendnen axali miwebis aTvisebis dros: axali samxreT
uelsi 1788 wels, tasmania 1825 wels, dasavleT avstralia 1830 wels,
samxreT avstralia 1836 wels, kvinslendi 1859 wels. GgaerTianebas ewoda
avstraliis kavSiri da am kavSirma miiRo didi britaneTis dominionis
statusi. 1931 wlis vestminsteris statutiT avstraliam miiRo sruli
damoukidebloba metropoliisagan da gaxda britaneTis Tanamegobrobis
wevri. A
232
w.
299
okeaneTSi mniSvnelovan rols TamaSobs axali zelandiac, romelic aseve
didi britaneTis kolonias warmoadgenda da amJamad britaneTis
TanamegobrobaSia gaerTianebuli. rac Seexeba kunZulebs, isini didi xnis
ganmavlobaSi sxvadasxva qveynis samflobeloebs warmoadgendnen.
Tanamedrove etapze zogi kunZuli damoukidebelia da zogs
damokidebuli(formalurad Tu realurad) teritoriis statusi gaaCnia.
avstralia, axali zelandia - didi britaneTis dominionebs warmoadgenen;
axali kaledonia, safrangeTis polinezia – safrangeTis zRvis gadaRma
departamentis SemadgenlobaSia; aRmosavleT samoa da guami aSS-s
samflobeloebs warmoadgenen; dasavleT samoa, papua-axali gvinea, tuvalu
damoukidebeli qveynebia, romlebic erTa TanamegobrobaSi Sedian; rac
Seexeba vanuatus, kiribatis, Nnaurusa da palaus, am qveynebSi respublikuri
mmarTvelobis formaa; kukis kunZulebi, niue, tokelau-axali zelandiis
samflobeloebia; marSalis kunZulebs, mikroneziis federaciul Statebs,
Crd. Mmarianis kunZ-bis Tanamegobrobas aSS-sTan Tavisufali asociaciis
statusi gaaCniaT; norfolkis kunZuli, qoqosis kunZ-ebi, Sobis kunZuli -
avstraliis samflobeloa; pitkerni-didi britaneTis samflobeloa; rac
Seexeba tongas, am qveyanas sakuTari monarqi hyavs.
Aamerikis politikuri ruka
amerikis Tanamedrove politikuri ruka me-18 da me-19 saukunis dasawyisSi

Camoyalibda. amerikis teritoriebi manamde ganawilebuli iyo did
kolonialur saxelmwifoebs - ingliss, safrangeTs, espaneTs, portugalias
da holandias Soris, miuxedavad imisa, rom iq uZvelesbi droidan
cxovrobdnen indielTa sxvadasxva aborigeni tomebi.
Mme-15 da me-16 saukuneebis mijnaze didi geografiuli aRmoCenebis Semdeg
Crd. Aamerikis didi nawili daipyro inglisma da maT dRevandeli aSS-s
teritoriaze Seqmnes inglisuri koloniebi. 1776 wels filadelfiaSi
miRebul iqna damoukideblobis deklaracia, romlis safuZvelzec amave
wlis 4 ivliss gamocxadda aSS-s 13 Statis damoukidebloba. BbritaneT-
amerikis omebis Sedegad, xolo britaneTma aSS-is damoukidebloba cno 1783
wels. Aam droidan iwyeba aSS-s teritoriis zrda. 1783 wels aSS-s
gankargulebaSi gadavida safrangeTis didi luizianis aRm. Nnawili. 1803
wels ki luizianis das. Nnawili. 1810-1812 wlebSi aSS-m SeierTa espaneTis
florida da safrangeTis misisipis SesarTavi. 1846 wels _ texasi. 1846-1848
wlebis meqsika_aSS-s omis msvlelobisas amerikam miitaca daaxloebiT 2
mln. kv.Kkm. (kalifornia, texasi, florida da a.S) texassa da wynari okeanis
sanapiros Soris. 1846 wels britaneTma aSS-s dauTmo oregoni, sadac
Seiqmna Statebi: vaSingtoni, oregoni da aidaho. 1867 wels aSS-m iyida
ruseTisgan aliaska 7 mln. Ddolarad da bolos, 1898 wels espaneTTan omis
Sedegi iyo havais kunZulebis mierTeba. Aase miiRo aSS-m Tavisi Tanamedrove
saxe.
Kkanada: kanadis evropeizaciamde aq aseve cxovrobdnen indielebi. 1500
wels niufaundlendze aRmocenda pirveli inglisuri dasaxleba sent-jonsi.
1603 wels ki daiwyo franguli kolonizacia. Ffrangebis mier dapyrobil
teritoriaze Seqmnil iqna kolonia ”axali safrangeTi”, cota mogvianebiT
igive kvebeki. Mme-18 saukunis Sua xanebamde arsebobda ori teritoriul-
administraciuli erTeuli: zemo kanada(inglisis samflobeloebi) da qvemo
kanada(safrangeTis samflobeloebi). 1763 wlidan kanada inglisis koloniaa,
xolo 1867 wlidan britaneTis imperiis dominioni.
300
Kkanada da aSS Sedian msoflios “did SvideulSi”. Ffaqtiurad Crd.
amerikis kontinents ekuTvnis daniis teritoria_kunZ. Ggrenlandia,
romelsac farTo avtonomia gaaCnia. CrdiloeTi da samxreT amerikis
kontinentebis danarCen nawils rogorc cnobilia laTinur amerikas
uwodeben. Aaq mdebareobs 40 saxelmwifoze meti. M
LlaTinuri amerikis teritoriebis ZiriTad mflobelebs warmoadgendnen
espaneTi da portugalia. Mme-19 saukunis dasawyisSi laTinuri amerikis
espaneTisa da portugaliis samflobeloebSi daiwyo erovnul-
ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraoba simon bolivaris meTaurobiT, romlis
Sedegadac damoukideblebi gaxdnen brazilia, argentina, Cile, peru,
bolivia, venesuela, paragvai, urugvai da sxva. daaxloebiT amave periodSi
moipova suvereniteti meqsikamac. Mamave dros centralur amerikasa da
karibis zRvis auzSi rCeboda bevri koloniuri samflobelo, romlebic
ekuTvnoda did britaneTs, safrangeTs, niderlandebs. MmaTi nawili dResac
warmoadgens evropuli saxelmwifoebis samflobeloebs. mag: antiliis
kunZulebi ekuTvnis niderlandebs; bermudis kunZulebi - britaneTs;
gvadelupa, safrangeTis gviana, martinika - safrangeTs da sxva.
evropis politikuri ruka
evropis Tanamedrove politikuri rukis Camoyalibebaze XX saukuneSi

udidesi gavlena moaxdines pirvelma da meore msoflio omebma, agreTve
gasuli saukunis 90-iani wlebis dasawyisSi momxdarma cvlilebebma.
1990-91 wlebSi ssrk-is daSlis Sedegad damoukidebloba moipova 15-ma
yofilma sabWoTa respublikam.
iugoslavia daiSala eqvs saxelmwifod: serbeTi, montenegro, xorvatia,
slovenia, makedonia, bosnia-hercogovina. Cexoslovakia gaiyo orad: CexeTad
da slovakeTad (1993 wels).
evropis qveynebi erTmaneTisgan gansxvavdebian mravali niSniT. Ees
gansxvavebebi saSualebas iZleva kargad gavecnoT evropis politikur
rukas.
teritoriis sididis mixedviT evropis kontinentze udidesi
saxelmwifoa – ruseTi (17,1 mln kv.km). 12 saSualo sididis saxelmwifo,
romelTa farTobebi meryeobs 0,2 mln kv.km-dan 1,0 mln kv. Kkm-mde.
(poloneTi, SvedeTi, fineTi, safrangeTi, germania, belarusi, espaneTi,
italia, norvegia, rumineTi, ukraina, didi britaneTi). AamJamad, evropis
kontinentze Warbobs mcire zomis qveynebi, romelTa Soris gamoiyofa
“juja”saxelmwifoebi (andora, san-marino, vatikani, malta, luqsemburgi,
lihtenSteini).
mosaxleobis raodenobis mixedviT evropaSi umsxviles saxelmwifos
warmoadgens ruseTi, sadac cxovrobs 147,2 mln. Aadamiani. Mmsxvil
saxelmwifoebs evropis politikur rukaze warmoadgenen: germania, didi
britaneTi, italia, safrangeTi, ukraina, sadac mosaxleobis raodenoba 50
mln-dan 100 mln-mde meryeobs. saSualo qveynebs evropis 11 saxelmwifo
miekuTvneba - 10-dan-50 milionamde mosaxleobiT (belgia, belarusi, espaneTi,
niderlandebi, poloneTi, rumineTi, saberZneTi, CexeTi, ungreTi,
portugalia, serbeTi). Mmosaxleobis raodenobis mxrivac evropaSi Warbobs
patara qveynebi 10 milionze naklebi mosaxleobiT.
gansakuTrebiT didi mniSvneloba eniWeba evropis qveynebis geografiul
mdebareobas. saxelmwifos mdebareoba araxelsayrelad iTvleba Tu mas
zRvaze an okeaneze gasasvleli ara aqvs. Eevropis kontinentze aseTi
301
qveynebia: somxeTi, moldova, Sveicaria, avstria, CexeTi, andora, vatikani,
slovakeTi, luqsemburgi, ungreTi.
DdReisaTvis evropaSi 50-mde qveyanaa. MmaTgan 12 monarqiuli qveyanaa-
yvela maTganSi konstituciuri monarqiaa vatikanis garda, sadac arsebobs
Teokratiuli monarqia. rac Seexeba respublikuri mmarTvelobis formas,
aq sWarbobs saparlamento respublikebi – (germania, italia, avstria) da
Sereuli – naxevradsaprezidento mmarTvelobis mqone qveynebi (ukraina,
poloneTi, saqarTvelo, somxeTi, ruseTi, safrangeTi, CexeTi da sxv.)
evropaSi gamonaklisia saxelmwifo andora, sadac erTdroulad ori
saxelmwifos (espaneTi, safrangeTi) proteqtorati vrceldeba.
evropis teritoriaze moqmedebs mravali saerTaSoriso organizacia:
evrokavSiri, evropis sabWo, dsT.
Eevropis 27 saxelmwifo aris evrokavSiris, xolo 24 nato-s wevri.
Tavi VIII
saqarTvelos roli da adgili Tanamedrove geopolitikur

sistemaSi
saqarTvelom-msoflios erT-erTma uZvelesma qveyanam,

saxelmwifoebrivi ganviTarebisa da aRmSeneblobis xangrZlivi istoriuli
procesi gaiara da dRevandel dRes, damoukidebel, suverenul saxelmwifos
warmoadgens. geografiuli da geopolitikuri TvalsazrisiT, igi evraziis
gzajvaredinze mdebare unikaluri regionis-kavkasiis nawilia, xolo
istoriulad, qarTveluri tomebis gaerTianebis Sedegad Camoyalibda jer
kidev antikur xanaSi cnobili – kolxeTisa da iberiis saxelmwifoebis
memkvidre.
Zv.w. VI saukuneSi samxreT-aRmosavleT da aRmosavleT
SavizRvispireTis regionSi Camoyalibebul pirvel qarTul saxelmwifo –
kolxeTis (mogvianebiT mas egrisi ewoda) samefoSi ganviTarebuli iyo
miwaTmoqmedeba, xelosnuri warmoebiT, vaWrobiT. Aam msoflios erT-erT
uZveles saxelmwifoSi iWreboda vercxlis fuli-kolxuri TeTri. KkolxeTi
cnobili iyo oqros mopovebiTa da damuSavebiT, risi naTeli dadasturebaa
berZnuli miTologiuri Tqmuleba argonavtebze.
302
Aamave dros, aRmosavleT da samxreT saqarTvelos Zvel istoriul
teritoriaze arsebuli saxelmwifo – iberia (adgilobrivad qarTli), ax. w.
I-II saukuneebSi samxreT kavkasiasa da axlo aRmosavleTSi romis imperiasac
ki uwevda winaaRmdegobas.
IV s. 30-ian wlebSi, qarTlSi qristianuli religiis saxelmwifo
religiad gamocxadebam xeli Seuwyo monoTeisturi rwmenisa da qarTuli
damwerlobis ganviTarebas, aseve calkeuli qarTuli istoriuli regionebis
daaxloebis process. am Seuqcevadma procesma Tavis mxriv dasabami daudo
saerTo eTnikuri TviTidendifikaciis ganviTarebas, xolo momaval Taobebs
maTi samkvidro teritoriis anu dedasamSoblos cnobiereba Camouyaliba.
teritoriis formireba. Qmsoflio istoriaSi cnobilia sxvadasxva
saxelmwifoTa teritoriebis transformaciis (gafarToebis an Seviwroebis)
bevri magaliTi. aRniSnul process verc saqarTvelo gaeqca da igi metad
mtkivneulad iqna asaxuli saqarTvelos mravalsaukunovan istoriaSic,
romlis drosac mimdinareobda ara marto qveynis teritoriis gazrdis,
xolo xSir SemTxvevaSi qarTuli saxelmwifos daqucmacebis, misi
calkeuli regionebis mitacebis, gasxvisebis, okupirebis da sxva negatiuri
movlenebi. zemoaRniSnuli procesebis Sedegad moxda qveynis farTobis
sididis mravaljeradi cvlileba.
Zv. w. pirveli aTaswleulis meore naxevridan ax.w. IV s. CaTvliT,
qarTuli saxelmwifoebi im teritoriebze viTardebodnen, romelic
ZiriTadad qarTuli modgmis tomebiT iyo dasaxlebuli. es miwebi moicavda
mdinareebis – Woroxisa da mtkvris auzebis vrcel teritorias nikofsiidan
trapizonamde da kavkasionidan TiTqmis goqCis (sevanis) tbamde, xolo
aRmosavleTiT – albaneTamde (azerbaijani). MsaqarTvelos istoriis
momdevno etapebze, rodesac aRmocenebul iqna axali qarTuli samefo-
samTavroebi, bizantiis imperiis, arabTa saxalifosa da Turq-selCukTa
winaaRmdeg mimdinare brZolebis fonze, miuxedavad teritoriuli
danakargebisa, sisxlis fasad ZiriTadad inarCunebdnen TavianT
sacxovrebel miwebs. maTi erovnuli da teritoriuli mTlianobis
cnobiereba ganpirobebuli iyo erisa da sarwmunoebis erTianobiT. UX s.
303
(endriu andersonis ruqa. 2004 w.)
gamoCenili qarTveli mwerlis – giorgi merCules azriT, qarTli

(saqarTvelo) aris yvelgan, sadac ki qarTuli RvTismsaxureba qarTul
enaze sruldeba: “qarTlad friadi qveyana aRiricxebis, romelsaca Sina
qarTuliTa eniTa Jami Seiwirvis da locvai yoveli aResrulebis.”233
X-XI ss. Mmijnaze, Sida da gare procesebis ganviTarebis Sedegad
iwyeba qveynis gaerTianebis procesi, romelic XII saukunis pirvel
naxevarSi daviT aRmaSenebelma Zlieri feodaluri saxelmwifos SeqmniT
daasrula. XII saukunis ganmavlobaSi saqarTvelos teritoria gadaWimuli
iyo nikofsiidan darubandamde (derbenti) da oseTidan aragawamde (somxeTi).
XIII s. dasawyisSi, Tamaris mefobis periodSi, saqarTvelo axlo
aRmosavleTis uZlieres saxelmwifos warmoadgenda, romlis
SemadgenlobaSi Sedioda rogorc qarTuli miwebi (afxazeTi, odiSi,
svaneTi, raWa, guria, aWara, SavSeTi, klarjeTi, tao, WaneTi, artaani,
TorTomi, olTisi, parxali, kola, javaxeTi, samcxe, TrialeTi, Tori,
argveTi, Takveri, qarTli, taSiri, dvaleTi, xevi, fSavi, xevsureTi, TuSeTi,
kaxeTi, hereTi da sxv.), aseve anisis samefo (somxeTi) da Sirvanis Crdilo-
dasavleTi nawili.
momdevno saukuneebi saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebriobis dasustebisa
da teritoriis TandaTanobiTi Semcirebis periods warmoadgenen, rasac
dasabami misca xvarazmis mmarTvelis jalal-ed-dinisa da mongolTa
Semosevebma. AaRzevebuli sparselebi, osmaloebi da Temurlengis mier
islamis rjulze moqceuli kavkasiis mTielebi qarTuli istoriuli miwebis
gamusulmanebis da mitacebis mTavar warmmarTvel Zalebad iqcnen. XVI s.
meore naxevarSi osmaleTma moaxerxa saqarTvelosTvis CamoeSorebina
samxreTSi mdebare msxvili feodaluri samTavro-samcxe-saaTabago da
233
saqarTvelos geografia. II tomi. saqarTvelos geografiis institutis gamomcemloba. 2003
w.
304
“gurjistanis vilaieTi” Seqmna. XVIIs. Ddamlevs, iranis Sahma - Sah-abasma
qarTlis kuTvnili lores velisa da md. ebedas xeobis okupacia moaxdina,
sadac Turqmanuli tomi – borCalu Caasaxla, xolo kaxeTis samefos
kakeniselis mxare (saingilo) Camoacila.
XVIII s. damdegis saqarTvelos politikuri suraTi naTladaa
warmoadgenili vaxuSti bagrationis SesaniSnav TxzulebaSi (“aRwera
samefoisa saqarTvelosa”) da misive geografiul atlasSi. GgamoCenili
politikuri moRvawe da mecnieri erTnairi gulisxmierebiT aRwers rogorc
imdroindeli qarTuli samefoebisa da samTavroebis SemadgenlobaSi
Semaval, ise mtris mier mitacebul miwebs, romlebic avtoris mier misi
samSoblos ganuyofel nawilad aRiqmeba.
vaxuStis droindeli saqarTvelos teritoria-misi yvela samefo-
samTavroebis CaTvliT, 134 aTas kvadratul kilometrs Seadgenda, rac
TiTqmis orjer aRemateba saqarTvelos Tanamedrove teritoriis farTobs.
XIX saukune, gansakuTrebiT misi pirveli naxevari – daqucmacebuli
saqarTvelos rigi politikuri erTeulebis (qarTl-kaxeTis da imereTis
samefoebi, afxazeTis, samegrelos, guriis, svaneTis samTavroebi, axalcixis
safaSo da a.S.) ruseTis imperiis mier TandaTanobiT dapyrobisa da aneqsiis
periodia. Mmiuxedavad ruseTis imperiis mesveurTa mcdelobebisa, carizmis
koloniuri interesebis sapirispirod, saqarTveloSi Zlierdeba erovnuli
konsolidacia da viTardeba demokratiuli kultura. am faqtorebis
Sedegad, momzadebul iqna garkveuli niadagi imisaTvis, raTa, ruseTis 1917
wlis Tebervlis revoluciis Semdeg, qarTvel xalxs 117 wlis win
dakarguli damoukidebloba da erovnuli saxelmwifoebrioba aRedgina.
ruseTis imperiis SemadgenlobaSi yofnis periodSi, saqarTvelos
istoriuli teritoriebis mniSvnelovani nawili moqceuli iyo Tbilisisa
da quTaisis guberniebis, soxumis, baTumis, arTvinis, zaqaTalis
(saingilos), artaanis (ardagani) da olTisis okrugebis farglebSi. am
teritoriebis saerTo farTobi 90 aTas kvadratul kilometramde aRwevda.
swored aRniSnul sivrceze Seiqmna saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublika.
1918-1921 wlebSi saqarTvelos teritoriis farTobi 89 754,46 kv.km-s,
mosaxleobis raodenoba ki 3 mln kacze mets aRwevda.
saqarTvelos iurisdiqciaSi teritoriebis damkvidrebisaTvis
brZolis erT-erT mniSvnelovan dokumentad, saqarTvelos demokratiuli
respublikis mTavrobis mier 1919 wlis parizis saerTaSoriso samSvidobo
konferenciaze warmodgenili moTxovnis teqsti da TandarTuli ruka unda
miviCnioT. Sesabamisad, respublikis sazRvari unda gatarebuliyo:
dasavleTiT – md. Makofseze (tuafses raioni), aRmosavleTiT – md. giSis
wyalze da Semdeg md. Aalazanze, samxreTiT – md. mtkvris, araqsisa da
olTisis (md. Woroxis Senakadi) zemo welis wyalgamyofebze, romlis ZaliT
artaanis da olTisis regionebis teritoriebi saqarTvelos farglebSi
Sevidoda, xolo samxreT-dasavleTis sazRvari unda damTxveoda trapizonis
vilaieTis anu ruseT-TurqeTis sazRvars. saqarTvelos mier warmodgenili
dokumentis Sesabamisad, saqarTvelos teritoriis farTobi 94,7 aTas kv. Kkm-
s utoldeboda.
Mmagram ori didi saxelmwifos - sabWoTa ruseTisa da germaniis,
xolo SemdgomSi sabWoTa ruseTisa da TurqeTis sazavo (brest-litovski,
1918 w. marti) da saxelSekrulebo (yarsi, 1921 w. oqtomberi) molaparakebebis
Sedegad, rogorc menSevikebis, aseve bolSevikebis mmarTvelobis periodSi
saqarTvelom Tavisi teritoriis mniSvnelovani nawili dakarga. TurqeTis
respublikis SemadgenlobaSi aRmoCnda arTvinis (3 271,35 kv.km), artaanis
305
(5604,54 kv.km), olTisis (2983 kv.km), azerbaijans ki gadaeca zaqaTalis (3985,55
kv.km) okrugebis teritoriebi, sul 15 844,94 kv.km.
GgasabWoebis Semdeg, Tbilisisa da siRnaris mazrebidan azerbaijanma
damatebiT miiRo 1093 kv.km - garej-yaraiisa da eldaris stepebis nawili.
1929 wels CaCneTs gadaeca Satilis Crdilo-aRmosavleTi nawili –
teretegis midamoebi (212 kv.km). somxeTze ukve gadacemuli iyo 2478 kv.km
teritoria. sabolood, sabWoTa ruseTis mier saqarTvelos okupaciis
periodidan - 1921 wlidan, 1935 wlis CaTvliT, saqarTvelos sabWoTa
respublikis xelmZRvanelobam, nebiT Tu eneblieT, 19 191, 46 kv.km qarTuli
miwa gaasxvisa.
Mteritoriebis gadanawilebis mankieri praqtika gansakuTrebiT
sabWoTa sinadvileSi damkvidrda, rodesac yoveli mokavSire respublika
mxolod formalurad iyo politikur-administraciuli warmonaqmni, da ar
warmoadgenda saerTaSoriso samarTlis damoukidebel subieqts. amdenad,
respublikebis sasazRvro teritoriebis gasxviseba-gadanawileba
adgilobrivi mosaxleobis interesebis angariSgauwevlad da xSirad
centraluri mTavrobis maRalCinosanTa nebiT an karnaxiT xdeboda, romlis
ZiriTad mizans “dayavi da ibatone”-s principi warmoadgenda. swored
amitom, sabWoTa kavSiris daSlis Semdeg, bolSevikurma administraciul-
teritoriulma mowyobam bevrgan, maT Soris saqarTveloSic, sakonfliqto
naRmebi da mougvarebeli sasaRvro problemebi datova.
sabolood, 1991 wlis bolos, realuri damoukideblobis mopovebis
Semdeg, Cvenma qveyanam memkvidreobiT miiRo yofili saqarTvelos sabWoTa
socialisturi respublikis kuTvnili da gaeros mier (1992 w.) aRiarebuli
teritoria, romlis farTobi 69,7 aTasi kv. km-ia.
Aamrigad, xangrZlivi periodis manZilze saqarTvelos teritoriis
farTobebi pirobiTad Semdegi maCveneblebiT xasiaTdeboda.
Zv.w. a. I aTaswleulis meore naxevarSi – 140,4 aTasi kv.km.

I-IV saukuneebSi – 134,2 aTasi kv.km.
IX-X saukuneebSi – 131 aTasi kv.km
XII-XIII saukuneebSi – 145 aTasi kv.km
XVI saukunis meore naxevarSi – 133 aTasi kv.km
XX saukunis dasawyisisaTvis – 89,7 aTasi kv.km
XXI saukunis dasawyisisaTvis – 69,7 aTasi kv.km234
QCveni qveynis geopolitikuri mdebareobis mniSvnelobis
gansazRvrisas, garkveuli mniSvneloba eniWeba teritoriis konfiguracias.
igi gansazRvravs satransporto qselis, Sidaraionuli kavSirebis,
sasazRvro xazis Taviseburebebs, gavlenas axdens sazRvris dacvaze,
mezobel qveynebTan urTierTobaze, samxedro strategiis SemuSavebasa da
sxv.
saqarTvelos, pirobiTad, wagrZelebuli rombis forma gaaCnia,
romlis grZeli diagonalis sigrZe 600 km-s aRemateba. misi ukiduresad
Seviwroebuli kuTxis nawilebi qveynis ukidures Crdilo-dasavleTSi
mdebare gagris (Crdilo-dasasvleTSi) da samxreT-aRmosavleTSi mdebare
dedofliswyaros (samxreT-aRmosavleTSi) raionebs ukaviaT. saqarTvelos
geografiul centrad ki imereTSi mdebare teritoria -xaragaulis raioni,
md. rikoTulas da md. SaTevzeReles SerTvis adgili iTvleba.
234
saqarTvelos geografia. II tomi. saqarTvelos geografiis institutis gamocema. 2003 w.
306
mdebareoba. Ffizikur-geografiuli TvalsazrisiT, saqarTvelo
ganlagebulia evropisa da aziis sasazRvro arealSi (igi cnobilia
istoriul-geografiuli regionis-kavkasiis saxelwodebiT), kavkasionis
mTavari wyalgamyofi qedis samxreTiT, kerZod, amierkavkasiis anu axali
terminologiiT samxreT kavkasiis centralur nawilSi, Savi zRvis
aRmosavleT sanapiroze, da moqceulia notio subtropikur klimatur
sartyelSi.
XIX saukuneSi ruseTis mier saqarTvelos okupaciis Semdeg,
saqarTvelo imperiis ganapira raionebs Soris da islamur samyarosTan
(osmaleTi, irani) urTierTobis sakontaqto regionad gadaiqca. amrigad,
misi geopolitikuri mdebareobis praqtikuli realizacia am
imperialisturi saxelmwifos interesebs daeqvemdebara. KkavkasiaSi,
regionis centralur nawilSi mdebareobis gamo, ruseTis samxedro-
strategiul forfostad qceuli saqarTvelo da misi mTavari qalaqi
Tbilisi garedan Semosuli araqarTuli mosaxleobis damkvidrebis adgili
gaxda.
sabWoTa okupaciis Semdgom periodSi, roca saqarTvelos teritoria
ssrk-is Semadgenel nawilad iqca, geografiulma ga geopolitikurma
mdebareobam garkveuli cvlileba ganicada; kerZod, daiketa samxreTis gza
(TurqeTsa da iranTan), amave dros gaumjobesda centralur ruseTTan
kavSiri (soxumi-adleris rkinigzis gayvanis Semdeg), damyarda kavSirebi
centraluri aziis respublikebTan.
Mmagram geopolitikuri mdebareobis mniSvneloba srulfasovnad
mxolod saxelmwifoebrivi damoukideblobis pirobebSi ganisazRvreba,
rodesac saxelmwifo TviTon gansazRvravs sakuTar sagareo prioritetebs
da sxvadasxva saxelmwifoebTan an teritoriebTan ekonomikuri Tu
sakomunikacio urTierTobebi uSualod qveynis interesebzea damokidebuli.
Ggeopolitikuri mdebareobis zogadi maxasiaTeblebis mixedviT
saqarTvelos gaaCnia: 1. centraluri mdebareoba kavkasiis regionSi; 2.
periferiuli evropuli qveynebis mimarT; 3. mezobluri (sasazRvro)-
TurqeTis, ruseTis federaciis, azerbaijanisa da somxeTis mimarT,
romlebic uSualod emijnebian qveyanas. AarCeven, agreTve, meore rigis
(maxlobel) qveynebs, romlebic uSualod esazRvrebian saqarTvelos
mezobel saxelmwifoebs da garkveuli teritoriuli siaxlove gaaCniaT
Cvens qveyanasTan. MmaTi samezoblo roli gansakuTrebiT izrdeba im
SemTxvevaSi, Tu pirveli rigis mezobeli qveynis teritoriis “sivrce” didi
ar aris, xolo misi “gamtaroba” kargia. AaseTi mezobluri urTierTobebis
savaraudo qveynebad unda CaiTvalos: irani, siria, erayi, saberZneTi
(TurqeTis saSualebiT); 4. sazRvao, rac saqarTvelos uSualod akavSirebs
307
ara marto Savi zRvis auzis qveynebTan (ruseTi, TurqeTis, ukraina,
bulgareTi, rumineTi), aramed moxerxebul gzas uxsnis msoflio
bazrebisaken.235
geopolitikuri viTarebidan gamomdinare saqarTvelo gamoirCeva
Zalze moxerxebuli satransporto-geografiuli mdebareobiT. Dmisi
teritoria warmoadgens ara marto evropa-kavkasia-aziis satransporto
derefnis (traseka) RerZs, aramed igi evraziis qveynebTan damakavSirebel
umoklesio satransporto magistralebis sakvanZo funqciasac asrulebs.
saqarTvelos, aseve, udidesi wvlilis Setana SeuZlia “didi abreSumis
gzis” funqcionirebaSi. AzemoaniSnul upiratesobebTan erTad unda
aRiniSnos qveynis xelsayreli rekreaciul-geografiuli mdebareoba
msxvili turistuli rekreaciuli arealebis (kavkasioni, SavizRvispireTi)
sivrceSi, agreTve kulturul-geografiuli mdebareoba kavkasiisa da axlo
aRmosavleTis mdidari arqeologiuri da eTnikur-lingvistur-religiur
regionebTan mimarTebaSi.
religiur-geografiuli mdebareobis TvalsazrisiT, saqarTvelo,
ZiriTadad islamuri religiis mimdevari xalxebis (Turqebi, iranelebi,
azerbaijanelebi, CrdiloeT-kavkasiis respublikebis-adiRes, yaraCai-
CerqezeTis, yabardo-balyareTis, inguSeTis, CaCneTis, daRestnis xalxebi)
garemocvaSi imyofeba. Qqristianul samyarosTan saxmeleTo damakavSirebeli
gza mxolod ruseTze gadis, vinaidan samxreTiT mosazRvre monofizituri
somxeTi Tavad aris izolirebuli qristianenuli samyarosagan. Aamave dros,
Savi zRva akavSirebs saqarTvelos ukrainis, rumineTis, bulgareTis da
235
saqarTvelos geografia. II tomi. saqarTvelos geografiis institutis gamocema. 2003 w.
308
saberZneTis marTlmadideblobasTan. aRniSnuli viTareba, islamuri
fundamentalizmis mzardi gavrcelebis fonze, metad sagulisxmoa da Rrma
geopolitikur Seswavlas moiTxovs. saqarTvelo aseve mdebareobs
sxvadasxva civilizaciebisa da kulturebis gzasayarze, rac asaxvas hpovebs
mis lingvistur-geografiul mdebareobaSi. kerZod, qveyana kavkasiur enaTa
ojaxSi Semaval xalxebis (afxazebi, adiReelebi, yabardoelebi, Cerqezebi,
CaCnebi, inguSebi, xunZebi, lekebi da sxv.) garda esazRvreba indo-evropuli
ojaxis slavuri (rusebi), iranuli (osebi, qurTebi), somxuri jgufebis,
aseve alTauri ojaxis Turquli (azerbaijanelebi, Turqebi, balyarelebi,
yaraCaelebi) jgufis enaze molaparake xalxebs.
saqarTvelos geopolitikuri mdebareoba aseve ganixileba sivrciT
aspeqtSic. kerZod: makro-(msoflios politikur rukaze), mezo (kontinentze
an regionSi) da mikromdebareoba (qveynis sxvadasxva nawilebis ganlagebis
Taviseburebebis mixedviT). saqarTvelos geopolitikuri makromdebareobis
(adre igi ar arsebobda) Tanamedrove Taviseburebebi gansazRvra qveynis
mier saxelmwifoebrivi damoukideblobis aRdgenam, da ruseTis gavlenis
sferodan gamosvlisa da dasavleTTan, kerZod nato-sTan integraciisadmi
miswrafebam. Aam procesebis gamo, saqarTvelo politikur rukaze evropis
ukidures samxreT-aRmosavleT nawilSi mdebare savaraudo forpostis saxiT
warmoCinda.
saqarTvelos mezomdebareoba, samxreT da CrdiloeT kavkasiis da misi
mosazRvre, agreTve Savi zRvis (nawilobriv xmelTaSua zRvis) regionis
qveynebis mimarT arsebuli savaWro-ekonomikuri da politikuri
urTierTobebis fonze unda Sefasdes. xolo mikromdebareoba – uSualod
momijnave qveynebTan mimarTebaSi saqarTvelos da misi calkeuli sasazRvro
nawilebis geopolitikuri, ekonom-geografiuli da samxedro-strategiuli
aspeqtebis gaanalizebas saWiroebs.
AmagaliTisaTvis aviRoT saqarTvelos CrdiloeTi sazRvari, sadac mas
esazRvreba ruseTis federacia, romelic saqarTvelos sazRvarTan
faqtobrivad, ararusi erovnebebis avtonomiuri erTeulebiT aris
warmodgenili. 820-km-iani sigrZis mTeli es sasazRvro teritoria
(afxazeTis fsous kontaqturi monakveTis garda, romelic droebiT
mowyvetilia qveynisgan), nakleb xelsayrelia ekonomikuri kavSirebisaTvis,
ris ZiriTad mizezs warmoadgens mxolod sam uReltexilze (mamisonis,
rokis, jvris) gamavali transkavkasiuri saavtomobilo gza, romelic
arastabilurobiT xasiaTdeba rTuli bunebrivi da meteorologiuri
pirobebisa da daZabuli konfliqturi regionebis arsebobis gamo. Aamave
dros, Asaxelmwifoebrivi damoukideblobis aRdgenis Semdeg,
gaumjobesebulia mikromdebareoba TurqeTis mosazRvre raionebTan. maT
Soris aRsaniSnavia “sarfis WiSkari” (aWara) da axalcixe (samcxe) –
artaanis sasazRvro gza, romlebic ekonomikuri kavSirebis intensifikaciis
fonze xels uwyoben TurqeT-saqarTvelos urTierTobebis ganviTarebas.
saqarTvelos satranzito funqcia
satranzito funqcia gansakuTrebul rols asrulebs mTeli rigi

saxelmwifoebis mier warmoebul sagareo da saSinao politikaze, swored am
WrilSi sainteresoa saqarTvelos satranzito funqciis arsis analizi,
romlis drosac aucileblad unda ganvixiloT is geopolitikuri viTareba,
romelic garkveulwilad ganapirobebda da xels uwyobda saqarTvelos
satranzito funqciis ganviTarebas da realizacias regionalur sivrceSi.
Tavdapirvelad Cven unda gaviazroT sabWoTa kavSiris kolapsis Sedegebi,
309
ramac TavisTavad ganapiroba msoflio wesrigis kardinaluri cvlileba,
moxda interesTa da gavlenis sferoTa arsebiTi gadanacvlebebi.
hegemonuri saxelmwifoebis dominanturi ambiciebi garkveulwilad wnexis
qveS aRmoCnda da aRsaniSnavia rom ukve axal damoukidebel saxelmwifoebs,
romlebic TavianT gamoucdel pirvel nabijebs dgamdnen sagareo
politikur arenaze,xelT miecaT balansirebisa da lavirebis mTeli rigi
berketebi, swored erT-erT umTavres iaraRs maT xelSi satranzito
komunikaciebis daxvewa da maqsimalurad realizacia warmoadgenda.
saqarTvelo Tavisi geografiuli adgilmdebareobiT warmoadgens sakmaod
perspeqtiul satranzito funqciis matarebel erTeuls, Tumca arsebuli
memkvidreoba sakmaod moiTxovda reorganizaciis Catarebas. aucilebeli iyo
samarTlebrivi safuZvelis uzrunvelyofa, komunikaciuri sistemebis
daxvewa, sabanko sistemisa da sadazRvevo pirobebis Camoyalibeba, aseve
satarifo garemos mowesrigeba da a.S. da mTeli rigi sakiTxebis gadawyveta,
raTa saqarTvelo satranzito infrastruqturis daxvewis Semdeg gaxdes
saerTaSoriso satranzito derefani, romelic saerTaSoriso standartebis
moTxovnebis matarebeli iqneba, rac, ra Tqma unda, gaxdeba umTavresi
garanti ucxo qveynebis mier satranzito derefnis eqspluataciisa. sagareo
politikuri da ekonomikuri koniuqtura iseve, rogorc infrastruqturis
adeqvaturobis xarisxi gavlenas axdens satranzito derefnis
konkurentunarianobaze. satranzito derefnis konkurentunarianobis
SenarCunebasTan da Semdgom zrdasTan erTad, rac dakavSirebulia
gamtanunarianobis donis amaRlebasTan da saqonlis, xalxis da
informaciis Seuferxebel moZraobasTan, Sualeduri teritoriuli
erTeuli iZens satranzito funqcias. saTanado geopolitikuri da
geoekonomikuri pirobebis SemTxvevaSi satranzito funqcias aqvs
gaZlierebis SesaZlebloba, rasac ewodeba satranzito potenciali.
sabWoTa kavSiris daSlis Semdeg warmoiSvnen mTeli rigi sakmaod mdidari
bunebrivi resursebis mflobeli qveynebi, romelTa umTavresi mizani iyo
moexdinaT arsebuli resursebis aTviseba da eqsporti, Tavis mxriv mdidari
dasavleTi dainteresebuli iyo axali gavlenis sferoebis aTvisebiT,
investirebis garkveuli talRebi gardauvali iyo. arsebuli viTareba
saqarTvelos Tavisi adgilmdebareobis gamo xels aZlevda, radganac
saqarTvelo warmoadgenda e.w. xids aziasa da evropas Soris. axali
damoukidebeli saxelmwifoebi regionaluri TanamSromlobiT sakmaod
Zlier satranzito sistemas ayalibebdnen, romelic arsebul satranzito
erTeulebs medgrad aviwroebdnen.
1992 wels saqarTveloSi evropa-kavkasia-aziis satransporto derefnis
idea daibada. 1993 wels q. briuselSi evrokomisiis mier mowveul samxreT
da centraluri aziis rva qveynis ministrTa konferenciaze wamoyenebul
iqna idea transkavkasiuri magistralis ganviTarebis Taobaze, rasac mohyva
deklaraciis miReba, romlis safuZvelzec SemuSavebul iqna regionaluri
programa - TRACECA da mis miznebs transportis tradiciuli saxeobebis -
rkinigzis, saavtomobilo gzebis, sazRvao portebis, terminalebis -
mSenebloba, rekonstruqcia da modernizacia, aseve am derefnis evropul
derefnebTan mierTeba warmoadgenda. es ki warmoadgenda e.w. “didi
abreSumis gzis” aRdgenis winapirobis strategias.
1996 wels ZalaSi Sevida e.w. “saraxsis xelSekruleba” da daiwyo
yazaxeTidan “Sevroni”-s navTobis rkinigziT transportireba azeirbaijanisa
da saqarTvelos teritoriis gavliT q. baTumis portamde. TRACECA-s
programis paralelurad azeirbajanidan navTobis saerTaSoriso bazarze
saqarTvelos gavliT eqsportis Taobaze daiwyo proeqtebis SemuSaveba. 1996
310
wels saqarTvelosa da azerbaijans Soris xelmoweril iqna SeTanxmeba
baqo-sufsis navTobsadenis mSeneblobaze, romelic dasrulda 1999 wels da
derefanma miiRo ukve “energetikuli” aspeqti. aseve mniSvnelovania ori
regionaluri infrastruqturuli obieqtis – baqo-Tbilisi-jeihanis
navTobsadenis da samxreTkavkasiuri gazsadeni “Sah-denizi” proeqti. axlo
momavalSi igegmeba BTC-iT yazaxeTis navTobis eqsportic.
TRACECA – s derefani. warmoadgens evropa-kavkasia-aziis damakavSirebel

derefans, romelic awarmoebs transportis tradiciuli saxeobebis
gadazidvas. gadazidulma saqonelma magaliTad 2005 wels Seadgina 37.1 mln.
tona, gaizarda baTumisa da PfoTis portebSi damuSavebuli tvirTis
moculoba, ramac 2006-2007 wlebSi 14 mln. tonas gadaaWarba. tvirTzidvis
dinamiuri zrda gansakuTrebiT SeiniSneba rkinigziT gadazidul tvirTebze,
aqedan 84 % navTobze da navTobproduqtebze modis.
marTalia TRACECA-s derefnis tvirTzidva yovelwliurad izrdeba,
magram arsebobs garkveuli niSnebi, romlebic garkveulwilad aferxeben mis
srulyofil funqcionirebas, gamoixateba SemdegSi: ruseTis mier
saqarTvelos winaaRmdeg ganxorcielebuli agresiis erT-erT umTavres
mizezs swored saqarTvelos satranzito potencialis ganadgureba
warmoadgenda. ruseTis politikis Sedegad magaliTad Semcirda
tvirTnakadebi centraluri aziidan saqarTvelos portebisaken, garda amisa,
yazaxeTis nedli navTobis TRACECA-s derefniT gadazidvebis kleba
gamowveulia agreTve Tengiz-novorosiiskis mimarTulebis “kaspiis
milsadeni kompaniis” navTobsadenis eqspluataciaSi SesvliT.
rogorc vxedavT, saqarTvelos satranzito derefnis
konkurentunarianobisa da mdgradobis uzrunvelyofa sakmaod did
Zalisxmevas moiTxovs, aucilebelia satranzito infrastruqturis xarisxis
maqsimalur doneze ayvana. e.w. “faseulobaTa derefnis” statusi
warmoadgens transkavkasiuri regionis stabilurobis garants,rac
gulisxmobs investiciebis mozRvavebas, resursebis msoflio bazarze
gatanis winapirobas. amisaTvis modernizirebuli sakomunikacio sistemebi,
daxvewili satarifo, samarTlebrivi da sabanko sistemebia aucilebeli. am
mimarTulebiT TanamSromlobis ganviTarebiT transkavkasiuri derefnis
qveynebi bevrs moigeben TavianTi usafrTxoebisa da uSiSroebis sistemis
uzrunvelsayofad. rogorc Cans, saqarTvelo aqtiur monawileobas iRebs
derefanis ganviTarebis sakiTxSi. patara saxelmwifoebisTvis
damaxasiaTebeli viTareba buferis rolis Sesrulebis, sruliad
gansxvavebuli saerTaSoriso e.w. “iaraRiT” Seicvala, satranzito funqciis
dauflebiT, rac aSkaraa rom ukve seriozul berkets warmoadgens.
saqarTvelos sagareo-politikuri aspeqtebi
rogorc ukve avRniSneT, geopolitikuri mdebareobis qveS qveynis

sxvadasxva samxedro-politikuri dajgufebis, savaWro-ekonomikuri
komunikaciebisa da gansaxvavebuli eTno-kulturuli tradiciebis mqone
saxelmwifoebis mimarT mdebareoba igulisxmeba. vinaidan msoflio
politika da ekonomika uaRresad dinamiuri procesebis erTobliobaa,
geopolitikuri mdebareobac Zalze cvalebadia sivrcesa da droSi.
istoriuli aspeqti:
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saqarTvelos saxelmwifo istoriul mezoblebTan intensiuri
urTierTobebis fonze yalibdeboda. saqarTvelos samxreTiT gavlenis
sferoebisaTvis ibrZoda ori didi imperiuli saxelmwifo: irani da
osmaleTi, CrdiloeTiT ki ruseTis imperia. ruseTis imperiam
CamoyalibebisTanave daiwyo teritoriuli eqspansia da erT-erT mTavar
mimarTulebad kavkasia airCia. Crdilo kavkasiis xalxebs, romlebic manamde
met-naklebad mSvidad da Tavisuflad cxovrobdnen, ruseTisagan Tavdacvis
problema daudgaT. marTlmadidebluri ruseTisagan ideologiurad
gasamijnavad regionSi fexi moikida islamma. mogvianebiT, Cveni samxreTeli
mezoblebis waqezebiT Crdilo kavkasielebma saqarTveloze Tavdasxmebi
daiwyes. swored amiT unda aixsnas qarTveli mefeebis swrafva ruseTisaken.
maTi CanafiqriT, ruseTTan kavSiriT qristianuli da mahmadianuri Zalebis
gawonasworeba unda momxdariyo. amrigad, kavkasia Camoyalibda buferul
zonad CrdiloeTsa da samxreTs Soris, sadac warmodgenili iyo rogorc
mahmadianuri samxreTis, ise qristianuli CrdiloeTis interesebi, kerZod
TurqeTis, iranis da ruseTis. aRniSnul sam did geopolitikur ZalTa
Soris urTierToba ara mxolod aisaxeboda kavasiaze, aramed kavkasia, Tavis
mxriv, did rols TamaSobda am urTierTobaTa regulirebaSi.
albaT aucilebelia saqarTvelos geopolitikur aspeqtzec gavamaxviloT
yuradReba: dReisaTvis, didi geopolitikuri Zvrebis Sedegad, kavkasiaSi
gvaqvs sami axali saxelmwifo: saqarTvelo, somxeTi, azerbaijani. amas
garda, arian ruseTis federaciaSi Semavali CrdiloeT kavkasiis xalxTa
saxelmwifoebrivi warmonaqmnebi, avtonomiuri respublikebi. yovel maTgans
aqvs uamravi problema, romelic gamowveulia politikuri situaciis
mkveTri cvlilebiT. aseT viTarebaSi kavkasiis xalxebi cdiloben monaxon
saimedo partniorebi Zlieri qveynebis saxiT, romlebic miexmarebian maT am
problemebis gadaWraSi, gaxdebian maTi usafrTxoebis garantebi, magaliTad,
azerbaijanSi yalibdeba Turquli orientacia, rac TiTqos bunebrivicaa,
somxeTSi Zlieria ruseTze orientacia, amave dros izrdeba iranTan
urTierTobis intensivoba. rac Seexeba saqarTvelos, mas kavkasiis sxva
xalxebTan SedarebiT politikuri manevrirebis meti saSualeba aqvs, radgan
mas mezogeografiuli mdebareobis gamo kavSirebis yvelaze didi arCevani
aqvs, Tumca dRevandel dRes ruseTTan arsebuli daZabuli viTarebis fonze
qveynis sagareo politika dasavleTzea orientirebuli.
radgan dRes msoflioSi Zveli samyaros rRvevis da axlis Senebis
procesi mimdinareobs, saqarTvelom, romelmac calsaxad airCia
ganviTarebis damoukidebeli, demokratiuli gza, unda moZebnos sakuTari
adgili msoflios civilizebul erTa TanamegobrobaSi, integrirebul iqnes
saerTaSoriso urTierTobaTa Tanamedrove sistemaSi da amave dros
SeinarCunos sakuTari erovnuli TviTmyofadoba.
aRniSnuli miznis misaRwevad saqarTvelom unda SeimuSaos sakuTari
strategiuli politikuri kursi, romelic WeSmarit erovnul interesebs
daefuZneba. imaze, Tu rogor warmarTavs saqarTvelo Tavis saSinao Tu
sagareo politikas, mniSvnelovanwiladaa damokidebuli misi momavali bed-
iRbali.
erovnuli interesebis realizaciis uzrunvelyofas emsaxureba qveynis
erovnuli usafrTxoebis sistemac.
tradiciul qveynebSi erovnuli usafrTxoebis sistemebi xangrZlivi
drois ganmavlobaSi yalibdeboda. am qveynebSi sakuTar erovnul interesTa
dacva da erovnuli usafrTxoebis problemebis gadawyveta xdeboda ara
mxolod Teoriuli naazreviT, aramed xSir SemTxvevaSi empiriuli wesiTac.
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samwuxarod, dRes saqarTvelos amgvari evoluciuri gzis gavlis
SesaZlebloba drois deficitis gamo ar gaaCnia. dRes Cven Secdomebis
daSvebis ufleba ara gvaqvs da amitom sakuTari erovnuli usafrTxoebis
sistema unda SevqmnaT rac SeiZleba swrafad msoflioSi arsebuli mdidari
Teoriuli da praqtikuli gamocdilebis gamoyenebiTa da sakuTari
specifikuri pirobebis gaTvaliswinebiT.
usafrTxoeba es aris qveynis iseTi mdgomareoba, rodesac
uzrunvelyofilia eris (mosaxleobis) fizikuri arseboba, TviTmyofadoba
da ganviTareba. mocemuli mdgomareobis miRweva da SenarCuneba
saxelmwifos uzenaes interess warmoadgens.
eris fizikuri arseboba gulisxmobs mosaxleobis mocemuli raodenobis
SenarCunebas demografiuli struqturiT, romelic uzrunvelyofs
TviTmyofadobis SenarCunebas.
eris TviTmyofadoba gulisxmobs saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi istoriuli,
geografiuli da genetikuri faqtorebiT ganpirobebul TaviseburebaTa
erTobliobas.
eris ganviTareba ki niSnavs geopolitikuri mdebareobiT, kulturuli
TaviseburebebiT da msoflmxedvelobrivi faqtorebiT ganpirobebuli
erovnuli interesebis Sesabamisi mdgomareobisken svlas.
TviTon usafrTxoebis cnebam Tanamedrove msoflioSi dakarga misTvis
damaxasiaTebeli mxolod samxedro-politikuri mniSvneloba da moicavs,
agreTve, adamianis saqmianobis iseT mniSvnelovan sferoebs, rogoricaa
ekonomika, ekologia, demografia, kultura, socialuri da
erovnebaTaSorisi urTierTobani da a.S.
erovnuli usafrTxoebis sistemaSi mTavar struqturul elements
politikuri usafrTxoeba warmoadgens. politikuri usafrTxoeba upirveles
yovlisa qveynis politikuri suverentitetis uzrunvelyofas gulisxmobs.
politikuri usafrTxoebis ar arsebobis pirobebSi laparakic ki zedmetia
erovnuli usafrTxoebis mwyobri sistemis Seqmnaze. SeiZleba gamovyoT
politikuri usafrTxoebis sagareo da saSinao aspeqtebi.
qveynis politikuri usafrTxoebis sagareo aspeqti niSnavs
safrTxisaTvis winaaRmdegobis gawevis unars misi Tavidan acilebis an
Semsubuqebis mizniT.
saqarTvelom unda daamyaros da ganaviTaros ormxrivad sasargeblo da
megobruli urTierTobebi sxva qveynebTan rogorc regionSi, ise mis
farglebs gareT. amave dros saqarTvelos interesebSia sagareo politikur
urTierTobebSi im ZalTa dabalanseba, romelTa interesebic fokusirdeba
kavkasiaSi da upirveles yovlisa ki saqarTveloSi.
saWiroa ganisazRvros politikuri kursi didi saxelmwifoebis mimarT.
es exeba rogorc Cvens uSualo mezoblebs (ruseTi, TurqeTi) da Cveni
teritoriis siaxloves mdebare saxelmwifoebs (ukraina, irani), aseve Cvengan
geografiulad daSorebul qveynebsac (aSS, dasavleT evropis qveynebi,
aRmosavleT azris qveynebi), vinaidan Tanamedrove integraciuli procesebis
mimdinareoba, satransporto da sakomunikacio sistemebis ganviTareba
ganapirobeben am qveynebis garkveul dainteresebas regionSi mimdinare
movlenebiT.
did saxelmwifoebTan urTierTdamokidebulebis mowesrigebasTan
erTad didi yuradReba unda mieqces urTierTobas mezobel patara
saxelmwifoebTan (somxeTi, azerbaijani), agreTve strategiul partniorTa
moZiebas(mag. israeli).
usafrTxoebis sagareo politikuri aspeqtebi mudmivad prioritetulia
erovnuli usafrTxoebis sistemaSi. vinaidan saqarTvelos mowyveta
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msoflioSi mimdinare procesebidan dRes SeuZlebelia, ufro metic, es
procesebi udides gavlenas axdens saqarTvelos ganviTarebis pirobebze,
sasicocxlo mniSvnelobas iZens am procesebis mudmivi Tvalyuris devnebac.
politikuri usafrTxoebis sagareo aspeqtTan mWidrodaa dakavSirebuli
saSinao politikuri aspeqtebi. rac ufro mdgradi da stabiluria
sazogadoeba, miT ufro maRalia misi unari winaaRmdegoba gauwios
nebismier destruqciul zemoqmedebas.
msoflioSi mimdinare globalur procesTa logikis Tanxmad sul ufro
izrdeba da TvalsaCino xdeba msoflios erTianoba da
urTierTdamokidebuleba. TandaTanobiT mkvidrdeba imis gageba, rom
saerTaSoriso problemebis gadawyveta Zalismieri meTodebiT SeuZlebelia.
Tanamedrove gagebiT qveynis usafrTxoeba SeuZlebelia uzrunvelyofil
iqnes mxolod samxedro Zalis meSveobiT.
magram, samwuxarod, dRemde msoflio imdagvaradaa mowyobili, rom
civilizebuli saerTaSoriso urTierTobebi, romelTa drosac
gamoricxulia Zaladoba saxelmwifoTaSoris urTierTobebSi, jerjerobiT
Cveni planetis mxolod SezRudul arealze vrceldeba. ufro metic,
marTalia globalur ganzomilebani bipolaruli dapirispirebis gaqrobis
Sedegad msoflio ufro Tavisufali gaxda, magram, samwuxarod, amiT misi
stabilurobis xarisxi ar gazrdila. piriqiT, jer kidev ar Camqrala Zveli
konfliqtebi, Cndeba konfliqtTa axali kerebi.
saqarTvelo swored amgvari konfliqtebiT aRsavse regionSi mdebareobs.
samwuxarod, aq jer kidev sustad moqmedeben zemoTaRniSnuli
saerTaSoriso urTierTobaTa civilizebuli formebi da momavalSi arc
kidev erTi uSualo agresiis safrTxea sabolood gamoricxuli.
amis gamo saqarTvelos erovnuli usafrTxoebis sistemaSi usafrTxoebis
samxedro aspeqtebi Zalze mniSvnelovania.
samxedro usafrTxoebis qveS igulisxmeba saxelmwifos
Tavdacvisunarianoba, anu qveynis unari SeiaraRebuli Zalebis meSveobiT
Tavidan aicilos an moigerios gareSe samxedro Zalis zemoqmedeba.
qveynis Tavdacvisunarianobis ganmtkicebis sxva saSualeba samxedro
ZlierebasTan erTad aris samxedro-politikuri mokavSireebis Zieba
(SesaZlebelia samxedro-politikuri mokavSireebis Zieba (SesaZlebelia
samxedro-politikuri kavSirebSi Sesvlac ki), rac saSualebas mogvcems
partniorebis xarjze gavzardoT qveynis Tavdacvisunarianobis xarisxi.
politikur da samxedro aspeqtebTan erTad erovnuli usafrTxoebis
umniSvnelovanes elements warmoadgens ekonomikuri usafrTxoeba.
dRes ekonomikuri usafrTxoebis TvalsazrisiT saqarTvelos
mdgomareoba rTulia. sabWoTa periodSi ekonomikis calmxrivma
ganviTarebam, da teritoriulma struqturam, bunebrivi resursebis
uTavbolo xarjvam, rasac gasuli saukunis 90-ian wlebSi Tan daerTo
politikuri, ekonomikuri da socialuri kataklizmebi, negatiuri asaxva
hpova qveynis social-ekonomikur ganviTarebaze.
msoflios ekonomikur sistemaSi CarTvis gasaadvileblad aucilebelia
rac SeiZleba swrafad gamoikveTos saqarTvelos ekonomikuri funqcia
Sromis saerTaSoriso danawilebaSi. es funqcia sasurvelia iseTi iyos, rom
masTan rac SeiZleba meti qveynis ekonomikuri interesebi aRmoCndes
dakavSirebuli (mag. saerTaSoriso satransporto-satranzito kvanZi,
saerTaSoriso safinanso-sabanko centri da a.S.).
am miznebis misaRwevad yuradRebiT unda vadevnoT Tvalyuri globalur
ekonomikur tendenciebs. am tendenciebma SeiZleba qveynisaTvis sasicocxlo
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mniSvneloba SeiZinon da rig SemTxvevebSi garkveuli safrTxec Seeqmnas
qveynis ekonomikur interesebs.
aucilebelia ucxouri investiciebis regulirebis saxelmwifo sistemis
Seqmna, romlis umTavresi mizanic aRniSnuli investiciebis mozidvis
stimulirebasTan erTad unda iyos saqarTvelos ekonomikuri
suverenitetisa da usafrTxoebis uzrunvelyofa.
ekonomikuri usafrTxoebis TvalsazrisiT gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba
hqonda fulad reformas, rac sayovelTao aRiarebiT warmatebiT
ganxorcielda.
sagareo politikis aspeqtebze saubrisas yuradReba unda gavamaxviloT
albaT saqarTvelos sagareo politikaze. saqarTvelos, iseve rogorc
nebismieri sxva saxelmwifos, sagareo politikis umTavres mizans qveynis
usafrTxoebis da keTildReobis uzrunvelyofa warmoadgens.
damoukideblobis aRdgenidan dRemde aRniSnuli miznis miRwevis
TvalsazrisiT saqarTvelos sagareo politikis winaSe mdgari amocanebis
speqtri garkveuli dinamikiT xasiaTdeba. magaliTad, 1992 wels
saqarTvelos saerTaSoriso aRiareba da ucxoeTis qveynebTan diplomatiuri
urTierTobebis damyareba mTavar sagareo-politikur amocanas warmoadgenda
da, SeiZleba iTqvas, warmatebiT Sesrulda. dRes saqarTvelo 37
saerTaSoriso organizaciis wevria, xolo diplomatiuri urTierTobebi 100-
ze met qveyanasTan aqvs damyarebuli. imave 1992 wlidan dRemde samaCablosa
da afxazeTSi konfliqtebis msvlelobasTan, xolo Semdgom qveynis
deokupaciasTan da teritoriuli mTlianobis aRdgenasTan dakavSirebiT
saTanado sazogadoebrivi azris formireba da saerTaSoriso politikuri
gadawyvetilebebis miRebis da maTi realizaciis uzrunvelyofa erT-erTi
prioritetuli sagareo-politikuri amocanaa.
mTavari principi, riTac xelmZRvanelobs saqarTvelos sagareo
politika, ucxoeTis qveynebTan megobruli da partnioruli urTierTobebis
ganviTarebaa. pirvel rigSi es kavkasiis regionSi Cvens mezobel qveynebs
exeba. aRniSnuli principi, romelic xorcieldeba deviziT ,,veZeboT da
vipovoT megnobrebi~, iseve rogorc saerTaSoriso samarTlis normebis
Sesabamisad warmarTuli saqmianoba saqarTvelos sagareo politikis
mTavari ganmsazRvreli faqtria.
saqarTvelos sagareo-politikuri orientacia mravali faqtoriT aris
ganpirobebuli. zemoaRniSnuli miznebidan da amocanebidan gamomdinare,
sagareo politikas ramodenime orientiri gaaCnia, maTgan albaT erT-erTi
umniSvnelovanesi saqarTvelos evropul da evro-atlantikur struqturebSi
integracia warmoadgens.
saqarTvelos satranzito potencialis gamoyeneba rac, ZiriTadad,
evraziis satransporto-sakomunikacio derefnis amoqmedebasTan aris
dakavSirebuli samxreT kavkasiaSi Cvens mezobel qveynebTan, agreTve
ukrainasTan, TurqeTTan, iranTan, centraluri aziis saxelmwifoebTan,
balkaneTis qveynebTan da, perspeqtivaSi, CineTTan TanamSromlobis
gaaqtiurebas gulisxmobs. Sesabamisad, sagareo-politikis aqcentireba am
faqtiTac aris ganpirobebuli.
mTavari Sedegi, rac sagareo politikis sferoSi bolo periodSi iqna
miRweuli, aris is, rom saqarTvelo kidev ufro dauaxlovda evropul da
evro-atlantikur struqturebs (miuxedavad imisa, rom jerjerobiT ver
xerxdeba saqarTvelos gaxdoma nato-s sruluflebian wevrad). Ees Tavis
mxriv ganpirobebul iqna saqarTvelos saerTaSoriso avtoritetis gazrdiT,
rac SemdegSi iqna gamoxatuli:
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gaaqtiurda saerTaSoriso organizaciebTan TanamSromloba. unda
aRiniSnos, rom es urTierTobebi axal saxes iZenen:
1. sul ufro met Sinaarss iZens nato-sTan TanamSromloba. rogorc

viciT, saqarTvelo eswrafvis aliansSi gawevrianebas. 2004 wels
saqarTvelosa da natos Soris xeli moewera individualuri
partniorobis samoqmedo gegmas, xolo 2006 wlidan orive mxare
intensiuri dialogis etapze gadavida. 2008 wels Seiqmna nato-
saqarTvelos komisia, xolo 2008 dekemberSi, aliansis briuselis
ministerialze saqarTvelosaTvis damtkicebul iqna yovewliuri
erovnuli programa, romelsac Cveni qveyana yovelwliurad asrulebs.
Ra Tqma unda mniSvnelovania TiTqmis aTasi qarTveli samxedros
gagzavna avRaneTis teritoriaze, sadac saqarTvelos SeiaraRebuli
Zalebis warmomadgenlebi nato-s wevri qveynebis SeiaraRebuli
Zalebis mxardamxar monawileobas iReben antiteroristul
operaciebSi.
2. saqarTvelo aqtiur monawileobas iRebs kaspiisa da Savi zRvis
regionSi mimdinare satransporto da energetikul proeqtebSi.
3. msoflio savaWro organizaciaSi saqarTvelos wevrobas (igi am
organizaciis wevria 2000 wlidan) udidesi mniSvneloba eniWeba qveynis
msoflio ekonomikur procesebSi ufro aqtiurad CasarTvelad.
dRevandel dRes saqarTvelos sagareo vaWrobis moculoba 5 miliard
dollars aRemateba.
4. umniSvnelovanesia saqarTvelo-evrokavSirs Soris urTierTobaTa
ganviTareba. 2004 wels saqarTvelo gaxda evrokavSiris samezoblo
politikis wevri, xolo 2006 or mxares Soris xeli moewera
samoqmedo gegmas. ruseTis mier saqarTvelos winaaRmdeg
ganxorcielebuli agresiis Semdeg, evrokavSiris monitorebma daiwyes
Cveni qveynis okupirebuli regionebis siaxloves sapatrulo
operaciebis ganxorcieleba. 2009 wlis maisidan saqarTvelo xuT
yofil sabWoTa respublikasTan erTad gaxda evrokavSiris
aRmosavleTis partniorobis programis nawili. 2010 wlis monacemebiT,
evrokavSiris qveynebze modis saqarTvelos sagareo vaWrobis 20%-ze
meti.
ruseTis mxridan saerTaSoriso asparezze antiqarTuli propagandis

miuxedavad, saqarTvelo sul ufro metad aRiqmeba, rogorc saWiro da
sando partniori. qveyanaSi mimdinare sasikeTo ZvrebTan erTad es, pirvel
rigSi, saqarTvelos xelsayrelma satransporto-geografiulma mdebareobam
gansazRvra. evraziis satransporto-sakomunikacio derefnis propagandam,
rac imTaviTve gaxda Cveni sagareo politikis mniSvnelovani amocana, Sedegi
gamoiRo da dRes Cveni regioni saerTaSoriso Tanamegobrobis wamyvani
qveynebis, mezobeli saxelmwifoebis da msxvili kompaniebis yuradRebis
centrSia.
zemoT CamoTvlili niSanTvisebebi, rasac SeiZleba konkurentunariani
upiratesobebi vuwodoT, gonier gamoyenebas saWiroebs. Sesabamisad, saWiroa
brZnuli saxelmwifo kursi da maT Soris qmediTunariani sagareo
politika, raTa Cveni upiratesobebi gamoyenebul iqnes.
ra Tqma unda, somxeTs, azerbaijans, regionis mezoblebs, yvelas Tavisi
konkurentunariani upiratesobebi gaaCnia, romelTa realizaciazec
damokidebulia maTi momavali. am upiratesobaTa gamoyeneba sulac ar
niSnavs erTmaneTSi Sejibrs da erTmaneTis xarjze warmatebis miRwevas.
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piriqiT, TanamSromlobiTa da urTierTdaxmarebiT unda SevZloT am
upiratesobaTa realizacia Cveni saerTo keTildReobisaTvis. es
gansakuTrebiT samxreT kavkasiisaTvis aris aqtualuri. regionis qveynebis
politikuri da socialur-ekonomikuri mdgomareoba, agreTve arastabiluri
geopolitikuri garemo ganapirobebs imas, rom cal-calke patara da susti
saqarTvelos, somxeTisa da azerbaijanis ganviTareba gare faqtorebze
mniSvnelovanwilad aris damokidebuli. aq saerTaSoriso organizaciebisa
da donori saxelmwifoebis mxridan daxmarebasTan erTad arastabiluri
garemocvidan momdinare safrTxesac unda gaewios angariSi. aqedan
gamomdinare, usafrTxoebisa da ekonomikuri zrdis uzrunvelyofis
garantias grZelvadian perspeqtivaSi Zalisxmevis gaerTianeba warmoadgens.
saqarTveloSi arsebuli okupirebuli regionebi da qveynis teritoriuli

mTlianobis aRdgenis perspeqtivebi
saqarTvelos social-ekonomikur ganviTarebasa da kavkasiaSi

TanamSromlobas mniSvnelovnad aferxebs regionSi arsebuli konfliqturi
kerebi. 2008 wlis agvistoSi ruseTis mxridan ganxorcielebuli agresiis
Semdeg saqarTvelos teritoriaze arsebuli separatistuli regionebi
iqcnen ruseTis mier okupirebul regionebad. Ggasuli saukunis 90-iani
wlebidan dawyebuli, separatistuli regionebi warmoadgenen
arakontrolirebad teritoriebs da Sesabamisad am regionebSi iqmneboda
metad xelsayrel winapiroba ukanono vaWrobis, gansakuTrebiT
narkotikebiT ukanono brunvisaTvis, fulis gaTeTrebis, teroristuli
saqmianobisa da sxva kanonsawinaaRmdego operaciebis gansaxorcieleblad.
garda amisa, separatizmis arsebobis udides problemas ra Tqma unda
warmoadgenda ukanono SeiaraRebuli formirebebis funqcionireba,
romlebic SeaiaraRebulni iyvnen Tanamedrove samxedro aRWurvilobiT. rac
mTavaria, separatistuli moZraobebis ganviTarebis erT-erT mTavar mizezs
warmoadgenda ruseTis mier konfliqtis zonaSi moqmedi de-faqto
separatistuli xelisuflebebis jer faruli, xolo mogvianebiT ukve
pirdapiri mxardaWera, rodesac “Crdiloeli mezoblis” Sesabamisi
struqturebi finansuri da samxedro xasiaTis daxmarebas uwevdnen
danaSaulebriv separatistul reJimebs.
rac Seexeba 2008 wlis agvistos Semdeg Seqmnil situacias, rogorc
cnobilia, ruseTis agresiis Semdeg saqarTvelo ver akontrolebs Tavisi
teritoriis daaxloebiT 20%-s. saqarTvelos centraluri xelisuflebis
kontrols ar eqvemdebareba afxazeTisa da yofili samxreT oseTis
avtonomiuri olqis teritoriebi. aRniSnul teritoriebze saqarTvelos
iurisdiqciis aRdgena mSvidobiani molaparakebebis gziT am etapze
SeuZlebelia, radgan ruseTi yvelanairad Seecdeba xeli SeuSalos
sxvadasxva doneze garkveuli kontaqtebis damyarebas qarTul da osur,
qarTul da afxazur sazogadoebebs Soris. Aam kontaqtebze uars
afxazeTisa da e.w. samxreT oseTis marionetuli reJimis warmomadgenlebic
ityvian, romlebic iZulebulebi arian brmad daemorCilon TavianTi
patronis – ruseTis yvela neba-survils. Jenevis formatSi molaparakebaTa
warmoebisas (es procesi daiwyo 2008 wlis Semodgomidan), orive
okupirebuli regionis `xelmZRvaneloba~ mxolod damoukideblobis
moTxovniT gamodis da ar Tanxmdeba aranairi saxiT saqarTvelos
teritoriis nawilad afxazeTisa da `samxreT oseTis~ aRiarebaze. TiToeul
Sexvedraze mxolod erTi moTxovna gaismis-xeli moeweros xelSekrulebas
saqarTvelosa da afxazeTs, saqarTvelosa da “samxreT oseTs” Soris
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Tavdausxmelobis Sesaxeb, rac absolutur absurds warmoadgens im faqtis
gaTvaliswinebiT, rom SeuZlebelia samxedro xasiaTis xelSekrulebis
xelmowera saqarTvelosa da mis SemadgenlobaSi Semaval subieqtebs Soris.
saqarTvelos deokupacia, konfliqtis mogvareba da teritoriuli
mTlianobis aRdgena SeuZlebelia gadawydes samxedro gziTac, im pirobebSi,
rodesac saqarTvelos TiToeul okupirebul regionSi daaxloebiT 5000-5000
rusi samxedro okupanti aris ganTavsebuli. Sesabamisad, viTarebas
arTulebs is faqti, rom qarTuli mxaris mier teritoriuli mTlianobis
aRdgenis Zalismieri meTodebis gziT gamoyenebis SemTxvevaSi, mas, mouwevs
Setakeba rogorc uSualod ruseTTan, aseve ruseTis federaciaSi Semavali
Crdilokavkasiuri respublikebis SeiaraRebul formirebebTan, rac ra Tqma
unda ar iZleva am omebSi gamarjvebis garantias. separatistuli regionebis
mTavar dasaxlebul punqtebze kontrolis damyarebis SemTxvevaSic ki, Tu
gaviTvaliswinebT afxazeTisa da samxreT oseTis mTian reliefs, arsebobs
imis udidesi SesaZlebloba, rom separatistuli ukanono formirebebi
gadavidnen partizanul moqmedebebze, da am SemTxvevaSi isini
uzrunvelyofil iqnebian sxvadasxva saxis SeiaraRebiT ruseTis mxridan.
Gfaqtiurad gamoricxulia iseTi avtoritetuli saerTaSoriso
organizaciebis CarTvac saqarTvelos regionebis deokupaciis procesSi,
rogorebicaa gaero da euTo. rogorc cnobilia, orive am organizaciaSi
ruseTi vetos uflebiT sargeblobs (gaeros SemTxvevaSi rogorc
uSiSroebis sabWos mudmivi wevri), ris Sedegadac 2008 wlis Semodgomaze
moxda gaeros meTvalyureTa misiis (UNOMIG) afxazeTis SemTxvevaSi da
euTos meTvalyureTa misiis samaCablos SemTxvevaSi saqmianobis Sewyveta.
ruseTi momavalSic gamoiyenebs vetos uflebas im SemTxvevaSi, Tu moxdeba
saqarTvelos konfliqtur regionebTan dakavSirebuli iseTi rezoluciis
ganxilva, romelic kremlis interesebs ewinaaRmdegeba. xolo rac Seexeba
gaeros generalur asambleaze miRebul rezoluciebs, romlebic
adastureben saqarTvelos teritoriaze iZulebiT gadaadgilebli pirebis
TavianT sacxovrebel saxlebSi dabrunebis uflebas, isini mxolod
rekomendaciul xasiaTs atareben evrosabWos saparlamento asambleaze
miRebuli rezoluciebis paralelurad.
erTaderTi gza saqarTvelos deokupaciisa da arsebuli konfliqtebis
gadawyvetisa, aris saqarTvelos social-ekonomikuri ganviTareba, da
demokratiuli institutebis gaZliereba. aRsaniSnavia is faqti, rom
ruseTis mier agresiis ganxorcielebamde didi mniSvneloba eniWeboda
separatistuli regionebSi saqarTvelos mier kontrolirebad
teritoriebze (zemo afxazeTi, liaxvis xeobis soflebi, frones xeoba)
mniSvnelovani proeqtebis ganxorcielebas infrastruqturis aRdgenis
mizniT, rac moskovis aSkara gaRizianebas iwvevda.
saqarTvelos ekonomikuri ganviTareba gazrdis dainteresebas ùrC~
regionebSi saqarTvelos mimarT, ramac SeiZleba saboloo jamSi gamoiwvios
maTi Tanxmoba sxvadasxva ekonomikur proeqtebSi monawileobis miRebaze
saqarTvelos teritoriuli mTlianobis aRdgenis sanacvlod. am mxriv
SesaZlebelia moviyvanoT kviprosis magaliTi, sadac 2004 wels gamarTul
referendumze kviprosis Turquli nawilis-separatistuli regionis
mosaxleobis 70%-ma mxari dauWira kviprosis kvlav gaerTianebas. amis
ZiriTadi mizezi iyo is faqti, rom centraluri xelisuflebis
daqvemdebarebaSi myofma teritoriam mniSvnelovan ekonomikur warmatebas
miaRwia, risi naTeli dadasturebacaa qveynis miReba evropis kavSirSi. Dda
es yvelaferi moxda im pirobebSi, rodesac TurqeTma Tavis droze aRiara
318
CrdiloeT kviprosis Turquli respublika (iseve rogorc ruseTma aRiara
afxazeTi da e.w. samxreT oseTi) da am regionSi investiciebic
ganaxorciela.
garda amisa, ekonomikuri proeqtebis ganxorcieleba xels Seuwyobs
javaxeTis regionSi saqarTvelos iurisdiqciis gaZlierebas. magaliTad
Tbilisi - axalqalaqis saavtomobilo gzis dasruleba 2010 wlis noemberSi
da yarsi-axalqalaqis rkinigzis mSeneblobis dasruleba savaraudod 2011-
2012 wlebSi - sadac SesaZlebeli iqneba somexi erovnebis saqarTvelos
moqalaqeebis mSeneblobaze dasaqmeba da TbilisTan dakavSireba am
rkinigzis meSveobiT.
rac Seexeba saavtomobilo gzas, igi ramdenime saaTiT Seamcirebs
samgzavro dros Tbilisidan axalqalaqis mimarTulebiT da piriqiT, rac
dadebiTad aisaxeba javaxeTis mosaxleobis qarTul sazogadoebaSi
integraciis procesze.
ruseT-saqarTvelos omis ganxilvamde, mokled ganvixiloT saqarTvelos

teritoriaze arsebuli konfliqtebi:
afxazeTis konfliqti
afxazeTs avtonomiis ufleba jer kidev saqarTvelos demokratiuli

respublikis 1921 w. konstituciiT hqonda miniWebuli. saqarTvelos sabWoTa
ruseTis mier okupaciis Semdeg 1921 – dan 1931 wlamde sabWoTa kavSiris
teritoriul-administraciul mowyobis sakiTxebSi cvlilebebTan erTad
xdeboda afxazeTis statusis gadasinjvac. kerZod, 1921 w. 16 dekembers igi
saxelSekrulebo respublikad gamocxadda, 1931 w. 19 Tebervals ki gaformda
avtonomiur respublikad saqarTvelos SemadgenlobaSi.
afxazeTis konfliqtis Ziri, afxazeTis statusze sxvadasxva
Sexedulebebis garda mis eTnikur SemadgenlobaSic zevs. ssrk-is daSlis
dros eTnikuri afxazebis wili TviT afxazeTis mosaxleobaSi 17% iyo,
eTnikuri qarTvelebis ki 45%. 36%-s ki sxvadasxva erovnebis
warmomadgenlebi Seadgendnen. Mmagram, amave dros sabWoTa xelisufleba
Tanamdebobebze dawinaurebisas afxazebs aniWebda upiratesobas
qarTvelebTan da sxva erovnebebTan SedarebiT. 1991 wlis seqtemberSi,
sabWoTa kavSiris dros arsebuli praqtikis gaTvaliswinebiT Catarda
afxazeTis avtonomiuri respublikis umaRlesi sabWos arCevnebi, sadac 65
sadeputato mandatidan 28 eTnikurma afxazebma miiRes, 26-eTnikurma
qarTvelebma 11 ki sxva erovnebis warmomadgenlebma. gaCnda interesTa
SeuTavsebloba qarTul da afxazur deputaciebs Soris, aseve,
saqarTveloSi arsebuli samoqalaqo omis gamo ver moxerxda
TanamSromloba Tbilissa da soxums Sorisac. zemoaRniSnuliT kargad
isargebles afxazebma da 1992 wlis 23 ivliss afxazeTis umaRlesma sabWom
viTomdac saqarTvelos samxedro sabWos mier 1921 wlis konstituciis
aRdgenis pasuxad (romelic saqarTveloSi im dros aRar moqmedebda), xmaTa
umravlesobiT da qarTul mxaresTan SeuTanxmeblad gamoacxada afxazeTis
1925 wlis konstituciis aRdgena, rac faqtobrivad afxazeTis
saqarTvelosgan gamoyofas niSnavda. aRsaniSnavia am gadawyvetilebis
antikonstituciuroba, radgan konstituciis misaRebad saWiro iyo
deputatTa xmebis absoluturi umravlesoba. afxazeTis qarTulma
deputaciam, romelic protestis niSnad ar eswreboda sesias, ar cno es
faqti.
319
DdaZabulobam kulminacias miaRwia 1992 wlis 14 agvistos, roca
sarkinigzo magistralebis usafrTxoebis dacvis mizniT saqarTvelos
SeiaraRebuli Zalebi afxazur mxaresTan SeTanxmebiT Sevidnen afxazeTis
teritoriaze, magram iq maT winaaRmdegoba gauwies afxazuri “gvardiis”
nawilebma. saomari moqmedebebi 1 wels gagrZelda da ruseTis
imperialisturi Zalebisa da CrdiloeT kavkasiidan Camosuli daqiravebuli
boevikebis mxardaWeris, agreTve afxazuri mxaris mier cecxlis Sewyvetis
Sesaxeb xelSekrulebebis samjer darRvevis Sedegad saomari moqmedebebi
1993 wlis seqtemberSi qarTuli jaris damarcxebiTa da afxazeTidan
qarTvelebis gamodevniT damTavrda.
molaparakebebi Tbilissa da soxums Soris 1994 wlidan mimdinareobda.
molaparakebebSi Suamavlis rols ruseTi da gaero asrulebda. agreTve
sxvadasxva statusiT molaparakebebSi monawileobs “”gaeros generaluri
mdivnis megobarTa jgufi”(aSS, didi britaneTi, safrangeTi, germania,
ruseTi). rogorc cnobilia, ruseTis zewolis Sedegad qarTul-afxazuri
konfliqtis zonaSi 1994 wlidan moqmedebdnen dsT-is “samSvidobo Zalebi”,
romlebic mxolod ruseTis samxedroebiT iyo dakompleqtebuli.
viTareba daiZaba afxazuri da rusuli mxaris iniciativiT kodoris
xeobaSi ganviTarebuli movlenebis gamo 2006 wlis agvistoSi.
kodorTan dakavSirebiT afxazurma da rusulma gegmam sruli kraxi
ganicada. orive mxaris mizani iyo Tanamdebobidan ganTavisuflebuli da
amis gamo saqarTvelos xelisuflebaze ganawyenebuli emzar kvicianis da
ukanono SeiaraRebuli formirebis “monadiris” gamoyeneba afxazuri da
ruseTis mxaris sasargeblod. am miznis gansaxorcieleblad saWiro iyo
kvicianis mxardamWerTa SeiaraRebuli gamosvla, raTa momxdariyo am
jgufis mier kontrolis damyareba zemo afxazeTze rac gamoiwvevda imas,
rom saqarTvelo dakargavda kontrols xeobaze da es ki Seqmnida
xelsayrel pirobas afxazeTis mier xeobaze kontrolis damyarebisaTvis. im
SemTxvevaSi ki, Tu saqarTvelos Zalovani struqturebi
ganaxorcielebdnen xeobaSi SeWras, konfliqti unda gagrZelebuliyo didi
xnis ganmavlobaSi da saboloo jamSi gamoiwvevda saqarTvelos dasustebas.
amave dros, saqarTvelos samxedro nawilebis kodorSi SeWris SemTxvevaSi
ruseTi da afxazeTi brals dasdebdnen saqarTvelos 1994 wlis maisis
xelSekrulebis darRvevaSi. am braldebis mizani iqneboda saqarTvelos
imijis Selaxva saerTaSoriso Tanamegobrobis TvalSi-saqarTvelo
warmoCenil iqneboda rogorc qveyana, romelsac surs qveyanaSi arsebuli
konfliqtebis Zalismieri gziT gadaWra, rac ewinaaRmdegeba igive nato-s da
evrokavSiris moTxovnebs saqarTvelos mimarT (individualuri
partniorobis samoqmedo gegmisa da evropis samezoblo iniciativis
farglebSi), romelic exeba konfliqtebis mSvidobiani gziT gadawyvetas.
Tumca ruseTis da afxazeTis de-faqto xelisuflebis Canafiqrma
sruli kraxi ganicada. saqarTvelom SeZlo ramdenime dReSi xeobaze
kontrolis damyareba, afxazeTis devnili mTavroba gadavida kodorSi,
daiwyo xeobaSi sxvadasxva saxis ekonomikuri proeqtebis ganxorcieleba,
xolo nato-m erTi Tvis Tavze kidev erTxel gamoucxada ndoba
saqarTvelos, daamtkica ra masTan intensiuri dialogis (2006 wlis
seqtemberi) programa. amave dros ruseTis mxaris mcdelobis miuxedavad,
gaeros meTvalyureebma afxazeTSi aRniSnes, rom saqarTvelom Seasrula
valdebuleba da gaiyvana Tavdacvis saministros nawilebi kodoridan, rac
Sesabamisad asaxul iqna gaeros generaluri mdivnis moxsenebaSi
uSiSroebis sabWos morigi rezoluciis miRebis dros qarTul-afxazuri
konfliqtis zonaSi arsebul viTarebasTan dakavSirebiT.
320
zemo afxazeTSi gancdili marcxis Semdeg, ruseTi ukiduresad
radikaluri zomebis miRebaze gadavida. 2008 wlis dasawyisidan ruseTi
qarTul mxaresTan SeuTanxmeblad ukanonod zrdida Tavis samxedro
kontingets afxazeTSi, xolo 2008 wlis agvistoSi mzakvruli Seteva
ganaxorciela zemo afxazeTze, miuxedavad imisa, rom qarTul mxares
aranairi samxedro operacia afxazeTis teritoriaze am periodSi ar
ganuxorcielebia.
dRevandeli viTareba afxazeTSi.
miuxedavad saomar moqmedebebSi ruseTis mxardaWeriT miRweuli

“warmatebebisa”, afxazeTi ar SeiZleba CaiTvalos gamarjvebulad rigi
mizezebis gamo, kerZod:
- miuxedavad imisa, rom afxazeTis dRevandeli xelisufleba acxadebs,
rom afxazeTi aris damoukidebeli, suverenuli saxelmwifo da mas gaaCnia
saxelmwifosaTvis damaxasiaTebeli yvela atributi, afxazeTi aranairad ar
SeiZleba CaiTvalos damoukidebel saxelmwifod, radgan ar moxda
afxazeTis saerTaSoriso-samarTlebrivi aRiareba da momavalSic afxazeTis
aRiareba saerTaSoriso Tanamegobrobis mier gamoricxulia. Mmxolod
ruseTis, nikaraguis, venesuelisa da naurus mxridan ki es aRiareba
veranair saerTaSoriso-samarTlebriv Sedegs ver moitans.
- zemoaRniSnulTan dakavSirebiT agreTve unda aRiniSnos, rom amJamad
afxazeTi imyofeba vasalur damokidebulebaSi ruseTis mxridan risi
naTeli dadasturebacaa is faqti, rom afxazeTis de-faqto prezidenti
lamis or kviraSi erTxel imyofeba moskovSi raTa miiRos axali
instruqciebi kremlis mesveurebisagan. amave dros afxazebi kargad
acnobiereben, rom ruseTi maT iyenebs Tavisi mzakvruli miznebis
gansaxorcoieleblad da afxazeTi, ruseTs rogorc saqarTveloze zewolis
iaraRad sWirdeba. garda amisa afxazeTis de-faqto xelisuflebis maRal
Tanamdebobebze iniSnebian ruseTis mier dasmuli pirebi. ruseTis mier
moxda afxazeTis teritoriaze arsebuli faqtiurad yvela saxis
ekonomikuri infrastruqturis (rkinigza, Senoba-nagebobebi da a.S.)
“Sesyidva” an “ijariT aReba”. Ggarda amisa, dRiTidRe izrdeba rusuli
samxedro kontingentis raodenoba da Sendeba axali samxedro qalaqebi;
E
- afxazeTs ar gaaCnia sakuTari erovnuli valuta da Sesabamisad mas ar
ZaluZs awarmoos damoukidebeli fulad-sakredito politika;
- afxazeTi imyofeba ekonomikur izolaciaSi, mas urTierToba faqtiurad

mxolod ruseTTan gaaCnia, aqedan gamomdinare, ekonomikuri siduxWiris gamo
xdeba mosaxleobis masobrivi migracia respublikis farglebs gareT,
gansakuTrebiT ruseTSi. am mxriv aRsaniSnavia is faqtic, rom miuxedavad
imisa, rom ruseTi cdilobs rusuli orientaciis gaZlierebas afxazur
mosaxleobaSi da amas axorcielebda da axorcielebs rusuli pasportebis
darigebiTac, rasac afxazebi miesalmebian, magram am faqtma SeiZleba
sawinaaRmdego Sedegi gamoiwvios, radganac rusuli pasportis mqone
afxazeTis mcxovreblebs SeeZlebaT uproblemod gadavidnen ruseTSi da
ruseTis federaciasa da afxazeTs Soris cxovrebis donis uzarmazari
ganxvavebis gaTvaliswinebiT, sabolood dafuZndnen ruseTSi, rasac mohyveba
afxazebis genofondis ganadgureba da respublikis mosaxleobisagan dacla,
xolo amis sanacvlod afxazeTSi rusi samxedroebis ojaxis wevrebi
dasaxldebian;
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- miuxedavad 1993 wels Catarebuli masobrivi eTnikuri wmendisa
qarTveli mosaxleobis winaaRmdeg, dRevandel dResac afxazebi
respublikis mosaxleobaSi umciresobaSi imyofebian. gamomdinare aqedan
afxazeTSi ZiriTadi salaparako ena aris rusuli da mimdinareobs
afxazuri enis xmarebidan TandaTanobiTi gaqrobis procesi;
- afxazeTSi arsebobs ukiduresad arastabiluri politikuri viTareba.
am mxriv aRsaniSnavia daZabuli erovnebaTSorisi viTareba. pirvel rigSi es
dakavSirebulia imasTan, rom galis raionSi kompaqturad cxovrobs
qarTuli mosaxleoba, romelic afxazebisTvis mudmiv problemas
warmoadgens, da aseve Zalian mniSvnelovania aRiniSnos daZabuloba
somxebsa da afxazebs Soris. es pirvel rigSi ganpirobebulia im faqtiT,
rom biznesis marTvis sadaveebi aris somxebis xelSi, magram amave dros
politikur sferoSi dominireben afxazebi (ruseTis dasturiT). kerZod
afxazeTis e.w. saxalxo krebaSi (afxazeTis “parlamenti”) afxazeTis
“kanonmdeblobis” mixedviT afxazebis raodenoba unda Seadgendes aranakleb
or mesameds. Sesabamisad, dRevandel dRes afxazebs 35-adgilian krebaSi
ukaviaT 25 adgili, rodesac afxazuri mosaxleobis raodenoba respublikis
mosaxleobis struqturaSi Seadgens daaxloebiT 45 aTas kacs. amave dros
somxebi, romelTa raodenoba afxazeTSi aRemateba 60 aTas adamians, krebaSi
warmodgenilni arian sul 3 deputatiT. rac Seexeba qarTvelebs, maTi
raodenoba saxalxo krebaSi Seadgens or deputats(afxazeTSi cxovrobs
daaxloebiT 50 aTasi qarTveli). es faqtebi naTlad mianiSnebs, rom
arsebobs erovnebaTSorisi SuRlis gaRvivebis realuri saSiSroeba.
- afxazeTi warmoadgens sxvadasxva ukanono saqmianobis warmoebisaTvis
metad xelsayrel keras. am mxriv aucilebelia aRiniSnos is faqti, rom
respublika warmoadgens udides safrTxes birTvuli nivTierebebis ukanono
vaWrobis TvalsazrisiT. jer kidev 2008 wlis agvistos movlenebamde,
arsebobda informacia, rom ssrk-is periodSi aguZeraSi soxumis fizika-
teqnikis instituti qimiuri narCenebis CamarxviT samuSaoebs awarmoebda.
sxvadasxva radiaqtiur nivTierebeTan erTad 2002 wlis oqtomberSi
afxazebma gaxsnes qimiuri nivTierebebis samarxebi da radioaqtiuri
nivTierebebi amoiRes. Segrovebul jarTSi aRmoCnda ceziumi, romelic
sazRvargareT Semdgomi realizaciis mizniT gamdidrebul da Cveulebriv
uranTan da sxva qimiur nivTierebebTan erTad institutidan gaitanes. garda
amisa, afxazebs aseve gaaCndaT 665 grami gamdidrebuli urani, romelic
ganTavsebuli iyo specialur WaSi. gayidvis mizniT gatanili 600 gr. urani
poloneTis sabaJom ruseT-poloneTis sazRvarze daakava. mogvianebiT, 2004
wels ceziumis konteineri dakavebul iqna ruseTis teritoriaze romelic
afxazebs mesazRvris daxmarebiT gadmohqondaT. metad mniSvnelovania
aRiniSnos, rom dafiqsirda afxazeTidan engursgamoRma radiaqtiuri
nivTierebebis Semotanis ramdenime faqti. specoperaciis Sedegad
CamorTmeul iqna 4 kg-mde urani. miuxedavad imisa, rom soxumis
xelisufleba acxadebda, rom fizika-teqnikis institutSi arsebuli yvela
radioaqtiuri nivTiereba xeluxlebeli iyo da Yyvela zemoaRniSnul
informacias uaryofda, eWvs badebs is faqti, rom afxazeTis de-faqto
xelisuflebis warmomadgenlebma uari ganacxades 2005 wlis ivnisSi
atomuri energetikis saerTaSoriso saagentos samkaciani delegaciis
SeSvebaze avtonomiuri respublikis teritoriaze. vizitis mizans soxumis
fizika-teqnikuri kvleviTi institutidan dakarguli plutoniumis
adgilsamyofelis dadgena iyo.
afxazuri mxaris SeiaraReba
322
Tu ar CavTvliT ruseTis samxedro teqnikas afxazeTis teritoriaze,
dRevandel etapze afxazeTSi moqmed mxolod ukanono SeiaraRebul
formirebebs savaraudod gaaCniaT ara marto mZime teqnika, aramed uaxlesi
warmoebis tanksawinaaRmdego naRmtyorcnebi “Svi”.
ukanono formirebebi floben gradis tipis 20-mde danadgars, romelis
isvris 37 kilometrze. agreTve reaqtiuli danadgari “gradi,” reaqtiuli
dandgari uragani, romelic isvris 35 km-ze, reaqtiuli danadgari “smerCi,”
romelsac SeuZlia srola 45-47 km-ze. afxazebs agreTve Semotanili aqvT
narmtyorcni “basiluki”, romelic gaxlavT bolo gamoSvebis teqnika.
aseve formirebebi floben iseTi sistemis aparatebs, romelic axSobs
radiosixSireebs da iWers saubris sixSireebs da afiqsirebs mowinaaRmdegis
gadaadgilebas. rac yvelaze mTavaria, am aparatebs sWirdeba patroni da
samxedroebis momzadeba, specialistebi ki afxazebs ar hyavT. ruseTis
genStabs Camohyavs specialistebi, romlebic Rebuloben sakmaod did
anazRaurebas. eseni arian ruseTis Tavdacvis saministros yofili
oficrebi.
oficialuri monacemebiTseparatistTa “Tavdacvis saministroSi” 5 aTasi
“jariskaci” da “oficeri” iricxeba. 18 aTasi adamiani iricxeba rezervSi,
samobilizacio resursi ki 25 aTass Seadgens. rac Seexeba SeiaraRebas, igi
gamoiyureba Semdegnairad:
1. javSanteqnika: tanki “t-55”-10 erTeuli;

qveiTTa sabrZolo manqana qsm ½-10 erTeuli;
javSantransportiori/sabrZolo sadazvervo samziro manqana-10 erTeuli;
2. artileria: “d-30” – 12 erTeuli;

“bm-21” – 5-6 erTeuli;
“zu-23-3” (zil 130/mtlb)-8 erTeuli.
3. aviacia: moieriSe “su-25”-2 erTeuli;

moieriSe “l-39”-2 erTeuli;
moieriSe vertmfreni “mi-24” – 4 erTeuli;
sadesanto vertmfreni “mi-8”-10-12 erTeuli.
4. sazRvao divizioni: “grifis” tipis mcuravi saSualeba (“utios”/25

kaci)-erTeuli;
“volgas” tipis mcuravi saSualeba (“dSl”/50kaci)-2 erTeuli.
5. sanapiro dacvis batarea:

100 mm-iani sazenito qvemexi “ks-19” – 6 erTeulamde;
sazenito danadgari “3 u-23-2” – 2 erTeulamde.
aRsaniSnavia is faqti, rom 2008 wlis avistos movlenebamde ruseTis

xelisufleba separatistebis samxedro mxardaWeraze yovelwliurad
xarjavda daaxloebiT 16 milion dolars.
afxazeTis konfliqtis mogvarebis ZiriTadi aspeqtebi:
rogorc aRniSnul iqna, dRevandel dRes afxazeTis konfliqtis

mogvareba mSvidobiani molaparakebebis gziT praqtikulad SeuZlebelia
mxareTa mier afxazeTis politikur statusze radikalurad gansxvavebuli
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Sexedulebebisa da pirvel rigSi ruseTis marionetul reJimze zewolis
gamo. garda amisa, mSvidobiani molaparakebebis process arTulebs
afxazuri mxaris uari ganaaxlos saqarTvelosTan molaparakebebi im
dromde, sanam saqarTvelos afxazeTTan xels ar moawers Tavdausxmelobis
xelSekrulebas.
Tumca,rusuli da afxazuri mxareebis arakonstruqciuli poziciebis
miuxedavad, arsebobs imis albaToba, rom momavalSi saqarTvelos
ekonomikuri aRmavloba, saqarTveloSi demokratiuli institutebis
gaZlierebam, agreTve dRevandel afxazeTSi arsebulma zemoCamoTvlilma
ekonomikurma, politikurma da demografiuli xasiaTis problemebma
aiZulon afxazeTis de-faqto xelisufleba ramdenime wlis Semdeg
wamovides molaparakebaze saqarTvelos xelisuflebasTan. garda amisa, erT-
erTi ganmsazRvreli faqtori molaparakebaTa ganaxlebisa agreTve SeiZleba
iyos is faqti, rom afxazur sazogadoebaSi sul ufro izrdeba undobloba
ruseTis mimarT, romelmac gansakuTrebiT 2008 wlis agvistos agresiisa da
afxazeTis “damoukideblobis” aRiarebis Semdeg, gansakuTrebiT gaaZliera
afxazeTze zewola. es zewola gamoixateba imaSi, rom rogorc zemoT iqna
aRniSnuli, ruseTi gamudmebiT zrdis Tavis samxedro kontingents
afxazeTSi, afxazur mxareze zewolis Sedegad iTvisebs avtonomiur
respublikaSi arsebul strategiuli daniSnulebis obieqtebs da a.S. jer
kidev 2004 wels, afxazeTSi “saprezidento arCevnebis” dros afxazeTis
mosaxleobis mier ruseTisaTvis SedarebiT arasasurveli kandidatis
arCevis gamo, ruseTma Caketa sazRvari afxazeTTan da am ukanasknels
ekonomikuri blokada gamoucxada. A
zemoaRniSnulifaqtebis gaTvaliswinebiT, grZelvadian
perspeqtivaSimolaparakebaTa ganaxlebis SemTxvevaSi, aucilebelia rom
qarTulma mxarem wamoayenos konkretuli winadadebani afxazuri mxaris
winaSe, raTa SesaZlebeli iyos urTierTkompromisuli variantebis
gamonaxva, raTa miRweul iqnes afxazeTis farTo avtonomia erTiani
saqarTvelos SemadgenlobaSi. kerZod, afxazeTis politikuri da
samarTlebrivi statusis Taobaze molaparakebaTa procesis periodSi
(Tumca unda aRiniSnos rom uaxloes momavalSi am sakiTxze saubari
faqtiurad gamoricxulia afxazuri mxaris mxridan), qarTulma mxarem
afxazur mxares unda SesTavazos Semdegi winadadebebi:
- samarTlebrivi faqtorebi: afxazeTis samarTlebrivi statusis

gansazRvrisas unda gaTvaliswinebul iqnes saerTaSoriso samarTlis ori
ZiriTadi principi. saxelmwifos teritoriuli mTlianoba da erTa
TviTgamorkveva. saerTaSoriso samarTlis erTa TviTgamorkvevis principi
ar gulisxmobs mxolod da mxolod ama Tu im erisTvis sruli
damoukideblobis miniWebas, aramed aq nagulisxmevia agreTve maRali
politikuri statusi – saxelmwifoebrivi warmonaqmnis arseboba sxva
saxelmwifoSi, sadac gaTvaliswinebuli unda iyos Tavisi uflebebisaTvis
mebrZoli eris warmadgenelTa politikuri, socialuri, ekonomikuri,
religiuri da sxva uflebebi;
- afxazeTSi SesaZloa arsebobdes prezidentis instituti. prezidenti
unda iyos afxazi erovnebis da arCeul unda iqnes sayovelTao arCevnebis
Sedegad anu mas irCevs afxazeTis mosaxleoba pirdapiri kenWisyriT;
- afxazeTs unda gaaCndes yvela saxelmwifo simbolika-droSa, himni,
gerbi, afxazeTis konstitucia, sisxlis, samoqalaqo da administraciuli
samarTlis sakuTari kodeqsebi;
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- unda ganisazRvros Sesabamisi kvota afxazi warmomadgenlebisaTvis
saqarTvelos parlamentSi da amave dros Sesabamisi kvota qarTveli
deputatebisa (afxazeTis teritoriaze macxovrebeli qarTvelebi)
afxazeTis parlamentSi. am mizniT afxazeTis teritoriaze arCevnebi unda
Catardes maJoritaruli wesiT;
- unda gaixsnas afxazeTis warmomadgenloba TbilisSi da saqarTvelos
mTavrobis warmomadgenloba soxumSi;
- afxazeTs unda mieces ufleba TviTon gansazRvros respublikis
administraciul-teritoriuli dayofis ZiriTadi principebi. rogorc
cnobilia erTiani saxelmwifos farglebSi sxvadasxva istoriul
regionebSi arsebobs gansxvavebuli administraciul-teritoriuli
dayofa. amis naTeli magaliTia didi britaneTi, sadac inglisi da uelsi
dayofilni arian sagrafoebad, CrdiloeT irlandia regionebad, xolo
Sotlandia provinciebad. amave dros afxazeTs unda mieniWos ufleba
Tavad gansazRvros afxazeTis teritoriaze moqmedi administraciul –
politikuri erTeulebis kompetencia – arCevis wesebi, administraciis
xelmZRvanelis daniSvnis wesi da a.S.
konfliqtis daregulirebis ekonomikuri aspeqtebi:
- afxazeTs saqarTvelos sxva regionebTan SedarebiT unda mieces

privilegia sagadasaxado Semosavlebis kuTxiT. saqarTveloSi arsebuli
sxvadasxva saxis gadasaxadebis - dRg, saSemosavlo, socialuri, mogebis
gadasaxadi, agreTve mdinare fsouze arsebul sabaJo sazRvarze miRebuli
sabaJo Semosavlebis umetesi nawili darCes afxazeTis biujetSi.
molaparakebaTa Sedegad unda ganisazRvros TiToeuli gadasaxadis
procentuli maCvenebeli saqarTvelos centralur da afxazeTis
biujetebs Soris. magaliTad mogebis gadasaxadis 30% wava centralur,
xolo 70% afxazeTis biujetSi;
- afxazeTis ekonomikaSi investiciebis mozidvis mizniT unda Catardes
afxazeTSi arsebuli sxvadasxva obieqtebis-kvebis mrewvelobis,
turistuli infrastruqtura, sabadoebi da sxv. privatizacia. am mizniT
saqarTvelos xelisuflebam afxazeTis xelisuflebasTan SeTanxmebiT
unda gansazRvros tenderis pirobebi da agreTve im samewarmeo
subieqtebis nusxa, romelic unda iyos gatanili saprivatizaciod.
agreTve ganisazRvros, Tu rogori saxiT unda Catardes privatizacia
(tenderi, auqcioni, investorebisaTvis samewarmeo subieqtis koncesiis
gziT gadacema). am mxriv saqarTvelos xelisuflebam da sazRvargareT
akreditirebulma saqarTvelos diplomatiurma warmomadgenlobebma
aqtiuri molaparakebebi unda awarmoon sxvadasxva qveynebis konpaniebTan
da savaWro palatebTan, raTa moxdes investiciebis mozidva afxazeTis
ekonomikaSi;
- privatizaciidan miRebuli Tanxebis udidesi nawili unda Caricxul
iqnes afxazeTis biujetSi afxazeTis Semdgomi social-ekonomikuri
ganviTarebis mizniT;
- saqarTvelom sazRvargareT maqsimaluri reklamireba unda gauwios
afxazeTis turistul obieqtebs;
- qarTul da afxazur mxareebs Soris unda gaimarTos aqtiuri
molaparakeba afxazeTis rkinigzis aRdgenasa da afxazeTsa da danarCen
saqarTvelos Soris sarkinigzo, iseve rogorc sahaero da saavtomobilo
mimosvlis aRdgenis Sesaxeb;
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- saqarTvelom unda ganaxorcielos transferuli gadasaxadebi afxazeTis
infrastruqturis aRdgenis mizniT.
kulturul-saganmanaTleblo sakiTxebi:
- unda dainergos afxazeTis qarTul skolebSi afxazuri enis, xolo

afxazur skolebSi qarTuli enis swavleba;
- saqarTvelos xelisuflebam unda xeli Seuwyos afxazur enaze
sxvadasxva saxis literaturis gamocemas;
- saqarTvelom xeli unda Seuwyos afxazi studentebis swavlebas
saqarTvelos umaRles saswavleblebSi da afxazi axalgazrdebis
gagzavnas sazRvargareT saswavleblad.
amave dros, mxolod centraluri xelisuflebis iurisdiqcias unda

miekuTvnebodes iseTi sferoebi rogorebicaa:
- sagareo politika da saerTaSoriso urTierTobani;

- sagareo vaWroba, sabaJo politika;
- saxelmwifo finansebi, fulis moWra, sabanko,sakredito, sagadasaxado
kanonmdebloba;
- saxelmwifos Tavdacva da uSiSroeba, samxedro Zalebi;
- kanonmdebloba moqalaqeobis Sesaxeb.
miuxedavad zemoaRniSnulisa, aqac SesaZlebelia garkveuli
kompromisuli variantis SemuSavebac. magaliTad sagareo vaWrobis
sakiTxebTan dakavSirebiT SesaZlebelia rom afxazeTidan gatanili
garkveuli produqciis Sedegad miRebuli Semosavali wavides afxazeTis
biujetSi rogorc es xdeba magaliTad TaTarstanis SemTxvevaSi, romelsac
ufleba gaaCnia damoukideblad gayidos respublikaSi mopovebuli navTobi,
xolo gayidvis Sedegad miRebuli Tanxebis udidesi nawili miemarTeba ara
ruseTis, aramed TaTarstanis biujetSi.
rac Seexeba sagareo politikas, aqac SesaZlebelia magaliTad afxazeTis
damoukideblad evropis regionTa asambleaSi gawevrianeba (amJamad
asambleis wevria aWara) da a. S.
rac Seexeba saxelmwifo finansebs, aqac SesaZlebelia erovnuli valuta
laris Sesabamis banknotebze iyos afxazuri simbolikebi, zogierT
kupiuraze qarTulTan erTad afxazuri warwerebi da a.S.
rac Seexeba Tavdacvas, aq SesaZlebelia saubari iyos imaze, rom erTian
jarSi samxedro samsaxuris gavlisas, afxazeTis macxovreblebma imsaxuron
afxazeTis teritoriaze, xolo im afxazebs, romlebic ar moisurveben
qarTul jarSi samsaxurs, uzrunvelyofil iqnen alternatiuli samxedro
samsaxuriT.
umniSvnelovanesia aRiniSnos, rom zemoaRniSnul molaparakebaTa
procesSi (molaparakebaTa ganaxlebis SemTxvevaSi), unda daisvas sakiTxi
ltolvilTa upirobo dabrunebisa afxazeTis mTel teritoriaze.
Kkonfliqti yofili samxreT oseTis avtonomiur olqSi
samxreT oseTis avtonomiuri olqi 1922 w. 20 aprils Seiqmna

bolSevikuri xelisuflebis iniciativiT, rac absoluturad
aralegitimuri iyo. miuRebeli iyo TviT terminic “samxreT oseTi”, radgan
“samxreT oseTad” wodebuli teritoria istoriulad qarTuli miwa-wyali
iyo da saerTo araferi hqonda istoriul oseTTan (amJamad CrdiloeT
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oseTi). zemoaRniSnuli termini ruseTis imperiis mesveurTa ZalisxmeviT
gaCnda me-19 saukunis 30-ian wlebSi kavkasiaSi gamomaval rusul presaSi.
mas Semdeg, rac gasuli saukunis 80-iani wlebis bolos saqarTveloSi

farTod gaiSala erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraoba, ssrk-is maSindeli
xelmZRvanelobis waqezebiTa da iniciativiT Seiqmna separatistuli
xasiaTis organizaciebi. osurma erovnulma moZraobam, romelsac
organizacia “adamon nixasi” xelmZRvanelobda, miznad daisaxa e.w. samxreT
oseTis gaerTianeba ruseTis SemadgenlobaSi myof CrdiloeT oseTTan. 1989
wlis aRweriT, regionSi mosaxleobis umravlesobas (daaxloebiT 65%)
eTnikuri osebi Seadgendnen. Tumca es mTlianad saqarTveloSi mcxovrebi
eTnikuri osebis umciresoba iyo. 160 aTasi osidan mxolod 60 aTasi
cxovrobda avtonomiur olqSi.
pirveli gamosvlebi olqSi 1989 wels daiwyo, xolo pirveli Setakebebi
moxda 1990 wels, rodesac TbilisTan SeTanxmebis gareSe samxreT oseTis
saolqo sabWom 1990 wlis 21 seqtembers gamoacxada “samreT oseTis
respublikis” Seqmna, xolo mogvianebiT avtonomiur olqSi arCevnebi
Catarda da axladarCeulma “uzenaesma sabWom” faqtobrivad saqarTvelosgan
gamoyofa gamoacxada. saqarTvelos respublikis uzenaesma sabWom 1990
wlis dekemberSi gaauqma samxreT oseTis avtonomiuri olqi. amas
SeiaraRebuli konfliqtis gamwvaveba mohyva.
SeiaraRebuli saxiT konfliqti mimdinareobda 1992 w. ivnisamde. omi
damTavrda sammxrivi qarTul-rusul-osuri SeTanxmebiT, romlis mixedviTac
statusis garkvevamde regionSi sammxrivi samSvidobo Zalebi imoqmedebda.
2008 wlis agvistomde molaparakebebi Tbilissa da cxinvals Soris euTos
da ruseTis SuamavlobiT mimdinareobda. Tumca 2008 wlis agvistos Semdeg
molaparakebaTa procesi ferxdeba ruseTis xelisuflebisa da cxinvalis
reJimis arakonstuqciuli qmedebebis gamo. 2008 wlis agvistomde,
afxazeTTan SedarebiT, “samxreT oseTis” konfliqtis mogvareba
saqarTvelosaTvis SedarebiT ufro advil amocanas warmoadgens rigi
mizezebis gamo, kerZod:
- saqarTvelos xelisufleba afxazeTisgan gansxvavebiT (sadac
kontroli mxolod kodoris xeobaze vrceldeboda) yofili
samxreT oseTis avtonomiuri olqis Zalian mniSvnelovan, maT
Soris osebiT dasaxlebul nawils – daaxloebiT 40%-s
akontrolebda (axalgoris raioni, liaxvis xeoba, frones xeoba);
- qarTuli samSvidobo Zalebi monawileobdnen samSvidobo
operaciebSi;
- “samxreT oseTs” bevrad uaresi geografiuli mdgomareoba gaaCnda
da gaaCnia afxazeTTan SedarebiT;
- “oseTis” ekonomika afxazeTis ekonomikasTan SedarebiT gacilebiT
CamorCenili iyo. Tu afxazeTs SeeZlo mieRo garkveuli Semosavali
turizmidan, cxinvalis regionSi Semosavlis umTavres wyaros,isic
mosaxleobis mcire nawilisaTvis mxolod kontrabanda
warmoadgenda;
- cxinvalis separatistuli regionis samxedro formirebebi
samxedro aRWurvilobiT gacilebiT CamorCebodnen afxazeTis
ukanono formirebebs;
- afxazebisagan gansxvavebiT osuri sazogadoebis Zalian
mniSvnelovani nawili, maT Soris yofili olqis teritoriaze,
mxars uWerda saqarTvelos teritoriul mTlinobas. am mxriv
aRsaniSnavia 2006 wels qarTuli mxaris kontrolirebad
327
teritoriaze droebiTi administraciis Seqmna, romlis
xelmZRvaneloba umetesad osebiTaa dakompleqtebuli da maT bevri
mxardamWeri hyavdaT TviT cxinvalSic.
swored am faqtebs iTvaliswinebda ruseTi, rodesac amzadebda samxedro

agresias saqarTvelos winaaRdeg, razedac Semdeg TavebSi gveqneba saubari.
cxinvalis reJimis SeaiaraReba 2008 wlis agvistomde
rogorc aRiniSna, afxazeTisagan gansxvavebiT, kokoiTis reJims

gacilebiT mwiri SeiaraReba gaaCnda. 2008 wlis gazafxulze arsebuli
monacemebiT, e. w. samxreT oseTis ukanono SeiaraRebul formirebebSi
daaxloebiT 2500 mebrZoli iricxeboda. cxinvalis xelisuflebis samxedro
biujeti 10 aTas dolars Seadgenda. 3 aTasi adamiani iricxeboda rezervSi,
samobilizacio resursi ki 12 500 kacs Seadgenda. SeiaraReba ase
gamoiyureboda:
1. javSanteqnika: tankebi “t-72”-10 erTeulamde; qveiTTa sabrZolo manqana
“beempe”-22 erTeulamde; sabrZolo sadazvervo samziro manqana "beerdem“
– 6 erTeulamde; maT aseve gaaCndaT ori saxeobis sadazvervo
javSanmanqana.
2. artileria: TviTmavali saartilerio danadgari “sau-122” – 8
erTeulamde. zalpuri cecxlis reaqtiuli sistema “vm-21 grad”-6
erTeulamde; haubica “d-30”-4 erTeulamde; 82 mm-iani avtomaturi
narmsatyorcni “vasiliok”-2 erTeulamde; gadasatani sazenito-saraketo
kompleqsi “pzrk”-20 erTeulamde; 200-ze meti tanksawinaaRmdego
marTvadi raketa.ramdenime manqanaze dasadgami danadgari “jigiti”. 200-
ze meti gadasacemi sazenirto danadgari “igla”.
3. sazenito: sazenito danadgari “zk-23-2” – 12 erTeulamde; amasTan
piradi Semadgenloba aRWurvilia Semdegi saxis cecxlsasroli
iaraRiT: “ak-74”, “akaem”, “erpeka”, “peka”, “esvede”, yumbarsatyorcni “ags-
17”, dazgis tanksawinaaRmdego yumbarsatyorcni “spg-9”.
separatistebi afxazeTis msgavsad finansdebodnen ruseTidan. moskovi

weliwadSi daaxloebiT 10 milion dolars xarjavda cxinvalis
regionis SeiaraRebaze.
konfliqtis mogvarebis perspeqtivebi:
iseve rogorc afxazeTis SemTxvevaSi, dRevandel etapze da uaxloes

momavalSi, rodesac afxazeTsa da e.w. samxreT oseTSi arsebuli
reJimebi ruseTis marionetebad arian gadaqceulebi, konfliqtis
mogvareba Seuzlebelia. Tumca qarTulma mxarem unda daafiqsiros
Tavisi xedva grZelvadian perspeqtivaSi cxinvalis regionTan
dakavSirebiT. kerZod is, rom afxazeTis msgavsad cxinvalis regions
gaaCndes politikuri avtonomia saqarTvelosSemadgenlobaSi regions
unda hqondes ufleba Seqmnas sakuTari simbolika-droSa, gerbi;
samxreT oseTis avtonomiuri respublikis statusi unda
ganisazRvros saqarTvelos konstituciuri kanoniT;
saqarTvelos parlamentSi unda ganisazRvros Sesabamisi kvota
osuri deputaciis warmomadgenlebisaTvis;
ganisazRvros garkveuli sagadasaxado SeRavaTebi cxinvalis
regionisaTvis;
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aseve unda dainergos osur skolebSi qarTulis, xolo qarTul
skolebSi osuri enis swavleba.
zemoaRniSnulma erToblivma qmedebebma, agreTve rogorc ukve
aRiniSna saqarTvelos ekonomikurma ganviTarebam momavalSi unda
gamoiwvios cxinvalis reJimis warmomadgenlebisa da am reJimis mier
kontrolirebad teritoriaze mcxovrebi mosaxleobis daintereseba,
raTa ganaxldes molaparakebebi Tbilissa da cxinvals Soris samxreT
oseTis saboloo statusis dasadgenad misi farTo avtonomiuri
uflebebiT erTiani saqarTvelos farglebSi.
ruseTis da misi “samSvidobo Zalebis” negatiuri roli saqarTveloSi

arsebuli konfliqtebis daregulirebis saqmeSi 2008 wlis agvistomde
sayovelTaod cnobilia ruseTis negatiuri roli saqarTveloSi

arsebuli konfliqtebis gaRvivebasTan dakavSirebiT. am mxriv gansakuTrebiT
unda aRiniSnos ruseTis e.w. “samSvidobo Zalebis” Sesaxeb, romlebic 2008
wlis agvistomde mTavar madestabilizebel rols TamaSobdnen konfliqtis
mogvarebis sakiTxebSi. “samSvido Zalebis” negatiuri qmedebebis sapasuxod
saqarTvelos sakanonmdeblo organom 2005 wlis Semodgomaze miiRo
dadgenileba konfliqtis zonaSi moqmedi rusi `samSvidobo Zalebis~
Sesaxeb, sadac samSvidoboebs ase vTqvaT mdgomareobis gamosasworeblad
miecaT konkretuli vada, kerZod 2006 wlis 15 Tebervlamde cxinvalis
regionSi, 2006 wlis 15 ivlisi – afxazeTis regionSi.
saboloo dadgenilebis teqsti ki ase gamoiyureboda: “parlamenti
mTavrobas avalebs ruseTis federaciasTan molaparakebebis ganaxlebas. es
Sesabamisad Seexeba afxazeTSi da e.w. samxreT oseTSi samSvidobo Zalebis
mier nakisri valdebulebebis Sesrulebas. vadebis amowurvis Semdeg, Tu
parlamenti cisferCafxutianebisaTvis samSvidobo misiis Sewyvetis
gadawyvetilebas miiRebs, mTavrobam maTi saswrafod gayvanis Sesaxeb unda
miiRos zomebi, garda amisa, xelisuflebis Sesabamisma struqturebma unda
gaaqtiuron muSaoba axali samSvidobo iniciativis dawyebis mizniT.
dadgenilebis mixedviT, 2005 wlis 1 dekembramde mTavrobas
parlamentisaTvis samSvidobo gegmebis realizebis detaluri samoqmedo
rukis wardgena daevala.
rogorc cnobilia, miuxedavad am dadgenilebisa ruseTis
“samSvidoboebi” darCnen konfliqtur zonebSi 2008 wlis agvistomde. Tumca
aqve samSvidoboebTan dakavSirebul konkretul SemTxvevebTan dakavSirebiT
sainteresoa ganvixiloT Tu ra samarTlebrivi baza arsebobda ruseTis
mier saqarTvelos ori istoriuli regionis aneqsiamde.
dagomisis xelSekruleba: igi gaformda 1992 wlis 26 ivniss saqarTvelosa
da rf-as Soris xelmowerili SeTanxmebis `qarTul-osuri konfliqtis
mowesrigebis principebis Sesaxeb~ safuZvelze. aRniSnuli SeTanxmebis me-3
muxlis 1-li punqtis mixedviT iqmneboda Sereuli sakontrolo komisia
(qarTuli, rusuli, Crdilo-osuri mxareebi). Ssk-s saqmianobaSi
monawileobdnen euTo, gaeros ltolvilTa umaRlesi komisariati, xolo
srulmasStabiani mowesrigebisa da ekonomikuri reabilitaciis procesSi
euTosTan erTad evrokomisiac.
mniSvnelovania aRiniSnos is faqti, rom zemoaRniSnuli SeTanxmebis
gaformeba moxda saqarTveloze ruseTis zewolis Sedegad. kerZod,
xelSekrulebis xelmoweramde ramdenime kviriT adre saqarTvelos
SeiaraRebulma Zalebma konfliqtis zonaSi mniSvnelovan warmatebas
miaRwies, rodesac saqarTvelos kontrolqveS moeqca ramdenime sofeli da
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qarTulma SenaerTebma daikaves cxinvalis mimdebare teritoriaze arsebuli
strategiuli simaRleebi, xolo amis Semdeg cxinvalis aReba saqarTvelos
SeiaraRebuli ZalebisaTvis did problemas ar warmoadgenda. swored am
movlenebis Semdeg gansakuTrebiT gaxSirda ruseTis politikur wreebsa da
masobrivi informaciis saSualebebis mier antiqarTuli propaganda, sadac
qarTvelebs agresorebad da okupantebad moixseniebdnen. situaciam
kulminacias miaRwia ruseTis yofili vice-prezidentis, vladimer ruckois
satelevizio gamosvlis Semdeg, sadac igi daimuqra, rom qarTvelebis mier
cxinvalis aRebis SemTxvevaSi ruseTis sahaero Zalebi dabombavdnen
Tbiliss. amasTan dakavSirebiT, saqarTvelos saxelmwifo sabWos
Tavmjdomarem e. SevardnaZem kategoriulad akrZala saqarTvelos sajariso
nawilebis cxinvalSi Sesvla. swored amis Semdeg moxda dagomisis
xelSekrulebis xelmowera, sadac saqarTvelos xelisufleba iZulebul
iqna daTanxmeboda ruseTis `samSvidobo Zalebis~ Semosvlaze konfliqtis
zonaSi. garda amisa, sainteresoa aRiniSnos is faqti, rom im droisaTvis
ruseTs arc de-iure da arc de-faqtod jer kidev ar hqonda aRiarebuli
saqarTvelos damoukidebloba da teritoriuli mTlianoba. ruseTma es
koziric Tavis sasargeblod gamoiyena da Cveni qveynis xelisufleba
daiTanxma imaze, rom es ukanaskneli daTanxmebuliyo ruseTis sajariso
nawilebis yofili samxreT oseTis avtonomiuri olqis teritoriaze
Semosvlaze ruseTis mier saqarTvelos damoukideblobis cnobisa da masTan
diplomatiuri urTierTobebis damyarebis sanacvlod. marTlac, ramdenime
dRis Semdeg, 1992 wlis 2 ivliss q. moskovSi xeli moewera xelSekrulebas
saqarTvelos respublikasa da ruseTis federacias Soris diplomatiuri
urTierTobebis damyarebis Sesaxeb.
rac Seexeba Tavad dagomisis xelSekrulebis gaformebas,
aucilebelia aRiniSnos is faqti, rom konfliqtis zonaSi qarTul-rusul-
osuri samSvidobo Zalebis Sesvlis Semdeg Sewyda mxareebs Soris saomari
moqmedebebi da Sesabamisad situacia SedarebiT stabiluri gaxda. amave
dros yuradReba unda gamaxvildes Semdeg mniSvnelovan detalebze:
SeTanxmebis Sesabamisad rogorc qarTuli, aseve rusuli da Crdilo-osuri
mxridan konfliqtis zonaSi unda ganlagebuliyo 500-500 mSvidobismyofeli.
es ki saqarTvelos interesebis aSkara xelyofas warmoadgenda imis
gaTvaliswinebiT, rom saqarTvelos ZirZvel, istoriul nawilSi ruseTis
mxridan samSvidobo operaciebi unda ganexorcielebina 1000 jariskacs –
xuTass ruseTis, xolo xuTass Crdilo oseTis (rogorc ruseTis
federaciis subieqtis) mxridan, xolo saqarTvelos mxridan orjer
naklebs – 500 jariskacs. garda amisa, am SeTanxmebis Sesabamisad
saqarTvelo iZulebuli iyo gamoeyvana Tavisi sajariso nawilebi eqvsi
soflidan, romlebic centraluri xelisuflebis kontrolqveS imyofeboda.
garda amisa, qarTuli samSvidoboebi ver axorcielebdnen samSvidobo
funqciebs rokis gvirabTan, rac xels uwyobda kontrabaduli tvirTis
Semodinebas e.w. samxreT oseTis teritoriaze.
afxazeTTan dakavSirebiT SeTanxmeba saqarTvelosa da ruseTs Soris
daido 1994 wlis 14 maiss q. moskovSi, romlis mixedviTac afxazeTis
administraciul sazRvarze funqcionireben dsT-is koleqtiuri samSvidobo
Zalebi (gaero-s mandatiT), Tumca am SemTxvevaSi xelSekrulebis mixedviT
maTi gasvla SesaZlebeli iyo konfliqtSi monawile erT-erTi mxaris
moTxovnis SemTxvevaSi.
Aarsebobs imiskonkretuli faqtebi, Tu rogor xdeboda galis raionSi
qarTuli mosaxleobis winaaRmdeg separatistebis mxridan adamianis
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uflebebis darRveva da amaze araviTari reagireba ar xdeboda
“samSvidoboebis” mxridan.
amis naTeli dadasturebaa is faqti, rom 1994 wlidan 2008 wlis
agvistomde e.w. àfxazuri miliciis~ moqmedebisa da `samSvidobo Zalebis~
umoqmedebis Sedegad ori aTasze meti mSvidobiani moqalaqe iyo daRupuli
galis raionSi. kidev erT TvalsaCino suraTs `samSvidoboebis~
kanonsawinaaRmdego moqmedebebisa warmoadgenda maTi xSiri SeWra
konfliqtis zonaSi mdebare qarTul soflebSi da mosaxleobis daSineba.
saqarTvelos evrokavSirSi gawevrianebis perspeqtivebi
Cveni qveynis saerTaSoriso urTierTobaTa uaxloesi istoria meoce

saukunis 90-iani wlebidan iwyeba, roca postsabWoTa sivrceSi sabWoTa
kavSiris daSlis Semdeg 15-ma axalma saxelmwifom daiwyo damoukidebeli
arseboba. saqarTvelos damoukidebeli arsebobis dasawyisi mraval
sirTuleebTan iyo dakavSirebuli – qveyanam gadaitana samoqalaqo
dapirispireba – omi, ruseT-saqarTvelos omi da ori dRemde mougvarebeli
teritoriuli konfliqti, imavdroulad mimdinareobs socialisturidan
axal sabazro ekonomikaze gadasvlis uaRresad rTuli procesi.
Seqmnil viTarebaSi qveynis winaSe mTeli simwvaviT dadga sagareo
politikuri orientaciis gansazRvris sakiTxi – Tu Tavdapirvelad
saqarTvelos sagareo politika moklevadian miznebze iyo orientirebuli,
mogvianebiT mas saSualeba mieca, ufro mkafiod daefiqsirebina sakuTari
prioritetebi, romelTa Soris umTavress evroatlantikur sivrceSi
integracia warmoadgens. umokles vadebSi qveyana gaxda ara marto
gaerTianebuli erebis organzaciis wevri saxelmwifo, aramed gawevrianda
evropis sabWoSi, TanamSromlobs euTosTan da agreTve natosTan
“partnioroba mSvidobisaTvis” programis farglebSi. 2004 wlis 29
oqtombers nato-m daamtkica saqarTvelos natosTan TanamSromlobis
individualuri partniorobis samoqmedo gegma (IPAP), romlis Sesrulebas
arsebiTi mniSvneloba aqvs natoSi gawevrianebisTvis. aseve, saqarTvelo
aRrmavebs urTierTobas evrokavSirTan. dawyebuli TanamSromlobis
procesis bolomde miyvana mravali rTuli sakiTxis gadawyvetasTan aris
dakavSirebuli, gansakuTrebiT es exeba evrokavSirSi integracias.
geografiulad evropisa da aziis Sesayarze mdebare Cvenma qveyanam,
romelsac arsebobis sxvadasxva periodebSi uSualod esazRvrebodnen
msoflios uZlieresi saxelmwifoebi (urartu, elinuri saberZneTi (Semdeg
bizantia), sparseTi, osmaleTi, ruseTi) Tavisi saxelmwifoebrivi arsebobis
TiTqmis samiaTaswlovani istoriis ganmalobaSi gauZlo ara marto
mezobeli saxelmwifoebis eqspansias, aramed romaelTa, arabTa da
monRolTa imperiebis dampyroblur politikas da saukuneTa ganmalobaSi
mudmivi, sisxlismRvreli dapirispirebis pirobebSi Tavdauzogavi brZoliTa
da sagareo-politikuri orientirebis swori SerCeviT SeZlo gadarCena da
saboloo miznis miRweva – damoukideblobis mopoveba.
saqarTvelosTvis, Tavisi arsebobis ganmalobaSi yovelTvis
mniSvnelovani iyo sagareo-politikuri orientaciis sakiTxi. antikuri
epoqidan dawyebuli, jer berZnul-elinur samyarosTan mezoblobam,
politikur-ekonomikurma Tanaarsebobam da kulturulma siaxlovem,
qarTlis (iberiis) samefos pirveli mefis, farnavazis droidan (mefobda Zv.
w. IVs da IIIs I naxevarSi) elinistur saxelmwifoebTan ganviTarebulma
urTierTobebma, artag iberTa mefis (Zv. w. Is) droidan ki Zveli romis
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imperiasTan damyarebulma farTo kontaqtebma didi gavlena moaxdina
saqarTvelos sagareo-politikur prioritetebze.
romis imperatori avgustusi (29w.) Tavis “ankvriis ZeglSi” mogviTxrobs
imis Sesaxeb, rom ”iberebs romis keisrisa da eris megobroba surdaT..”,
Cinebuli urTierTganwyoba hqondaT romaelebs qarTvelebTan imperatorebis
- vespasiane, domiciane, traiane da adrianes mmarTvelobis wlebSic, razec
romSi, marsis velze iberiis mefis farsman II-is cxeniani qandakebis
dadgmac miuTiTebs), SemdgomSi ki axali welTaRricxvis me-4 saukunidan
qristianobis saxelmwifo religiad gamocxadebam da mezobeli, qristianul
bizantiur imperiasTan upiratesma kavSirurTierTobebma garkveulwilad
ganapirobes qarTuli saxelmwifos dasavluri orientacia, eris mentaloba
da midrekileba evropuli civilizaciisken. AaRniSnuliT unda aixsnas me-17
saukuneSi vaxtangVI-is mefobisas qarTuli diplomatiis mcdeloba
safrangeTis mefisa da vatikanis winaSe kavSirurTierTobis damyarebisa da
daxmarebis Taobaze, romlis uSedegod damTavrebam gamoiwvia politikuri
veqtoris ruseTisaken, CrdiloeTis marTlmadidebeli saxelmwifosaken
gadaxra, rasac Tavis mxriv 1783 wels xelmowerili georgievskis traqtatis
safuZvelze mfarvelobis pirobiT qarTl-kaxeTis samefos ruseTTan
gaerTianeba moyva. aRniSnuli xelSekruleba ruseTis mier saqarTvelos
samefo institutis gauqmebiT mokle droSi uxeSad iqna darRveuli –
Sedegad, saukuneze meti xniT gauqmda saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebrioba. arc
1918 wels, mcire xniT mopovebuli damoukidebloba acala ruseTma Cvens
qveyanas da 1921 wels, mis mier ganxorcielebuli okupaciis Semdeg
saqarTvelo mokavSire respublikis formaluri statusiT 70 wliT
Seyvanili iqna erTiani sabWoTa saxelmwifos SemadgenlobaSi. Sesabamisad,
sabolood da arcTu usafuZvlod dakargulia ruseTis saxelmwifos
mimarT qarTveli xalxis ndoba.
saqarTvelos dasavluri orientacia gulisxmobs mis evropul
politikur, ekonomikur da usafrTxoebis struqturebSi srulmasStabian
integrirebas. kerZod, evrokavSirTan am mimarTulebiT gadadgmulia Semdegi
nabijebi: saqarTvelos da evrokavSiris urTierTobebis ZiriTadi
iuridiuli CarCoa ’’partniorobisa da TanamSromlobis SeTanxmeba’’, romlis
farglebSi saqarTvelo saqarTvelos parlamentis dadgenilebis
Sesabamisad, 1997 wlis 1 seqtembridan axorcielebs ”saqarTvelos
kanonmdeblobis evropul kanonmdeblobasTan harmonizaciis erovnul
programas”. 2004 wlis ivnisSi saqarTvelo CarTuli iqna evropis
samezoblo politikaSi, rac evrokavSirTan daaxloebis mniSvnelovani
meqanizmia. mis farglebSi SemuSavda ormxrivi “evropis samezoblo
politikis samoqmedo gegma”, romelic eyrdnoba ’’partniorobisa da
TanamSromlobis SeTanxmebas’’. 2006 wels gaformda “saqarTvelo-
evrokavSiris samoqmedo gegma”, xolo 2009 wlidan saqarTvelo sxva xuT
yofil sabWoTa respublikasTan erTad gaxda evrokavSiris “aRmosavleTis
partniorobis” programis wevri.
saqarTvelo-evrokavSiris urTierTobebis mniSvnelovani movlenebi:
saqarTvelos damoukideblobis aRdgenis dRidan evrokavSiris

saxelmwifoebi mniSvnelovan mxardaWeras uwevdnen saqarTvelos, rogorc
cal-calke, aseve evrogaerTianebis da sxvadasxva saerTaSoriso
organizaciebis farglebSi.
1993 wlidan saqarTveloSi evrokavSiris daxmarebis sami ZiriTadi
mimarTuleba gamoikveTa: finansuri daxmareba, humanitaruli daxmareba
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(ZiriTadad sasursaTo daxmarebis saxiT) da teqnikuri daxmareba,
romlebsac evrokavSiri ZiriTadad axorcielebdaTACIS-s da ECHOS-s
programebis saxiT 1991 wlidan. evrokavSirma saqarTvelosaTvis daxmarebis
gaweva daiwyo 1992 wels, EECHOS-s – evrokomisiis humanitaruli
daxmarebis departamentis meSveobiT. es iyo gadaudebeli humanitaruli
daxmareba qveyanaSi oTxmocdaaTiani wlebis dasawyisSi samoqalaqo omisa
da Semdgomi ekonomikuri kolafsis Sedegad ulukmapurod darCenili
mosaxleobisaTvis. mas Semdeg EECHOS-m saqarTvelos gauwia 98 milioni
evros daxmareba. 1996 wels daxmarebam saxe icvala da gadaudebeli
daxmarebis Semdgom daxmarebad iqca. 2004 wels damtkicda 4 milioni evros
odenobis humanitaruli daxmarebis paketi afxazeTSi konfliqtiT
dazaralebuli daucveli adamianebis mxardasaWerad. daxmarebis
beneficiarebi arian daucveli adamianebi afxazeTsa da dasavleT
saqarTveloSi, saqarTveloSi iZulebiT gadaadgilebuli pirebi, agreTve
bavSvebi TbilisSi. daxmareba vrceldeboda iseT seqtorebze, rogoric aris
sakvebi, samedicino daxmareba da sacxovrebeli.
1994 wels evroparlamentis winadadebis safuZvelze, daarsda
“evropuli iniciativa demokratiisa da adamianis uflebebis sferoSi”
(EIDHR), romelic mxars uWers da xels uwyobs evrokavSiris arawevr
qveynebSi adamianis uflebebisa da demokratiis damkvidrebas. saqarTvelo
erT-erTia demokratiisa da adamianis uflebebis sferoSi evropuli
iniciativis 29 miznobrivi qveynidan. 2002-2004 wlebSi saqarTveloSi
warmoebuli saqoneli yovelwliurad daaxloebiT 2 milioni evroTi
finansdeboda, 2005-2006 wlebSi saqarTvelosTvis yovelwliurad 1 milioni
evro gamoiyo. es daxmareba mimarTulia demokratizaciis, kargi
mmarTvelobis da adamianis uflebaTa kulturisa da kanonis uzenaesobis
damkvidrebis xelSewyobaze.
TACIS (“Technical Assistance to the CIS”) – teqnikuri daxmareba gaxldaT
damoukidebeli saxelmwifoebis TanamegobrobisTvis is ZiriTadi
instrumenti, romelsac evrokavSiri iyenebda aRmosavleT evropis,
kavkasiisa da centraluri aziis qveynebTan TanamSromlobaSi. TACIS aseve
ZiriTadi instrumenti iyo saqarTvelos mTavrobisTvis partniorobisa da
TanamSromlobis Sesaxeb SeTanxmebis ganxorcielebaSi daxmarebis gasawevad.
2004-2006 wlebSi programa or prioritetul sferoze iyo mimarTuli:
instituciuri, samarTlebrivi, administraciuli reformebis xelSewyoba da
daxmareba gardamavali periodis socialuri Sedegebis daZlevaSi. TACIS-is
erovnuli da samTavroboTaSoriso programebis farglebSi xorciledeboda
rigi mniSvnelovani proeqtebi. 1996 – 1997 wlebSi Sesabamisad moqmedeba
daiwyo evrogaerTianebis daxmarebis iseTma programebma, rogoricaa
sasurTaTo usafrTxoebis programa da gansakuTrebuli finansuri
daxmarebis programa. saqarTveloSi arsebuli konfliqtebis mogvarebis
xelSewyobis mizniT cxinvalisa da afxazeTis regionSi 2008 wlis
agvistomde moqmedebda evrogaerTianebis sareabilitacio programa.
evrokavSiri aqtiurad uWers mxars samxreT kavkasiaSi regionaluri
urTierTobebis ganviTarebas. am TvalsazrisiT politikur mniSvnelobas
iZens iseTi proeqtebis ganxorcieleba, rogoricaa TRACECA da INOGATE,
romelic TACIS-is mier finansdeboda. INOGATE-i (evropaSi navTobisa da
gazis saxelmwifoTaSorisi transportireba) warmoadgens programas,
romlis daniSnulebacaa evropis energomomaragebis usafrTxoebis
gaumjobeseba. saqarTvelo programa INOGATE-is erT-erTi pirveli wevri
gaxda, rodesac 1999 wlis 22 ivliss xeli moawera INOGATE-is qolga
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SeTanxmebas, romelSic gansazRvrulia saerTaSoriso standartebis
Sesabamisad TanamSromlobis ZiriTadi wesebi. evrokavSiris mxridan kaspiis
zRvis regionis energoresursebiT dainteresebam biZgi misca am programis
ganxorcielebas, romlis mizanic navTobisa da gazis regionaluri
milsadenis sistemisa da infrastruqturis reabilitireba, optimizireba da
modernizebaa. am mxriv mniSvnelovania agreTve TRACECA-s proeqti.
TRACECA-s (evropa-kavkasia-aziis satransporto derefani) mizania, aSendes
aRmosavleT-dasavleTis satransporto derefani, romelic evrokavSirs
daakavSirebs SavizRvispira qveynebTan kavkasiaSi da centralur aziasTan
CineTis sazRvramde. programa dawyebul iqna 1993 wlis maisSi briuselSi
gamarTul konferenciaze, romelsac eswrebodnen vaWrobisa da transportis
ministrebi centraluri aziis xuTi respublikidan da kavkasiis sami
respublikidan. aRniSnuli proeqti mowonebuli iqna msoflio bankisa da
evropis rekonstruqciisa da ganviTarebis bankis mier, ramac Tavis mxriv
kerZo investiciebis mozidvasac Seuwyo xeli. TRACECA-s warmatebiT
ganxorcieleba “axali abreSumis gzis” warmatebis winapirobacaa.
evrokavSir-saqarTvelos urTierTobebSi erT-erT umniSvnelovanes
nabijs “partniorobisa da TanamSromlobis Sesaxeb” SeTanxmebis gaformeba
warmoadgens, romelic evrokavSirsa da saqarTvelos Soris yvela saxis
urTierTobebs aregulirebs politikuri da savaWro urTierTobebis
CaTvliT. am SeTanxmebas xeli moewera 1996 wlis 22 aprils, luqsemburgSi.
aRniSnuli SeTanxmebis Sesabamisad, evrokavSirma da saqarTvelom aiRes
urTierTvaldebulebebi, romlebic moicavs TanamSromlobis mraval
sferos. SeTanxmebis mizania Seqmnan mxareebs Soris politikuri
dialogisaTvis Sesabamisi CarCoebi, rac SesaZlebels gaxdis ganviTardes
mWidro politikuri urTierTobebi; mxari dauWiros saqarTvelos
Zalisxmevas miaRwios demokratiis ganmtkicebas, ganaviTaros ekonomika da
daasrulos sabazro ekonomikaze gadasvla; xeli Seuwyos mxareebs Soris
vaWrobas da investirebas; safuZveli Cauyaros sakanonmdeblo, ekonomikur,
socialur, finansur, samoqalaqo – samecniero, teqnologiurda kulturul
TanamSromlobas.
saqarTvelo-evrokavSiris urTierTobebSi axali etapi daiwyo 1999
wlis 1 ivliss partniorobisa da TanamSromlobis Sesaxeb SeTanxmebis
ZalaSi Sesvlidan.
“partniorobisa da TanamSromlobis Sesaxeb” SeTanxmebiT gaTvaliswinebuli
Sesabamisi TanamSromlobis institutebi iqna Seqmnili:
 TanamSromlobis sabWo Seiqmna, raTa meTvalyureoba gauwios
wanamdebare SeTanxmebis Sesrulebas. sabWos Sexvedrebi imarTeba
weliwadSi erTxel ministrebis doneze. sabWo ganixilavs nebismier
ZiriTad sakiTxs, romelic warmoiSva PCA-is farglebSi, da nebismier
sxva ormxriv da saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis sakiTxs SeTanxmebis
miznebis misaRwevad;
 TanamSromlobis sabWos Tavisi movaleobis SesrulebaSi exmareba
TanamSromlobis komiteti, romelic erTi mxriv, Sedgeba evropis
kavSiris sabWos wevrebisa da evropis gaerTianebis komisiis
warmomadgenlebisagan, da meore mxriv, saqarTvelos mTavrobis
warmomadgenelisagan. I Sexvedra Catarda 2000 wlis 21 Tebervals.
 saparlamento TanamSromlobis komiteti aris forumi saqarTvelos
parlamentisa da evroparlamentis wevrebisaTvis, sadac maT eZlevaT
Sexvedrisa da azrTa urTierTgaziarebis saSualeba. Sekrebis
periods komiteti Tavad gansazRvravs. saparlamento komiteti
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aqtiurad monawileobs partniorobisa da TanamSromlobis
SeTanxmebis Sesrulebasa da implementaciaSi.
 vaWrobisa da samarTlebrivi sakiTxebis TanamSromlobis qvekomiteti
– pirveli Sexvedra Catarda saqarTvelos sagareo saqmeTa
saministroSi 2000 wlis 14 ivliss.
 specialuri samTavrobo komisia Seiqmna saqarTveloSi prezidentis
brZanebulebis safuZvelze. komisiis mizania daaCqaros PCA-is
implementacia.
“partniorobisa da TanamSromlobis Sesaxeb SeTanxmebis” saSualebiT
evrokavSirma da saqarTvelom erTmaneTs “upiratesi xelSewyobis reJimi”
(MFN) mianiWes. 1995 wlidan ki saqarTveloSi preferenciebis
generalizebuli sistema gavrcelda 236
(GSP). 1998 wlis noemberSi
saqarTvelom gaakeTa ganacxadi evrokavSiris GSP-s sqemis damatebiTi
preferenciebiT sargeblobisaTvis, romelic gaTvaliswinebulia
evrokavSiris GSP-s sqemis Sromis uflebaTa dacvis Sesaxeb nawilSi.
komisiam ganixila saqarTvelos ganacxadi, Caatara Sesabamisi gamokvlevebi
da miiRo gadawyvetileba 2003 wlis bolosaTvis aRniSnuli damatebiTi
SeRavaTebis saqarTvelosaTvis miniWebis Sesaxeb, rac sxvadasxva mizezebis
gamo ver ganxorcielda. 2004 wlis 12 oqtombers evrokomisiis vaWrobis
generalurma direqtoratma gaavrcela mimarTva, romelic Seexeboda
evrokavSiris GSP-s (2006-2015 wlebSi) sqemis dagegmil cvlilebebsa da
funqcionirebas. axali sqemis Tanaxmad, imisaTvis, rom beneficiarma qveyanam
isargeblos damatebiTi SeRavaTebiT, anu e.w. (GSP+) –is sqemiT, mas unda
hqondes ratificirebuli gaeros 16 ZiriTadi konvencia, romelTagan
saqarTvelos ratificirebuli ar hqonda mxolod “saerTaSoriso konvencia
aparteidis danaSaulis aRkveTisa da misi dasjis Sesaxeb”. maqsimalurad
mcire droSi moxerxda aRniSnuli konvenciis ratificireba parlamentis
mier, depozitorisaTvis gadagzavna da evrokavSiris qveynebis informireba
amis Sesaxeb. evrokomisiis mier gavrcelebuli damatebiTi gancxadebis
Tanaxmad GSP-s axali sqemis GSP+ qvesqema (mxolod damatebiTi SeRavaTebis
nawili) daiwyebda moqmedebas 2005 wlis 1 aprilidan. evrokavSiris sabWos
mier miRebuli gadawyvetilebis safuZvelze, 2005 wlis 1 ivlisidan
amoqmedda evrokavSiris GSP-s sqemis mxolod damatebiTi preferenciebis e.w.
GSP+ sistema da igi, sxva qveynebTan erTad (sul 14 qveyana) saqarTvelozec
gavrcelda, riTac daaxloebiT 7200 saxelwodebis qarTuli produqcias
saSualeba eZleva, Sevides evrokavSiris bazarze mosakreblis da kvotis
gareSe. amasTanave unda aRiniSnos is garemoebac, rom evrokavSiris zogad
satarifo xazebSi moqceuli 2100-mde dasaxelebis produqts evrokavSiri
manamdec da axlac aniWebs nulovan sabaJo ganakveTs, aqedan gamomdinare Tu
mxedvelobaSi miviRebT am saqonlis CamonaTvals da GSP+-is sqemiT
moculi saqonlis CamonaTvals, gamodis rom DdReisaTvis 10300 (2100+7200)
dasaxelebis produqts evrokavSiris bazarze saqarTvelodan SeuZlia
nulovani sabaJo tarifiT Sesvla.
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preferenciebis generalizebuli sistemis (Generalized System of Preferences - GSP) ZiriTadi
arsia daxmareba ekonomikurad ganviTarebuli qveynebis mxridan ganviTarebadi qveynebis
mimarT maTi eqsportis xelSewyobisaTvis. am mizniT ganviTarebuli qveynebi preferenciebis
generalizebuli sistemis (GSP) beneficiarebs calmxriv safuZvelze (sapasuxo SeRavaTebis
miRebis gareSe) aniWeben garkveul SeRavaTebs sagareo vaWrobaSi. kerZod, isini aweseben
beneficiari qveynebidan eqsportirebul saqonelze sabazo ganakveTebTan SedarebiT
saimporto tarifis Semcirebul ganakveTebs, rac aadvilebs ganviTarebadi qveynebis
saqonlis SeRwevas ganviTarebuli qveynebis bazarze
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evrokavSirisa da saqarTvelos urTierTobebSi mniSvnelovani
movlena iyo 2003 wlis ivlisSi evrokavSiris sabWos mier pirvelad
samxreTi kavkasiis regionSi specialuri warmomadgenlis (EUSR) daniSvna,
dasturad imisa, rom konfliqtebis mogvarebas evrokavSiri regionis
ekonomikuri ganviTarebis ZiriTad pirobad miiCnevda. specialuri
warmomadgenlis Tanamdebobaze dainiSna fineli diplomati heiki talvitie,
romelic 2006 wlis Tebervlidan, Svedma piter semnebim Secvala. samxreT
kavkasiaSi evrokavSiris specialuri warmomadgenlis instituti regionSi
evrokavSiris politikuri rolis gazrdis mizniT Seiqmna. specialuri
warmomadgenlis mandati moicavs konfliqtis Tavidan acilebisa da misi
daregulirebis procesSi evrokavSiris daxmarebis uzrunvelyofas. 2006
wlidan evrokavSiris specialuri warmomadgenlis mandati gafarTovda.
amJamad, igi konfliqtebis mogvarebis sakiTxSi evrokavSiris gaaqtiurebul
rols iTvaliswinebs.
2004 wels, evropuli usafrTxoebisa da Tavdacvis politikis (ESDP)
farglebSi, saqarTveloSi ganxorcielda evrokavSiris kanonis uzenaesobis
misia (EUJUST THEMIS). evrokavSiris kanonis uzenaesobis misia
saqarTveloSi 12 Tve gagrZelda da 2005 wlis 14 ivliss daasrula
muSaoba. es evrokavSiris mier evropuli usafrTxoebisa da Tavdacvis
politikis konteqstSi ganxorcielebuli kanonis uzenaesobis pirveli misia
iyo, misiis mizani iyo sisxlis samarTlis kanonmdeblobis reformis
strategiis Seqmna, romelic warmatebiT ganxorcileda. EUJUST THEMIS-is
gundi, romelic Sedgeboda 12 eqspertisagan dasavleT da aRmosavleT
evropidan, 12 qarTvel kolegasTan erTad, muSaobas 2004 wlis ivlisSi
Seudga. saqarTvelos prezidentma daamtkica momzadebuli strategia,28
gverdiani dokumenti, romelSic Camoyalibebuli iqna procedurebi
dawyebuli danaSaulis gamoZiebiT da damTavrebuli damnaSavis
sapatimroSi moTavsebiT. Seiqmna saorganizacio jgufi, romelmac moamzada
strategiis ganxorcielebis gegma. strategia asaxulia evropis samezoblo
politikis samoqmedo gegmaSi da saqarTvelos mTavrobam misi
ganxorcieleba gansakuTrebul prioritetad gamoacxada.
samxreT kavkasiis sazRvris dacvis xelSemwyobi misia – saqarTvelosTvis
misi sazRvrebis grZelvadiani perspeqtiviT usafrToebis uzrunvelyofaSi
daxmarebis gasawevad evrokavSirma Seqmna sazRvris dacvis xelSemwyobi
jgufi. samxreT kavkasiaSi evrokavSiris specialuri warmomadgenlis
daqvemdebarebaSi myofma gundma muSaoba 2005 wlis seqtemberSi daiwyo.
gundi Sedgeboda 9 saerTaSoriso da 5 qarTveli eqspertisagan.
saqarTvelos mTavrobasTan mWidro TanamSromlobiT gundi muSaobda
sazRvrebis uSiSroebis sistemis reformirebaze rogorc strategiul, ise
saoperacio doneebze.
evrokavSiris qveynebi darwmundnen, rom sasazRvro usafrTxoeba erTi
romelime qveynis an, Tundac, gaerTianebis dacviT SeuZlebelia.
saxelmwifoebs Soris sasazRvro TanamSromloba aucilebelia, raTa
gakontroldes teroristebis gadaadgileba, trefikingi, ukanono migracia,
narkotikebis da iaraRis tranziti da a.S. evrokavSiris samezoblo
politika gulisxmobs mosazRvre saxelmwifoebis sasazRvro
struqturebTan urTierTobas da TanamSromlobas yvela mimarTulebiT, rac
saqarTvelos sasazRvro sistemis ganviTarebisTvis da aqedan gamomdinare
usafrTxoebisTvis Zalian mniSvnelovania. mas Semdeg rac bulgareTi da
rumineTi evrokavSirSi gawevriandnen, saqarTveloc evrogaerTianebis
mosazRvre qveyana gaxda sazRvao sivrcis meSveobiT. evrokavSiris
sasazRvro usafrTxoebis da am struqturebis ganviTarebaze zrunavs
336
“fonteqsi”. varSavaSi ”fonteqsis” saTao ofisSi Catarebul konferenciaze,
sadac qarTuli mxarec iyo miwveuli, gamoikveTa, rom 2007 wlis bolos da
2008 wlis dasawyisSi am organizaciisTvis prioriteti saqarTvelo
iqneboda. “fonteqsis” wevroba niSnavs saqarTvelos sazRvris dacvis
policiis daxmarebas infrastruqturis ganviTarebaSi, aeroportis da
mwvane zolis Tanamedrove materialur-teqnikuri aRWurvilobiT
uzrunvelyofas, aseve – mesazRvreebis swavlebas. evrokavSiris moTxovna
iyo, rom saqarTvelos sasazRvro punqtebi unda yofiliyo rogorc fsouze
afxazeTSi, aseve rokis gvirabTan. evrokavSiris survilia Seqmnan
specialuri jgufebi, romlebic gaakontroleben Savi zRvis akvatorias
mTlianad. 2008 wlis agvistomde saqarTvelom ruseTs SesTavaza, rom or
qveyanas erToblivi monitoringi ganexorcielebina Sav zRvaze, kerZod
afxazeTis akvatoriaSi, Tumca gasageb mizezTa gamo ruseTs am
SemoTavazebaze pasuxi ar gaucia. qarTuli mxare mainc axerxebs mis
gakontrolebas da gemebis ukanono Sesvlis aRkveTas, maT Soris 2008 wlis
agvistos omis Semdegac, Tumca saqme rTuldeba maSin rodesac mcuravi
saSualebebi SemovliTi gzebiT Sedian akvatoriaSi da Savi zRvis qveynebis
daxmareba swored am SemovliTi gzebis gasakontroleblad aris saWiro. es
sakiTxi iqna dayenebuli bulgareTSi Sexvedrisas, sadac Tavis droze
ruseTis pasuxi ver iqna miRebuli.
samezoblo iniciativa
2003 wels evrokomisiis mier SemuSavebul evropis samezoblo strategiul

dokumentSi, romelic evrokavSiris urTierTobas mis samxreTel da
aRmosavlel mezobel qveynebTan aregulirebs, samxreT kavkasiis
saxelmwifoebi mxolod erT punqtSi iyvnen moxseniebulni, da amiT
faqtobrivad gamoricxulni iyvnen evropis mezobeli jgufis qveynebis
siidan. es midgoma kavkasiis mimarT nawilobriv Seicvala mas Semdeg, rac
2004 wlis maisSi evrokavSiris SemadgenlobaSi Sevida aRmosavleT da
centraluri evropis 10 axali saxelmwifo. amiT kavkasia moeqca
evrokavSiris axlo samezobloSi. energomatareblis deficitma da masze
fasebis zrdam kavkasiis sakiTxi aqtualuri gaxada. evrokavSiris wamyvani
saxelmwifoebi iZulebulni gaxdnen, dainteresebuliyvnen samxreT kavkasiis
regionis qveynebis geopolitikuri mdebareobiTa da ekonomikuri
potencialiT.
2004 wlis 14 ivniss, evrokavSiris sabWom moiwona evrokomisiis mier
SemuSavebuli “evrokavSiris samezoblo politikis strategia”, - romlis
safuZvelze moxda samxreT kavkasiis sami qveynis CarTva “evropis
samezoblo politikaSi”. “evropis samezoblo politika” iTvaliswinebs
evrokavSirTan SeTanxmebiT samxreT kavkasiis TiToeuli saxelmwifos mier
individualuri samoqmedo gegmis SemuSavebas, yoveli maTganis mier
miRweul warmatebaze dayrdnobiT
sabWom TxovniT mimarTa evrokomisias, xolo politikuri TanamSromlobis
da saerTo sagareo da usafrTxoebis politikasTan dakavSirebul
sakiTxebze – generalur mdivans, umaRles warmomadgenels xavier solanas –
warmoedginaT angariSebi TiToeuli qveynis mier politikuri da
ekonomikuri reformebis procesSi miRweuli warmatebebis Sesaxeb.
2005 wlis martSi evrokomisiam warmoadgina angariSebi Aazerbaijanis,
somxeTis da saqarTvelos Sesaxeb, sadac rekomendacia gauwia
molaparakebebis dawyebas am qveynebisaTvis samoqmedo gegmebis SemuSavebis
mizniT. 2005 wlis 16-17 ivniss evrokavSiris sabWo miesalma
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gadawyvetilebas, romelic iTvaliswinebda samoqmedo gegmebis SemuSavebas
am qveynebisaTvis.
evrokomisiam, evrokavSiris Tavjdomare qveyanasa da evrokavSiris saerTo
sagareo da usafrTxoebis umaRles warmomadgenelTan konsultirebis gziT,
gamarTaA winaswari molaparkebebi saqarTvelosTan, romelTaA Sedegad
mxareebi SeTanxmdnen samoqmedo gegmaze.
winamdebare samoqmedo gegma iyo xuTwliani. Mmisi ganxorcieleba
daexmareba “partniorobisa da TanamSromlobis Sesaxeb SeTanxmebis, -
debulebebis ganxorcielebas da wvlils Seitans saqarTvelosTan sul
ufro mzardi urTierTobebis ganviTarebaSi, rac ekonomikuri integraciis
ufro mniSvnelovani xarisxs da ufro Rrma politikur TanamSromlobas
gulisxmobs. am mizniT, mxareebi adasturebdnen saqarTvelos Sida
konfliqtebis mSvidobiani gzebiT mowesrigebis sakiTxebSi TanamSromlobis
aucileblobas, ekonomikuri da savaWro kavSirebis gaZlierebas, aseve
momavalSi, mxareebs Soris Tavisufali vaWrobis Sesaxeb SesaZlo
xelSekrulebasTan dakavSirebiT teqnikur-ekonomikuri Seswavlis Catarebas.
am gegmis ganxorcieleba mniSvnelovnad daexmareba saqarTvelos Tavisi
kanonmdeblobis evrokavSiris normebTan da standartebTan daaxloebis
saqmeSi.
samoqmedo gegma saqarTveloSi ZalaSi Sevida 2006 wlis 14 noembers, mas
Semdeg, rac is saqarTvelos da evrokavSiris Soris TanamSromlobis sabWom
moiwona.
SeTanxmebis mixedviT, samoqmedo gegmis mimdinareobis monitorings
ganaxorcielebdnen partniorobisa da TanamSromlobis SeTanxmebiT
Seqmnili institutebi. evrokomisia aRniSnuli institutebis mier
Catarebuli monitoringis Sedegebis Sefasebaze da partniori qveynis mier
mowodebul informaciaze dayrdnobiT, aseve specialuri warmomadgenlis
mier politikuri TanamSromlobisa da erTiani sagareo da usafrTxoebis
politikis sakiTxebze mowodebuli informaciis gaTvaliswinebiT
moamzadebda samoqmedo gegmis ganxorcielebis Sualedur mimoxilvas
(gegmis damtkicebidan 2 wlis vadaSi) da Semdgom mimoxilvas (gegmis
damtkicebidan 3 wlis vadaSi). samoqmedo gegma SeiZleba regularulad
Seswordes an ganaxldes, raTa asaxavdes prioritetebis SesrulebaSi
miRweul warmatebebs.
samoqmedo gegmaSi dasaxulia prioritetebi, romelTaganac zogierTi
“partniorobisa da TanamSromlobis Sesaxeb SeTanxmebaSi” mocemul
sferoebs Seexeba. gegmaSi mocemulia iseTi prioritetebic, romelic scdeba
aRniSnuli SeTanxmebis farglebs. am prioritetebidan yvela Tanabrad
mniSvnelovania, Tumca gansakuTrebuli yuradReba unda daeTmos Semdeg
sferoebsa da konkretul RonisZiebebs:
 kanonis uzenaesobis ganmtkiceba sasamarTlo sistemisa da
saxelmwifo institutebis reformirebis saSualebiT. adamianis
uflebebisa da fundamentaluri uflebebis damcveli
demokratiuli institutebis gaZliereba saqarTvelos mier
aRebuli saerTaSoriso valdebulebebis Sesabamisad;
 samewarmeo da sainvesticio garemos gaumjobeseba gamWirvale
privatizebis procesis saSualebiT da korufciasTan brZolis
gagrZeleba;
 ekonomikuri ganviTarebis waxaliseba, siRaribis Semcirebasa da
socialuri Tanasworobis uzrunvelyofaze mimarTuli
Zalisxmevis ganmtkiceba, mdgradi ganviTarebis xelSewyoba,
338
garemos dacvis CaTvliT, ekonomikuri kanonmdeblobis da
administraciuli wesebis Semdgomi daaxloeba;
 TanamSromlobis ganmtkiceba marTlmsajulebis, Tavisuflebis
da usafrTxoebis sferoSi, sazRvris marTvis CaTvliT;
 regionuli TanamSromlobis ganmtkiceba;
 Sida konfliqtebis mSvidobiani gziT mogvarebis xelSewyoba;
 TanamSromloba sagareo da usafrTxoebis politikis sferoSi;
 transporti da energetika.
evrokavSiris sadamkvirveblo misiis saqmianoba saqarTveloSi
2008 wlis 20 agvistos evroparlamentis sagareo saqmeTa komitetis,

usafrTxoebisa da Tavdacvis qvekomitetebis da evroparlamentis samxreT
kavkasiasTan urTierTobis delegaciis erToblivi sagangebo sxdoma,
romelic mieZRvna ruseTis agresiis Sedegad saqarTveloSi Seqmnil
viTarebas. imave wlis 15 seqtembers, evrokavSiris sabWom saqarTveloSi
damoukidebeli samoqalaqo sadamkvirveblo misiis dafuZneba gadawyvita.
2008 wlis 1 oqtombridan evrokavSiris wevri 22 saxelmwifodan, 200-ze meti
damkvirvebeli gaigzavna, romlebic movaleobis Sesrulebas imave wlis 10
oqtombridan Seudgnen.
misiis wevrebi saqarTvelos okupirebuli regionebis mimdebare

teritoriaze 24 saaTis ganmavlobaSi ewevian patrulirebas. isini
akvirdebian situacias adgilze da amzadeben Sesabamis moxsenebebs.
evrokavSiris sadamkvirveblo misiam xeli moawera urTierTgagebis

memorandums saqarTvelos Sinagan saqmeTa da sagareo saqmeTa
saministroebTan. kerZod, Sss-sTan xelmowerili SeTanxmeba, romelsac xeli
2008 wlis oqtomberSi moewera, iTvaliswinebs informaciis
urTierTgacvlas da qarTuli sapolicio nawilebis saqmianobis
gamWvirvalobas, xolo Tavdacvis saministrosTan 2009 wlis ianvarSi
xelmowerili SeTanxmeba, zRudavs mZime teqnikis ganlagebas okupirebuli
regionebis administraciuli sazRvris siaxloves.
evrokavSiris aRmosavleTis partniorobis programa da saqarTvelo
2008 wlis 9 dekembers gaimarTa saqarTvelo-evrokavSiris TanamSromlobis

sabWos me-9 sxdoma.
2009 wlis 20 ianvars, saqarTvelos ewvia sagareo urTierTobebisa da
samezoblo politikis sakiTxebSi umaRlesi komisari, qalbatoni Bbenita
ferero-valdneri. vizitis farglebSi xeli moewera SeTanxmebas
evrokomisiasa da saqarTvelos Soris 2008-2010 wlebSi saqarTvelosaTvis
evrokomisiis gazrdili finansuri daxmarebis Sesaxeb.
2009 wlis 19-20 marts gaimarTa evropuli sabWos sxdoma, romelmac

daamtkica “aRmosavleT partniorobis” iniciativa da miiRo evrokavSiris
deklaracia aRniSnuli iniciativis Sesaxeb. xolo imave wlis 7 maiss, q.
339
praRaSi gaimarTa “aRmosavleT partniorobis” damfuZnebeli samiti da
miRebul iqna erToblivi deklaracia.
2009 wlis 18 maiss gaimarTa saqarTvelo-evrokavSiris TanamSromlobis

sabWos me-10 sxdoma, sadac sxva sakiTxebTan erTad ganxiluli iyo
“aRmosavleTis partniorobis” farglebSi TanamSromlobis sakiTxebi.
2009 wlis 8 dekembers gaimarTa “aRmosavleT partniorobis” wevri qveynebis

sagareo saqmeTa ministrTa pirveli Sexvedra. Aam Sexvedris mizani iyo
“aRmosavleTis partniorobis” farglebSi ganxorcielebul saqmianobaze,
aseve Semdgom nabijebsa da samomavlo perspeqtivebze msjeloba. Sexvedris
dros damtkicebul iqna 2009-2011 wlebis samoqmedo programebi.
aRmosavleT partniorobis programa gulisxmobs TanamSromlobis

ganviTarebas iseT sakiTxebze, rogorebicaa savizo reJimis gamartiveba,
savaWro-ekonomikuri kavSirebis gafarToeba eqvs yofil sabWoTa
respublikasTan – saqarTvelo, somxeTi, azerbaijani, belorusi, moldova,
ukraina. zemoaRniSnuli TanamSromlobis prioritettebis garda
aRmosavleT partnioroba gulisxmobs “adamianis uflebaTa, kanonis
uzenaesobisa da kargi mmarTvelobis ganviTarebas.”A
evrokavSiris geopolitikuri interesebi saqarTvelosa da samxreT

kavkasiaSi
evrokavSiris aRmosavleTis partniorobisa da samoqmedo gegmis farglebSi
dasaxuli prioritetebi ZiriTadad emTxveva TviT evrokavSiris interesebs
saqarTvelosa da samxreT kavkasiis regionSi.
Bbolo aTwleulis istoriuli procesi gviCvenebs, rom evrokavSiris
daintereseba kavkasiis regioniT maT Soris geopolitikuri xedviT aris
nakarnaxevi. Kkavkasia warmoadgens “harTlendis” Caketili sivrcis
erTaderT gasasvlels aziis mimarTulebiT umoklesi savaWro marSrutis
gasaxsnelad. amitom demokratiuli procesebisa da ekonomikuri reformebis
xelSewyoba iseve, rogorc saerTaSoriso vaWrobis wesebis damkvidreba am
regionSi mniSvnelovan amocanas warmoadgens. Ggeopolitikis sagani, sxva
sakiTxebTan erTad komerciuli kavSirebisa da ekonomikur-kulturuli
TanamSromlobis SesaZleblobebis gaZlierebasac warmoadgens. Kkavkasia
sainteresoa ara rogorc bazari, aramed centraluri aziisa da samxreT-
aRmosavleT aziis resursebiT mdidari bazrebisken gamavali marSrutebis
stabiluri alternativa.
pirvel rigSi aq aRsaniSnavia evropa-aziis satransporto koridoris-
trasekas proeqti da “didi abreSumis gzis” aRdgenis mcdeloba regionis
saxelmwifoTa mier msoflios wamyvani demokratiuli qveynebis
monawileobiT. rogorc cnobilia, abreSumis gza funqcionirebda Cvens
welTaRricxvamde me-8-7 saukuneebidan da am gzis meSveobiT xdeboda
CineTisa da indoeTis dakavSireba elinisturi samyaros berZnul qalaq-
saxelmwifoebTan da mogvianebiT romis imperiasTan.intensiuri vaWroba
aRmosavleTsa da dasavleTs Soris saqarTvelos teritoriis gavliT Sua
saukuneebis pirvel naxevarSic grZeldeboda, magram samwuxarod me-13-14
saukuneebidan mongolTa mier dasavleTis mimarTulebiT ganxorcielebuli
agresiis Sedegad àbreSumis gzis~ mniSvneloba Sesustda.
SemdgomSic gareSe mtrebis Tavdasxmebma da Sidafeodalurma
daqsaqsulobam sagrZnoblad daaknina saqarTvelos, rogorc satranzito
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qveynis mniSvneloba. aRniSnul rols saqarTvelo moklebuli iyo agreTve
ruseTis imperiis mier 1801 wels saqarTvelos aneqsiis Sedegad. garkveuli
perspeqtivebi gaCnda saqarTvelos mier 1918 wels gamocxadebuli
damoukideblobis Semdeg. magaliTad, saqarTvelos demokratiuli
respublikis mTavrobam xelSekruleba gaaforma Aazerbaijanis musavatur
mTavrobasTan, romlis mixedviTac saqarTvelo valdebulebas iRebda
yovelgvari satranzito gadasaxadebis gareSe gaetarebina azerbaijanSi
mopovebuli navTobi Tavis teritoriaze misi Semdgomi reeqsportis mizniT
Sav zRvaze. saqarTvelos mier satranzito rolis SesrulebisaTvis
azerbaijani valdebulebas iRebda miewodebina ufasod Cveni qveynisaTvis
sawvavis garkveuli raodenoba. 1921 wels sabWoTa ruseTis mier
saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis okupaciisa da sabWoTa
xelisuflebis 70-wliani batonobis dros, saqarTvelos, rogorc
satranzito qveynis roli saerTod dakninebuli iyo.
sabWoTa kavSiris daSlis Semdeg 1990-iani wlebis dasawyisSi
saqarTveloSi umZimesma politikurma da ekonomikurma krizisma iCina Tavi.
es problemebi damZimda TbilisSi, afxazeTsa da cxinvalis regionSi
samoqalaqo konfliqtebis Sedegadac, ramac gamoiwvia ltolvilTa didi
nakadi saqarTvelos teritoriaze.
didi roli saqarTvelos krizisidan gamosvlisa da msoflios
wamyvani saxelmwifoebis dainteresebis sakiTxebSi iTamaSa orma didma
proeqtma: jer àbreSumis gzis~ aRorZinebam, da Semdgom kaspiis
energetikulma proeqtebma, sadac saqarTvelom, rogorc satranzito qveyanam
udidesi roli Seasrula.
saqarTvelos satranzito funqciis ganxilvisas aucileblad unda
ganvixiloT is geopolitikuri viTareba, romelic garkveulwilad
ganapirobebda da xels uwyobda saqarTvelos satranzito funqciis
ganviTarebas da realizacias. aq pirvel rigSi gasaTvaliswinebelia ssrk-is
daSlis ZiriTadi Sedegebi, ramac Sesabamisad ganapiroba msoflio
wesrigis kardinaluri cvlileba, moxda interesTa da gavlenis sferoTa
arsebiTi gadanacvlebebi.
sabWoTa kavSiris daSlis Semdeg warmoiSvnen mTeli rigi qveynebi-
sakmaod mdidari bunebrivi resursebiT, romelTa umTavresi mizani iyo
moexdinaT arsebuli resursebis mopoveba da eqsporti, Tavis mxriv mdidari
dasavleTi dainteresebuli iyo axali gavlenis sferoebis aTvisebiT,
Sesabamisad investirebis garkveuli talRebi gardauvali iyo. arsebuli
viTareba saqarTvelos Tavisi adgilmdebareobis gamo xels aZlevda,
radganac saqarTvelo warmoadgenda e.w. xids aziasa da evropas Soris. 1992
wels saqarTveloSi evropa-kavkasia-aziis satransporto derefnis idea
daibada. 1993 wels q. briuselSi evrokomisiis mier mowveul samxreT da
centraluri aziis rva qveynis ministrTa konferenciaze SemuSavebul iqna
regionaluri programa - TRACECA da mis miznebad transportis
tradiciuli saxeobebis - rkinigzis, saavtomobilo gzebis, sazRvao
portebis, terminalebis - mSenebloba, rekonstruqcia da modernizacia,
aseve am derefnis evropul derefnebTan mierTeba warmoadgenda. es ki
warmoadgenda e.w. “didi abreSumis gzis” aRdgenis strategias.
1996 wels ZalaSi Sevida e.w. “saraxsis xelSekruleba” da daiwyo
yazaxeTidan “Sevroni”-s navTobis rkinigziT transportireba azeirbaijanisa
da saqarTvelos teritoriis gavliT q. baTumis portamde. TRACECA-s
programis paralelurad azeirbajanidan navTobis saerTaSoriso bazarze
saqarTvelos gavliT eqsportis Taobaze daiwyo proeqtebis SemuSaveba. 1996
341
wels saqarTvelosa da azerbaijans Soris xelmoweril iqna SeTanxmeba
baqo-sufsis navTobsadenis mSeneblobaze, romelic dasrulda 1999 wels da
derefanma miiRo ukve “energetikuli” aspeqti. aseve mniSvnelovania ori
regionaluri infrastruqturuli obieqti – baqo-Tbilisi-jeihanis
navTobsadeni da samxreTkavkasiuri gazsadeni “Sah-denizi”.
dRevandel etapze evrokavSiri importirebuli navTobis udides
nawils iRebs rogorc politikurad arastabiluri sparseTis yuris
regionidan, ise dsT-sa da afrikis qveynebidan. evropaSi gazis importis
daaxloebiT 1/3 modis ruseTze. eqspertTa prognozebis mixedviT
daaxloebiT 2020 wlisaTvis evrokavSiris navTobze moTxovnileba 20
procentiT gaizrdeba, xolo gazze 40 procentiT.
evrokavSiris wevri qveynebis didi nawili, gansakuTrebiT centraluri da
aRmosavleTi evropis qveynebi metwilad damokidebulni arian ruseTis
gazze (mag: bulgareTi ruseTisgan iRebs moxmarebuli gazis 94%, avstria -
74% da a.S.) evrokavSiri mTlianobaSi moxmarebuli gazis 25% iRebs rusuli
“gazpromisgan”. gazi evropaSi Sedis ukrainasa da poloneTze (belorusiis
gavliT) gamavali gazsadenebis meSveobiT.
2005 wlis dekembris bolos da 2009 wlis ianvarSi dawyebuli
uTanxmoebis Sedegad (gazproms surda gazis safasuri gaezarda $50-dan
$230-mde) ruseTma ukrainas gazis miwodeba Seuwyvita. ruseTidan evropaSi
gazis daaxloebiT 76%-is transportireba swored ukrainis teritoriaze
arsebuli gazsadenebiT xorcieldeba da evropis mTelma rigma qveynebma,
maT Soris avstriam, ungreTma, safrangeTma, germaniam, slovakeTma, italiam
da poloneTma gamoTqves ukmayofileba, vinaidan maT gazsadenebSi 30%-iT
daiklo wnevam. naTeli gaxda, rom ruseTi Tavis resursebs iyenebs
politikur berketad, rac safrTxis qveS ayenebs evropis energo-
usafrTxoebas. amasTan erTad, evropisaTvis mniSvnelovania, ara mxolod
energiis wyaros stabilurobis uzrunvelyofa, aramed misi diversifikacia,
raTa Tavidan iqnas acilebuli ruseTis mTavrobis mier marTuli
“gazpromis” monopolia evropis bazarze. Tanac, ruseTi uars acxadebs,
miuerTdes “evropis energetikul qartias” da Tavis qmedebebiT eWvqveS
ayenebs misi, rogorc saimedo mimwodeblis imijs. aqedan gamomdinare, jer
kidev 2003 wels evroparlamentma da evropis sabWom wamoiwyo axali
gazsadenis proeqti – “nabuko” (Nabucco), romelic iTvaliswinebs gazis
transportirebas TurqeTidan avstriaSi – bulgareTis, rumineTis da
ungreTis gavliT. nabukos gazsadeni TurqeTSi, erzrumTan SeuerTdeba baqo
– Tbilisi - erzrumis da iran - TurqeTis gazsadenebs. baqo – Tbilisi -
erzerumis monakveTis gagrZelebas aRmosavleTiT warmoadgens trans-kaspiis
wyalqveSa gazsadeni, romelic iTvaliswinebs Turqmenuli da yazaxuri
gazis eqsports da baqo – Tbilisi - erzerumis gazsadenis meSveobiT mis
SeerTebas nabukos gazsadenTan. Tavdapirvelad trans-kaspiis proeqtze
saubari daiwyo 90-ian wlebSi, Tumca mas didi winaaRmdegoba gauwies
ruseTma da iranma, amave dros Tavi iCina dapirispirebam kaspiis zRvis
sazRvrebis gayofis Sesaxeb am regionis qveynebs Soris da proeqtze
saubrebi droebiT Sewyda. kaspiis zRvaSi wyalqveSa gazsadenis gayvanis
342
wyaro: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9c/Nabucco_Gas_Pipeline-ka.png
sawinaaRmdego argumentad ruseTsa da irans, mohyavT 1921 da 1940 wlebSi

sabWoTa kavSirsa da irans Soris dadebuli xelSekrulebebi. rigi
eqspetebisa acxadebs, rom imisda miuxedavad, Tu zRvis romel nawilSi
gaivlis gazsadeni, kaspiis auzis yvela qveynis Tanxmobis gareSe miRebuli
nebismieri gadawyvetileba CaiTvleba ukanonod. amave dros, ruseTi, kaspiis
zRvis pirveli dambinZurebeli, SeSfoTebas gamoTqvams kaspiis zRvis
ekologiuri dabinZurebis safrTxis gamo, romelic SesaZloa trans-kaspiis
gazsadenma gamoiwvios. 2006 wlis dasawyisidan kvlav aqtualuri gaxda am
gazsadenis sakiTxi da masSi erTi SexedviT aqtiurad CaerTo rogorc
yazaxeTis, aseve TurqmeneTis mxare. gazsadeni warmoadgens kaspiis
regionisa da axlo aRmosavleTis qveynebidan (TurqmeneTi, yazaxeTi,
azerbaijani, irani) gazis evropaSi transportirebis saSualebas.
naxevars gamoiyeneben satranzito qveynebi.
nabukos proeqti mravalmxriv mniSvnelovania evropisaTvis, radganac
misi ganxorcielebis SemTxvevaSi evropas SesaZlebloba eZleva Seamciros
gazpromis monopolia da, maSasadame, gaTavisufldes ruseTze
strategiuli damokidebulebisagan gazis seqtorSi. xolo
saqarTvelosaTvis es proeqti evrokavSirisaken gadadgmuli kidev erTi
nabiji iqneba.
arsebobs kaspiis regionis gazis Savi zRvis regionis gavliT evropaSi
transportirebis kidev erTi proeqti – “TeTri nakadi”, romelic
iTvaliswinebs Savi zRvis fskerze gamavali gazsadenis meSveobiT
saqarTvelos dakavSirebas poloneTTan ukrainis gavliT, proeqti pirvel
etapze iTvaliswinebs 8 miliardi kuburi metris transportirebas Sah-
denizis sabadoebidan, meore etapze daemateba 8 miliardi kuburi metri
yazaxeTidan, xolo mesame etapze 16 miliardi TurqmeneTidan, anu sruli
datvirTvis SemTxvevaSi gazsadeni 32 miliard kubur metr bunebriv airs
gaatarebs evropisken.
343
zemoaRniSnuli proeqtebis ganxorcielebis pirobebSi, regionis
usafrTxoeba evropisaTvis sul ufro did mniSvnelobas iZens. amasTan
evropis energetikis sferoSi amJamad arsebuli mdgomareoba, mas mTlianad
regionis, rogorc energoresursebis dasavleTis mimarTulebiT
transportirebis procesSi potenciuri satranzito regionis mimarT
gansakuTrebul ekonomikur interess UuCens.
zemoaRniSnuli realobebidan gamomdinare, 2007 wlis ianvarSi
SemuSavda evrokavSiris energetikis strategia, romlis mixedviT meti
yuradReba unda daeTmos sxva alternatiuli energiis wyaroebis
ganviTarebas, aseve molaparakebaTa procesis gaaqtiurebas
energomatareblebis eqsportior da satranzito yvela qveyanasTan, raTa am
gziT uzrunvelyofil iqnas gazisa da navTobis importis diversifikacia.
evrokavSirisTvis energousafrTxoebis sakiTxi politikuri usafrTxoebis
nawili gaxda.
evropisaTvis energetikuli resursebiT uzrunvelyofis sakiTxi imdenad
mniSvnelovani gaxda, rom momavalSi rogorc kandidat, aseve sxva partnior
qveynebTan evrokavSiris urTierTobebis erT-erTi ZiriTadi ganmsazRvreli
faqtori SeiZleba energomatareblebi gaxdes.
regionSi evropis prioritetuli proeqtebis ganxorcielebas
ukavSirdeba usafrTxoebisa da stabilurobis uzrunvelyofis saWiroeba,
rasTanac pirdapir kavSirSia saqarTvelos ori istoriuli regionis
deokupaciisa da regionSi arsebuli Sida konfliqtebis mogvarebis
sakiTxi.regionSi ruseTis mier gatarebuli imperialisturi politika qmnis
metad xelsayrel pirobebs teroristuli banakebis daarsebisa da
arsebobisaTvis. Ookupirebuli teritoriebi warmoadgenen metad xelsayrel
adgils ukanono vaWrobis, gansakuTrebiT narkotikebiT ukanono
brunvisaTvis, fulis gaTeTrebisa da sxva kanonsawinaaRmdego operaciebis
gansaxorcieleblad. garda amisa, okupirebuli da separatistuli
regionebis arsebobis udides problemas ra Tqma unda warmoadgens ruseTis
saokupacio ZalebTan erTad ukanono SeiaraRebuli formirebebis
funqcionireba, romlebic SeiaraRebulni arian Tanamedrove samxedro
aRWurvilobiT.
udidesi roli regionSi arsebuli problemebis mogvarebis sakiTxebSi
SeuZliaT iTamaSon ekonomikurma proeqtebma. regionis qveynebis
ekonomikurma ganviTarebam SeuZlia udidesi roli Seasrulos separatizmis
damarcxebaSi, radganac okupirebuli da separatistuli regionebis de-
faqto xelisuflebis warmomadgenlebi, agreTve am regionebSi macxovrebeli
mosaxleoba dainteresebuli iqneba ufro metad iyos integrirebuli im
ganviTarebuli ekonomikis mqone saxelmwifoSi, romlisgan gamoyofasac am
etapze ase eswrafvian okupirebuli regionebis xelmZRvanelebi.
regionSi arsebuli konfliqtebis mogvarebaSi didi xania formalurad
CarTulia saerTaSoriso organizaciebi, Tumca, gansxvavebiT dasavleT
balkaneTisagan, maTi monawileoba pasiuria da moklebulia saTanado
motivacias. aRsaniSnavia, rom jer kidev 2008 wlis agvistomde, SeimCneoda
evrokavSiris gaaqtiurebis mcdeloba, maT Soris samxreT kavkasiasa da
moldovaSi axladSeqmnili specialuri warmomadgenlis institutis
meSveobiT.
jer kidev 2008 wlamde, evrokavSiris monawileoba saqarTvelos
teritoriaze arsebuli konfliqtebis mogvarebis sakiTxebSi ramdenime
dokumentSi iyo asaxuli, maT Soris evropis samezoblo politikisa da
saqarTvelo – evrokavSiris erToblivi samoqmedo gegmis farglebSi. Aaq es
Tema gamoyofili iyo, rogorc erT-erTi prioriteti. dokumentSi
344
aRniSnuliiyo, rom evrokavSiri Seecdeba gaaqtiurdes, maqsimalurad
qmediTi iyos am konfliqtebis mogvarebis sakiTxebSi. xsenebuli gegmaar iyo
dakonkretebuli, saxeldobr ris gakeTebas apirebda evrokavSiri.
Mmiuxedavad amisa, zogierTi sakiTxi mainc aris miniSnebuli. magaliTad,
naTqvami iyo, rom evrokavSirs ruseTTan permanentuli dialogi unda
ewarmoebina. konfliqtebisadmi evrokavSiris finansur mxardaWeras
iTvaliswinebda oTxwliani nacionaluri erovnuli indikaturi programa.
masSi gaweril prioritetebs Soris erT-erT prioritetad
konfliqtebisadmi mSvidobiani mxardaWera saxeldeboda. Pprograma,
mTlianobaSi, iTvaliswinebda saqarTvelosadmi daxmarebas 120 milioni
evros farglebSi. maT Soris konfliqtebis mxardasaWerad 2008-2010 wlebis
ganmavlobaSi 25-30 milioni evro unda daxarjuliyo.
aRsaniSnavia, evrokavSiris warmomadgenlis samxreT kavkasiaSi
piter semnebis mier SemuSavebuli specialuri gegma, romelic konfliqtis
mogvarebis gzebze miuTiTebda. evrokavSiris iniciativa am gegmis mixedviT
ar scildeboda samoqalaqo da ekonomikur sferoebs.
Kkonkretulad: afxazeTSi unda ganxorcielebuliyo evrokomisiis
mier dafinansebuli kulturuli programebi; gaumjobesebuliyo afxazi
mosaxleobis informireba, romelic umciresobaSi imyofeba afxazeTSi.
qarTuli saxelmwifos e.w. informaciuli propaganda gulisxmobda
daejerebina afxazi xalxi saqarTvelosTan TanamSromlobis saWiroebaSi.
argumentad aq saqarTvelos ekonomikuri ganviTareba da evrointegracia
saxeldeboda. semnebis gegma iTvaliswinebda agreTve evrokavSiris ori
eqspertis TbilisSi mivlinebas da ramdenime oficris gamogzavnas,
romlebic konsultacias gauwevdnen qarTvel mesazRvreebs. evrokavSiri
gamoTqvamda survils, CarTuliyo gaeros mier ganxorcielebuli
molaparakebebis formatSi damkvirveblis an srulfasovani monawilis
saxiT. gegma gamoricxavda ruseTis Tanxmobis gareSe evrokavSiris
samSvidoboebis gagzavnas, rogorc afxazeTSi, ise cxinvalis regionSi.
rogorc cnobilia, situacia radikalurad Seicvala 2008 wlis
agvistoSi ganxorcielebuli ruseTis agresiis Semdeg, rodesac
evrokavSirma ruseT-saqarTvelos omis dros ZiriTadi Suamavlis roli
Seasrula (rogorc cnobilia, im periodSi evrokavSirs safrangeTi
Tavmjdomareobda). ra Tqma unda evrokavSiris monitorebis mier 2010 wlis
10 oqtombridan dawyebuli saqmianoba saqarTvelos okupirebuli regionebis
mimdebare teritoriebze misasalmebelia. sul sadamkvirveblo procesSi 300-
mde evrokavSiris damkvirvebeli monawileobs.
evrokavSiris CarTva saqarTvelos deokupaciisa da konfliqtis
mogvarebis procesebSi Zlier obieqtur muxts Semoitans. mokled rom
vTqvaT, gamoCnda perspeqtiva imisa, rom evrokavSiri Cveni qveynis
teritoriaze arsebul konfliqtebTan mimarTebaSi gaaqtiurdeba. rac
mTavaria, evrokavSiris myari pozicia imaSi mdgomareobs, rom saqarTvelos
deokupaciisa da konfliqtebis mogvareba saqarTvelos teritoriuli
mTlianobis safuZvelze unda mogvardes.
A erTi Tvalis gadavlebiT advilad Cans, rom evrokavSiris egidiT
mimdinare regionuli programebi politikuri da ekonomikuri sakiTxebis
farTo speqtrs moicavs. daxmarebis programebi moicavs garemosdacviT,
energetikis, transportis, Sida usafrTxoebis, demokratiisa da samoqalaqo
sazogadoebis mSeneblobis, korufciasTan brZolis sakiTxebs. yvela es
sakiTxi uaRresad mniSvnelovania regionisTvis. marto Sinagani
usafrTxoebis Tema moicavs iseT aspeqtebs, sazRvris monitoringi,
345
organizebuli damnaSaveoba, usafrTxoebis seqtoris reforma da
terorizmi.
calke aRebul regionebSi stabilurobis uzrunvelyofa aucilebeli
pirobaa saerTaSoriso usafrTxoebis ganmtkicebisa da SenarCunebisTvis.
regionSi arsebuli mTeli rigi riskebi da gamowvevebi evro-atlantikur
sivrceSi integracias arTulebs.
saqarTvelos xelisuflebam mravaljer daadastura sakuTari
politikuri kursis evropuli orientacia. saqarTvelos prezidentis
gamosvlebSi da gancxadebebSi, aseve parlamentis mier miRebul aqtebSi
xazgasmulia am kursis mniSvneloba.
saqarTvelos sagareo-politikuri kursi iTvaliswinebs evrokavSirTan
etapobrivi integraciis gaRrmavebas. evrokavSiris mimdinare gafarToebis
procesis fonze, evrokavSirTan Semdgomi daaxloebis mizniT, saqarTvelo
savaraudod gaaaqtiurebs TanamSromlobas rogorc evrokavSiris wevr
saxelmwifoebTan da evrokavSiris institutebTan, aseve Savi zRvis auzSi
mdebare evrokavSiris wevr qveynebTan.
amerika _ saqarTvelos urTierTobebi
aSS-is arsebobis samsaukunovani gamocdileba kacobriobisTvis dadebiTi

muxtis momniWebelia. 1948 wels dawyebulma marSalis gegmam omis Semdgomi
evropis aRorZinebisaTvis warmatebuli katalizatoris roli Seasrula.
aSS-s mTavrobis mier SemuSavebulma ganviTarebis xelSewyobis programam
aaRorZina is qveynebi, romlebic damoukideblad ver SeZlebdnen amis
gakeTebas.
ganviTarebis programiT gamowveuli dadebiTi Zvrebi igrZnoboda
saqarTveloSic gasuli saukunis 90-iani wlebis dasawyisidan. Cveni qveynis
erovnul meurneobaSi ar aris arcerTi sfero da dargi, romlis fexze
dayeneba amerikis mxares erT-erT upirveles amocanad ar CaeTvala.
fasdaudebelia daxmareba qveynis Tavdacvisunarianobis, energo da
sasursaTo usafrTxoebis, infrastruqturis ganviTarebaSi. ,,fondi –
aTaswleulis gamowveva saqarTvelos” Zalebs ikrebs. misi srulad
ganxorcieleba saqarTvelos mosaxleobis winaSe dRemde arsebul bevr
problemas dadebiTad gadawyvets.
damoukideblobis gamocxadebis Semdeg, misi SenarCunebis mizniT,
saqarTvelos umTavresi amocana strategiuli mokavSiris moZebna iyo. Tavis
mxriv, ruseTi, romelic raTqma unda ver egueboda poziciebis dakargvas
mTeli yofili imperiis Semadgenel subieqtebSi, maT Soris saqarTveloSi,
sxvadasxva meTodiT sakuTari hegemoniis aRdgenas cdilobda.
saqarTvelo-amerikis SeerTebul Statebs Soris ukanaskneli periodis
urTierTobebis mimoxilva naTlad dagvanaxebs Tu rogor moxda qarTuli
sagareo politikuri kursis TandaTanobiT gadaxra ruseTidan
dasavleTisaken.
aSS-s 1990 wlis erovnuli uSiSroebis strategiis angariSSi naTlad
ikveTeba, rom vanSigtonisaTvis sabWoTa kavSiri warmoadgenda ,,raRac
sistemas, romelic imyofeboda gardatexis procesSi,” amitom vaSingtonis
reaqcia aq ganviTarebul movlenebTan dakavSirebiT metad frTxili da
gaurkveveli iyo.
ukve XX saukunis 90 – iani wlebis dasawyisSi ssrk-s wevr yofil
respublikebSi, da maT Soris saqarTveloSi damoukideblobis mopovebis
Semdeg, qveynebis mTavrobaTa winaSe nomer pirvel sakiTxad swori sagareo
346
politikuri orientaciis gansazRvra dadga, rac qveyanaTa usafrTxo
ganviTarebisTvis xelsayreli pirobebis Seqmnas xels Seuwyobda. sabWoTa
kavSiris daSlis Semdeg, masSi gaerTianebul saxelmwifoebs sWirdebodaT
danarCeni msoflios daxmareba demokratiuli ganviTarebisTvis. magram
ruseTis yofili mokavSire respublikebi da, maT Soris, saqarTveloc ar
apirebdnen ruseTTan raime formiT integrirebas, aramed ruseTisagan
CamoSorebas da saerTo evropul ojaxSi sruluflebian wevrad
gaerTianebas cdilobdnen. da ramdenadac Zlieri iyo maTi swafva
damoukideblobisaken, imdenad ruseTi kidev ufro mtkivneulad ganicdida
maTze Tavisi gavlenis dakargvas. muSavdeboda proeqtebi da gegmebi,
romlebic mas hegemoniis aRdgenaSi daexmareboda. sxvaTa Soris, am
proeqtebis erT-erTi saxeobaa damoukidebel saxelmwifoTa e.w.
Tanamegobrobis organizaciis Seqmnac, sadac ruseTs dRemde wamyvani
poziciebi ukavia.
marTalia ruseTis mxridan ,,Zalismieri diplomatia” yofili mokavSire
respublikebis mimarT periodulad xdeboda dasavleTisgan misi kritikis
obieqti, magram Tavdapirvelad aSS da dasavleTi imdenad uWerdnen mxars
ruseTs, rom isini didad ar SeewinaaRmdegnen moskovis mier samxedro
Zalis gamoyenebas zogierT yofil mokavSire respublikaSi. ase moiqcnen
isini Tbilisis aprilis tragediis(1989w), samaCablosa(1991-1992ww.) da
afxazeTSi (1992-93ww) datrialebuli sisxlisRvris dros.
ase rom, dasavleTisgan gaTamamebulma ruseTma TavisuflebisaTvis
mebrZol respublikebSi gavlena cxel kerebSi arsebuli problemebis
,,damregulireblis” statusiT SeinarCuna.
magram qveyanaSi mimdinare movlenebma cxadyves, rom yofili
respublikebis swrafva damoukideblobisaken Seuqcevadi iyo.
respublikebma daiwyes kontaqtebis gafarToeba dasavleT evropis
qveynebsa da aSS-Tan. am ukanasknels ruseTisgan gansxvavebiT,
saqarTvelosTan TanamSromlobisTvis karebi Ria hqonda.
aSS ekonomiurad, politikurad da teqnologiurad Zlieri, ruseTisagan
gansxvavebuli sazogadoebrivi da ekonomiuri modelis mqone,
saqarTvelosaTvis geografiulad maqsimalurad daSorebuli mowinave
saxelmwifoa.
Uukve gasuli saukunis 90-iani wlebidan `did saWadrako dafaze~
moTamaSe amerikis SeerTebulma Statebma kavkasia Tavisi sasicocxlo
interesebis sferod gamoacxada. daiwyo Sesabamisi intensiuri politikuri
da ekonomikuri investiciebi `didi CrdiloeTis daTvis~ yofili
Tanavarskvlavedis saboloo dasamarcxeblad da geopolitikuri
iniciativis mosapoveblad.
gasuli saukunis 90-iani wlebis Sua periodidan dawyebuli

navTobproeqtebSi satranzito qveynis statusiT CarTuli, efeqturi
geopolitikuri mdebareobisa da `danarCeni kavkasiuri elementebisadmi~
tradiciulad loialurma saqarTvelom swrafad SeiZina amerikelTa
gansakuTrebuli keTilganwyoba. sanavTobo proeqtebi warmoadgenda erT-erT
ZiriTad mizezs imisa, rom `Zia semis~ mTavroba 90-iani wlebis ganmavlobaSi
yovelwliurad megobrulad uangarod CuqnidasaqarTvelos 100 milionamde
dolars. saqarTvelos damoukideblobis pirvel wlebSi amerikelebma 35
milioni amerikuli dolaris Rirebulebis sasaqonlo sesxiT daapures
sasursaTo krizisSi myofi qveyana. garda amisa, mTeli drois ganmavlobaSi
SeerTebuli Statebi savaluto fondSi, msoflio bankSi da sxva finansur
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Tu arafinansur organizaciebSi lobirebs saqarTvelosadmi
sxvadasxvagvari daxmarebis gawevas.
ase magaliTad, 1994 wlidan 2007 wlis CaTvliT, aSS-is aqtiuri CareviT,
saqarTvelos sesxad gamoeyo 600 milionamde amerikuli dolari, xolo
msoflio bankma-500 milionamde amerikuli dolari gamoyo.
gaTvaliswinebuli iyo, rom saxsrebi moxmardeboda qveyanaSi demokratiuli
institutebis ganviTarebasa da social-ekonomikur reformebs.
aRniSnuli krediti, rogorc wesi, grZelvadiani da dabalprocentiani

iyo. isini ganawilda miznobriv proeqtebze. aRsaniSnavia, rom aseTi
kreditebi, romlebic Tavisi arsiT ganviTarebadi qveynebis
transformirebas emsaxureba, maTi politizirebis gamo, rogorc wesi,
restruqturizaciasa da xSirad Camoweras eqvemdebareba.
XX saukunis 90-ian wlebSi safuZveli Caeyara saministroebis

institucionalur gardaqmnas, maTi Tanamedrove teqnikiT momaragebas,
xelisuflebis decentralizaciasa da municipalur ganviTarebas. reforma
Catarda sasamarTlo sistemaSi, skolebis da dawyebiTi saswavlo
dawesebulebebis, samedicino obieqtebisa da sxva sazogadoebrivi
obieqtebis reabilitaciis gziT xorcieldeboda socialuri xasiaTis
investiciebi, ganxorcielda garkveuli gardaqmnebi janmrTelobis
sistemaSi.
amerikelebisve daxmarebiT dainerga miwaze kerZo sakuTreba da

ganxorcielda soflis meurneobis sxvadasxva dargis
ganviTareba,ganviTarda fasiani qaRaldebis bazari, reforma moxda
saauditoro sistemaSi, safuZveli Caeyara antikorufciul samsaxurs,
ganxorcielda energosistemis obieqtebis privatizeba, daixvewa
satransporto infrastruqtura da misi marTvis sistema, mcire da saSualo
mewarmeobis ganviTareba, yuradReba mieqca kulturuli memkvidreobis
dacvas da a. S.
gansakuTrebiT xazi unda gaesvas samxedro xasiaTis programebis

ganxorcielebas. magaliTad, sasazRvro infrastruqturis ganviTarebis
mxardaWeras, sxvadasxva saxis specnawilebis momzadebasa da maT ekipirebas.
amerikelTa iniciativiT wamowyebuli “partnioroba mSvidobisaTvis”
programaSi monawileoba, saqarTvelos nato-Si Semdgomi integraciis da
misi usafrTxoebis garantiis TvalsazrisiTac metad Zvirfasia.
jer kidev Seufasebelia amerikis mTavrobisa da sxvadasxva

institutebis mier saqarTvelosaTvis gaweuli humanitaruli daxmarebis,
sxvadasxva xasiaTis konsultaciebisa da saxelmwifo moxeleebis
treinigebSi daxarjuli saxsrebis sidide.
sul saqarTvelom 2008 wlis agvistomde miiRo miliard dolarze meti

kreditis saxiT amerikis, sxva qveynebisa da safinanso organizaciebis
mxridan.
aRsaniSnavia is faqti, rom damoukidebel saxelmwifoTa

Tanamegobrobis qveynebs Soris amerikis daxmarebis moculobiT saqarTvelo
pirvel adgilzea erT sul mosaxleze gaangariSebiT.
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rac Seexeba kaspiis sanavTobo proeqtebs, aq amerikis wili uzarmazaria.
aSS-is administraciam kolosaluri Zalisxmeva moaxmara im faqts, rom
kaspiis regionSi mopovebuli navTobi swored saqarTvelos teritoriis
gavliT yofiliyo transportirebuli.
bunebrivia, aSS-ispolitikurikursSicinteresebidevs.
saqarTveloSiSemosvliTadaganmtkicebiTaSSxelsSeuwyobsqveynispolitikuri
ntegracias,
misidamoukideblobisadademokratiulifaseulobebisganmtkicebas,
riTacSeasustebssaqarTveloSiruseTisgavlenasdaregionsTavisistrategiuli
moqmedebebisplacdarmadaqcevs.
amerikisdadebiTidamokidebulebasaqarTvelosmimarTkargadCansimnotidan,
romelicaSS-ssaxelmwifosdepartamentmasaqarTvelosjer kidev 2007 wels
gaugzavna:
,,aSS –is mTavroba SeSfoTebulia ruseT-saqarTvelos Soris urTierTobis
aSkara gauaresebis gamo da amasve atyobinebs ruseTis mTavrobas... Cven
dabejiTebiT vTxovT ruseTis mTavrobas, miiRos saTanado zomebi ormxrivi
daZabulobis Sesaneleblad da daarwmunos saqarTvelos mTavroba da
xalxi, rom ruseTi myarad cnobs saqarTvelos teritoriul mTlianobas.”
amerika aqtiurad uWerda da uWers mxars saqarTvelos
Crdiloatlantikur aliansSi gaerTianebas. aSS-s kongresze ganmeorebiT
iqna warmodgenili kanonproeqti,,2006 wlis aqti natoSi Tavisufali
konsolidaciis Sesaxeb.” masSi laparaki iyo saqarTvelos
Crdiloatlantikur aliansSi dauyonebliv miRebis aucileblobaze.
dokumenti momzadebuli da Setanili iyo sainiaciativo jgufis mier,
romelSic 14 amerikeli senatori Sedioda. maT Soris iyvnen senatis
saerTaSoriso saqmeebis komitetis Tavmjdomare, demokrati jozef baideni
(aSS-is momavali vice-prezidenti), aseve gavleniani respublikelebi: riCard
lugari da jon makqeini. aliansTan saqarTvelos mierTebas pirvel rigSi,
vaSingtoni lobirebda. Tavdacvis dargSi nato-Si Sesvlis msurveli
qveynebis mxardasaWerad kanonproeqti iTvaliswinebda aSS-s federaciuli
biujetidan 19.8 mln dolaris gamoyofas. Tanxis umetesi nawili – 10 mln
dolari saqarTvelosTvis iyo gankuTvnili.
,,saqarTvelos misgan CamoSorebuli da moskovis mier Segulianebuli
respublikebis zewolis mogerieba uwevs. adre mas natoSi miRebaze uars
teritoriuli konfliqtebis mougvareblobis gamo eubnebodnen. ase rom,
swored ruseTis qmedebebi uSlis xels Tbilisis swrafvas aliansisken”, -
ase auxsna riCard lugarma kolegebs kanonproeqtis saswrafod miRebis
aucilebloba. amasTan erTad, vaSingtons pragmatuli miznebi amoZravebs,
rac ar daufaravs baton lugars: ,,saqarTvelo aris axalgazrda
demokratiis nimuSi, romelmac vardebis revoluciis Semdeg udides
progress miaRwia. is metad mniSvnelovan geostrategiul wertilze
mdebareobs, mis teritoriaze gadis Tbilisi-jeihanis navTobsadeni,
romliTac dasavleTs miewodeba energo resursebi azerbaijanidan,
momavalSi ki yazaxeTidanac.”
batoni lugari, romelic moskovs energetikuli SantaJis politikaSi
adanaSaulebs, cnobilia, rogorc energomomaragebis diversifikaciuli
wyaros mopovebisTvis medgari mebrZoli, amitom misi Tezisi bTj-is
gazsadenis mniSvnelobaze, gadamwyveti iqneba senatSi. amuSavebuli
navTobsadeni xom postsabWour sivrceSi pirveli da yvelaze ararusuli
geopolitikuri proeqti iyo. mili, romlis mSeneblobaSi dasavleTma 4
mlrd daxarja da ruseTisgan savsebiT damoukidebelia, navTobis
Seuferxeblad miwodebis garantiebs iZleva, e.i moskovis mimarT
349
politikuri manevrebis saSualebasac. amitom aSS-Tvis navTobsadenis
usafrTxoebis mtkice garantiebi Zalzed mniSvnelovania. regionSi natos
misvlam ki SesaZlebelia es garantiebi misces. swored am procesis
dasaCqareblad iyo gamogonebuli ,,2006 wlis aqti natoSi Tavisufali
konsolidaciis Sesaxeb”.
aSs-s senatis sagareo saqmeTa saministros komitetma dasturi misca
kanonproeqts, romelis saqarTvelos Crdiloatlantikur aliansSi Sesvlis
mxardaWeras iTvaliswinebda. garda amisa, dokumentis mixedviT, mas aSS
finansurad daexmareboda.
dokumentSi naTqvamia, rom saqarTvelom evroatlantikur TanamegobrobaSi,
kerZod, natoSi Sesvlis survili gamoTqva da es qveyana Tavisi miznis
misaRwevad natosa da aliansis wevrebTan mWidrod TanamSromlobs.
jer kidev 2008 wlis Tebervlis Sua ricxvebSi analogiuri kanonproeqti
moiwona aSS-s kongresis sagareo saqmeTa palatis komitetma.
rac Seexeba aSS-is saqarTvelosTan urTierTobebis sxva aspeqtebs, aq
unda aRiniSnos, rom aSS saqarTveloSi, rogorc mniSvnelovan satranzito
qveyanaSi, sakuTari interesebis dacvis grZelvadian garantias qveynis
stabilurobaSi, teritoriuli mTlianobis aRdgenaSi, demokratiuli
institutebis, samarTlebrivi saxelmwifosa da sabazro ekonomikis
ganviTarebaSi xedavs.
Savi zRvis regionSi partnior qveynebTan, maT Soris saqarTvelosTan
aSS-is sagareo politikis erT-erTi mniSvnelovani elementi strategiuli
ganviTarebis politikaa.
saqarTvelosTvis aSS-is mxardaWeras gansakuTrebuli impulsi misca
“vardebis revoluciis” Semdeg qveyanaSi demokratiisa da ekonomikis
ganviTarebis kuTxiT ganxorcielebulma da mimdinare pozitiurma
procesebma.
axlo perspeqtivaSi saqarTvelos nato-Si gawevrianebis mizniT,
gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas iZens aSS-is daxmareba samxedro sferoSi. 2008
wels, aSS-s kongresma amisTvis saqarTvelos 10 milioni dolari gamouyo,
rac or qveyanas Soris nayofieri TanamSromlobis kidev erTi
mniSvnelovani gamoxatulebaa. mniSvnelovania aRiniSnos, rom 2004 wlidan
aSS-im saqarTveloSi mileniumis programis ganxorcieleba daiwyo, romelic
iTvaliswinebs saqarTveloSi regionaluri infrastruqturis ganviTarebas.
am mizniT gamoyofili iqna daaxloebiT 300 milioni dolari.
aSS-s xelSewyobiT krwanisis sawvrTnel bazaze mimdinareobda
stabilurobis SenarCunebis operaciebis programa (SSOP) da iTvaliswinebs
saqarTvelos samxedro danayofebis umaRles doneze gawvrTnasa da
aRWurvas. xsenebuli programis Sedegad ukve gaiwvrTna I, II da III brigadebi.
am ukanasknelis wvrTna dasrulda 2007wlis 15 ivniss. Tu aqamde I da II
brigadis piradi Semadgenloba monawileobas iRebda nato-s samSvidobo
misiebis ganxorcielebaSi kosovosa da eraySi da mwvane zonaSi
patrulirebiTa da sakontrolo-gamSveb punqtebze moqmedebiT
Semoifargleboda, III brigadas ukve wiTel zonaSi uwevda operireba. anu,
qarTvel samxedroebs, jer kidev avRaneTamde pirvelad mouwiaT realuri
sabrZolo amocanebis Sesruleba namdvil sabrZolo viTarebaSi.
swored aSS gaxda saqarTvelos suverenitetis dacvis erT-erTi mTavari
garanti ruseT-saqarTvelos omis dros. Mmiuxedavad imisa, rom saqarTvelom
dakarga kontroli afxazeTisa da samaCablos teritoriebis nawilze, rom
ara aSS-is mtkice pozicia, savaraudod safrTxe ukve saqarTvelos
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suverenitets Seeqmneboda. rac Seexeba ruseT-saqarTvelos omis Semdgom
periods, aSS_is administraciam omis Semdeg mtkiced ganacxada
saqarTvelos teritoriuli mTlianobis dacvisa da suverenitetis
mxardaWeris Sesaxeb. Tumca es gancxadebebi sityvebad ar darCenila da igi
aisaxa rogorc 1 miliardian finansur daxmarebaSi, aseve politikur
mxardaWeraSi saerTaSoriso arenaze. aSS_is administracia ganagrZobs da
sajaro gancxadebebs akeTebs saqarTvelos separatistuli regionebis
araRiarebis Sesaxeb.
rac yvelaze mniSvnelovania, es aris aSS-saqarTvelos Soris 2009 wlis
ianvarSi qartiis – „strategiuli TanamSromlobis Sesaxeb“ gaformeba.
bunebrivia am xelSekrulebebma axal fazaSi gadaiyvana aSS_is
damokidebuleba. es xelSekrulebebi TavisTavad warmoadgenda logikur
gagrZelebas buSis administraciis mxridan im nabijebisa, romelic am
prezidentma gadadga saqarTvelos ganviTarebisTvis.
gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovani iyo prezident obamas gancxadeba moskovSi
saqarTvelosTan mimarTebaSi, sadac man kidev erTxel gamoxata mxardaWera
saqarTvelos teritoriuli mTlianobisa da suverenitetisadmi, rac
miniSneba iyo ruseTisadmi, rom „gadatvirTva“ar unda momxdariyo
saqarTvelosxarjze.
saqarTvelos mimarT mxardaWeris Jests warmoadgenda 2009 wlis ivlisSi
aSS_is vice - prezidentis jozef baidenis viziti.
rac Seexeba samxedro TanamSromlobas aSS_saqarTvelos Soris, aSS
ruseTis gaafTrebuli winaaRmdegobis miuxedavad kvlav agrZelebs
qarTveli samxedroebis momzadebas. Tavis mxriv, rogorc cnobilia
saqarTvelom 950-mde qarTveli samxedro gaagzavna avRaneTSi.
საქართველო: „გადატვირთვისპოლიტიკის“ მსხვერპლი?
obamas administraciis axalma sagareo politikam ruseTTan mimarTebaSi

garkveuli SiSi da SeSfoTeba gamoiwvia rogorc saqarTvelos
xelisuflebis warmomadgenlebSi, aseve farTo sazogadoebaSi. SeSfoTebas
ki safuZveli namdvilad aqvs. aSS udidesi gamowvevebis winaSe dgas, igi
cdilobs iseTi didi amocanebis gadawyvetas, rogoricaa avRaneTis
konfliqti, eraySi viTarebis stabilizacia, terorizmTan brZola
globaluri masStabiT, iranisa da CrdiloeT koreis birTvuli programebi,
aseve bevri Sida politikuri da ekonomikuri sakiTxi. rogorc zemoT
aRiniSna, obamas prezidentobis dros, sagareo politikur arenaze
SeerTebuli Statebis axali administracia Tavis erT-erT mniSvnelovan
partniorad ruseTs moiazrebs. bunebrivia Cndeba kiTxva, Tu rogor
moaxerxebs oficialuri vaSingtoni erTdroulad ganamtkicos urierTobebi
moskovTan da uari ar Tqvas saqarTveloze da rogor daabalansebs igi
ruseTTan da saqarTvelosTan dakavSirebiT arsebul urTierTgamomricxav
interesebs?
erT-erTi garemoeba, romelmac garkveuli SeSfoTeba gamoiwvia, es aris

orpartiuli komisiis moxseneba, romelic Nniqsonis centrisa da harvardis
universitetis mecnierebisa da saerTaSoriso saqmeTa belferis centris
erToblivi proeqtia da romelsac yofili senatorebi-respublikeli Cak
hageli da demokrati geri harti xelmZRvanelobdnen. komisiam, romelic
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aSS-s yofili maRali rangis diplomatebisa da kongresis wevrebisgan
Sedgeboda, urCevs axal admistracias Seecados gaaumjobesos
urTierTobebi ruseTTan sxvadasxva saSualebebiT, maT Soris saqarTvelosa
da ukrainis natoSi gawevrianebis sakiTxis gadadebis gziTac. moxsenebaSi
saxelwodebiT - “ruseTTan mimarTebaSi aSS-s politikis swori
mimarTuleba”-naTqvamia rom, prezidentma barak obamam unda Sewyvitos
saqarTvelosa da ukrainis mxardaWera maTi natoSi gawevrianebasTan
dakavSirebiT, raTa moskovTan urTierTobebi gaaumjobesos. aSS-s
administraciam unda aRiaros, rom arc ukraina da arc saqarTvelo
dRevandel etapze ar arian mzad natos wevrobisTvis da amis sanacvlod
unda SemuSavebul iqnes alternatiuli varianti, romlis meSveobiTac
moxdeba am qveynebis suverenitetis mxardaWera. aRiarebs ra, natos 2008
wlis aprilSi gamarTul buqarestis samitze aRebuli valdebulebebis
mniSvnelobas, komisiis rekomendaciebSi aseve naTqvamia: “ar migvaCnia, rom
am momentisaTvis ukrainisa da saqarTvelosTvis natoSi gaerTianeba
usafrTxoebis TvalsazrisiT SeerTebuli Statebis gadaudebel interess
warmoadgens”. “marTalia orive maTgans gaaCnia strategiuli
adgilmdebareoba, magram maTi aliansSi gawevrianebam, am qveynebSi arsebuli
realobidan gamomdinare, SesaZloa ufro Seasustos, vidre gaaZlieros
saerToevropuli usafrTxoeba” -naTqvamia moxsenebaSi da iqvea miTiTebuli,
rom es miTumetes ver iqneba pozitiuri imis gaTvaliswinebiTac, radgan aSS
da nato, “isedac ukve bevri seriozuli gamowvevis winaSe dganan”.
sanacvlod, moxsenebis avtorebi am qveynebs sTavazoben “wevrobasTan
daaxloebul specialur urTierTobebs... romelsac SesaZloa igive funqcia
hqondes rac wevrobas, raTa ar moxdes saqarTvelosa da ukrainaSi aliansSi
gawevrianebaze “gulis acrueba”.
acnobierebs ra ruseTis “legitimur interesebs” post-sabWoTa sivrceSi,
moxsenebaSi aseve miTiTebulia, rom aSS-s strategiul interesebSi Sedis
xeli SeuSalos ruseTis “dominantur rols regionSi, romelic evropas,
azias da axlo aRmosavleTs akavSirebs” da mxari dauWiros iq arsebuli
qveynebis damoukideblobasa da suverenitets. “aSS-sa da ruseTs Soris
mWidro TanamSromloba ruseTis samezobloSi naklebad savaraudoa, magram
SeerTebulma Statebma Tavi unda aaridos am regionSi gavlenis
mosapoveblad nulovanjamian konkurencias”-naTqvamia moxsenebaSi. “amgvari
konkurencia aucileblad daazaralebs amerikis interesebs, gansakuTrebiT
imitom rom, aSS-sgan gansxvavebiT, ruseTi Tavad mdebareobs am regionSi.
amitom naklebad savaraudoa, rom am qveynebis ruseTisagan Camocilebis an
am regionSi ruseTis kanonieri qmedebebis dablokvis mcdelobebi
warmatebiT dasruldes.”
sainteresoa, Tu ramdenad gaiTvaliswinebs obamas administracia
orpartiuli komisiis mier micemul rCevebs. TumcaRa, mas Semdeg
mniSvnelovani dro gavida da am drois ganmavlobaSi aSS-s mxridan
gadadgmuli nabijebi da sajaro gancxadebebi garkveulwilad gvaZlevs
saSualebas vivaraudoT, Tu ramdenad SesaZlebelia saqarTvelo
“gadatvirTvis politikis” msxverplad mogvevlinos.
pirveli miniSneba saqarTvelosTan mimarTebaSi gakeTda miunxenis

usafrTxoebis konferenciaze 2009 wlis TebervalSi, sadac vice-prezidentma
baidenma aRniSna, rom miuxedavad ruseTTan ukeTesi urTierTobebis
damyarebis prioritetulobisa, misi mtkicebiT vaSingtoni “ruseTs
yvelaferSi ar daeTanxmeba” da xazi gausva, rom aSS “arasdros cnobs
afxazeTisa da samxreT oseTis damoukideblobas” da arc apirebs “romelime
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qveynis gansakuTrebuli gavlenis sferoebis aRiarebas”. “suverenul qveynebs
damoukidebeli gadawyvetilebebis miRebisa da sakuTari mokavSireebis
arCevis ufleba aqvT” aRniSna man.
2009 wlis 23 ivliss ki baideni saqarTvelos estumra, man ganacxada, rom
misi viziti miznad isaxavs ”araorazrovani, naTeli gzavnilis gagzavnas
yvelasTvis, vinc moismens da maTTvis, visac ar unda mosmena”, rom amerikis
SeerTebuli Statebi saqarTvelos gverdiT dgas da momavalSic ganagrZobs
mis gverdiT dgomas.
man aseve dasZina, rom rodesac obama gegmavda Tavis vizits ruseTSi, man
daavala baidens daegegma viziti saqarTveloSi. rac calsaxad metyvelebs
im faqtze, rom aSS-s sagareo politikaSi saqarTvelo kvlav erT-erT
prioritetul adgils ikavebs.
Tavisi sityviT gamosvlis dros saqarTvelos parlamentSi, baideni aseve
Seecada, gaebaTilebina SiSi, rom rusebTan “gadatvirTvis politika”
moxdeba saqarTvelos xarjze: “batonebo da qalbatonebo, me mesmis, rom
zogierTebi SeSfoTebulebi arian da me mesmis es SeSfoTeba. es SeSfoTeba
Seexeba imas, rom SeerTebuli Statebis sxva saxelmwifoebTan
urTierTobebis xelaxali Camoyalibeba ar moxdes saqarTvelos xarjze. me
msurs calsaxad ganvacxado, maT ver SeZles da isini ver SeZleben, rogorc
me ganvacxade, da igive prezidentma obamamac ganacxada ori kviris win
moskovSi. Cven varT principulebi im sakiTxze, rom suverenul demokratiebs
aqvT ufleba miiRon damoukidebeli gadawyvetileba da airCion Tavisi
partniorebi da Tavisi aliansebi. Cven varT winaaRmdegi XIX saukuneSi
damkvidrebuli gavlenis sferos cnebis. am cnebas adgili aRar aqvs XXI
saukuneSi, Cven ar vaRiarebT afxazeTsa da saxreT oseTs, rogorc
damoukidebel saxelmwifoebs da Cven movuwodebT msoflios, ar aRiaron
isini, rogorc damoukidebeli saxelmwifoebi da Cven movuwodebT ruseTs,
pativi sces Tavis saerTaSoriso valdebulebebs, romlebic calsaxad iyo
gamoxatuli 2008 wlis 12 agvistos cecxlis Sewyvetis Sesaxeb
SeTanxmebaSi..” ganacxada baidenma. 237
baidenis vizitis Semdeg saqarTvelos oficialuri vizitiT aSS-s
saxelmwifo mdivani ewvia. Qqalbatoni hilari klintoni meored
saqarTvelos 2010 wlis ivlisSi, Tavisi evropuli turis dasasruls ewvia.
dasavluri gamocemebis SeafasebiT, klintonis saqarTveloSi vizitis
mTavari mizani imis demonstrireba iyo, rom ruseTTan urTierTobebis
gadatvirTvis miuxedavad, aSS-s administracias saqarTvelo ar miutovebia.
klintonma mTavrobas da opozicias mouwoda, rom mTeli dro

ZalauflebisTvis brZolas ar moandomon da ganacxada, rom ekonomikuri
zrda da demokratia mxardamxar midian. “rodesac Tqven uyurebT
saqarTvelos demokratias, konsolidirebul demokratias, es Zalian
STambeWdavia..magram aq jer kidevaa naklovanebebi. Cven gvinda saqarTvelos
movuwodoT ganagrZos “vardebis revoluciis” saqme”- ganacxada man.
klintonma sajarod ganacxada, rom qarTveli xalxi okupaciis realobaSi

cxovrobs, ramac saakaSvilis xedvaze ”gadatvirTvis politikisadmi”
gavlena moaxdina da dasZina, rom miuxedavad Tavdapirveli SeSfoTebisa,
237
http://www.parliament.ge/index.php?lang_id=GEO&sec_id=63&info_id=24138
353
“gadatvirTvis politika” axla ruseTis modernizaciis mimarTulebiT
mxardamWerad gamoiyureba.238
klintonma aseve scada daemSvidebina ruseTTan “gadatvirTvis politikiT”

SeSfoTebuli qarTveli eri da ganacxada, “Cven SegviZlia siaruli da
saReWi rezinis ReWva erTdroulad”. misi TqmiT, obamas administraciis
axali politika ruseTTan ar niSnavs imas, rom aSS iviwyebs ruseTis
jarebis arsebobas saqarTvelos separatistul regionebSi.239
2010 wlis TebervalSi, TbilisSi oficialuri vizitiT Camovida aSS-s
saxelmwifo mdivnis TanaSemwe, jeims steinbergi. man kidev erTxel
gaaxmovana oficialuri vaSingtonis mxardamWeri pozicia da ganacxada, rom
saqarTvelo regionSi aSS-s sakvanZo mokavSired rCeba da vaSingtoni
ganagrZobs mis daxmarebas, raTa mxari dauWiros mis ekonomikas.
steinbergma aqcenti gaakeTa saqarTvelo-aSS-s mWidro TanamSromlobaze
da aRniSna, rom aSS saqarTvelos qartiiT gaTvaliswinebuli 1miliardiani
daxmarebis bolo nawils awvdida. man ganacxada, rom daxmareba daixarjeba
“ekonomikur rekonstruqciaze…..da is aseve unda daexmaros samoqalaqo
sazogadoebas da kidev ufro mtkice demokratiis aSenebas.”240
ruseTis prezidentis dimitri medvedevis vaSingtonSi oficialuri vizitis
dros, hamburgerebisa da mxiaruli saubris miuxedavad administraciam
mkafiod gamoxata pozicia, rom arsebobs erTi sfero, romelSic aSS-s da
ruseTs Soris gadaulaxavi winaaRmdegobaa da es sfero saqarTveloa.
TeTri saxlis mier gavrcelebul, ukve sakmaod popularul dokumentSi
“gadatvirTvis statistika” naTqvamia, rom “obamas administracias
saqarTvelos gamo ruseTis mTavrobasTan Zveleburad seriozuli
uTanxmoeba aqvs. Cven movuwodebT ruseTs Sewyvitos saqarTvelos
teritoriebis samxreT-oseTis da afxazeTis okupacia”. robert kaganis
azriT, “SesaZloa obamas esmis, rom mis mier Cafiqrebuli “gadatvirTva”
verasodes gaxdeba misTvis warmatebuli, vidre ruseTis armia ganagrZobs
mezoblebis okupacias”.241
Tumca am yovelives fonze, profesor gia nodias miaCnia, rom “saqarTvelos
uTanxmoeba maTTvis yvelaze mwvave problema ar aris. arc im tipis
prioritetia, rom misi gadalaxva ver SeZlon.” nodias azriT miuxedavad im
faqtisa, rom isini aRiareben arsebul uTanxmoebas, sxva sferoebSi
SeTanxmebs miRwevas cdiloben. “es aris amerikis politika, amitom gadaWriT
SeiZleba iTqvas, rom buSis administraciasTan SedarebiT obamas
242
administraciaSi saqarTvelos naklebi prioriteti eniWeba.”
sxvagvarad ganixilavs ganviTarebul movlenebs kolumbiis universitetis
saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis profesori linkoln mitCeli. misi azriT,
“amerika mxars uWerda da uWers saqarTvelos. amerikam gaagrZela da
gazarda saqarTvelosTvis miliardolariani daxmarebis programa.” igi
miiCnevs, rom cvlileba mxolod ori qveynis pirveli pirebis piradi
urTierTobebiT Semoifargleba, is aRar aris iseTi axlo megobruli.
”magaliTad, ukanasknel samitze, buSi, rom yofiliyo prezidenti,
238
http://foreignpress.ge/?p=14000
239
http://www.businessweek.com/news/2010-07-05/clinton-seeks-to-allay-russia-reset-concern-on-east-europe-tour.html
240
241
242
http://24saati.ge/index.php/category/news/2010-05-18/6686
354
Sexvdeboda saakaSvils da es iqneboda buSisTvis kviris saukeTeso
Sexvedra. Aaxali administraciis pirobebSi, ase aRar xdeba, magram ra
gansazRvravs qveynis urTierTobebs-saerTo interesebi Tu liderebis
piradi urTierTobebi? Mme mgonia, rom pirveli.” dasZina mitCelma.
linkoln mitCeli ganawyenebuli toniT aRniSnavs, rom saqarTveloSi eWvi
SeaqvT amerikis bolodroindel mxardaWeraSi, rac misi TqmiT ormxrivi
urTierTobebisTvis sazianoa. “aSS-Si fiqroben, rom saqarTvelosTvis bevri
ram gavakeTeT da es is xazia, romlisTvisac arasdros gadagvixvevia. Cven
arasdros dagvixevia ukan ruseTTan molaparakebis dros saqarTvelos
sakiTxze, sxva qveynebsac veubnebiT, rom ar unda aRiaron afxazeTi da
samxreT oseTi. Cven xelis xelis erTi mosmiT yvelafers ver
movagvarebT.”243 ganacxada mitCelma.
saqarTvelos erovnuli uSiSroebis sabWos mdivani, giga bokeria miiCnevs,

rom “ruseTis mxridan farTomasStabiani Tavdasxmis pirdapiri safrTxe, Tu
mTlianad aRmofxvril ara, mniSvnelovnadaa Semcirebuli aSS-s
administraciis aqtiuri poziciis meSveobiT”.
aseve aSkarad SeiniSneba Secvlili toni saqarTvelos xelisuflebis

warmomadgenlebisa da eqspertebis saubris dros, obamas “gadatvirTvis
politikis” mimarT. Aamerikeli eqspertis vaitmoris TqmiT, SiSi romelic
sufevda Tavdapirvelad, obama-medvedevis damTbari urTierTobebis gamo
nel-nela Semcirda: “qarTvelebma, moskovTan “gadatvirTvis” obamaseuli
politikis miReba daiwyes.. axla aqauri politikosebi da analitikosebi
amboben, rom or supersaxelmwifos, or yofil metoqes Soris axlo
urTierTobebma vaSingtons moskovze Cumi, magram efeqturi gavlenis
moxdenis saSualeba misca da am procesSi, saqarTvelos usafrTxoeba
ganamtkicebina”.
saqarTvelos yofil elCi gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciaSi, dRes ki

opoziciis erT-erTi lideri irakli alasania acxadebs, rom aSS-ruseTis
urTierTobebis gafarToveba da daaxloeba saqarTvelos mxolod kargs
moutons, radganac Tbilisi am problemebs marto ver moereva.. im
problemebis gadasawyvetad, romlebic omma ver gadawyvita, saqarTvelos
Zlieri partniorebi sWirdeba ruseTis federaciasTan kargi
urTierTobebisTvis. 244
NATO-s geostrategiuli interesebi saqarTvelos mimarT
rodesac nato-saqarTvelos urTierTobebze vsaubrobT, bunebrivia

Cndeba kiTxva, ra interesebi SeiZleba gaaCndes Crdiloatlantikur alianss
saqarTvelos mimarT?
Ppirvel rigSi albaT aucilebelia xazi gaesvas im garemoebas, rom
aliansis politika saqarTvelosTan mimarTebaSi aucileblad unda
243
http://liberali.ge/node/1694
244
355
ganvixiloT kavkasiis regionTan mWidro kavSirSi245. Nnatos interesebi
mniSvnelovani geopolitikuri mdebareobis mqone mTel samxreT kavkasias
moicavs. Tu Cven gadavxedavT natos gafarToebis process organizaciis
daarsebidan dRemde, mivalT im daskvnamde, rom misi politikis
ganxorcielebisas organizacia upiratesobas aniWebda erTdroulad
ramdenime da ara erTi saxelmwifos aliansSi integracias. (gamonaklisia
mxolod germaniis federaciuli respublikis da espaneTis gawevrianeba
organizaciaSi). Nnatos mier partnioruli urTierTobebis ganviTarebis
procesSi prioriteti eniWeba aseve ramdenime saxelmwifosTan erTdroulad
TanamSromlobis ZiriTadi mimarTulebebis gansazRvras. rogorc wesi, am
saxelmwifoebTan urTierToba xorcieldeba organizaciis regionuli
politikis farglebSi. magaliTad, natos regionuli politika samxreT
kavkasiaSi an ufro farTod_Savi zRvis regionSi, aseve, centralur aziaSi.
regionuli politika xorcieldeba (Tumca ara partniorul doneze)
xmelTaSuazRvispireTis regionis qveynebTan xmelTaSuazRvis dialogis
farglebSi. Tumca, unda aRiniSnos, rom dRevandel etapze Savi zRvis
regionSi partnior saxelmwifoebTan urTierTobebSi ikveTeba ufro
konkretuli mimarTulebebi: gansakuTrebuli damokidebuleba
saqarTvelosTan da ukrainasTan, risi ramdenime mizezi arsebobs. pirvel
rigSi, orive qveynis sagareo-politikur prioritets dasavleTis qveynebTan
da dasavlur struqturebTan urTierTobebis gaRrmaveba warmoadgens246,
gansakuTrebiT gaZlierebuli Zalisxmeva Crdiloatlantikuri
xelSekrulebis organizaciaSi integracias ukavSirdeba. Aaseve, aliansis
interess warmoadgens ukanaskneli periodSi demokratiuli gardaqmnebi am
qveynebSi.
Tumca amave dros aRsaniSnavia, rom rodesac Cven vsaubrobT natos
regionalur politikaze, unda xazi gavusvaT natosTan TanamSromlobis
gzaze TiToeuli regionis specifikurobas, kerZod, rogorc avRniSneT,
natos Tavisi interesebi gaaCnia mTlianad samxreT kavkasiis regionSi,
magram amave dros am regionis sami qveynidan mxolod saqarTvelo acxadebs
survils gawevriandes Crdiloatlantikur aliansSi, amitomac kavkasiis
SemTxvevaSi natos mosalodneli gafarToeba mxolod da mxolod
saqarTvelosTan mimarTebaSi ganixileba, gansxvavebiT igive
baltiispireTisa an aRmosavleT evropisagan. BbaltiispireTis samive
saxelmwifos natoSi erTdroulad gawevrianeba moxda imis gamo, rom samive
qveyanas-litvas, latviasa da estoneTs gaaCnda survili aliansSi
gawevrianebisa da maT SeZles natos standartebis dakmayofileba, igive
SeiZleba iTqvas aRmosavleT evropis sam saxelmwifoze-poloneTze, CexeTze
da ungreTze, romlebic natoSi 1999 wels erTdroulad gawevriandnen, an
igive Savi zRvis dasavleTi nawilis monapire qveynebze-rumineTze da
bulgareTze. rac Seexeba uSualod saqarTvelos, Nnatos Cveni qveynis
mimarT SeiZleba hqondes Semdegi saxis interesebi:247
 geoekonomikuri interesebi: erT-erTi mTavari mizezi aliansis
dainteresebisa samxreT kavkasiis mimarT gaxlavT kaspiis regionSi
arsebuli energetikuli resursebi, proeqtebi romlebic dakavSirebulia am
245
Aamave dros, im faqtis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom samxreT kavkasiis sami saxelmwifodan
mxolod saqarTvelos survilia gaxdes Crdiloatlantikuri aliansis wevri, nato-
saqarTvelos TanamSromloba ufro mWidro urTierTobaTa formatSi mimdinareobs
246
rogorc cnobilia, ukrainaSi xelisuflebaSi viqtor ianukoviCis mosvlis Semdeg, am
qveynis sagareo-politikuri orientacia ramdenadme Seicvala
247
Nnika CitaZe. “nato-Crdiloatlantikuri aliansi. msoflioSi mSvidobisa da
stabilurobis mTavari garanti”. Tbilisi, 2008. Ggv. 311-313
356
resursebis dasavleTis mimarTulebiT saqarTvelos teritoriis gavliT
transportirebasTan. energomatarebelTa wyaroebis diversificirebis
sakiTxma gansakuTrebiTi aqtualoba SeiZina evropisaTvis im faqtoris
gaTvaliswinebiT, rom evropa Tavisi energetikuli usafrTxoebis
uzrunvelyofis mizniT eZebs navTobisa da gazis importirebis
alternatiul gzebs, raTa Tavidan iyos acilebuli politikurad
arastabilur ruseTze an sparseTis yureze energetikuli damokidebuleba.
Aucilebelia avRniSnoT is energokrizisi, romelsac adgili hqonda 2006
wlis dasawyisSi da 2009 wlis ianvarSi, romelic ganpirobebuli iyo
rusuli bunebrivi airis ukrainis teritoriis gavliT transportirebis
SeferxebiT. amis Semdeg, evropis saxelmwifoTa dRis wesrigSi dadga
energomatareblebis wyaroebis diversificirebis aucileblobis sakiTxi.
viTarebas arTulebs arastabiluri mdgomareoba navTobresursebiT
umdidres regionebSi, sparseTis yureSi da iranSi, rac kidev ufro zrdis
alternatiul wyaroTa mniSvnelobas.
amrigad, kavkasiaSi da kaspiis regionSi arsebuli energoresursebi da
maTi stabiluri miwodeba evropaSi, ukve natosa da evrokavSiris wevri-
saxelmwifoebis prioritetuli interesebis sferos warmoadgens.
aseve, unda aRiniSnos evraziuli derefnis proeqtis Sesaxeb, romlis
saSualebiTac SesaZlebelia saqarTvelos teritoriis gavliT evropisa da
Soreuli aRmosavleTis qveynebis erTmaneTTan dakavSireba da maT Soris
savaWro-ekonomikuri kavSirebis ganviTareba. EerT-erT aseT umniSvnelovens
proeqtad SeiZleba iqces baqo-Tbilisi-axalqalaqi-yarsis rkinigza.
geopolitikuri interesebi: kavkasiaSi Nnatos geopolitikuri

interesebi SeiZleba davukavSiroT jer kidev meore msoflio omamde
amerikeli geopolitikosebis mier “harTlendisa da rimlendis” Teoriis
bazaze SemuSavebul àlyaSemortymuli cixesimagris~ koncefcias, romlis
praqtikul ganxorcielebas ukve meore msoflio omis Semdeg ZiriTadad
nato asrulebda. amerikel geopolitikosTa ideebze da Teoriebze
dayrdnobiT aSS-s administraciis mier Camoyalibebuli àlyaSemortymuli
cixesimagris~ koncefcia (meorenairad mas ànakondas~ strategiasac
uwodebdnen) mimarTuli iyo ssrk-s da varSavis paqtis winaaRmdeg da
iTvaliswinebda `rimlendis~ (SeiZleba sxvanairad es sivrce warmovidginoT
rogorc sazRvao da saxmeleTo regionebs Soris arsebuli teritoria-anu
kontinentis monapire mxare) geopolitikur sivrceSi natoSi axali wevrebis
miRebas, im qveynebisa, romlebic ssrk-is siaxloves mdebareobdnen an
uSualod esazRvrebodnen (magaliTad saberZneTi da TurqeTi) da aseve
antisabWoTa samxedro blokebis Seqmnis gziT “hartlendis” (kontinentis
siRrmeSi arsebuli teritoria) Seviwroebas. dResdReobiT, postbipolarul
periodSi, marTalia sabWoTa kavSiri aRar arsebobs, Tumca SeiZleba iTqvas,
da amas ukanasknel periodSi ruseTSi mimdinare movlenebi da ruseTis
oficialuri pirebis gancxadebebi cxadyofs, rom sabWoTa kavSiri
garkveulwilad Caanacvla ruseTma. miuxedavad TanamSromlobis Sesaxeb
natosa da ruseTs Soris ramdenime xelSekrulebis arsebobisa, maT Soris
2010 wlis noemberSi gamarTuli lisabonis samitis farglebSi,
dapirispireba bevr sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT arsebobs da ruseTidan
momdinare safrTxe jer kidev ar ganeitralebula-rac dakavSirebulia
ruseTis mier separatistuli reJimebis mxardaWerasTan, rac mTlianobaSi
evroatlantikur regions uqmnis problemas, aseve moskovis mier
dasavleTisadmi arakeTilganwyobili reJimebis mxardaWera da maTTvis
SeiaraRebisa da birTvuli masalebis aralegaluri miyidva (irani,
357
venesuela), agreTve energoSantaJi ruseTis mxridan, evropaSi Cveulebrivi
SeiaraRebis Semcirebis xelSekrulebidan gamosvla da a.S. am SemTxvevaSi
natos aRmosavleTiT da samxreT-aRmosavleTiT gafarToebas sasicocxlo
mniSvneloba eniWeba, rac saSualebas miscems alianss ruseTis uSualo
sazRvrebis siaxloves kidev ufro SezRudos ruseTi Tavis qmedebebSi. am
Teoriis mixedviT natos aRmosavleTis gafarToebis logikur gagrZelebad
unda miviCnioT saqarTvelosTan da ukrainasTan mniSvnelovnad daaxloeba,
sabolood maTi organizaciaSi gawevrianebis mizniT.
 geostrategiuli interesebi: natos-rogorc samxedro-politikur bloks,

kavkasiis regionSi aseve gaaCnia Tavisi samxedro-strategiuli interesebi,
sadac aucileblad unda iyos gaTvaliswinebuli samxedro, geografiuli da
politikuri faqtorebi. SegviZlia yuradReba gavamaxviloT samxedro-
strategiul faqtorze. NCrdiloatlantikuri aliansis samxedro
dagegmarebis principi efuZneba `moqnili reagirebis~ strategias, rac
gulisxmobs samxedro RonisZiebaTa Catarebis saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi swraf
reagirebas, da am mimarTulebiT, iseTi xelsayreli strategiuli
mdebareobis mqone regioni, rogoricaa samxreT kavkasia, aliansis did
yuradRebas imsaxurebs.
dRevandel etapze, im pirobebSi, rodesac gansakuTrebiT avRaneTSi, da
aseve sparseTis yureSi da axlo da centralur aRmosavleTSi mimdinare
politikuri procesebi aliansis mier aRiqmeba safrTxis mTavar wyarod,
nato iZulebulia ganaxorcielos da gaaqtiuros Tavisi politika aziis am
regionebSi da am mimarTulebiT saqarTvelos strategiuli mniSvneloba
aliansisaTvis kidev ufro izrdeba. Cveni qveyana geografiulad Zalian
axlos mdebareobs am regionebidan da, Sesabamisad, Crdiloatlantikuri
aliansi kavkasiaSi fexis mokidebiT SeZlebs ufro aqtiuri politikis
ganxorcielebas safrTxis Semcveli regionis mimarT. aRsaniSnavia, rom
organizaciisaTvis saqarTvelos strategiuli Rirebuleba kidev ufro
izrdeba avRaneTSi natos mier warmoebuli saxmeleTo operaciebis
warmoebisa da iranTan, am ukanasknelis mier birTvuli programis
ganxorcielebasTan dakavSirebuli daZabuli urTierTobebis fonze. am
mxriv yuradRebas imsaxurebs amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis yofili
Tavdacvis mdivnis donald ramsfeldis moxseneba 2006 wlis TebervalSi
gamarTul miunxenis 42-e saerTaSoriso konferenciaze, kerZod, Tavdacvis
mdivanma aRniSna, rom sarTaSoriso sazogadoebam terorizmis winaaRmdeg
brZolaSi aqcenti unda gaakeTos iranze. man ganacxada, rom am problemis
gadawyvetis erTaderTi gza aris partniorebisa da mokavSireebis moZieba
krizisul regionSi, raTa ganxorcieldes mudmivi zewola am qveyanaze.
unda iTqvas, rom organizaciis gafarToebis procesSi iranis
faqtorma SeiZleba iTamaSos “damaCqareblis” roli, iseve rogorc gasuli
saukunis 90-iani wlebis SuaxanebSi bosnia-hercegovinis movlenebma, rasac
mohyva poloneTis, ungreTis da CexeTis respublikis organizaciaSi
gawevrianebis procesis daCqareba, 1999 wels kosovos movlenebma, ramac
aseve daaCqara gafarToebis bolo etapi. cxadia, am TvalsazrisiT unda
gamovyoT 11 seqtembris teroristuli aqtebi. es iyo udidesi efeqtis mqone
movlena, romelmac mniSvnelovnad gazarda organizaciis gafarToebis
momxreTa raodenoba Tavad NATO-s mesveurTa Soris.
Kkidev erTi mniSvnelovani aspeqtad, romelmac SesaZloa gazardos
aliansis interesebi saqarTvelos mimarT, SesaZloa iqces natos wevri
TurqeTis faqtori. mniSvnelovani aRiniSnos, rom sul ufro izrdeba
garkveuli dapirispireba TurqeTsa da dasavleTs Soris. Aamitomac, natos
358
mier erT mSvenier dRes TurqeTis saxiT axlo aRmosavleTSi da Savi zRvis
regionSi partnioris dakargvis SemTxvevaSi, mniSvnelovania alternatiuli
strategiuli partnioris arseboba.
germaniis marSali fondis xelmZRvaneli ronald asmusi, romelic
amave dros NATO-s Ria karis politikis mxadamWeria, miiCnevs, rom 11
seqtembris teroristulma aqtebma safuZveli daudo organizaciis meore
mniSvnelovan ganaxlebas. asmusis azriT post-“civi omis” epoqaSi aliansis
dRis wesrigSi dgas erTmaneTisagan gansxvavebuli, magram amave dros
erTmaneTTan kavSirSi myofi amocanebi, romelic organizaciis meore
ganaxlebis amosaval mimarTulebebs unda warmoadgendes:
pirveli: organizaciam unda SeinarCunos, da ufro metic, gaaRrmavos
demokratiis mxardaWeris strategia Savi zRvis regionSi. ufro
konkretulad, aq igulisxmeba “vardebis” da “narinjisferi” revoluciebis
monapovaris ganmtkicebisaTvis Sesabamisi politikis warmoeba. organizaciam
erTgvari winamZRoloba unda gauwios ukrainas da saqarTvelos samxreT
kavkasiis sxva qveynebTan erTad dasavleTisken mimaval gzaze. amgvari
winamZRoloba warmoadgens erT-erT saukeTeso da yvelaze efeqtur gzas
evropisa da aSS-sTvis, xeli Seuwyos demokratiul procesebs ruseTSi.
meore amocana, romelic mWidrod ukavSirdeba pirvels SemdegSi
mdgomareobs: xeli Seuwyos stabilurobas Savi zRvis regionSi, raTa
uzrunvelyofili iyos, erTis mxriv erTiani, stabiluri da mSvidobiani
evropis koncefciis realizeba. meores mxriv, stabiluri samxreT kavkasia
gaxdeba mniSvnelovani dasayrdeni organizaciisaTvis Sua aRmosavleTSi
sakuTari interesebis ganxorcielebisas.
avtori miiCnevs, rom aRniSnuli amocanebis Sesruleba ganpirobebs
evro-atlantikuri integraciis mesame did talRas. iseve, rogorc NATO_s
gafarToebis wina orma etapma, romelmac moicva centraluri da
aRmosavleT evropa, SesaZlebeli gaxades amoeZirkvaT evropis kontinentze
arsebuli mravalwlovani geopolitikuri dapirispirebis safuZvlebi, aseve
ukrainisa da Savi zRvis regionis integraciac dasavleTSi xels Seuwyobs
evropis politikuri rukis ukeTesobisaken gadasinjvas.
rogorc zemoT aRiniSna, avtori miiCnevs, rom samxreT kavkasiaSi
damkvidrebiT organizacia SeZlebs ufro aqtiuri politikis
ganxorcielebas Sua aRmosavleTis regionis mimarTulebiT, sadac, avtoris
azriT, mdebareobs safrTxis mTavari wyaro, romelic emuqreba da uaxloes
momavalSic daemuqreba dasavleTis sazogadoebas. Sesabamisad, post “civi
omis” periodSi organizaciis axal garemo pirobebTan adaptaciis gzaze
Savi zRvis regioni erT-erTi prioritetuli mimarTuleba unda gaxdes248.
amrigad, Tanamedrove etapze, rodesac aliansi mTavar safrTxed
ganixilavs terorizms, romelic, rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, dasavluri
warmodgeniT mWidrod ukavSirdeba “did” Sua aRmosavleTs. Aam regionTan
siaxlovis da strategiuli mdebareobis gamo aliansi priorituli
interesebis sferod aRiqvams samxreT kavkasiis regions da ufro zogadad
Savi zRvis regions da am regionis saxelmwifoebTan daaxloebas axal
safrTxeebTan dapirispirebisaTvis aucilebel pirobad miiCnevs.
saqarTvelos daintereseba nato-Si integraciiT
248
Nnika CitaZe. “nato-Crdiloatlantikuri aliansi. msoflioSi mSvidobisa da
stabilurobis mTavari garanti”. Tbilisi, 2008. Ggv. 313
359
saqarTvelos integracia evroatlantikur institutebSi da misi gardaqmna
demokratiul, ekonomikurad ganviTarebul saxelmwifod pirvel rigSi
damokidebulia imaze, Tu ramdenadaa mzad qveyana daakmayofilos natos
standartebi da Seasrulos yvela is valdebuleba, romelic saqarTvelos
Crdiloatlantikuri aliansis winaSe individualuri partniorobis
samoqmedo programisa da intensiuri dialogis farglebSi gaaCnia.
Aamave dros saqarTveloSi reformebis warmatebuli ganxorcieleba
namdvilad Sedis Crdiloatlantikuri aliansis interesebSi, rasac mowmobs
90-iani wlebis dasawyisidan natos mxridan saqarTvelosadmi gaweuli
daxmarebebi, rogorc samxedro ise sxva sferoebSi.
aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom miuxedavad aliansis mzadyofnisa
ganaviTaros TanamSromloba TiToeul partnior qveyanasTan da maT Soris
saqarTvelosTan, rogorc avRniSneT Cveni qveynis natoSi integracia
mxolod im SemTxvevaSi iqneba SesaZlebeli, Tuki sakuTriv qveyana da
sazogadoeba gaacnobierebs am nabijis aucileblobas da realurad
ganaxorcielebs demokratiul cvlilebebs saxelmwifos mmarTvelobis
yvela sferoSi.
Aarsebobs ramdenime mniSvnelovani faqtori, romelic dadebiTad
aisaxeba saqarTvelos momavalSi misi natoSi gawevrianebis SemTxvevaSi,
kerZod:
geostrategiuli faqtori: saqarTvelosaTvis evroatlantikis
sivrceSi integrireba da konkretulad natos sruluflebiani wevroba
umniSvnelovanes rols Sesrulebs ruseTis mxridan ganmeorebiTi
mosalodneli agresiisagan Tavdacvisa da misi interesebis dabalansebis
saqmeSi (Tundac igive kavkasiis regionSi). meores mxriv,
Crdiloatlantikuri aliansis wevroba saqarTvelos daexmareba
saerTaSoriso masStabis donis mqone aranakleb saSiSi gamovlenis,
radikaluri islamis agresiis mogeriebaSi. Aaseve, saqarTvelos ufro
gauadvildeba Tanamedrove periodis iseT umTavres safrTxeebTan da
gamowvevebTan ganmklaveba, rogorebic gaxlavT: terorizmi, SeiaraRebisa da
samxedro teqnologiebis ukanono gadaadgileba, narkobiznesi,
organizebuli danaSaulebaTa qselebi da sagangebo situaciebis
likvidacia.
“civilizaciuri” faqtori: natos wevroba saqarTvelosaTvis Seqmnis
myar safuZvels evroatlantikur sivrceSi sruliad integrirebisaTvis.
aliansis sruluflebiani wevroba da natos saqmianobaSi monawileoba kidev
ufro ganamtkicebs “evropelis” statusis aRqmas qarTul sazogadoebaSi da
dasavluri faseulobebis gaziarebiT erTian evropul ojaxSi srul
damkvidrebas, es ki pozitiurad aisaxeba ekonomikuri da socialuri
pirobebis gaumjobesebis da Sesabamisad cxovrebis donis amaRlebaze.
faqtiurad nato gaxdeba saerTo evropul procesebSi CarTvis meore etapi
(pirvels Seadgenda saqarTvelos gawevrianeba evropis sabWoSi 1999 wels).
politikuri faqtori: aliansSi gawevrianeba xels Seuwyobs
demokratiuli institutebis gaZlierebasa da adamianis uflebaTa dacvis
sayovelTao principebis ganviTarebas saqarTveloSi da stimuls miscems
maTi realuri damkvidrebis process. Uukve mas Semdeg, rac dRis wesrigSi
dadgeba sakiTxi saqarTvelos natoSi mosalodneli gawevrianebis Sesaxeb,
garkveulwilad gawevrianebis wina mosamzadebeli periodis ganmavlobaSi
Seiqmneba motivaciuri foni saqarTvelos deokupaciisaTvis da qveynis
teritoriaze arsebuli konfliqtebis sabolood mogvarebis saqmeSi. meores
mxriv, nato-Si gawevrianeba saukeTeso saSualeba iqneba qveynis
suverenitetisa da teritoriuli mTlianobis dacvis garantiis miRebaSi.
360
mTlianobaSi qarTuli sazogadoebis dadebiTi ganwyoba
Crdiloatlantikuri xelSekrulebis organizaciis mimarT warmoadgens
swored erT-erT umTavres faqtors gawevrianebisaTvis aucilebeli
politikuri gadawyvetilebis miRebis saqmeSi.
Msamxedro faqtori: ukanasknel wlebSi saqarTvelos Tavdacvis seqtorSi
Catarebuli kardinaluri reformebis miuxedavad, ramac sagrZnoblad
gazarda saqarTvelos SeiaraRebuli Zalebis brZolisunarianoba, rac
gamoixata ruseTTan omis dros, rodesac saqarTvelos SeiaraRebulma
Zalebma medgari winaaRdegoba gauwies ruseTis saokupacio Zalebs,
dRevandel etapze saqarTvelos TavdacviTi resursebi mainc arasakmarisia
yvela im Sida Tu gare safrTxesTan gasamklaveblad, romelsac misi
geopolitikuri mdebareoba ganapirobebs da aseve yvela im gamowvevebis
misaRebad, romelic Tanamedrove epoqaSi arsebobs mTel msoflioSi. Tavisi
samiaTaswlovani – metad xangrZlivi istoriis manZilze Cveni qveyana
mudmivad warmoadgenda sxvadasxva Zlieri saxelmwifoebis Tavdasxmis
obieqts, da istoriis sxvadasxva periodSi TavdacvisaTvis sakuTari
Zalebis ukmarisobis gamo mudmivad cdilobda moeZebna Zlieri samxedro da
politikuri mokavSire, ris gamoc xSirad arCevanis gakeTeba cudsa da
uaress Soris uxdeboda (gavixsenoT Tundac 1783 wels xelmowerili
georgievskis traqtati, romlis ZaliTac qarTl-kaxeTis samefo iZulebuli
iyo ruseTis imperiis proteqtorati eRiarebina osmaleTisa da sparseTis
imperiebisagan Tavis dasacavad). DdRevandel dRes, rodesac qveyanas gaaCnia
Sansi gaxdes demokratiuli qveynebis aliansis-natos wevri, sadac yvela
wevrs aqvs sakuTari gavlena da xma da aliansis TiToeuli wevri
saimedodaa daculi samxedro agresiisagan.
ekonomikuri faqtori: natos standartebis dakmayofilebis kuTxiT
saqarTvelo dRes saWiroebs swraf socialur-ekonomikur ganviTarebas,
ekonomikis ganviTareba ki aucileblad saWiroebs stabilur garemos da
moiTxovs usafrTxoebis sagareo politikur garantiebs, ris saukeTeso
SesaZleblobas swored nato iZleva. swored am organizaciis wyalobiT
gasuli saukunis 50-iani wlebidan moyolebuli Seiqmna dasavleT evropis
omisSemdgomi aRorZinebisa da stabiluri ekonomikuri ganviTarebis
winapirobebi. Aaliansma ZalRone ar daiSura imisaTvis, rom misive
usafrTxoebis interesebidan gamomdinare, ar momxdariyo ekonomikurad
SedarebiT CamorCenili wevrebis ekonomikuri daqveiTeba.
Eekonomikuri ganviTarebis Sedegad, saqarTvelo kidev ufro
ganimtkicebs Tavis saxelmwifoebriv damoukideblobas, igi dazRveuli
iqneba sagareo agresiis safrTxisagan, rac aseve mkvebav wyaroebs
gadaketavs saqarTvelos teritoriaze ukve arsebuli Tu potenciuri
konfliqtebisaTvis. Nevro-atlantikur struqturebSi integracia udides
rols Seasrulebs evrokavSirTan TanamSromlobis ganviTarebaze, radgan
Seqmnili iqneba evropis ganviTarebul qveynebTan savaWro-ekonomikuri
urTierTobebis ganviTarebisa da saqarTvelos ekonomikis sxvadasxva
seqtorSi evropidan msxvili investiciebis Semodinebis aucilebeli
stabiluri garemo.
ruseT-saqarTvelos urTierToba
ruseT-saqarTvelos urTierTobas mravalsaukunovani istoria gaaCnia.

istoriulma procesebma Tu geografiulma mdebareobam mWidrod daakavSira
erTmaneTs es ori qveyana. or mezobel saxelmwifos Soris SedarebiT ufro
361
axlo urTierTobebis damyareba moxda me-18 saukuneSi, rodesac islamuri
samyaros safrTxis winaSe mdgari da evropis uyuradRebobiT
imedgacruebuli saqarTvelosTvis erTaderTi imedi erTmorwmune,
marTmadidebeli ruseTi iyo. jer kidev me-18 saukunis pirvel naxevarSi,
ruseTis imperator petre I-sa da qarTlis mefe vaxtang VI-s Soris
mimdinaobda molaparakebebi iranis winaaRmdeg erToblivi samxedro
moqmedebebis ganxorcielebis Sesaxeb, Tumca ruseTma dapirebis miuxedavad,
jer kidev im periodSi veragulad daarRvia zemoaRniSnuli SeTanxmeba da
qarTli mravalricxovani sparseTis imperiis winaSe martodmarto datova.
igive moxda 1774 wels, rodesac ruseTis imperator ekaterine II-is
gamogzavnilma sardalma totlebenma qarTl-kaxeTis mefe erekle II Tavis
jarTan erTad miatova da qarTveli monarqi osmaleTis imperiasTan
sabrZolvelad martodmarto datova. gacilebiT ufro veragulad
gamoiyureboda ruseTis imperiis qmedeba mas Semdeg, rac 1783 wlis 24 ivniss
ruseTis imperiasa da qarTl-kaxeTis samefos Soris xeli moewera
gergievskis traqtats, romelic sxva punqtebTan erTad iTvaliswinebda
ruseTis mxridan qarTuli samefos dacvas gareSe agresiisagan, Tumca Cvenma
Crdiloelma “mokavSirem” saqarTvelo arc lekTa Semosevebisgan daicva
(gansakuTrebiT 1785 wels, ridesac qarTls omar-xani Semoesia), da arc 1795
wels krwanisis omis dros aRa-mahmad-xanis winaaRmdeg. xolo 1801 wels,
isargebla ra qarTl-kaxeTis mefe, giorgi XII-is gardacvalebiT, ruseTis
imperiam gaauqma qarTl-kaxeTis samefo da 1801 wlis 11 seqtembris
aleqsandre I-is manifestis mixedviT qarTl-kaxeTi ruseTis erT-erT
guberniad gamoacxada. rogorc cnobilia, momavalSi ruseTma danarCeni
qarTuli samefo–samTavroebis okupaciac ganaxorciela. am periodidan
moyolebuli saqarTvelo ruseTis mudmivi interesis sferos warmoadgens.
or qveyanas Soris urTierTobebs Tan axlda daZabuloba da interesTa
Sejaxeba. am urTierTobebis normalizeba dRemde rTulia da maTi mogvareba
saqarTvelos mTavrobis erT-erT prioritetul amocanad rCeba.
ruseTis imperiisa da sabWoTa kavSiris periodSi Cveni “Crdiloeli
mezoblis” agresiuli politikis gamo, qarTvel xalxs ruseTisadmi
uaryofiTi damokidebuleba Camouyalibda. Ees naTlad gamovlinda im
ajanyebebsa da gamosvlebSi, rac ruseTisa da ssrk-is winaaRmdeg ori
saukunis ganmavlobaSi mimdinareobda. urTierTobebis gamwvaveba
gansakuTrebiT 1918-1921 wlebsa, XX saukunis 80-iani wlebis bolo periodsa
da ssrk-is daSlis Semdgom periods ukavSirdeba, rodesac, farTod
gaSlili erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraobis mTavari mizani
ruseTisagan ganTavisufleba iyo da iTvleboda, rom ruseTis jarebis
gareSe saqarTvelos avtonomiebTan da eTnikur umciresobebTan _
afxazebTan da osebTan _ Seqmnili daZabuloba TavisTavad ganimuxteboda.
ssrk-is komunisturi partiis yofili generaluri mdivnis, m.
gorbaCovis mmarTvelobis periodSi saqarTvelos damoukideblobis
aRdgenis idea realuri gaxda. Tumca ruseTis elitisaTvis, sabWouri
warsulisaTvis zurgis Seqceva rTuli aRmoCnda. ruseTis koleqtiuri
TviTSegneba mWidrod iyo dakavSirebuli imperiuli `didi saxelmwifos~ da
civi omis droindeli `super saxelmwifos~ statusTan.
sabWoTa kavSiris daSlis Semdeg, gasuli saukunis 90-iani wlebis
dasawyisSi ruseTis prezident boris elcinis administracia cdilobda
dasavleTTan mWidro urTierTobebis ganviTarebas, es sxvadasxva
aspeqtebTan erTad dakavSirebuli iyo im faqtTanac, rom dasavleTis
qveynebma da sxvadasxva safinanso institutebma ruseTs uzarmazari
kreditebi da grantebi gamouyves. dasavleTi yvelanairad cdilobda, rom
362
ruseTs daeZlia ruseTis imperiasa da sabWoTa kavSirSi gabatonebuli
imperiuli sindromi da es qveyana demokratiul liandagze gadasuliyo,
Tumca, ruseTis sazogadoeba ver mowyda imperiuli periodis miTebsa da
simboloebs. ssrk-is daSlis Semdeg kremli yvelanairi saSualebiT
cdilobda SeenarCunebina Tavisi geopolitikuri gavlenis sfero mTels
post-sabWoTa sivrceze. Tavis mxriv dasavleTmac dakarga ruseTis swrafi
demokratizaciisa da ekonomikuri liberalizaciis imedi.
saqarTvelos damoukideblobis mopovebis Semdeg axali saqarTvelosa
da axali ruseTis interesebi erTmaneTs Riad daupirispirda.
saqarTvelosTvis erovnuli damoukideblobis aRdgena qarTveli xalxis
didi xnis ocnebas warmoadgenda. Aamave dros, sabWoTa imperiis
dezintegracia ruseTisTvis erovnul tragedias warmoadgenda. ruseTi
gansakuTrebiT mtkivneulad samxreT kavkasiaze kontrolis SesaZlo
dakargvas ganicdida. kremli eWvis TvaliT uyurebda damoukidebeli
saqarTvelos swrafvas dasavleTTan TanamSromlobaze.
jer kidev sabWoTa kavSiris daSlamde ramdenime TviT adre,
saqarTvelos imdroindeli xelisufleba z. gamsaxurdias meTaurobiT
cdilobda ruseTis xelisuflebasTan saerTo enis gamonaxvas, raTa
momxdariyo erToblivi dapirispireba sabWoTa centralur
xelisuflebasTan. 1991 wlis martSi daba yazbegSi gaimarTa Sexvedra
saqarTvelos respublikis uzenaesi sabWos Tavmjdomare z. gamsaxurdiasa
da ruseTis federaciis uzenaesi sabWos Tavmjdomare b. elcins Soris.
Tumca, erToblivi deklaraciis miRebis miuxedavad, Semdgomi
urTierTobebis gaRrmaveba ver moxerxda.
saqarTveloSi momxdari samoqalaqo omis Semdeg, qveynis axalma
xelmZRvanelobam eduard SevardnaZis meTaurobiT, aseve ver SeZlo
ruseTTan saerTo enis gamonaxva, miuxedavad imisa, rom xelisuflebaSi
axladmosuli SevardnaZe yovelTvis xazs usvamda “did ruseTTan”
keTilmezobluri urTierTobebis damyarebis aucileblobas.
gamsaxurdiasgan gansxvavebiT, SevardnaZe saqarTveloSi SedarebiT
prorusul politikosad iTvleboda. igi xelisuflebaSi 1992 wlis martSi
ruseTTan urTierTobebis gaumjobesebis deviziT movida. rasakvirvelia, am
etapze ruseTs aRar SeeZlo post-sabWoTa sivrceze imperiuli Zalauflebis
srulfasovani aRdgena da misi mizani postsabWoTa respublikebis-
axladSeqmnili damoukidebeli saxelmwifoebis sagareo da saSinao
politikaze hegemoniuri gavlenis mopoveba iyo. gasuli saukunis 90-iani
wlebis dasawyisSi, ruseTs kavkasiaSi TiTqmis aravin abalansebda. Ee.w.
samxreT oseTsa da afxazeTSi mimdinare konfliqtebi praqtikulad
dasavleTis yuradRebis miRma darCa. saqarTvelos xelisufleba erideboda
radikalur moqmedebas. Mman 1992 wlis 25 ivniss ruseTTan xelmowerili
soWis, e.w. “dagomisis” xelSekrulebis safuZvelze Tanxmoba ganacxada
yofili samxreT oseTis avtonomiuri olqis teritoriaze ruseTis
“samSvidobo Zalebis” Semosvlaze da Sereuli sakontrolo komisiis
Seqmnaze.
afxazeTis avtonomiur respublikaSi saomari moqmedebebis dawyebis
Semdeg, rac didwilad iyo dakavSirebuli ruseTis provokaciul
qmedebebTan, saqarTvelos xelisufleba metad rbilad akritikebda ruseTis
monawileobas afxazeTis konfliqtSi. saqarTvelom samjer gamoxata
sakuTari Tanxmoba ruseTis SuamavlobiT xeli moewera SeTanxmebas
cecxlis Sewyvetis Sesaxeb afxazeTis teritoriaze. 1992 wlis 3 seqtembers,
1993 wlis 14 maiss da 1993 wlis 27 ivliss, Tumca, ruseTma afxazi da
Crdilokavkasieli daqiravebuli boevikebis xeliT samjerve veragulad
363
daarRvia zemoaRniSnuli SeTanxmebebi, rac saboloo jamSi afxazeTis
TiTqmis mTel teritoriaze separatistuli reJimis kontrolis damyarebiTa
da 300 aTasamde qarTvelisa da sxva erovnebis warmomadgenelTa
afxazeTidan gamoZevebiT dasrulda. saomari moqmedebebis dasrulebidan
ramdenime Tvis Semdeg, saqarTvelom Tanxmoba ganacxada afxazeTSi -
konfliqtis zonaSi ruseTis mier (dsT-is egidiT) samSvidobo operaciebis
Sesrulebaze. Ees moxda 1994 wlis gazafxulze. rogorc ukve aRiniSna,EerTi
wliT adre igive moxda samxreT oseTSic. ruseTis “samSvidobo” roli,
dasavleTis pasiurobis gamo, gasuli saukunis 90-ian wlebSi ualternativo
iyo. aqedan moyolebuli, ruseTi yvelanairi saSualebebiT icavda Tavis
“samSvidobo” mandats da cdilobda ar daeSva saerTaSoriso institutebis
pirdapiri da qmediTi monawileoba konfliqtis mogvarebaSi, garda im
SedarebiT SezRuduli sadamkvirveblo rolisa, rac gaeros (gaeros
sadamkvirveblo misia saqarTveloSi) formalurad gaaCnda afxazeTSi da
euTos _ samxreT oseTSi.
afxazeTSi damarcxebisa da saqarTveloSi samoqalaqo omis gaRvivebis
Semdeg, qarTuli saxelmwifo daSlis realuri safrTxis winaSe idga.
ruseTma jer gaaRviva, Semdeg ki mxari dauWira separatistul konfliqtebs
afxazeTsa da samxreT oseTSi, aseve xeli Seuwyo qarTvelTa Soris (eqs-
prezident gamsaxurdias momxreeebsa da axali xelisuflebis
warmomadgenlebs Soris) dapirispirebas. e. SevardnaZem gaaxmovana es versia
1993 wlis 27 seqtembers, soxumis dacemis Semdeg, rodesac man ganacxada,
rom `saqarTvelo ruseTma daaCoqa~. saqarTvelos xelisufleba miiCnevda,
rom qveyanas im periodSi ar gaaCnda sxva arCevani da mas prorusuli
sagareopolitikuri kursi unda aerCia. Aaseve Tanxmoba unda ganecxadebina
samxreT oseTsa da afxazeTSi rusuli “samSvidobo Zalebis”ganTavsebaze.
sinamdvileSi, am jarebis mTavar funqciad separatistuli regionebis de-
faqto damoukideblobis uzrunvelyofa iqca. Tumca, odnav mogvianebiT –
1994-1996 wlebSi ruseTi CeCneTis pirvel omSi Caeflo da ruseTis didebis
miTi Crd. kavkasiaSi daimsxvra.
AafxazeTSi da cxinvalis regionSi warmoebulma omebma mZime
mdgomareobaSi Caayena saqarTvelo. saqarTvelo did daTmobebze wavida:
qveyana SeuerTda damoukidebel saxelmwifoTa Tanamegobrobas; saqarTvelo
gaxda dsT-is koleqtiuri usafrTxoebis xelSekrulebis wevri qveyana;
saqarTvelos saxelmwifos meTaurma SevardnaZem politikuri mxardaWera
gamoxata ruseTis CeCnuri kampaniis mimarT; 1994 wlis 3 Tebervals
saqarTvelom da ruseTma xeli moaweres “CarCo xelSekrulebas”; 1995 wels
saqarTvelom Tanxmoba ganacxada ruseTis oTxi samxedro bazis
saqarTveloSi 25 wliT ganTavsebis Taobaze. amave dros, SevardnaZe
cdilobda dasavleTisgan mieRo usafrTxoebis garantiebi, rac mxolod
kaspiis regionSi ganTavsebuli navTobis mimarT dasavleTis interesis
zrdis paralelurad moxerxda. 90-iani wlebis meore naxevridan samxreT
kavkasia Tavisi geopolitikuri mdebareobisa da energetikuli resursebis
gamo dasavleTis, da pirvel rigSi aSS-is geopolitikuri da geo-
ekonomikuri interesebis sferoSi moeqca. aSSmniSvnelovan lobirebas
uwevda baqo-sufsisa da baqo-Tbilisi-jeihanis navTobsadenebis proeqtebis
ganxorcielebas.
umTavresi is iyo, rom mas Semdeg rac 1994 wlis 20 seqtembers
azerbaijanis xelisuflebam gaaforma “saukunis kontraqti” msoflios
wamyvan navTobkompaniebTan, ruseTs regionSi konkurentebi gamouCnda
dasavleTis saxelmwifoebis saxiT. èsaa regioni, romelzec Tvali uWiravs
aRmosavleTsac da dasavleTsac~ _ werda britanuli `gardiani~. kavkasiaSi
364
dasavleTis Semosvlis Semdeg ruseTisaTvis axali sagareo politikis
amocanad aSS-s strategiuli gavlenis gafarToebis Sekaveba iqca.
samxreT kavkasia ruseTis da aSS-s politikuri manevrebis erT-erTi
Semadgeneli nawili iyo, xolo saqarTvelo mxolod erTi elementia am
globalur SejibrSi. ruseTi sakuTar gavlenaze Setevad aRiqvamda da
aRiqvams natos gafarToebas, iseve rogorc am organizaciis programas
`partnioroba mSvidobisaTvis~, romelSic rogorc viciT yofili sabWoTa
respublikebic monawileoben. 90-iani wlebis dasasrulisTvis ukve naTeli
gaxda, rom ruseTis mier am wlebSi dasaxuli strategiuli miznebis
miRweva SeuZlebeli iyo. ruseTma xeli ver SeuSala 1999 wels natos
gafarToebis pirvel talRas. amasTanave dsT ver iqca ssrk-s msgavs
politikur da samxedro aliansad.
ruseTis poziciebi myari iyo konfliqtur regionebTan mimarTebaSi.
1994 wlisTvis kremls xelSi ekava `gayinuli eTnikuri~ konfliqtebis
gasaRebebi da regionSi `rusuli mSvidoba~ damyarda. afxazeTis
konfliqtSi ruseTi cdilobda euTos da gaeros samSvidobo monawileoba
damkvirvebelTa misiis SezRudul mandats ar gascileboda. amisda
miuxedavad, dasavleTis monawileoba kavkasiaSi izrdeboda. 1999 wels
saqarTvelo evropis sabWos wevri gaxda. Oori wliT adre, saqarTvelom,
ukrainam, azerbaijanma da moldovam suami Camoayalibes, da miuxedavad am
organizaciis mokrZalebuli samxedro-politikuri SesaZleblobebisa, misma
Seqmnam ruseTis gaRizianeba mainc gamoiwvia, romelmac es aliansi
Tavidanve natos inspirirebul anti-rusul organizaciad aRiqva.
ruseTis regionuli (TurqeTi) da saerTaSoriso (nato da aSS)
Zalebis mier dabalansebis politikas prezident SevardnaZis mxridan
periodulad Tan axlda gaugebari daTmobebi da morCili damokidebuleba
kremlis mimarT. am orsaxovanma politikam SevardnaZisadmi undobloba
ruseTSi kidev ufro gaamZafra. daaxloebiT 1997 wlidan moyolebuli
prezident SevardnaZes Zalian cudi piradi urTierTobebi Camouyalibda
Tavis rus kolegasTan, ramac gamoricxa realuri TanamSromloba qveynebs
Soris.
2000 wels ruseTis prezidendi v. putini gaxda. misi mmarTvelobis
periodSi kremli arc iswrafvoda gamxdariyo evropuli saxelmwifo an
gaeziarebina sajaro institutebis, samoqalaqo uflebebis, kanonis
uzenaesobis evropuli gageba.
2000 wlis noemberSi ruseTis zewolam piks miaRwia. saqarTvelo dsT-
is pirveli qveyana gaxda, romlis mimarTac ruseTma savizo reJimi SemoiRo.
metic, `gamartivebuli~ _ Tavisi arsiT uvizo reJimi dawesda saqarTvelos
separatistul provinciebTan. amave wlidan moyolebuli, ruseTma masiurad
daiwyo afxazeTis da samxreT oseTis mosaxleobisTvis ruseTis
moqalaqeobis miniWeba, riTac kidev ufro ganamtkica maTTan kavSiri.
saqarTvelo-ruseTs Soris incidentebi am periodSi metad xSirad
xdeboda. SevardnaZe, Tavis mxriv gaZlierebuli opoziciis fonze,
cdilobda ruseTis safrTxis gamoyenebas sakuTari mdgomareobis
gasamyareblad.
SevardnaZis taqtikam rusuli safrTxis gamo SeenarCunebina
dasavleTis mxardaWera, nawilobriv mainc gaamarTla. aSS-s mxarem sajarod
dagmo ruseTis mxridan saqarTveloze ganxorcielebuli zewola da
saqarTvelos mxardaWera aRuTqva.
ruseT-saqarTvelos urTierTobebze mniSvnelovani asaxva hpova
pankisis xeobisa da CeCneTis meore omis sakiTxma. es konfliqti ori qveynis
365
Zireuli interesebis dapirispireba iyo. krizisi 1999 wels daiwyo da piks
2001 wels miaRwia.
CeCnuri kampaniis dros saqarTveloSi 7 aTasamde CeCeni gadmovida,
romlebsac qarTulma mxarem Semowmebis gareSe ltolvilis statusi
mianiWa. ruseTis mxaris mtkicebiT, pankisSi ltolvilebTan erTad, CeCenma
teroristebmac daides bina. rusuli mxare daJinebiT moiTxovda
saqarTvelos mxridan aqtiuri moqmedebis dawyebas. ruseTis Tavdacvis
ministris sergei ivanovisa da genStabis ufrosis anatoli kvaSninis TqmiT,
raki saqarTvelos ar SeeZlo pankisSi wesrigis damyareba, `terorizmis
budis~ ganadgureba ruseTis samxedro Zalebis CareviT unda momxdariyo.
saerTaSoriso Tanamegobrobamac mkacrad mosTxova saqarTvelos mTavrobas
aRmoefxvra qveyanaSi terorizmis safrTxis warmoSobis SesaZlebloba.
yoveli mxridan zewolis fonze, saqarTvelos politikur elitaSi
ruseTisadmi undoblobam iZala da maTi azriT, CeCnuri konfliqtis
SesaCereblad da pankisis xeobaSi stabilizaciis dasamyareblad erTaderTi
imedi dasavleTi (gansakuTrebiT aSS) iyo. aSS-s samxedroebis saqarTveloSi
gamoCenas ruseTis politikuri wreebis aRSfoTeba mohyva. isini
fiqrobdnen, rom aSS-s mizani samxreT kavkasiidan ruseTis gaZeveba iyo.
aSS-s samxedro daxmarebis sapasuxod, ruseTis saqarTveloze zewola
ufro agresiuli gaxda. 2002 wlis 8 agvistos ruseTis delegacia ar
gamocxadda saqarTvelosTan CarCo-xelSekrulebis mosamzadebeli komisiis
sxdomaze.
am daZabul momentSi moxerxda viTarebis krizisidan gamoyvana. 2002
wlis 25 agvistos, aSS-s daxmarebiT daiwyo anti-kriminaluri operacia
pankisSi, rac 2002 wlis agvisto-seqtemberSi aTeulobiT kriminalis
dakavebiT dasrulda.
pankisis warmatebuli operaciis Semdeg prodasavluri ganwyoba
saqarTveloSi gaZlierda. parlamentma damoukidebeli saxelmwifoTa
Tanamegobrobidan gasvla da saqarTvelodan rusuli jarebis gayvana
moiTxova. Tumca es sakiTxi didi xnis ganmavlobaSi ver iqna gadaWrili.
2003 wlis `vardebis revoluciis~ Semdeg iyo SesaZlebloba ruseT-
saqarTvelos urTierTobebis gaumjobesebisa, rodesac axladarCeulma
prezidentma mixeil saakaSvilma ruseTs urTierTobebis sufTa furclidan
dawyeba SesTavaza.
prezidentma m. saakaSvilma Tavisi prezidentobis pirvelive
dReebidanve ganacxada, rom kari Riaa rusuli investiciebisaTvis
energetikis seqtorsa da saporto infrastruqturaSi, aseve ekonomikis sxva
sferoebSic. Mman ruseTs erToblivi antiteroristuli centris gaxsnac
SesTavaza ruseTis bazebis gasvlis sanacvlod.
moskovi skeptikurad iyo ganwyobili saakaSvilis mimarT da ar
swamda, rom axalgazrda prezidents SeeZlo saqarTvelos problemebis
gadawyveta da mmarTvelobis gajansaReba. roca 2004 wels mixeil
saakaSvili aslan abaSiZes daupirispirda, ruseTma Tavdapirvelad mxari
dauWira abaSiZes, Tumca, rogorc ki saakaSvilis gamarjveba gardauvali
gaxda, ruseTma genStabis maRali rangis generali gagzavna baTumSi, raTa
iq dislocirebuli rusi samxedroebi konfliqtSi ar Careuliyvnen.
istoriulma gamocdilebam saqarTvelos axal xelisuflebas aswavla,
rom ruseTs Tavisive muqaris Sesasruleblad xSirad realuri resursebi
ar yofnis.
saakaSvilis xelisuflebaSi mosvlis Semdeg axalma prezidentma
naTlad daayena rusuli bazebis gayvanis sakiTxi, romlebic sabWoTa
kavSiris droidan SemorCa. bazebis sakiTxi gansakuTrebuli simwvaviT dadga
366
2004 wlis bolosa da 2005 wlis ganmavlobaSi. molaparakebebis Sedegad
mniSvnelovani cvlilebebi ar momxdara. 2005 wlisTvis saqarTvelos
TiTqmis gadaewura ruseTTan urTierTobebis normalizebis imedi. ruseTma
ar Seamcira separatistuli provinciebis mxardaWera, metic, man xeli ar
SeuSala moxaliseebisa da iaraRis ruseTis teritoriidan samxreT oseTSi
gadinebas 2004 wlis zafxulSi mimdinare konfliqtis dros; moskovi uxeSad
Caeria afxazeTis “saprezidento arCevnebSi”; ruseTi kvlavac ganagrZobda
mtkicebas, rom CeCeni mebrZolebi Tavs pankiss afareben.
2005 wlis ianvarSi or mxares Soris CaiSala bazebis Taobaze
molaparakebebis erT-erTi raundi. mas Semdeg, rac 2005 wlis TebervalSi
ruseTis sagareo ministris sergei lavrovis vizitmac ver moitana Sedegi,
saqarTvelo viTarebis gamwvavebaze wavida: saqarTvelos parlamentma miiRo
dadgenileba, romlis Tanaxmad, ruseTis “samSvidobo Zalebs” konfliqtis
regionebi unda daetovebinaT, xolo saqarTvelos mTavrobas daevala mieRo
zomebi maTi iZulebis wesiT gasayvanad 2006 wlis ianvramde.
saqarTvelos gamkacrebulma poziciam realuri Sedegebi moitana. 2005
wlis martsa da aprilSi ruseTma oficialurad daadastura bazebis 3-4
weliwadSi gayvanis SesaZlebloba. 2005 wlis 30 maiss saqarTvelos da
ruseTis sagareo ministrebma xeli moaweres SeTanxmebas, romlis Tanaxmad
ruseTma darCenili bazebis gayvanis valdebuleba aiRo 2008 wlis bolomde.
Tavis mxriv, ruseTma saqarTvelos mosTxova ar ganeTavsebina natos jarebi
saqarTvelos teritoriaze.
2006-2007 wlebSi saqarTvelo-ruseTs Soris urTierToba
gansakuTrebiT gamwvavda, rac dakavSirebuli iyo kodoris xeobaSi
mimdinare movlenebTan (razedac wina qveTavebSi gvqonda saubari),
saqarTvelos natosTan urTierTobebSi 2006 wlis seqtemberSi intensiur
dialogze gadasvlasTan, 2006 wlis seqtembris bolos saqarTveloSi oTxi
rusi jaSuSis dakavebasTan – rasac ruseTSi eTnikuri qarTvelebis
masobrivi gamosaxleba mohyva. 2006 wlis oqtombridan praqtikulad
SeCerebuli iyo saxelmwifoTaSoriso urTierTobis TiTqmis yvela
mimarTuleba, garda perioduli konsultaciebisa sagareo saqmeTa
saministroebs Soris, romlebic saqarTvelodan ruseTis samxedro bazebis
gayvanas exeboda. urTierTobis gamwvavebam pirvel rigSi ubralo
mosaxleobaze iqonia uaryofiTi gavlena. 2006 wlis 2 oqtombridan ruseTma
Sewyvita saqarTvelosTan sahaero, saavtomobilo, sazRvao da sarkinigzo
mimosvla da safosto kavSiri da qarTveli mosaxleoba gamodevna
ruseTidan. Ggarda amisa, ramdenime TviT adre, 2006 wlis martis bolos
aikrZala qarTuli Rvinis, Rvinomasalis, brendisa da SuSxuna Rvinoebis
ruseTSi importi da realizacia. aprilis bolos akrZalvebi gavrcelda
saqarTvelodan eqsportirebul mineralur wylebze.
2008 wlis ianvarSi Catarebuli vadamdeli saprezidento arCevnebis
Sedegad, xelisuflebaSi meore vadiT mosulma prezidentma m. saakaSvilma
ruseTs, ukve meored, urTierTobebis axali furclidan dawyeba SesTavaza,
Tumca miuxedavad ruseTisa da saqarTvelos prezidentebis ori Sexvedrisa
(jer putinTan, xolo Semdeg medvedevTan), ruseTma Tavisi imperialisturi
klanWebi kidev ufro aSkarad gamoaCina, risi naTeli dadasturebac
gaxldaT ruseTis prezidentis 2008 wlis 16 aprilis dadgenileba
separatistul regionebTan urTierTobebis Sesaxeb, amave wlis 20 aprils
qarTuli upiloto TviTmfrinavis Camogdeba da 2008 wlis ivlisSi rusuli
vertmfrenis mier saqarTvelos sahaero sivrcis darRveva, rac ruseTmac
aRiara, Tumca ruseTis prezidentma am faqtTan dakavSirebiT ganacxada, rom
es aqcia mimarTuli iyo “viRaceebis cxeli Tavebis gasagrileblad”.
367
ruseT-saqarTvelos omi da misi Sedegebi
rogorc cnobilia, 2008 wels rogorc ruseTSi, aseve saqarTveloSi

Catarda saprezidento arCevnebi. maT Soris saqarTveloSi vadamdeli
saprezidento arCevnebi gaimarTa. Aaxali prezidenti airCies ruseTSi, imave
wlis Semodgomaze ki axali prezidenti unda aerCiaT aSS-Si. ,,arCevnebis
wlisagan” ufro didi masStabis politikur Tu samxedro movlenebs cota
Tu eloda. Tumca, rogorc ukve wina qveTavSi iqna aRniSnuli, ruseTma
swored rom 2008 wlis dasawyisidan gansakuTrebiT gaaqtiura Tavisi
destruqciuli qmedebebi saqarTvelos winaaRdeg, risi umaRlesi mwvervali
gaxldaT 2008 wlis ivlisis bolodan ganviTarebuli movlenebi, rac
dakavSirebuli iyo 2008 wlis 23 ivliss saqarTvelos prezidentis
administraciis veb-gverdis winaaRmdeg kiberSetevis ganxorcielebasTan, da
ivlisis bolo ricxvebidan agvistos 8 ricxvamde yofili samxreT oseTis
avtonomiuri olqis teritoriaze – osuri mxaris kontrolirebadi
teritoriidan regionSi mdebare qarTuli soflebis masirebul
dabombvasTan. 2008 wlis 8 agvistos saqarTveloSi da mis farglebs
gareTac yvelasaTvis cxadi gaxda, rom omis samizne mxolod qarTuli
qalaqebi da soflebi ki ar iyo, aramed –ukve ganviTarebis gzaze damdgari
qarTuli saxelmwifo da misi demokratiuli momavali, rogorc
avtoritaruli memkvidreobis mTavari gamowveva yofil postsabWoTa
sivrceSi.
ruseTis agresiuli politikis ZiriTadi mizezebi
2008 wlis agvistoSi ruseTis qmedebebis gasaanalizeblad saWiroa im

procesebis naTlad gaazreba, romelic msoflioSi “civi omis” dasrulebisa
da sabWoTa kavSiris daSlis Semdeg ganviTarda da, rac ufro mTavaria, am
procesebis aRqma Tavad ruseTis mier. am TvalsazrisiT, ruseTis garSemo
Seqmnil saerTaSoriso garemos ramdenime ZiriTadi faqtori
249
gansazRvravda:
1. natosa da evrokavSiris aRmosavleTiT gafarToeba_ rogorc
cnobilia, 1999 da 2004 wlebSi moxda nato-s gafarToeba, rodesac jer
yofili socialisturi banakis sami qveyana (1999 w.), xolo SemdgomSi
Svidi saxelmwifo (2004), maT Soris baltiispireTis sami saxelmwifo
gaxdnen nato-s sruluflebiani wevrebi. 2008 wlis aprilSi natom
aliansSi gasawevrianeblad moiwvia kidev ori saxelmwifo (albaneTi
da xorvatia). rac Seexeba evrokavSirs, am organizaciaSi 2004 wels
aTi, xolo 2007 wels Savi zRvis regionis ori saxelmwifo-bulgareTi
da rumineTi gawevriandnen. yofili socialisturi qveynebis
gawevrianeba dasavlur aliansebSi ruseTis mier sakuTari
usafrTxoebisTvis safrTxed aRiqmeboda. gansakuTrebiT mtkivneulad
aRiqmeboda natosa da evrokavSirTan yofili sabWoTa respublikebis
axlo TanamSromloba (evropis samezoblo politikisa Tu
“partnioroba mSvidobisaTvis programis” farglebSi) an maTi nato-sa
da evrokavSirSi SesaZlo gawevrianeba.
249
2008 wlisagvistos movlenebis Semdeg, mSvidobis, demokratiisa da ganviTarebis
instituti. CIPDD. 2008
368
2. ruseTis gverdis avliT, kaspiispireTidan energoresursebis
transportirebis alternatiuli marSrutebis ganviTareba_ 1994 wels
dasavleTis wamyvan navTobkompaniebsa da azerbaijanis mTavrobas
Soris gaformda e.w. “saukunis kontraqti”, romelic kaspiis regionSi
mopovebuli navTobis da SemdgomSi bunebrivi airis dasavleTis
mimarTulebiT trasportirebas iTvaliswinebda. regionSi mopovebuli
navTobisa da gazis ZiriTadi nawilis transportirebisTvis ki mTavar
satranzito qveynad saqarTvelo moiazreboda. gaformebuli
kontraqtebis Sedegad, 1999 wels eqspluataciaSi Sevida baqo-sufsis,
xolo 2005 wels baqo-Tbilisi-jeihanis navTobsadenebi. 2006 wels
eqspluataciaSi Sevida baqo-Tbilisi-erzurumis gazsadeni.
zemoaRniSnuli milsadenebis mSeneblobis dasrulebis Semdeg,
ruseTis teritoriis gverdis avliT navTobis da bunebrivi airis
dasavlur bazrebze gatana daiwyo. Ggarda amisa, amave periodSi
evrokavSiri aqtiurad alaparakda “nabuqosa” da “TeTri nakadis”
proeqtebis SesaZlo amoqmedebis Taobaze. aRsaniSnavia is faqti, rom
evrokavSiri yovelwliurad daaxloebiT 600 miliardi kuburi metri
bunebrivi airis imports axorcielebs, saidanac daaxloebiT 130
miliardi kuburi metri bunebrivi airis transportireba evrokavSiris
bazarze ruseTidan xorcieldeba. Aaseve, aRsaniSnavia is faqtic, rom
ruseTSi mopovebuli navTobis 60%-is da bunebrivi airis 60%-is
eqsporti swored rom evrokavSiris bazarze xorcieldeba.250
zemoaRniSnulidan gamomdinare, ruseTis politikuri elitis
azriT, energoresursebis transportirebis alternatiuli
marSrutebis ganviTareba post-sabWoTa qveynebsa da evrokavSirze
gavlenis Semcirebis mTavar winapirobas warmoadgenda, rom aRaraferi
vTqvaT satranzito Semosavlebis Semcirebaze.251
3. ,,feradi revoluciebi” yofili sabWoTa kavSiris teritoriaze_ 2003
wlis noemberSi saqarTveloSi Catarebul saparlamento arCevnebze
moxda saarCevno Sedegebis masobrivi gayalbeba, ramac saxalxo
protesti gamoiwvia. Ees yvelaferi dasrulda 2003 wlis 23 noembers
,,vardebis revoluciiTa” da eduard SevardnaZis xelisuflebis
SecvliT. saqarTvelos magaliTi “gadamdebi” aRmoCnda ukrainisTvis,
sadac 2004 wlis dekemberSi aseve arCevnebis gayalbebis gamo, moxda
,,narinjisferi revolucia” da saprezidento arCevnebis meore turis
gamarTvis Sedegad xelisuflebis saTaveSi viqtor iuSCenkos
prodasavluri koalicia movida. erTi wlis Semdeg, ,,titebis
revoluciam” ukve centralur aziaSi, yirgizeTSi Secvala a. akaevis
avtoritaruli reJimi. Aam movlenebis Semdgom, ruseTis maRali
Tanamdebobis pirebi Riad alaparakdnen vaSingtonis axal
“SeTqmulebaze”, romelic viTomdac ruseTis sazRvrebis garSemo
proamerikuli reJimebis damyarebas, ruseTis “mTlianad alyaSi
moqcevas da Semdeg ukve danawevrebas” isaxavda miznad. kremlis
inciativiT, miRebul iqna damatebiTi kanonebi, romlebic
arasamTavrobo organizaciebis ucxouri fondebidan dafinansebas
zRudavda. Seiqmna kremlidan marTuli axalgazrduli organizaciebi
(,,naSi”).252 ruseTi – postsabWoTa sivrceSi ,,demokratizaciis axal
250
Nnika CitaZe. “geopolitika”. Ggv. 152. Tbilisi, 2008 w.
251
252
Leonid Ragozin, “Russian youth on political barricades”, BBC News, March 2, 2005.
369
talRas” ruseTis gavlenisa da Tavad saxelmwifos arsebobisTvisac
damRupvelad miiCnevda.
4. kosovos damoukideblobis aRiareba dasavleTis qveynebis
umravlesobis mier. me-19 saukunidan moyolebuli, ruseTi
gansakuTrebiT aqtiurdeba balkaneTis regionSi. igi yovelTvis
aqtiurad uWerda mxars slavur, marTmadidebel serbeTs da am
qveyanas Tavis strategiul mokavSired aRiqvamda. gasuli saukunis 90-
iani wlebis dasawyisSi yofili iugoslaviis teritoriaze
ganviTarebuli saomari moqmedebebis dros, kremli Riad afiqsirebda
Tavis simpaTias bosnieli serbebis mimarT (bosniis teritoriaze
mimdinare saomari moqmedebebis dros 1992-1995 ww.), ruseTma bosniaSi
saomrad moxaliseebic ki gaagzavna. Aaseve, ruseTi serbeTSi Riad
uWerda mxars slobodan miloSeviCis sisxlian reJims, gansakuTrebiT
ki kosovosTan mimarTebaSi. Aamitomac, ruseTi saerTaSoriso
prestiJis gansakuTrebul Selaxvad aRiqvamda 1999 wlis marti-
ivlisSi serbeTis samxedro obieqtebis dabombvas natos SeiaraRebuli
Zalebis mier. aliansi Tavis mxriv kosovos provinciaSi mcxovrebi
eTnikuri albanelebis uflebebs icavda Zaladobisagan. 1999-2008
wlebSi ruseTi aqtiurad monawilebda kosovos samarTlebrivi
statusis gansazRvris procesSi, igi radikalurad ewinaaRdegeboda
kosovos saerTaSoriso aRiarebas, metic, serbeTis am provinciis
damoukideblobis miniWebisaTvis winaaRmdegobis gaweva ruseTis
sagareo politikis erT-erT ZiriTad mimarTulebad iqca. prestiJis
garda, ruseTis winaaRmdegobis mizezs qveynis SigniT sxvadasxva
eTnikuri jgufis (Crdilo kavkasiasa da volgispireTSi)
separatistuli moZraobebisTvis precedentis ardaSveba warmoadgenda.
2008 wlis 17 Tebervals kosovom formalurad gamoacxada
damoukidebloba, rasac dasavluri saxelmwifoebis umravlesobis
mxridan kosovos damoukideblobis aRiareba mohyva. maSindeli
prezidenti putini globaluri cvlilebebiT daimuqra.253 kremli Riad
acxadebda, rom kosovos aRiarebis precedenti gavrceldeboda yofil
sabWoTa kavSiris teritoriaze arsebul ,,gayinul konfliqtebze”,
pirvel yovlisa ki am konfliqtebSi putini “samxreT oseTsa” da
afxazeTs gulisxmobda. ruseTis didi survili iyo samagiero
gadaexada dasavleTisaTvis kosovos aRiarebis gamo.
kosovos aRiarebis Semdeg gakeTebulma mcirexnianma pauzam, rodesac
moskovi mxolod mwvave gancxadebebiT Semoifargla, bevri daaeWva, maT
Soris, araRiarebul separatistul erTeulebSi, ruseTis realur
SesaZleblobebSi.
prestiJis dacvis/gazrdis motivaciis garda, ruseTs ,,Tamami” nabijis
gadasadgmelad damatebiT ramdenime faqtorma ubiZga:
1. navTobisda gazis Zalian maRalma fasebma msoflio bazarze, romelmac
moskovs ukanaskneli 8 wlis ganmavlobaSi Warbi Semosavali da didi
savaluto rezervebi Seuqmna. magaliTad, 2008 wlis ivlisSi 1 bareli
navTobis fasma 147 dolars miaRwia. navTobisa da bunebrivi airis
eqsportis Sedegad, ruseTis savaluro rezervebma 600 mlrd. dolars
miaRwia;
2. navTobisa dagansakuTrebiT, gazis miwodebaze evrokavSiris ruseTze
damokidebulebis zrdam. 2005-2007 wlebSi ruseTis saxelmwifo kompania
253
Fred Weir, “Kosovo independense: Russia warns of separatist storm”, The Christian Science Monitor, February. 20.
2008
370
“gazpromma” dasavleT evropis rig energetikul kompaniasTan, maT Soris
germanul “rurgazTan”, frangul “gaz de fransTan”, avstriul “OMV”-
Tan, italiur “ENI”-Tan da sxvebTan sarfian kontraqtebs moawera xeli,
riTac ufro gaimyara poziciebi evropis energetikul bazarze;
3. avRaneTsa da eraySi mimdinare saomar operaciebSi aSS-is da amerikis
sxva mokavSireebis CarTulobam, rodesac dasavleTis yuradReba swored
am qveynebSi mimdinare procesebisadmi iyo koncentrirebuli;
4. aSS-is da dasavleTis sxva saxelmwifoebis mxridan aseve yuradRebis
koncentraciam iranisa da CrdiloeT koreis birTvuli programebis
garSemo;
5. aSS-Si mimdinare winasaarCevno kampaniam. rogorc cnobilia, aSS-Si
saprezidento arCevnebi 2008 wlis oqtombris bolos unda gamarTuliyo;
6. dasavleTis mxridan ruseTis agresiul qmedebebze metad pasiurma
reaqciam. magaliTebad SegviZlia moviSvelioT ramdenime SemTxveva. 2007
wlis martSi da imave wlis agvistoSi ruseTis sahaero sivrcidan
Semofrenilma mfrinavma obieqtebma dabombes saqarTvelos teritoriaze,
kerZod, zemo afxazeTisa da Sida qarTlis regionebSi ganlagebuli
infrastruqtura, Tumca dasavleTs ruseTi Riad ar daudanaSaulebia.
xolo, 2008 wlis aprilSi gamarTul nato-s buqarestis samitze
dasavleT evropis ramdenime saxelmwifom mxari ar dauWira
saqarTvelosa da ukrainisaTvis “gawevrianebis samoqmedo gegmis”, anu map-
is miniWebas, rac ruseTis faqtoriT iqna axsnili.
metad gaubedavi iyo dasavleTis pozicia afxazeTSi 2008 wlis aprilSi
ruseTis sarkinigzo Zalebis Semosvlis dros. xolo rodesac 2008 wlis
ivlisSi ruseTma Tavad aRiara rusuli vertmfrenis mier saqarTvelos
sahaero sivrcis darRveva, dasavleTma orive mxares (ruseTs da
saqarTvelos) mxolod “dialogis gaaqtiureba mosTxova”.
sakuTari prestiJisa da ,,privilegirebul zonebSi” (postsabWoTa
sivrce)interesebis dasacavad ruseTma konkretuli nabijebis gadadgma 2008
wlis 16 aprilidan daiwyo, rodesac ruseTis prezidentma gamosca
specialuri brZanebuleba samxreT oseTsa da afxazeTTan specialuri
urTierTobebis damyarebis Sesaxeb.254
2008 wlis maisidan ruseTma TiTqmis uwyveti samxedro wvrTnebi daiwyo
saqarTvelos sazRvris mTel perimetrze, maT Soris Savi zRvis
akvatoriaSi. yvelaze masStaburi wvrTna ,,kavkasia 2008” 8000 samxedros
monawileobiT, dasrulda 2008 wlis 3 agvistos. ruseTma Tavisi samxedro
agresiis ganxorcieleba saqarTvelos winaaRdeg daiwyo 8 agvistos, anu es
qmedeba daamTxvia pekinSi olimpiuri TamaSebis gaxsnas, rodesac mTeli
msoflios yuradReba CineTis dedaqalaqisaken iyo mipyrobili. Ggarda amisa,
ruseTma agresia agvistoSi swored imitomac ganaxorciela, rom am
periodSi dasavleTSi mravali politikuri moRvawe SvebulebaSi imyofeba.
masStaburi samxedro qmedebebis dawyebiT saqarTvelos winaaRmdeg ruseTi
Seecada ,,dasavluri SemotevisTvis” saboloo pasuxi gaeca, risi
kulminaciac 2008 wlis 26 agvistos samxreT oseTisa da afxazeTis
damoukideblobis aRiareba gaxda.255
254
255
371
ruseTis qcevebis asaxsnelad saerTaSoriso asparezze zogadad da
gansakuTrebiT saqarTvelosTan mimarTebaSi, zemoaRniSnul faqtorebTan
erTad aranaklebi mniSvneloba aqvs qveynis yvelaze gavleniani piris-
vladimer putinis piradi Sexedulebebisa da Rirebulebebis gaanalizebas.
saqarTvelosTan da mis prezident mixeil saakaSvilTan putinis
dapirispireba gansakuTrebiT 2004 wlidan aqtiurdeba, rodesac saakaSvili
gaxda ,,feradi revoluciebis” simbolo postsabWoTa sivrceSi. saqarTvelos
axalma prezidentma ukrainasa da yirgizeTSi mimdinare analogiur
procesebs Riad dauWira mxari, riTac kremlis mmarTveli kidev ufro
gaRizianda.256
2004 wlis Semodgomaze gaimarTa dsT-is saxelmwifoTa samiti. erTobliv
preskonferenciaze saakaSvilsa da putins Soris Ria dapirispireba
gaimarTa saqarTvelos teritoriuli mTlianobis problemebis Sesaxeb, rac
uprecedento SemTxveva iyo am organizaciis istoriaSi. saakaSvili gaxda
proamerikuli kursis mTavari gamtarebeli dsT-s teritoriaze, romelsac
putini ruseTis eqskluziuri gavlenis sferod miiCnevs.
pirad antipaTias da angariSsworebis survils daemata piradi
gandidebisa da ruseTSi pirvelobis damtkicebis survili. saqarTvelosTan
omi swored is SesaZlebloba aRmoCnda, romlis meSveobiTac vladimer
putins SeeZlo Tavisi orive miznisTvis mieRwia.
imis dasadastureblad, Tu ra agresiul qmedebebs axorcielebda ruseTi,
ramac sabolood 2008 wlis agvistomde migviyvana, aRsaniSnavia Semdegi:
2008 wlis 14 Tebervals erT-erT preskonferenciaze putinma aRniSna, rom
kosovos damoukideblobis calmxrivad aRiareba daangrevda saerTaSoriso
wesrigs da igi Seqmnida precedents afxazeTTan, samxreT oseTTan da
dnestrispireTTan mimarTebaSi. imave wlis 17 Tebervals kosovom
damoukidebloba gamoacxada;
26 Tebervals afxazeTis separatistulma xelisuflebam gaavrcela
informacia 1-5 marts dagegmili farTomasStabiani samxedro
wvrTnebis Sesaxeb;
6 marts ruseTis sagareo saqmeTa saministrom ganacxada, rom ruseTi
calmxrivad gamodis 1996 wlis dsT-is SeTanxmebidan,
romelic afxazeTisTvis ekonomikuri sanqciebis dawesebas
iTvaliswinebda;
28 marts saqarTvelos prezidentma m. saakaSvilma axali samSvidobo
winadadeba SesTavaza soxums, romelic iTvaliswinebda erToblivi
Tavisufali ekonomikuri zonebis Seqmnas, afxazeTis farTo
warmomadgenlobas centralur xelisuflebaSi, maT Soris, vice-prezidentis
axal konstituciur posts, romelsac eqneboda vetos ufleba
da erTiani sabaJo da sasazRvro sivrcis Seqmnas. afxazurma mxarem
winadadeba miuReblad miiCnia;
A2008 wlis aprilis dasawyisSi, buqarestis samitze natom miiRo
gadawyvetileba ar SeeTavazebina gawevrianebis samoqmedo gegma
(MAP)saqarTvelosa da ukrainisTvis, Tumca imis garantia misca, rom es
qveynebi natos wevrebi gaxdebodnen;
20 aprils afxazeTis Tavze rusulma mig-29-m qarTuli upiloto
TviTmfrinavi Camoagdo;
1 maiss afxazeTis konfliqtis zonaSi Sevidnen ruseTis samSvidobo
kontingentis damatebiTi Zalebi;
256
iqve
372
16 maiss gaeros generalurma asambleam afxazeTis Sesaxeb rezolucia
miiRo, romelic aRiarebs devnilTa da iZulebiT gadaadgilebul pirTa da
maT STamomavalTa afxazeTSi dabrunebis uflebas;
6 ivnissgaimarTa saakaSvilisa da medvedevis pirispir Sexvedra sankt-
peterburgSi;
3 ivliss cxinvalis regionSi ganxorcielda Tavdasxma dimitri sanakoevis
korteJze.
6 ivliss gaimarTa kidev erTi Sexvdra saakaSvilsa da medvedevs Soris,
Aamjerad astanaSi.
9 ivliss, saqarTveloSi amerikis saxelmwifo mdivan kondoliza raisis
vizitis dros saqarTvelos sahaero sivrce rusulma TviTmfrinavebma
daarRvies;
19 ivliss cxinvalis reJimma uaryo evrokavSiris winadadeba briuselSi
pirdapiri molaparakebis gamarTvis Taobaze;
1 agvistos samxreT oseTis konfliqtis zonaSi policiis manqanis
afeTqebis Sedegad 5 qarTveli policieli daSavda;
2 agvistos cxinvalis regionSi srolebis Sedegad Svidi qarTvelidaSavda.
ruseTma uaryosamSvidoboebis monawileoba cxinvalis
regionSi moxdar srolebSi;
3 agvistos CrdiloeT oseTSi cxinvalidan bavSvebiT da qalebiT savse
14 avtobusi da 5 mikroavtobusi Cavida;
4 agvistos soxumma gaero-s generaluri mdivnis megobarTa jgufTan
Sexvedraze uari ganacxada samxreT oseTSi arsebuli daZabuli viTarebis
mizeziT;
5 agvistos konfliqtis zonaSi qarTveli samSvidobo daiRupa. grZeldeba
qarTuli soflebis intensiuri dabombva;
6 agvistos rusuli mxaris TanaTavmjdomarem Sereul sakontrolo
komisiaSi (Ssk) daadastura, rom mxareebs Soris Sexvedra 7 agvistos
cxinvalSi iyo dagegmili. samxreT oseTis de-faqto xelisuflebam da rusma
samSvidoboebma ganacxades,rom samxreT oseTis konfliqtis zonaSi
intensiuri srolebi dafiqsirda. samxreT osurma mxarem molaparakebebze
uariganacxada.
7 agvistos, miuxedavad qarTuli mxaris mxridan SemoTavazebuli
winadadebis cecxlis Sewyvetis Sesaxeb, aseve saqarTvelos prezidentis
gancxadebis miuxedavad, separatistebis kontrolirebadi teritoriidan
kvlav grZeldeboda qarTuli dasaxlebuli punqtebis saartilerio
dabombva257.
farTomasStabiani samxedro operaciebis dawyebis Semdeg, rogorc
mosalodneli iyo, ruseTis mier kontrolirebadma mediam daiwyo
dezinformaciis gavrceleba imasTan dakavSirebiT, rom “saqarTvelo
veragulad daesxa Tavs samxreT oseTs”, rom TiTqosda “saqarTvelos
xelisufleba axorcielebs osi mosaxleobis masobriv genocids da ukve
2000-ze meti mSvidobiani moqalaqea daRupuli samxreT oseTSi da osi xalxi
iTxovs Svelas” da a.S. omis pirvelive dReebidanve ruseTis xelisuflebis
warmomadgenlebma, da pirvel rigSi vladimer putinma ganacxades, rom am
“genocidisa da masobrivi mkvlelobebis organizatorebi saerTaSoriso
tribunalis winaSe unda warmdgariyvnen”. 2008 wlis 10 agvistos ruseTis
sagareo saqmeTa ministrma, sergei lavrovma aSS-is saxelmwifo mdivan
257
instituti. CIPDD. 2008. P.50-51
373
kondolisa raisTan pirad saubarSi aRniSna, rom saakaSvili
xelisuflebidan unda wasuliyo. naTeli iyo, rom ruseTi ara imdenad
afxazeTisa da cxinvalis regionis mosaxleobis bediT, aramed saqarTvelos
sruli okupaciiTa da qarTuli saxelmwifos mospobiT iyo dainteresebuli.
Aam miznis gansaxorcieleblad, rogorc cnobilia, 2008 wlis 8-12 agvistos
ganmavlobaSi ruseTma saqarTvelos winaaRmdeg ganaxorciela
farTomasStabiani agresia sxvadasxva mimarTulebiT. kerZod, saxmeleTo
Seteva rokis gvirabis gavliT cxinvalis regionSi; kiberSetevebi
saqarTvelos sxvadasxva saxelmwifo uwyebis veb-gverdebis winaaRmdeg;
samxedro agresia zemo afxazeTSi, sadac qarTul SenaerTebs manamde
araviTari samxedro qmedeba ar ganuxorcielebiaT; saqarTvelos sahaero
sivrce daaxloebiT 200-jer dairRva, ris Sedegad masobrivad daibomba
saqarTvelos teritoriaze mdebare samxedro Tu samoqalaqo obieqtebi da
daiRupa mSvidobiani mosaxleoba; saqarTvelos sazRvao sivrceSi –
teritoriul wylebSi SemoWra da saqarTvelos mTavari “sazRvao WiSkris”-
foTis dakaveba; rusi e.w. samSvidoboebisa da afxazi separatistebis
SemoWra afxazeTis teritoriidan da samegrelos sxvadasxva regionis
dakaveba; mZlavri antiqarTuli sainformacio kampania, romelsac ruseTi
axorcielebda ra Tqma unda saqarTvelos diskreditaciis mizniT.
Aam pirobebSi, saqarTvelos samxedro TvalsazrisiT martodmarto mouwia
dapirispireboda im mtrul saxelmwifos, romlis teritoriac saqarTvelos
245-jer aRemateba. MsaqarTvelos SeiaraRebuli Zalebis mxridan gamoCenili
udidesi gmirobis miuxedavad, ruseTis Zalebi aSkarad aRemateboda Cveni
qveynis damcvelTa raodenobas, amitomac miRebul iqna gadawyvetileba ukan
daxevisa da Tbilisis gamagrebis Sesaxeb. A
rogorc viciT, ruseTis mier sxvadaxva mimarTulebiT ganxorcielebuli
agresiuli qmedebebis Sedegad, okupantebma moaxerxes afxazeTsa da yofili
samxreT oseTis avtonomiuri olqis teritoriaze sruli kontrolis
damyareba, garda amisa, ruseTma veragulad daarRvia 2008 wlis 12 agvistos
misi prezidentisve evrokavSiris SuamavlobiT xelmowerili eqvspunqtiani
SeTanxmeba cecxlis Sewyvetis Sesaxeb da meore dRes daikava gori da Sida
qarTlis sxva dasaxlebuli punqtebi, gadaketa mTavari magistraluri
saavtomobilo gza da aafeTqa rkinigza, aseve dabloka foTis portis
funqcionireba. amiT ruseTs surda saqarTvelos srul ekonomikur
blokadaSi moqceva da Tavisi samxedro qmedebebis gagrZeleba. Tumca,
aucilebelia aRiniSnos, rom saqarTvelos am viTarebaSic ki ar
gamoucxadebia kapitulacia, piriqiT, erayidan saqarTveloSi Tbilisisa da
saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebriobis dasacavad daabrunes 2000 qarTveli
samxedro mosamsaxure, saqarTvelos prezidenti faqtiurad yoveldRe
gamodioda saqarTvelos mosaxleobis winaSe da amxnevebda xalxs
qveynisaTvis esoden mZime wuTebSi. qarTvelma xalxma Tavisi erToba
agresoris winaSe naTlad gamoavlina 2008 wlis 12 agvistosa da 1
seqtembers, rodesac aTeul aTasobiT saqarTvelos moqalaqe gamovida
quCebSi da Tavisi mzadyofna gamoxata daecva qarTuli saxelmwifo da misi
Rirebulebebi.
Tavisi mtkice pozicia daikava dasavleTmac, aSS-m humanitaruli tvirTiT
datvirTuli ramdenime samxedro gemi da TviTmfrinavi gamoagzavna
saqarTveloSi. ruseTis qmedeba dagmobil iqna evrokavSiris mier. 2008 wlis
seqtemberSi evrokavSiris maSindeli Tavmjdomare qveynis, safrangeTis
prezidentis sarkozis SuamavlobiT moskovSi xeli moewera meore
SeTanxmebas, romlis mixedviTac ruseTi iZulebuli iyo aeRo valdebuleba
gaeyvana Tavisi samxedro SenaerTebi samegrelodan da Sida qarTlidan 2008
374
wlis 10 oqtombramde da daTanxmeboda evrokavSiris monitorebis Semosvlas
saqarTvelos okupirebuli regionebis mimdebare teritoriaze. Tumca,
rogorc viciT, ruseTis SeiaraRebuli Zalebi ar daubrundnen 2008 wlis
agvistomde arsebul poziciebs, rasac e.w. “sarkozi-medvedevis” erT-erTi
punqti iTvaliswinebda, piriqiT, ruseTma sagrZnoblad gazarda sakuTari
saokupacio kontingenti afxazeTsa da cxinvalis regionSi.
Mmiuxedavad imisa, rom ruseTma saerTaSoriso samarTlisa da moraluri
normebis sruli ignorirebiT moaxerxa saqarTvelos ori istoriuli
regionis okupacia, ruseTma ver gaanadgura qarTuli saxelmwifo, ver mospo
Cveni qveynis damoukidebloba.
Uunda iTqvas, rom politikuri da ekonomikuri TvalsazrisiT, ruseTma
marcxi ganicada. man dakarga ndoba saerTaSoriso demokratiuli
sazogadoebis TvalSi, aseve omis Semdeg ruseTma dakarga sakuTari
“samSvidobo mandati” konfliqtis zonebSi da es pasuxismgebloba Tavis
Tavze evrokavSirma aiRo. Aaseve, ruseTi iZulebuli gaxda gaeuqmebina
samegreloSi, afxazeTis avtonomiur respublikis administraciul
sazRvarTan mimdebare raionebSi (12-kilometriani zona qarTuli mxaris
kontrolirebadi teritoriis mxares) “samSvidoboTa” postebi. Y
samxedro SemoWris Semdeg pirveli dartyma ruseTis ekonomikam miiRo:
sxvadasxva monacemebiT qveynidan ramdenime miliard amerikul dolarze
meti gavida, safondo birJis indeqsi kritikul zRvars Camoscilda,
ramdenime gavlenianma investorma datova qveyana. centralur banks msxvili
intervenciebi dasWirda, raTa rublis kursi SeenarCunebina.
ekonomikuri danakargebis garda, kremlis saqciels samxedro
Sedegebic mohyva. centraluri da baltiispira saxelmwifoebi ufro mWidro
samxedro kavSiris damyarebas cdiloben vaSingtonTan. saqarTveloSi
ruseTis SemoWris Semdeg poloneTma saswrafod moawera xeli
xelSekrulebas qveyanaSi amerikuli anti-saraketo sistemis ganTavsebaze.
evrokavSiris da aSS-is liderebma daiwyes ruseTis Ria kritika da
saerTaSoriso izolaciis SesaZleblobebis ganxilva. Ddidi xniT Seferxda
ruseTTan molaparakebebi msoflio savaWro organizaciaSi
gasawevrianeblad. Aaman ki ruseTis momaval ekonomikur ganviTarebas
seriozuli dabrkolebebi Seuqmna.
Mmiuxedavad imisa, rom 2008 wlis 26 agvistos ruseTma aRiara afxazeTisa
da e.w. samxreT oseTis “damoukidebloba”, ruseTma aRiarebis mimarTulebiT
ver moipova verc dsT-isa da Sanhais TanamSromlobis organizaciis
mxardaWera. dsT-is sivrceSi, sadac ruseTis gavlena SedarebiT didia,
kremlis zewolis miuxedavad, yvela saxelmwifom Tavi Seikava samxreT
oseTisa da afxazeTis aRiarebisgan. Sanhais organizaciaSi ki, sadac
ruseTsa da dsT-is ramdenime qveyanasTan erTad CineTicaa gawevrianebuli,
pekinma separatizmis mxardamWeri yovelgvari iniciativa dabloka.258
afxazeTisa da e.w. samxreT oseTis saerTaSoriso aRiarebis sakiTxSi
ruseTis gverdze aRmoCndnen mxolod venesuela, nikaragua da nauru,
romlebmac, Sesabamisi materialuri anazRaurebis fasad aRiares
saqarTvelos ori istoriuli regionis “damoukidebloba”. aseve, am saqmeSi
ruseTis gverdze aRmoCnda teroristuli organizacia “hamasi”, romelic
miesalma afxazeTisa da cxinvalis regionis damoukideblobis aRiarebas.
SeiZleba iTqvas, rom am faqtorma sagrZnoblad Selaxa ruseTis
saerTaSoriso avtoriteti.
258
RUSSIA: THE KREMLIN TRIES TO PUT ON BRAVE FACE FOLLOWING DIPLOMATIC SLAP OVER
GEORGIA , Eurasianet.Org August 28, 2008.
375
omis Sedegebi saqarTvelosaTvis. Sidapolitikuri Sedegebi
2008 wlis agvistos omSi, ruseTis erT-erTi mizani iyo SeeCerebina

saqarTvelos saxelmwifo institutebis gaZliereba. 2004-2008 wlebSi
saqarTvelos mosaxleobis didma nawilma irwmuna, rom saqarTvelos
saxelmwifos ukve SeuZlia qveynis winaSe mdgar mTavar gamowvevebTan
gamklaveba: 2004 wels saqarTvelom aRadgina kontroli aWaraze, 2006 wels
zemo afxazeTze, ganxorcielebul iqna mniSvnelovani reformebi
korufciasTan brZolis, axali sagadasaxado sistemis SemuSavebis,
usafrTxoebis seqtoris gaZlierebisa da modernizaciis
mimarTulebiT.mosaxleobaSi gaCnda rwmena imisa, rom saxelmwifos SeeZlo
sakadrisi pasuxi gaeca yvelasaTvis, maT Soris iseTi Zlieri mezoblisTvis,
rogoricaa ruseTi. OTumca, ruseTis agresiis Semdeg, rogorc ruseTi, aseve
saqarTveloSi arsebuli garkveuli destruqciuli Sida politikuri Zalebi
qadageben imas, rom agvistos omis Semdeg saqarTvelos mTavroba
akontrolebs ufro nakleb teritoriebs, vidre konfliqtis eskalaciamde,
saqarTveloSi iZulebiT gadaadgilebul pirTa mravalaTasian armias
daematnen axali devnilebi samaCablodan da zemo afxazeTidan. Yyovelive am
faqtors ruseTi iyenebs qarTul da saerTaSoriso sazogadoebaSi
saqarTvelos diskreditaciis mizniT.
Uunda aRiniSnos, rom 2004 wlidan metad swrafad mimdinareobda
saqarTvelos socialur-ekonomikuri ganviTareba, marto 2007 wels
saqarTvelos mTliani Sida produqtis zrdam 12%-s gadaaWarba. imave wels,
saqarTveloSi 2 miliard dolarze meti ucxouri investicia iqna
ganxorcielebuli. es yvelaferi, ra Tqma unda ruseTis gaRizianebas
iwvevda, amitomac kremlis mizans aseve warmoadgenda saqarTvelos
ekonomikuri ganviTarebis SeCereba da investorTa daSineba. am mxriv
aRsaniSnavia, rom omis dawyebisTanave, saqarTvelos suverenuli sakredito
reitingebi Camoaklo orive wamyvanma saerTaSoriso sareitingo
saagentom_Fitch Ratings-ma da Standard & Poor’s-ma. Fitch-ma saqarTvelos
grZelvadiani reitingi erovnul da ucxour valutaSi BB- donidan B+
donemde dawia259 da reitingis Semdgomi Secvlis prognozad, manamde
arsebuli ,,stabiluris” nacvlad, ,,negatiuri” daadgina. (AAA kategoria
eniWeba umaRlesi sandoobis kompanias an qveyanas, D- maT, visi
gadamxdelunarianobis albaToba 50%-ze naklebia. saqarTvelos reitingis
kleba BB-donidan B+ donemde niSnavs, rom qveyanaSi mniSvnelovani
sakredito riskebi arsebobs).
sagareopolitikuri Sedegebi
agvistos omis Semdeg, dasavluri samyaro paradoqsul viTarebaSi

aRmoCnda: erTis mxriv, igi mzadyofnas acxadebda ufro aqtiurad CaTuliyo
konfliqtis mowesrigebaSi, magram ruseTis agresiulma qmedebebma, euTosa
da gaeros sadamkvirveblo misiebis saqmianobaze vetos gamoyenebiT,
mniSvnelovnad SezRuda saerTaSoriso sazogadoeba am survilis
ganxorcielebaSi. Tumca meores mxriv, ra Tqma unda mniSvnelovania
259
Georgia violence hurts Russian, emergin markets, Reuters, Friday, Aug 8, 2008.
376
evrokavSiris monitoringis misiis amoqmedeba 2010 wlis 10 oqtombridan,
Tumca TviTon is faqti, rom evropeli damkvirveblebi ver axorcieleben
viTarebis monitorings saqarTvelos okupirebul regionebSi, SesaZlebelia
gakeTdes daskvna, rom konfliqtis mogvarebis sruli internacionalizacia
ver moxerxda. Mmeores mxriv aRsaniSnavia is faqti, rom omis Semdeg
evrokavSirma aqtiurad daiwyo fiqri postsabWoTa respublikebTan, maT
Soris saqarTvelosTan TanamSromlobis gaaqtiurebis Sesaxeb, risi naTeli
dadasturebacaa evrokavSiris “aRmosavleTis partniorobis” programa,
romlis saboloo damtkicebac ganxorcielda 2009 wlis maisSi. Aaseve,
evropa sul ufro cdilobs ruseTis energoresursebze damokidebulebis
Semcirebas, risi naTeli dadasturebacaa evrokavSiris gaaqtiureba
“nabuqos” proeqtis ganxorcielebis mimarTulebiT.
evropul da evroatlantikur struqturebSi integraciis kuTxiT,
agvistos movlenebis mniSvneloba sxvadasxvanairad SeiZleba Sefasdes.
erTis mxriv, aSkaraa, rom ruseTis qmedebam saqarTvelos sakiTxi
saerTaSoriso usafrTxoebis sakiTxad aqcia. ruseTis yvela gancxadeba,
rom ar dauSvebs saqarTvelosa (da ukrainis) integracias natoSi,
garkveulwilad aSinebs aliansis rig qveynebs. Tumca, meores mxriv, swored
ruseTis agresiis Semdeg Seiqmna nato-saqarTvelos komisia (2008 wlis 19
agvisto), xolo 2008 wlis dekemberSi gamarTul nato-s briuselis
ministerialze saqarTvelosa da ukrainisaTvis yovelwliuri erovnuli
programa iqna damtkicebuli.
Aaseve mniSvnelovania aRiniSnos dasavleTis im daxmarebis Sesaxeb,
romelic briuselis donorTa konferenciaze saqarTvelosaTvis 4,5
miliardi dolaris gamoyofaSi iqna gamoxatuli.
ruseTis agresiisekonomikuri Sedegebi
ssrk-is daSlis Semdgom periodSi, saqarTveloze kontrolis SenarCunebis

mizniT, ruseTi yvelanairad cdilobda saqarTvelos ekonomikur
dasustebas. Mmas Semdeg, rac 2004 wlidan saqarTveloSi Tavisufali
sabazro ekonomikis principebis praqtikaSi danergvis TvalsazrisiT
mniSvnelovani reformebi iqna ganxorcielbuli, rasac mohyva qveyanaSi
investiciaTa Semodineba da mTliani Sida produqtis zrda, ruseTi
ekonomikuri zewolis TvalsazrisiT aqtiur qmedebebze gadavida. 2006
wlidan moyolebuli, ruseTi faqtiurad srulfasovan ekonomikur embargos
axorcielebs, rac qarTuli alkoholuri da mineraluri wylebis, xilisa
da sxva sasoflo-sameurneo produqciis rusul bazarze importis
akrZalvaSi gamoixateba. Ggarda amisa, ruseTma TiTqosda saremonto
samuSaoebis ganxorcielebis mizniT, Caketa ruseT-saqarTvelos saxmeleTo
sazRvari zemo larsSi, aseve gazarda ruseTidan saqarTveloSi
importirebul bunebrivi airis safasuri. 2008 wlis dasawyisidan
SeiniSneboda am mkacri reJimis erTgvari Serbileba, rac vizebis gacemis
SedarebiT mowesrigebasa da komunikaciebis (saaviacio, sazRvao mimosvla,
safosto gzavnilebis aRdgena, larsis sabaJo punqtis SesaZlo gaxsna)
aRdgenaSi gamoixateboda, Tumca rogorc movlenebis SemdgomSi
ganviTarebam gviCvena, es ruseTis mxridan gadadgmuli garkveuli
mzakvruli nabiji gaxldaT, romlis mizani iyo saqarTvelosa da
saerTaSoriso sazogadoebis moduneba agresiis ganxorcielebis win. ra
Tqma unda, saomari moqmedebebis dawyebisTanave es “monapovari” istoriis
kuTvnilebad iqca.
377
saomari moqmedebebis viTarebaSi saqarTvelos ekonomikam mdgradobis
testi, avad Tu kargad, Caabara, magram soliduri zaralic ganicada.
pirdapir danakargebs rom Tavi davaneboT (upirveles yovlisa, adamianur
danakargebs), uamravi odenobis saxsrebi iqna mimarTuli (da momavalSic
iqneba) im infrastruqturis aRsadgenad, romelic ruseTis samxedro
intervenciam gaanadgura da albaT, kidev gaanadgurebs, sanam saqarTvelos
or istoriul regionSi saokupacio nawilebi arian ganlagebulni. es aris
samoqalaqo da ekonomikuri infrastruqtura- gzebi, komunikaciebi,
sxvadasxva tipis da masStabis samrewvelo Tu sawarmoo obieqtebi,
romlebzec rusulma tankebma da aviagamanadgureblebma araerTi ieriSi
miitanes.
gasagebi mizezebis gamo, sabiujeto seqtori ryevebs ver gadaurCa.
omis da mis Semdgom pirvel dReebSi am mxriv ar iyo problema. magaliTad,
marto erT dRes- 13 agvistos, qveynis biujetma 18 mln laris Semosavali
miiRo, maSin, rodesac saSualo dRiuri maCvenebeli 15-16 mln laria. magram,
momdevno periodSi saxelmwifo biujetSi Semosavlebis klebis tendencia
gamoikveTa, rac saqarTvelos mTavrobam qveynis teritoriaze tvirTebis
gadaadgilebis SezRudviT axsna.
rusuli agresiis dros araerTgzis daibomba iseTi obieqtebi, romelTa
gamarTul muSaobazec didwilad aris damokidebuli mTlianad qarTuli
ekonomikis funqcionireba. rusuli Wurvebi Camoiyara Tbilisis saaviacio
gaerTianebaSi, romelic wina wlebSi qarTuli eqsportis daaxloebiT 10%-s
uzrunvelyofda.
aviadabombvis msxverpli gaxda kaspis cementis qarxana- germanuli
,,haidelberg cementis” kuTvnili erT-erTi yvelaze warmatebuli sawarmoo
obieqti, romlis produqtic rogorc saSinao, ise sagareo bazrebis
moTxovnis dakmayofilebaze iyo mimarTuli.
seriozulad izarala saqarTvelos rkinigzam. kaspTan dazianebulma
sarkinigzo xidma ormxrivi zarali gamoiwvia: erTi mxriv, pirdapiri
xarjebi (mis aRsadgenad gaweuli), meore, yoveldRiurad tvirTebis
gautareblobis Sedegad dakarguli Semosavali (finansurma zaralma 30 mln
lars miaRwia).
turizmis seqtori agvistoSi ganviTarebuli movlenebis erT-erTi
pirveli msxverpli aRmoCnda. saqarTveloSi mozidul investorTa
raodenobis mixedviT, turizmis seqtori bolo wlebSi liderTa Soris iyo.
31 agvistos mdgomareobiT, turistTa raodenobam aWaraSi 182 531 kaci
Seadgina, rac wina welTan SedarebiT 28,6%-iT naklebi iyo. turistul
potencialze miyenebul zaralSi ori tipis zegavlena gamoiyofa:
 pirdapiri_ zegavlena ganicada im ZiriTadma bunebrivma resursebma
(biomravalferovneba, balneologiur-klimaturi pirobebi, esTetikuri
Rirebulebebi), romelic ZiriTad turistul potencials
warmoadgenda;
 saomar moqmedebaTa Sedegad gamowveuli SiSi. am faqtoris moqmedeba
gacilebiT mniSvnelovania da scildeba uSualod agresiis
konkretul geografiul sazRvrebs da mTeli qveynis masStabiT
vlindeba.260
260
instituti. CIPDD. 2008. P.53-54
378
saomari moqmedebebis dros foTis portis blokirebisa da
saavtomobilo magistralebis gadaketvis, aseve sarkinigzo
infrastruqturis dazianebis da saaviacio mimosvlis Semcirebis, aseve
sabanko da sxva seqtorebSi amuSavebuli droebiTi SezRudvebis gamo,
qveyanaSi tvirTebis moZraoba da savaWro operaciebis moculoba
mniSvnelovanwilad Semcirda.
garemosdacviTi analizi da Sedegebi
mSvidobiani mosaxleobis da samxedro personalis msxverplis,

samxedro da samoqalaqo infrastruqturis dazianebisa da ganadgurebis
garda, 2008 wlis agvistos rusulma samxedro agresiam saqarTveloSi
ekologiuri katastrofa gamoiwvia. rogorc oficialuri, ise sxvadasxva
saerTaSoriso sainformacio wyaros, TviTmxilvelTa Cvenebebisa da
eqspertebis Sefasebis mixedviT, rusulma samxedro intervenciam
mniSvnelovani ziani miayena kavkasiisa da Savi zRvis bunebriv ekosistemebs.
saqarTvelos garemosdacvisa da bunebrivi resursebis saministrosa da
Sinagan saqmeTa saministros informaciiT, agvistos meore naxevarSi,
rusuli SeiaraRebuli Zalebis mizanmimarTuli qmedebebis Sedegad,
saqarTvelos sxvadasxva regionSi asobiT heqtari unikaluri tye
ganadgurda. magaliTad, borjomis xeobaSi vizualuri daTvalierebiT,
mTlianad ganadgurebul iqna tyis masivis 250 heqtarze meti, xolo
atenis xeobaSi (Sida qarTlis regioni),damwvari tyis masivma 50 heqtari
Seadgina. Ggarda amisa, rusuli samxedro aviaciis qmedebis Sedegad cecxli
gauCnda kaspis raionis tyeebs, daba suramis tyeebs, xaragaulisa da kojris
tyeebs.
rac Seexeba Sav zRvas, eqspertTa SefasebiT, zRvaSi CaiRvara
daaxloebiT 50-70 tona navTobi da navTobproduqti, rac saqarTvelos Savi
zRvis sanapiro zolisaTvis uprecendento SemTxvevas warmoadgens.
ruseT-saqarTvelos omis dawyebis garemoebaTa damdgeni saerTaSoriso komisiis

(e.w. taliavinis komisiis) daskvna
ruseT-saqarTvelos omis dawyebis garemoebaTa damdgeni saerTaSoriso komisiis

daskvna saerTaSoriso sazogadoebisaTvis cnobili gaxda 2009 wlis 30
seqtembers. sxvadasxva faqtebis ganxilvasTan erTad, pirvel rigSi albaT
aucilebelia yuradReba gamaxvildes im msxverplis Sesaxeb, rac ruseTis
agresiiT iqna gamowveuli. kerZod, komisiis monacemTa mixedviT, qarTulma
mxarem dakarga 170 samxedro mosamsaxure, 14 policieli da 228 samoqalaqo
piri-mSvidobiani mosaxleobis warmomadgeneli. qarTuli mxridan daWrilTa
raodenobam 1747 saqarTvelos moqalaqe Seadgina.
rac Seexeba rusul mxares, komisiis monacemebze dayrdnobiT okupantebma
dakarges 67 samxedro piri, xolo daWrilTa raodenobam 283 adamiani Seadgina.
rac Seexeba osur mxares, aq danakargi Seadgens 365 mokluls, sadac saubaria
savaraudod rogorc samoqalaqo pirebze, aseve ukanono bandformirebebis
379
warmomadgenlebze. Aaseve, komisiam aRniSna, rom 100 000-mde adamianma –
samoqalaqo pirebma dakarges sacxovrebeli adgilebi.261
Ddokumentis SesavalSi, aseve aRniSnulia is faqti, rom “konfliqti ar
dawyebula 7-dan 8 agvistos Rames, rodesac igi gadaizarda farTomasStabian
samxedro operaciaSi, da es gaxldaT mxolod kulminacia didi xnis
ganmavlobaSi zrdadi daZabulobebis, provokaciebisa da incidentebis,
romelic win uZRoda farTomasStabiani saomari moqmedebebis
262
dawyebas.” miuxedavad imisa, rom dokumenti kidev ufro met obieqturobas
moiTxovda, radganac aq ar aris naxsenebi terminebi “okupacia”, “agresia” da
a.S. komisiis daskvnaSi gaanalizebulia is provokaciuli qmedebebi, romlebic
momdinareobda ruseTisa da separatistuli reJimebis mxridan dawyebuli
sabWoTa kavSiris daSlis periodidan 2008 wlis agvistomde. dokumentis 24-e
punqtSi aseve aRniSnulia afxazeTis teritoriaze – zemo afxazeTSi ruseTisa
da separatistTa Zalebis ukanono qmedebebi, rasac 1994 wlis moskovis
xelSekrulebis darRvevis Sedegad mohyva zemo afxazeTis ukanono dakaveba.263
aseve, taliavinim Tavis werilSi gamoTqva erTgvari sayveduri saerTaSoriso
organizaciebis mimarT imis gamo, rom maTi muSaoba saqarTvelos konfliqtebis
mosagvareblad ar iyo efeqtiani, rom “wlebis manZilze aravis ucdia
konfliqtis yvela monawilis realuri wuxilis gaTvaliswineba”. 264
ruseT-saqarTvelos urTierTobebi omis Semdeg
ruseTis mier ganxorcielebuli agresiis Semdegac, es qveyana aqtiurad

agrZelebda Tavis destruqciul qmedebebs saqarTvelos winaaRmdeg, rac
gamoixateba Tundac okupirebuli zonebis siaxloves provokaciebis
mowyobaSi, ris Sedegadac samegrelosa da Sida qarTlis regionebSi
ruseTis saokupacio Zalebisa da marionetuli reJimebis ukanono
bandformirebebis mier gaxsnili cecxlis Sedegad, 15-mde qarTveli
policieli daiRupa da dabombil iqna mravali sacxovrebeli saxli. Ggarda
amisa, ganxorcielebul iqna ramdenime diversiuli aqti, maT Soris moxda
ramdenime afeTqeba saqarTvelos rkinigzaze, samegrelos regionSi, aseve,
dazianebul iqna eleqtrogadamcemi xazi “qarTli-2”, Sida qarTlSi, moxda
saqarTvelos mravali moqalaqis gataceba da dapatimreba e.w. “samxreT
oseTis respublikis saxelmwifo sazRvris” gadakveTis gamo.
saqarTvelos teritoriis TiTqmis 20%-is okupaciis Semdeg, ruseTma kidev
ufro gaaqtiura sakuTari samxedro yofna orive regionSi. TiToeul
regionSi okupantTa raodenoba e.w. “ruseTis sasazRvro Zalebis” CaTvliT
5000-s aRemateba. Ggarda amisa, okupirebul regionebSi ruseTma sxva
samxedro teqnikasTan erTad ganalaga haersawinaRmdego sistema “s-300”
afxazeTSi, da “toCka-u”-s sistemebi cxinvalis regionSi. Aaseve, sakuTari
kunTebis demonstrirebis mizniT, ruseTi marionetuli reJimebis
warmomadgenlebTan erTad sistematurad atarebs samxedro wvrTnebs xan
afxazeTsa (maT Soris Savi zRvis akvatoriaSi samxedro-sazRvao Zalebis
261
Independent InternationalFact-Finding Missionon the Conflict in Georgia. Introduction, p.1.
262
263
264
iqve
380
gamoyenebiT) da cxinvalis regionSi, xan saqarTvelos sazRvris siaxloves-
CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi.
cnobilia, rom 2009 wlis oqtombridan saerTaSoriso organizaciebis
SuamavlobiT saqarTvelos, ruseTis, da aseve afxazeTisa da samxreT
oseTis marionetuli reJimebis warmomadgenelTa Soris imarTeba Sexvedrebi
q. JenevaSi. Aam Sexvedrebis organizebiT, ruseTi yvelanairad cdilobs
moaCvenos Tavi saerTaSoriso sazogadoebas, rom is afxazur da osur
mxareebTan erTad momxrea samSvidobo molaparakebebis gamarTvis, Tumca,
kremli yvelanairad cdilobs molaparakebaTa procesis gawelvas, rac
gamoixateba imaSi, rom ruseTi absoluturad absurdul moTxovnebs uyenebs
qarTul mxares, rac gamoixateba imaSi, rom kremlis poziciis mixedviT
saqarTvelom unda gaaformos e.w. “Tavdausxmelobis” xelSekruleba
afxazeTTan da samxreT oseTTan, anu qveyanam unda aiRos valdebuleba
gaaformos samxedro xasiaTis xelSekruleba sakuTar regionebTan, rac
absurdia, radganac saerTaSoriso samarTalSi ar arsebobs araviTari
samarTlebrivi meqanizmi, romlis mixedviTac suverenuli saxelmwifo xels
awerdes sakuTar regionebTan xelSekrulebas Tavdausxmelobis Sesaxeb.
Mmeores mxriv, ruseTi uars acxadebs gaiTvaliswinos qarTuli mxaris
moTxovna da gaaformos ruseT-saqarTvelos xelSekruleba
Tavdausxmelobis Sesaxeb. Tumca amgvari xelSekrulebis xelmowera or
saerTaSoriso samarTlis subieqts Soris sruliad Seesabameba
saerTaSoriso-samarTlebriv normebs.
Aamave dros, aRsaniSnavia, rom ruseTsa da saqarTvelos Soris
urTierTobebSi garkveuli Sexebis wertilebic arsebobs, magaliTad orive
mxaris interess warmoadgenda zemo larsis sasazRvro punqtis gaxsna.
rogorc cnobilia, igi 2010 wlis 1 marts kvlav iqna gaxsnili. Ggarda amisa,
aRdgenilia pirdapiri sahaero reisebi ruseTsa da saqarTvelos Soris.
saqarTvelos statistikis saxelmwifo departamentis monacemebiT, ruseTsa
da saqarTvelos Soris 2010 wels savaWro brunvam daaxloebiT 260 milioni
dolari Seadgina.265ruseTi aseve dainteresebulia msoflio savaWro
organizaciaSi gawevrianebiT da cdilobs saqarTvelosTan molaparakebaTa
procesis gamarTvas aRniSnul sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT. Aamave dros,
zemoaRniSnulis miuxedavad, saqarTvelos mTavari safrTxe isev ruseTidan
modis, amitomac aucilebelia gaanalizebul iqnes is safrTxeebi da
gamowvevebi, romlebic momdinareobs ruseTidan 2008 wlis agvistoSi
ganxorcielebuli samxedro agresiis Semdeg.
ruseTis mxridan momdinare safrTxeebi
miuxedavad imisa, rom ruseT-saqarTvelos omis Sedegad, Cvenma Crdiloelma

mezobelma moaxdina saqarTvelos teritoriis 20%-is okupacia, kremlma ver
SesZlo Tavisi saboloo miznis ganxorcieleba – saqarTvelos
saxelmwifoebriobis mospoba da misi sagareo-politikuri orientaciis
Secvla. aqedan gamomdinare, momavalSi SesaZlebelia ruseTis mier
sxvadasxva berketebis gamoyeneba saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebriobis
dasustebis mizniT. arsebobs udidesi safrTxe, rom moskovma
ganaxorcielos SesaZlo provokaciebi saqarTvelos winaaRmdeg da
Sesabamisi zewola iqnes ganxorcielebuli Cveni qveynis winaaRmdeg.
265
http://www.economy.ge/upload-file/pdf/trade-turnover-2010-final.pdf.pdf
381
ruseTis mxridan saqarTvelos pirvel rigSi SeiZleba daemuqros
politikuri, ekonomikuri, samxedro da energetikuli xasiaTis safrTxeebi,
kerZod:
politikuri xasiaTis safrTxeebi: ruseTi yvela donis saerTaSoriso

organizaciaSi gaswevs antiqarTuli politikis lobirebas. gaagrZelebs
sainformacio oms Cveni qveynis winaaRdeg da mTel msoflioSi Seecdeba
saqarTveloze Seqmnas uaryofiTi imiji. Aamis naTeli dadasturebaa
moskovis mier vetos dadeba euTosa da gaeroSi am ori organizaciis
sadamkvirveblo misiis Sewyvetis mizniT.
aseve, ruseTis mizania saqarTvelos saerTaSoriso imijis Selaxva –
magaliTad saqarTvelos warmodgena teroristebis mfarvel qveynad,
romelic xels uwyobs CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi teroristuli saqmianobis
ganxorcielebas.
Kkremlis erT-erT umTavres mizans warmoadgens saqarTveloSi arsebuli
garkveuli antierovnuli politikuri Zalebis (romelsac ruseTi “jansaR
qarTul politikur Zalebs” uwodebs) waxaliseba, raTa am Zalebma
aqciebisa da demonstraciebis, provokaciebis mowyobebis, aseve sxva
destruqciuli qmedebebiT gamoivion saqarTvelos Sidapolitikuri
destabilizacia. Aam saqmeSi ruseTi yvelanairad Seecdeba ruseTSi moqmedi
e.w. “qarTuli saTvistomoebis” gamoyenebasac.
Pkremli arasdros ar moerideba muqaris Semcveli politikuri xasiaTis
gancxadebebis gakeTebas, radgan ruseTis mizania panikis daTesva qarTul
sazogadoebaSi.
ekonomikuri xasiaTis safrTxeebi: dRevandel etapze, im faqtis

gaTvaliswinebiT, rom ruseTsa da saqarTvelos Soris saxelmwifo
sazRvari Caketilia (larsis sasazRvro punqtze or qveyanas Soris
faqtiurad aranairi savaWro operaciebi ar xorcieldeba), aseve
saqarTvelos energetikuli damokidebuleba ruseTze sagrZnobladaa
Semcirebuli, ruseTi Seecdeba destabilizaciis gamowvevas saqarTvelos
teritoriaze, aseve diversiuli aqtebis mowyobas, ramac SesaZloa
Seamciros saqarTvelos satranzito funqciis mniSvneloba da daafrTxos
potenciuri ucxoeli investorebi. SeiZleba amiTac aris gamowveuli is
faqti, rom 2009 wels 2008 welTan SedarebiT ucxour investiciaTa
moculoba daaxloebiT 80%-iT Semcirda, xolo 2010 wels saqarTveloSi
dabandebuli ucxouri kapitalis moculobam 400 milion aSS dolars ar
gadaaWarba.
samxedro xasiaTis safrTxeebi:dRevandel etapze ruseTis mxridan

saqarTvelos winaaRmdeg farTomasStabiani samxedro agresiis
ganxorcielebis SesaZlebloba minimumamdea dayvanili, Tumca ruseTi Cveni
qveynis saxelmwifoebriobis dasustebis mizniT Seecdeba sxvadasxva saxis
diversiuli aqtebis mowyobas rogorc satransporto infrastruqturaze,
aseve eleqtrogadamcem xazebze da baqo-sufsisa da baqo-Tbilisi-jeihanis
moqmed navTobsadenebsa da baqo-Tbilisi-erzurumis gazsadenze. diversiuli
aqtebis mowyobam strategiuli mniSvnelobis energetikul obieqtebze
SesaZlebelia gamoiwvios energetikul krizisi qveyanaSi. ruseTis mxridan
saqarTveloze zewolis ganxorcielebis sakiTxSi ruseTi ecdeba afxazeTsa
da samxreT oseTSi, aseve CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi moqmedi bandformirebebis
gamoyenebas. ar aris gamoricxuli misi satelitis samxreT kavkasiis
regionSi, somxeTis gamoyenebac. miuxedavad imisa, rom negatiuri qmedebebis
382
ganxorcieleba oficialuri erevnisagan TiTqmis gamoricxulia, magram ar
aris gamoricxuli magaliTad somxuri radikaluri moZraobis
`daSnaktucunis~ samxedro formirebebis mxridan teroristuli aqtebis
ganxorcieleba saqarTveloSi ganlagebul energoobieqtebze, aseve
SesaZlebelia Sidapolitikuri viTarebis gamwvavebis mcdeloba javaxeTSi.
Uuares SemTxvevaSi ar aris gamoricxuli ruseTis aviaciis mier
saqarTvelos samxedro obieqtebis winaaRmdeg preventiuli dartymebis
ganxorcieleba, rac SeiZleba ruseTma axsnas imiT, rom am obieqtebidan
xdeba CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi moqmedi teroristuli organizaciebis
SeiaraRebiT momarageba da a.S.
ruseTis mxridan energetikuli berketebis gamoyenebis SesaZlebloba:

ruseTi yvelanairad ecdeba, raTa ganxorcielebul iqnes yvela is
energetikuli proeqti, romelSic ruseTi monawileobs. kerZod, gazsadeni
“cisferi nakadi”,kaspiispira gazsadenis proeqti, burgas-
aleqsandropolisis transbalkanuri navTobsadeni, baqo-novorosiiskis
navTobsadeni, Zaurikau-cxinvalis gazsadeni. aRniSnul proeqtebze qvemoT
gveqneba saubari.
movlenaTa SesaZlo ganviTarebis prognozebi:
pesimisturi scenari:
- ruseTi, garkveuli sababiT ganaxorcielebs meore farTomasStabian

samxedro agresias saqarTvelos winaaRmdeg;
- ruseTi maqsimalurad ecdeba, raTa momavalSic garZeldes diversiuli
aqtebis ganxorcieleba saqarTvelos infrastruqturis obieqtebze, pirvel
rigSi eleqtrogadamcem xazebze, rkinigzaze da uares SemTxvevaSi
navTobsadenebze. rogorc cnobilia, ruseT-saqarTvelos omis dawyebamde
sami dRiT adre, 2008 wlis 5 agvistos teroristuli aqti ganxorcielebul
iqna baqo-Tbilisi-jeihanis navTobsadenze. Aam dros afeTqeba
ganxorcielebul iqna TurqeTis teritoriaze, Tumca yvelaze metad
savaraudoa, rom teraqti (romlis ganxorcilebaze pasuxismgebloba
qurTebis muSaTa partiam aiRo) ruseTis specsamsaxurebis uSualo CareviT
iqna gakeTebuli. Aamave dRes specialuri gancxadeba gaakeTa afxazeTis de-
faqto liderma sergei baRafSma, romelmac daadastura afxazeTis
mzadyofna ganxorcielebul yofiliyo teraqti baqo-Tbilisi-jeihanis
navTobsadenze.saqarTvelos energetikul infrastruqturaze
ganxorcielebuli teraqtebi sagrZnoblad Seamcirebs saqarTvelos –
rogorc satranzito qveynis imijs;
- ruseTi gaagrZelebs sainformacio oms saqarTvelosTan, brals dasdebs
Cvens qveyanas magaliTad teroristebis mfarvelobaSi da a.S. da daimuqreba
garkveuli sanqciebis amoqmedebiT, aseve SantaJisa da fsiqologiuri
zewolis mizniT gazrdis samxedro kontingents rogorc saqarTvelos
okupirebul regionebSi, aseve CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi. Aes ki gamoiwvevs
ucxour investorTa daSinebas da investiciebis saqarTvelos ekonomikaSi
dabandebis Seferxebas;
- kremli gaaqtiurebs molaparakebaTa process azerbaijanTan, raTa baqom
gazardos navTobisa da gazis eqsporti ruseTis mimarTulebiT da amave
dros Seamciros energomatareblebis eqsporti saqarTveloSi. samagierod
ruseTi azerbaijans SesTavazebs yarabaRis konfliqtis mogvarebaSi kidev
383
ufro met daxmarebas. Sedegad, SesaZlebelia saqarTvelos Seeqmnas
damatebiTi problemebi energousafrTxoebasTan dakavSirebiT, aseve Tavisi
mniSvneloba dakargos baqo-Tbilisi-erzurumis gazsadenma;
- ruseTi miaRwevs konsensuss TurqmeneTTan da yazaxeTTan am qveynebidan
bunebrivi airis ruseTSi transportirebasTan dakavSirebiT, rac faqtiurad
daasamarebs “nabuqos”, an “TeTri nakadis” proeqtis ganxorcielebis ideas;
- ruseTi SesTavazebs sarfian garigebas TurqeTs, raTa ganxorcieldes
proeqti “cisferi nakadi”, rac Tavis mxriv gamoiwvevs ankaris mxridan uars
“nabuqos” proeqtis ganxorcielebaze;
- ruseTma SesaZloa miaRwios SeTanxmebas “nabuqos” proeqtSi monawile
qveynebis – magaliTad ungreTisa da avstriis energokompaniebTan da
SesTavazos maT alternatiuli gazi ruseTidan.
optimisturi scenari:
- “nabuqos” an “TeTri nakadis” proeqtze muSaobis dawyeba kidev ufro
gazrdis evropis dainteresebas saqarTvelos mimarT, amitom evrokavSiri
sul ufro metad iqneba dainteresebuli saqarTveloSi stabilizaciis
damyarebiT. Aam faqtis gamo evrokavSiris dRis wesrigSi dadgeba
saqarTvelos teritoriaze samSvidobo operaciebis kidev ufro gaaqtiureba,
raTa ruseTis mxridan momdinare safrTxeebis albaToba minimumamde iqnes
dayvanili;
- dasavleTis mier ruseTis energomatareblebze damokidebulebis
Semcirebisa da okupirebul regionebTan mimarTebaSi diplomatiuri
zewolis gaaqtiurebis Sedegad, ruseTi iZulebuli gaxdeba dauSvas
evrokavSiris damkvirvebelTa saqmianoba okupirebul regionebSi;
- Tu aSS-is mier saqarTveloSi garveuli samxedro obieqtebis ganTavseba
moxdeba, es iZulebuls gaxdis ruseTs xeli aiRos provokaciuli
qmedebebis ganxorcielebaze;
- ruseTi, Tavisi saerTaSoriso imijis gamosworebis mizniT Seecdeba
saqarTvelos garkveuli kontaqtebis aRdgena SesTavazos. Aarsebobs imis
albaToba, rom savaWro operaciebi ganxorcieldes zemo larsis sasazRvro
punqtis meSveobiT, rac xels Seuwyobs tvirTbrunvis zrdas saqarTvelosa
da ruseTs Soris;
- msoflio savaWro organizaciaSi Sesvlis sanacvlod kremli saqarTvelos
SesTavazebs garkveuli qarTuli produqciis rusul bazarze Setanas.
CrdiloeTkavkasia-saqarTvelos urTierTobebi
saqarTvelos urTierTobebs CrdiloeT kavkasiaTan didi xnis istoria

gaaCnia da momavalSic wamoudgenelia Cveni qveynis sagareo politika
CrdiloeT kavkasiis respublikebTan urTierTobebis gareSe. amave dros,
saqarTvelosa da CrdiloeT kavkasiis xalxebs Soris urTierToba marto
or mxareze ar aris damokidebuli. masze mniSvnelovan gavlenas axdens
ruseTis faqtori da misi gavlena kavkasiis regionSi.
CrdiloeT kavkasiis politikuri ruka da eTnikuri Semadgenloba
ruseTis federaciis SemadgenlobaSi Semavali CrdiloeT kavkasia

wamodgenilia Semdegi administraciul-politikuri erTeulebiT:
krasnodaris mxare (76 aTasi kv.km), stavropoli mxare (66,5 aTasi kv.km),
respublikebi – adiRe (7,6 aTasi kv.km), yaraCai-CerqezeTi (14,1 aTasi kv.km),
384
yabardo-balyareTi (12,5 aTasi kv.km), CrdiloeT oseTi-alania (8 aTasi kv.km),
inguSeTi (4,6 aTasi kv.km), CeCneTi (15,9 aTasi kv.km), daRestani (50,3 aTasi
kv.km).
aRsaniSnavia is faqti, rom mTlianad kavkasiaSi cxovrobs 50-ze meti

erovnebis xalxi: iberiul-kavkasiuriojaxis qarTveluri jgufis
warmomadgenlebi arian qarTvelebi, afxazur-adiReur jgufs miekuTvnebian –
afxazebi, abazinebi, yabardoelebi, Cerqezebi, adiReelebi; naxur jgufSi
gawevrianebulebi arian CeCnebi, inguSebi da avarebi; xolo daRestnur
jgufSi Sedian lekebi, lakebi, darginelebi, xunZebi da a.S.
rac Seexeba alTauri ojaxis Turqul jgufs, aq gawevrianebulebi arian
samxreT kavkasiidan azerbaijanelebi, xolo CrdiloeT kavkasiidan yumuxebi,
yaraCaelebi, balyarelebi. Aamave dros, monRolur jgufSi
gawevrianebulebi arian yalmuxebi.
rac Seexeba indoevropul ojaxs, aq pirvel rigSi slavuri jgufis
warmomadgenlebi-rusebi moiazrebian, bevr maTgani Tavs kazakebadac ki
miiCnevs. Aamave ojaxis iranul jfufs Seadgenen osebi da qurTebi, xolo
somxur jgufs somxebi warmoadgenen.
saqarTvelo-CrdiloeT kavkasiis urTierTobaTa istoria
saqarTvelo-kavkasiis urTierToebebi uZvelesi droidan iwyeba. mravali

saukunis ganmavlobaSi kavkasiis xalxebs Soris urTierToebi sxvadasxva
intensivobiT viTardeboda.
gansakuTrebiT axlo urTierTobebi arsebobda qarTvelebsa da
Crdilokavkasielebs Soris, romlebic erTmaneTis ara mxolod mezoblebi,
aramed monaTesaveebic iyvnen genetikuri da lingvisturi TvalsazrisiT.
qarTveli mefeebi da feodalebi yovelTvis did samxedro-politikur
mniSvnelobas aniWebdnen mTis xalxebTan mWidro urTierTobebis damyarebas.
amitomac isini yovelTvis cdilobdnen daemyarebinaT CrdiloeT kavkasiis
xalxebTan keTilmezobluri urTierTobebi. am yvelafris erT-erTi
damaxasiaTebeli iyo farTod gavrcelebuli dinastiuri qorwinebebi
saqarTvelos samefoebisa da samTavroboebis warmomadgenelebsa da
CrdiloeT kavkasiis saxanoebis warmomadgenlebs Soris. Q
qarTvelebsa da CrdiloeT kavkasielebs Soris gansakuTrebiT mWidro
kavSiri (gansakuTrebiT adiReelebTan da vainaxebTan) XVIII saukunis Sua
periodSi ganviTarda. am kavSirma pozitiuri roli Seasrula samxreT
kavkasiaSi qarTl-kaxeTis gaerTianebuli samefos hegemonuri rolis
SenarCunebaSi.266
qarTl-kaxeTis mefe erekle II (1744-1762 ww. kaxeTis mefe, 1762-1798 ww.
gaerTianebuli qarTl-kaxeTis mefe) didi pativiscemiT sargeblobda
CrdiloeT kavkasiis xalxebSi, gansakuTrebiT da adiRelTa (Tanamedrove
adiReelebi, Cerqezebi da yabardoelebi) da vainaxebs (Tanamedrove CeCnebi
da inguSebi) Soris, romelTac qarTveli monarqi Zalzed afasebda.267
266
Н. Джавахишвили. БОРЬБА ЗА СВОБОДУ КАВКАЗА. (ИЗ ИСТОРИИ ВОЕННО-ПОЛИТИЧЕСКОГО
СОТРУДНИЧЕСТВА ГРУЗИН И СЕВЕРОКАВКАЗЦЕВ В ПЕРВОЙ ПОЛОВИНЕ XX ВЕКА). Издательство
Тбилисского университета. 2005. Стр. 15
ДЖАВАХИШВИЛИ
267
iqve
385
XVIII s. 70-80-ian wlebSi erekle II cdilobda saqarTveloSi yabardoelebis
Camosaxlebas. Aam ideas adiRel feodalTa umravlesoba didi sixaruliT
Sexvda. Ees gegma miznad isaxavda erTguli, regularuli armiis
Camoyalibebas, Tumca qarTuli saxelmwifoebriobis gaZlierebasa da
saqarTvelosa da CrdiloeT kavkasias Soris urTierTobaTa kidev ufro
ganmtkicebas xeli SeuSala ruseTis imperiam.268
saqarTvelosa da CrdiloeT kavkasias Soris samxedro-politikurikavSiri
XIX s. dasawyisamde arsebobda, anu qarTl-kaxeTis samefos saboloo
gauqmebamde. Tumca, ruseTis mier saqarTvelosa da CrdiloeT kavkasiis
dapyrobis Semdegac qarTvel da Crdilokavkasiel xalxebs ar SeuwyvetiaT
erTmaneTTan urTierToba.
ruseTis imperiis daSlis Semdeg kvlav aRdga saqarTvelosa da CrdiloeT
kavkasiis xalxebs Soris samxedro-politikuri kavSiri. amis naTeli
dadasturebaa is, rom saqarTvelos demokratiul respublikas metad
megobruli urTierToba gaaCnda mTielTa respublikasTan. wiTeli armiis
mier samxreT kavkasiis sami saxelmwifos da mTielTa respublikis
dapyrobis Semdeg, am qveynebis mTavrobis warmomadgenelTa mniSvnelovanma
nawilma dasavleT evropaSi emigracia ganaxorciela. emigraciaSi kavkasieli
patriotebi aqtiurad ganagrZobdnen TanamSromlobas.
qarTvelebi da Crdilokavkasielebi erTobliv brZolas bolSevikuri

reJimis winaaRmdegac aqtiurad ganagrZobdnen. cnobilia, rom qarTveli
patriotebi – bolSevikuri saokupacio reJimis mowinaaRmdegeebi –
intensiurad TanamSromlobdnen Crdilokavkasiel xalxebTan. isini
aucileblad Tvlidnen erToblivi antibolSevikuri centris Seqmnas.
Aamis naTeli dadasturebaa Tundac 1921 wlis maisSi, xolo Semdeg imave
wlis ivnissa da noemberSi kavkasiel emigrantTa Sexvedra parizSi, sadac
ganixiles bolSevikuri reJimis damxobis SesaZleblobebi. 1921 wlis 10
ivniss TaTbiris warmomadgenlebma gaaformes SeTanxmeba kavkasiuri
respublikebis kavSiris sabWos Seqmnis Sesaxeb.269
1921 wlis 2 oqtombers, q. stambulSi dafuZnebul iqna “kavkasiis
respublikebis erTiani sainformacio biuro”, romelsac daevala erToblivi
samuSaoebis ganxorcieleba Semdegi mimarTulebebiT: kavkasieli
respublikebis damoukideblobis cnoba, yvela kavkasiel xalxTa
TviTgamorkvevis uflebis upirobo cnoba, demokratiuli reformebis
ganxorcieleba, msxvili miwaTmflobelobis mospoba da glexebisaTvis miwis
kerZo sakuTrebaSi gadacema. F
1922-1923 wlebSi ramdenjerme Sedga qarTveli patriotebis vizitebi
CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi, kerZod, qaquca ColoyaSvilis erT-erTi yvelaze
uaxloesi momxre a. sulxaniSvili ramdenjerme Sexvda mTielTa gavlenian
liderebs, sadac ganixileboda bolSevikur reJimTan erToblivi brZolis
sakiTxebi. cnobilia, rom 1924 wlis ajanyebaSi sabWoTa bolSevikuri
reJimis winaaRmdeg, qarTvelebTan erTad Crdilokavkasielebic iRebdnen
monawileobas.
Kkomunisturi mmarTvelobis 70 wlis ganmavlobaSi, saqarTvelo
gvevlineboda kavkasiis ZiriTad saganmanaTleblo centrad. magaliTad,
268
Н. Джавахишвили. БОРЬБА ЗА СВОБОДУ КАВКАЗА. (ИЗ ИСТОРИИ ВОЕННО-ПОЛИТИЧЕСКОГО
СОТРУДНИЧЕСТВА ГРУЗИН И СЕВЕРОКАВКАЗЦЕВ В ПЕРВОЙ ПОЛОВИНЕ XX ВЕКА). Издательство
Тбилисского университета. 2005. Стр. 18
269
iqve
386
Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetSi sxvadasxva specialobiT araerTma
Crdilokavkasielma miiRo umaRlesi ganaTleba da daicva sakandidato Tu
sadoqtoro disertaciebi.
Mmas Semdeg, rac gasuli saukunis 80-iani wlebis bolos saqarTveloSi
farTod gaiSala erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraoba, sabWoTa
xelisuflebam amas ara mxolod saqarTvelos teritoriaze separatizmis
gaRviveba daupirispira, aramed yvelanairad xeli Seuwyo qarTvelebsa da
Crdilokavkasielebs Soris urTierTobaTa daZabvas. amis naTeli magaliTi
gaxldaT 1989 wels e.w. mTiel xalxTa konfederaciis Seqmna.
“kavkasiis mTiel xalxTa konfederaciis” Seqmna, gaZliereba da
saqarTvelos winaaRmdeg gamoyeneba sabWoTa kavSirisa da Semdgom ruseTis
specsamsaxurebis mier dagegmili da SemdgomSi ganxorcielebuli erT-erTi
proeqti iyo, romelsac ssrk-Si arsebiTi politikuri gardaqmna-
modernizebis periodSi sabWoTa interesebi unda daecva da sirTuleebi
Seeqmna im sabWoTa respublikebisaTvis, romlebic sabWoTa kavSiridan
gasvlasa da erovnuli damoukideblobis aRdgenas cdilobdnen.
1989 wlis 25-26 agvistos, soxumSi Catarebul “kavkasiis mTiel xalxTa I

yrilobaze” daarsda “kavkasiis mTiel xalxTa asamblea.“ “kavkasiis mTiel
xalxTa asambleis” ZiriTad oficialur miznebad dasaxelebul iqna
umTavresad kulturul-avtonomiuri aspeqtebi.270
1991 wlis 1 noembers, soxumSi, “kavkasiis mTiel xalxTa III yrilobaze”,

romelSic monawileobas iRebdnen 14 kavkasiuri eTnosis warmomadgenlebi,
miRebul iqna gadawyvetileba “kavkasiis mTiel xalxTa konfederaciis” –
rogorc politikuri gaerTianebis Seqmnis Sesaxeb, romelic Tavs acxadebda
“suverenul erovnul-saxelmwifo gaerTianebad” – igi warmodgenili iqna
rogorc “konfederaciuli saxelmwifo” – romlis SemadgenlobaSi
Sediodnen ara im dros arsebuli raime administraciul-politikuri
avtonomiebi, aramed kavkasiis “xalxebi”, anu eTnosebi. Kkonfederaciis
dedaqalaqad gamocxadda soxumi, xolo meore dedaqalaqad ki maxaCkala.271
“kavkasiis mTiel xalxTa konfederaciis” soxumSi Seqmna da mis

dedaqalaqad soxumis gamocxadebaiseT viTarebaSi, rodesac masSi Semavali
teritoriebis absoluturi umravlesoba Crdilo kavkasiaSi, ruseTis
federaciis teritoriaze mdebareobda-imTaviTve miuTiTebda konfederaciis
ZiriTad mizansa da daniSnulebaze afxazeTis avtonomiuri respublikis
teritoriaze.
“mTiel xalxTa konfederaciis” parlamentad gamocxadda “mTiel xalxTa

asamblea”, romelmac “prezidentad” airCia m. Sanibovi, xolo parlamentis
Tavmjdomared i. soslanbekovi. konfederaciaSi Tavi moiyares CeCneTis
prezident j. dudaevis politikurma mowinaaRmdegeebma CeCneTidan –
gavlenianma savele meTaurma S. basaevma (dudaevis konkurentma
saprezidento arCevnebze) da i. soslanbekovma – romelsac, rogorc
gavlenian prorusul politikoss, 1991-1993 wlebSi j. dudaevze ufro didi
gavlena gaaCnda CeCneTSi ruseTis finansuri da politikuri mxardaWeris
gamo. konfederaciis mTavari mxardamWeri gaxda ruseTis parlamentis
270
http://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/ kavkasiismTielxalxTakonfederacia
271
iqve
387
Tavmjdomare, ruseTSi udidesi politikuri da finansuri gavlenis mqone r.
xasbulatovi (johar dudaevis udidesi mowinaaRmdege).
“kavkasiis mTiel xalxTa konfederaciis” ideologiur bazas warmoadgenda

a. saxarovis “sabWoTa kavSiris axali konstitucia”, romlis
mixedviTacsabWoTa kavSiri unda daSliliyo asobiT mcire eTnikur-
politikur erTeulad (Tumca am subieqtebs Soris erTiani kavSiri unda
SenarCunebuliyo) da sadac saqarTvelo “mcire imperiad” saxeldeboda.
afxazeTSi omis periodSi konfederacias saerTaSoriso mas-mediaSi
ganuwyvetel ideologiur daxmarebas uwevda a. saxarovis qvrivi e. boneri.
“kavkasiis mTiel xalxTa konfederaciis” Seqmnas, romelic TiTqos ssrk-is,

xolo SemdgomSi ruseTis federaciis sakanonmdeblo bazas yovelnairad
ewinaaRdegeboda da ruseTis arsebuli teritoriuli mowyobis winaaRmdeg
“ibrZoda” – afxazeTSi da CeCneTSi saomari moqmedebebis dasrulebamde,
arasodes da arafriT ar SewinaaRdegebia arc ssrk da arc ruseTis
sakanonmdeblo da aRmasrulebeli xelisufleba.
konfederacia saqarTvelos winaaRmdeg272
afxazeTSi saomari moqmedebebis dawyebidan oTxi dRis Semdeg, 1992 wlis 18

agvistos, groznoSi “kavkasiis mTiel xalxTa konfederaciis” parlamentis
sagangebo sxdomaze miRebul iqna dadgenileba afxazi separatistebisaTvis
samxedro daxmarebis aRmoCenis Sesaxeb.
1992 wlis 21 agvistos, afxazeTSi omis dawyebis Semdeg, „kavkasiis mTiel

xalxTa konfederaciam” omi gamoucxada saqarTvelos da afxazeTSi
gadaisrola Tavisi bandformirebebi. 1992 wlis 19 agvistos, afxazeTSi
moxaliseebis gagzavnis gadawyvetileba konfederaciis “SeiaraRebuli
Zalebis” SemadgenlobaSi miiRes yubanis da donis kazakTa “atamanTa
sabWoebma”.
“kavkasiis mTiel xalxTa konfederaciis” SeiaraRebuli formirebebi da

ruseTis armiis mier maTTvis gadacemuli didZali sabrZolo teqnika Riad
da daufaravad saavtomobilo gzebiTa da rkinigziT asobiT kilometris
siSoridan gadaisroleboda afxazeTSi. Eam procesma gansakuTrebiT
intensiuri xasiaTi miiRo mas Semdeg, rodesac separatistebma da
konfederaciis bandformirebebma veragulad daarRvies 1992 wlis 3
seqtembers moskovSi xelmowerili SeTanxmeba cecxlis Sewyvetis Sesaxeb da
1992 wlis 3-4 oqtombers daikaves gagra, leseliZe da ganTiadi, ris
Semdegac maT moaxerxes ruseT-saqarTvelos saxelmwifo sazRvris
afxazeTis monakveTze kontrolis damyareba da ruseTidan afxazeTis
mimarTulebiT SeiaraRebuli mebrZolebisa da samxedro teqnikis
Seuferxebeli gadaadgilebis uzrunvelyofa. 273
OafxazeTSi saomari moqmedebebis dasrulebis Semdeg, sosnalievi afxazeTis

“Tavdacvis ministrad” dainiSna. ruseTSi da mis sazRvrebs gareT
272
http://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/ kavkasiismTiel xalxTa konfederacia
273
iqve
388
mcxovrebma Cerqezebma msoflios 50 qveyanaSi saerTaSoriso donis
Sexvedrebi gamarTes da afxazebs humanitaruli daxmareba SesTavazes.
Cerqezuli samyaro afxazTa mxardaWeras omis Semdgomac agrZelebda, dRis
wesrigSi svamda misi damoukideblobis aRiarebis sakiTxs da xSirad
gamodioda afxazebisTvis ruseTis mier dawesebuli embargos winaaRdeg. im
dRes, rodesac ruseTma afxazeTis damoukidebloba scno, nalCikSi
(yabardo-balyareTis dedaqalaqi), afxazeTis moedanze sadResaswaulo
demonstracia gaimarTa.
Mmiuxedavad amisa, saqarTvelo arasdros gamoxatavda Riad protests
CrdiloeTkavkasieli xalxebis winaaRmdeg. nawilobriv es imiTac aixsneba,
rom saqarTvelo cdilobda SeenarCunebina saxelmwifoTaSorisi
urTierTobebi ruseTTan da sakuTari politika damokidebuli Cerqezebis
doneze ar daeyvana. Mmiuxedavad amisa, sruliad uSedego iyo antiqarTuli
Cerqezuli moZraobis SeCereba. saqarTvelos ar hqonda mkafio Sexeduleba,
rogor midgomoda Cerqezul sazogadoebas.
CrdiloeT kavkasielTa mxridan, separatistebis mxardaWera kidev ufro

gaZlierda 2008 wlis agvistos omis win, rodesac ruseTi uSualod
aqezebda CrdilokavkasielTa Casvlas separatistul regionebSi. ruseTis
agresiis dros, erT-erTi yvelaze aqtiuri SenaerTi gaxldaT CeCnuri
batalioni “vostoki”. gamomdinare aqedan, CrdiloeT kavkasiidan momdinare
safrTxis ganeitralebis mizniT, aucilebeli gaxda, raTa saqarTvelom
gaaqtiuros Tavisi TanamSromloba CrdiloeT kavkasiis xalxebTan.
konfederacia CeCneTis winaaRdeg
daarsebidanve “kavkasiis mTiel xalxTa konfederacia” daupirispirda

CeCneTis erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraobas, anu im respublikas,
romelic ruseTis federaciidan gasvlasa da damoukidebeli saxelmwifos
Camoyalibebas cdilobda. “kavkasiis mTiel xalxTa konfederacias”
kremlSi mTavari mxardamWeris saxiT hyavda ruseTis uzenaesi sabWos
Tavmjdomare r. xasbulatovi.
afxazeTSi omis dawyebis droidan, ruseTis daxmarebis gamo samxedro

TvalsazrisiT gaZlierebulma “kavkasiis mTiel xalxTa konfederaciam”
gaaqtiura brZola CeCneTSi Tavisi Zalauflebis dasamyareblad prezident
j. dudaevis winaaRmdeg. Ppolitikuri situacia CeCneTSi gansakuTrebiT
daiZaba afxazeTSi saomari moqmedebebis dasrulebis Semdeg, rodesac
konfederaciam TavianTi “SeiaraRebuli Zalebis” mniSvnelovani nawili
CeCneTSi gadaisrola da j. dudaevis dasamxobad daufarav brZolas Seudga.
groznoSi ruseTis pirdapiri mxardaWeriT konfederaciam moawyo ori putCi,
romelTagan 1994 wlis zafxulis “Teatraluri moednis putCs” mohyva
arsebiTi SeiaraRebuli Setakeba tankebis gamoyenebiT, konfederaciis
momxreTa damarcxeba da maTi sruli gandevna CeCneTidan. konfederaciis
“parlamentis Tavmjdomare” i. soslanbekovi CeCneTidan gaiqca da moskovs
Seafara Tavi. CeCneTis uxucesTa yrilobam i. soslanbekovi da r.
xasbulatovi CeCeni eris moRalateebad gamoacxada.
389
konfederaciis dasasruli
afxazeTis avtonomiur respublikaSi da SemdgomSi ruseT-CeCneTis pirveli
omis dawyebis Semdeg konfederacia daiSala-ufro swored SeiZleba iTqvas,
rom mas Semdeg, rac ruseTma maqsimalurad gamoiyena Tavis sasargeblod
konfederaciis resursi, ruseTis Sesabamisma struqturebma konfederaciis
meTaurebis mimarT sisxlis samarTlis saqmeebi aRZres, Sesabamisad Sewyda
konfederaciis yovelgvari saqmianoba, xolo misi bandituri formirebebi
ruseTis xelisuflebam gaanadgura. E
Aaxali interesebi CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi
ruseTis mier saqarTvelos winaaRmdeg ganxorcielebuli

farTomasStabiani agresiis Semdeg, Cvenma qveyanam daiwyo axali politikuri
kursis SemuSaveba ruseTTan mimarTebaSi. kursis mizania CrdiloeT
kavkasiasTan urTierTobebis mowesrigeba.
2010 wlis ianvarSi Seiqmna rusulenovani samauwyeblo arxi “pirveli

kavkasiuri”, romelic kavkasiuri auditoriisaTvis iyo gankuTvnili. imave
wlis TebervalSi saqarTvelos parlamentma “CrdiloeT kavkasiis
respublikebis parlamentebTan megobrobisa da mxardaWeris jgufi” Seqmna
da saqarTvelo-ruseTs Soris urTierTobebis gauaresebis fonze CrdiloeT
kavkasiis sakanonmdeblo organoebis warmomadgenlebs kavkasiuri
civilizaciis ganviTarebis da kavkasiis xalxebs Soris istoriuli,
megobruli urTierTobebis SenarCunebisaTvis erToblivi muSaobisaken
mouwoda.
Aam mimarTulebiT saqarTvelos mier gadadgmul nabijebs ruseTis

faqtoris gamo CrdiloeT kavkasiaze jerjerobiT gansakuTrebuli gavlena
ar mouxdenia. Ffrangulma kompania “Eutelsat“-ma, savaraudod ruseTis
zewoliT “pirveli kavkasiuris” translirebaze uari ganacxada. Tumca igi
xelmisawvdomi iyo internetiT, xolo 2011 wlis 25 ianvridan telekompaniam
Tavisi translirebna kvlav aRadgina. rac Seexeba qarTveli
parlamentarebis mowodebas, mas CrdiloeT kavkasiis respublikebis
parlamentarebi pirvel etapze ar gamoxmaurebian.
erTiani kavkasiisken
saqarTvelos mier CrdiloeT kavkasiis respublikebTan urTierTobebis

dalagebis mizniT saqarTvelos prezidentma mixeil saakaSvilma 2010 wlis
dasawyisSi gaeros generaluri asambleis sesiaze isaubra, risi dasawyisic
unda iyos erToblivi proeqtebi. erTiani kavkasiisken erT-erTi pirveli
gadadgmuli nabiji gaxldaT prezidentis gancxadeba CrdiloeT
kavkasiisrespublikebTan uvizo reJimis dawesebis Sesaxeb, am brZanebas xeli
2010 wlis 11 oqtombers moewera. Ggamartivebuli reJimis mizezi
humanitaruli da komerciuli interesebia, risi saboloo mizania
antiqarTuli ganwyobis aRmofxvra da kavkasiel erebs Soris tradiciuli
kavSirebis aRdgena.
UCrdiloeT kavkasiis mcxovreblebisaTvis uvizo reJimis dawesebam ruseTis
xelisuflebis aSkara gaRizianeba gamoiwvia, Tumca kremlSi etyoba
“aviwydebaT”, rom jer kidev maSin rodesac saqarTvelos teritoriu
390
l mTlianobas jer kidev aRiarebda, ruseTma 2001 wels saqarTvelos
moqalaqeebisaTvis savizo reJimi daawesa, xolo afxazeTis, samxreT oseTis
da yazbegis raionis mosaxleobisTvis uvizo reJimi SemoiRo.
saqarTvelos CrdiloeT kavkasiis samyarosTan urTierTobebis dalagebis

mizniT warmatebuli aRmoCnda 2010 wels vaSingtonis jeimsTaunis fondis
da ilias universitetTan arsebuli kavkasiuri kvlevebis saerTaSoriso
skolis organizebiT gamarTuli konferencia, saxelwodebiT – “ucnobi
erebi, uwyveti danaSauli: Cerqezebi da CrdiloeT kavkasiis xalxebi
warsulsa da momavals Soris”. Aam RonisZiebaze kavkasiis sakiTxebis
eqspertebi Seikribnen, maT Soris Cerqezuli diasporis aqtivistebi
ZoriTadad amerikidan, aseve qarTveli parlamentarebi, eqspertebi da a.S.
konferenciis bolos, Cerqezma monawilem saqarTvelos parlaments
gaugzavna mimarTva, sadac igi iTxovda, rom saqarTvelos eRiarebina
ruseTis xelisuflebis mier mecxramete saukuneSi CerqezTa masobrivi
mkvlelobebi da deportacia genocidad.
jeimsTaunis fondis mier organizebulma konferenciam daadastura, rom
dasavluri media kargad icnobs CerqezTa sakiTxs. 1864 wlis movlenebs
Tanamedrove istoriis pirvel genocidadac ki moixsenieben.
Apirvel RonisZiebas mohyva vaSingtonSi jeimsTaunis fondis mier
organizebuli meore konferencia saxelwodebiT – “soWi 2014 –
SesaZlebelia Tu ara olimpiadis gamarTva iq, saidanac 150 wlis win
Cerqezebi gaaZeves”. RonisZiebas saqarTvelos parlamentis ramdenime
deputatic daeswro. Kkonferenciis Cerqezma monawileebma ki CrdiloeT
kavkasiaSi sami Cerqezuli teritoriis erT respublikad gaerTianebis
mowodebac ki gaaxmovanes.
rac Seexeba CrdiloeT kavkasielebisaTvis saqarTveloSi Semosvlaze

gamartivebuli savizo reJimis dawesebas, Tavis droze am ideas
saqarTveloSi bevri mowinaaRmdege gamouCnda, Tumca sabolood,
prezidentis gankarguleba mainc amoqmedda da faqtia, qveyanas
oponentebisagan nawinaswarmetyveli problema ar Seqmnia da imedia arc
momavalSi Seeqmneba.
saqarTvelos Sinagan saqmeTa saministros monacemebiT, darialis gamSveb

punqtze 2010 wels yoveldRiurad 700 adamiani Semodioda. maT Soris iyvnen
CeCnebi, daRestnelebi, yabardoelebi, balyarelebi da osebic. SemosulTa
70-ma procentma saqarTvelos teritoria satranzito gzad gamoiyena.
saqarTvelos Sinagan saqmeTa ministris gancxadebiT, “SemosulTa nawili
TurqeTSi midis, nawili ki sxva qveynebSi. 30 procenti saqarTveloSi rCeba.”
aRsaniSnavia is faqti, rom Sinagan saqmeTa saministros oficialuri
monacemebis mixedviT, 2010 wlis 1 martidan (rodesac sazRvari kvlav iqna
gaxsnili) 31 dekembramde, ruseTidan, darialis gamSvebi punqtiT,
saqarTvelos sazRvari gadmokveTa da saqarTvelodan gavida sul 100 aTas
825 adamiani. Aaqedan, 15 aTas 446 adamiani CrdiloeT kavkasiidan
saqarTveloSi Semovida gamartivebuli savizo reJimis farglebSi274.
ruseTis strategia CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi
274
www.24saati.ge. 10 January, 2011
391
ruseTis dRevandeli mizani CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi gaxlavT am regionis
sruli izolireba da masze sruli kontrolis daweseba. am TvalsazrisiT,
ruseTis prezidentis dimitri medvedevis gadawyvetilebiT, ruseTis
federaciaSi axali-CrdiloeT kavkasiis federaluri okrugi Seiqmna, sadac
unda gaerTiandnen daRestani, inguSeTi, yabardo-balyareTi, YyaraCai-
CerqezeTi, CrdiloeT oseTi, CeCneTi da stavropolis mxare. okrugis Seqmna
ganpirobebulia CrdiloeT kavkasiis regionSi arsebuli umZimesi
socialuri, ekonomikuri, politikuri, kriminogenuri viTarebiT, korufciis
maRali doniT, da realuri teroristuli safrTxis maRali albaTobiT.
ruseTis premier-ministris, vladimer putinis iniciativiT, CrdiloeT
kavkasiaSi iqmneba axali saxelmwifo struqtura – kavkasiis saxelmwifo
komisia. Aam gziT moskovi Seecdeba gaakontrolos im finansebis xarjva,
romlebic CrdiloeT kavkasiis respublikebis ganviTarebisaTvis gamoiyo
federaluri biujetidan. E
ruseTis xelisuflebis mxridan aseve aRsaniSnavia kavkasiis ganviTarebis
mizniT SemuSavebuli strategia, kerZod, gegmis mixedviT 2015 wlisaTvis
CrdiloeT kavkasia unda gaxdes wamyvani gamajansaRebeli da samTo-
saTxilamuro turistuli centri ruseTsa da mTels postsabWoTa sivrceze,
romelmac ekologiurad sufTa produqcia unda miawodos ruseTis danarCen
regionebs. sawyis etapze gamoikveTa kavkasiis ganviTarebis sami ZiriTadi
mimarTuleba: 1. pirveli iTvaliswinebs socialur-ekonomikuri
maCveneblebis tempis zrdas; 2. Mmeore mimarTuleba iTvaliswinebs
usafrTxoebis problemebis gadawyvetas; 3. mesame aspeqti iTvaliswinebs
sazogadoebriv-politikuri situaciis stabilizacias, socialuri
infrastruqturis modernizebas, turistul da ekonomikur ganviTarebas,
sainvesticio klimatis Seqmnas, umuSevarTa ricxvis Semcirebas.
zemoaRniSnul strategiaSi mainc iCens Tavs rusuli nacionalizmi. radgan
strategia miznad isaxavs eTnikurad rusi mosaxleobis xelovnur gazrdas,
xolo am mizniT igegmeba specialuri samuSao-saemigracio saagentos Seqmna.
ruseTis federaluri xelisufleba acnobierebs im faqts, rom CrdiloeT
kavkasiaSi arsebuli umuSevroba, romelic zogierT respublikaSi 50%-s
aWarbebs - separatizmis gaRvivebas uwyobs xels. swored separatistuli
tendenciebis aRmofxvris mizniT igegmeba eTnikuri rusebis sasargeblod
Sesabamisi gegmis ganxorcieleba. magaliTad, igegmeba “rusuli
mosaxleobisaTvis specialur preferenciebis Seqmna, maT Soris ganaTlebis
da mecnierebis sferoSi.”275
Tumca, zemoaRniSnuli strategiis momavali - Tundac e.w. turistuli
samTo-saTxilamuro kompleqsis Camoyalibeba - romlis gaSeneba 15
miliardamde aSS dolaramde jdeba, mainc seriozul eWvs badebs. ruseTis
xelisuflebam dafinansebis mopovebis mizniT, sxvadasxva saproeqto
winadadeba ramdenime msxvil saerTaSoriso banks warudgina, Tumca
uSedegod. Ees gasagebicaa-2010 wlis ganmavlobaSi gansakuTrebiT gaizarda
teroristuli aqtivoba, romelmac mTeli CrdiloeT kavkasiis regioni
moicva.
saqarTvelo_TurqeTis urTierTobebi
istoriuli kavSirebis, kaspiis sanavTobo da satransporto

proeqtebisa da xelsayreli geografiuli mdebareobis gamo, TurqeTi
275
“orstrategiasSoris”. valeri Zucevi. Tbilisi. 2010
392
upirveles mniSvnelobas aniWebs mSvidobas, stabilurobasa da
TanamSromlobas kavkasiaSi.
TurqeTis saxelmwifoebriobis mTeli istoriis manZilze am qveynis

interess regionisadmi obieqturad gansazRvravda geopolitikuri,
samxedro, savaWro-ekonomikuri da sxva miznebis erToblioba. Aamave dros,
TurqeTs kavkasiaSi TiTqmis mudmivi dapirispireba hqonda ruseTis
imperiasTan.
am saukunis dasawyisSi TurqeTis respublikis damaarsebels mustafa

qemal aTaTurqs uTqvams: `TurqeTs sWirdeba Zlieri mezobeli
aRmosavleTSi da aseT mezoblad SeiZleba saqarTvelo iqces.~ 276 sabWoTa
ruseTis mier saqarTvelos axalgazrda demokratiuli respublikis
okupaciisa da Semdgomi aneqsiis gamo es idea im periodSi ver
ganxorcielda. sabWoTa periodSi arsebuli sazRvris Caketilobis gamo
geografiulad urTierTmosazRvre saqarTvelosa da TurqeTs Soris
urTierToba praqtikulad ar arsebobda.
sabWoTa kavSiris daSlisa da Cveni qveynis damoukideblobis mopovebis

Semdeg, TurqeTi iyo erT-erTi pirveli saxelmwifo, romelmac cno
saqarTvelos damoukidebloba da daamyara masTan diplomatiuri
urTierToba.
Turqul-qarTuli urTierTobebis Tanamedrove etapis dasawyisad unda

miviCnioT 1991 wlis 16 dekemberi, rodesac ankaram cno saqarTvelos
damoukidebloba. diplomatiuri urTierTobebi ki damyarda 1992 wlis 21
maiss TurqeTis maSindeli sagareo saqmeTa ministris hiqmeT CeTinis
TbilisSi vizitis dros.
1992 wlis 30 ivliss, saqarTveloSi TurqeTis maSindeli premier-

ministris suleiman demirelis yofnis dros xeli moewera ZiriTad
xelSekrulebas, `megobrobis, TanamSromlobis da keTilmezoblobis
Sesaxeb~. am xelSekrulebis ratifikacia TurqeTis didma erovnulma krebam
moaxdina imave wlis 28 seqtembers, xolo saqarTvelom ufro mogvianebiT,
1993 wlis 25 marts.
erovnuli suverenitetis mopovebis droidanve Cvenma qveyanam da

TurqeTma Tavidanve swrafad gamonaxes saerTo ena. Sedga ramdenime
umaRlesi donis Sexvedra Tbilissa da ankaraSi. saqarTvelo-TurqeTis
urTierTobebis 17 wlis manZilze or qveyanas Soris metad mWidro
kavSirebi damyarda mraval sferoSi. amas adasturebs mravalricxovani
SeTanxmebebis arseboba. 1992 wlidan saqarTvelo aqtiurad monawileobs
TurqeTis iniciativiT Seqmnil Savi zRvis qveynebis ekonomikuri
TanamSromlobis organizaciasa da amave qveynis saparlamento asambleis
muSaobaSi.
TurqeTis sagareo politikis erT-erTi prioritetul mimarTulebas

Cvens samSoblosTan TanamSromlobis gaRrmaveba warmoadgens.
saqarTvelosTan mimarTebaSi Cveni samxreTeli mezobeli aRiarebs mis
276
Nnika CitaZe. sadisertacio naSromi: “kaspiis sanavTobo proeqtebi da saqarTvelos
satranzito roli. politikuri da ekonomikuri aspeqtebi”. gv. 75E
393
teritoriul mTlianobas da sazRvrebis urRveobas, gmobs separatizmsa da
saSinao saqmeebSi Carevas, savaWro kavSirebis gasaRrmaveblad or qveyanas
Soris Seqmnilia upiratesi xelSewyobis reJimi.
didia sarfis sasazRvro WiSkris roli or qveyanas Soris

urTierTobebSi.
or qveyanas Soris savaWro urTierTobebi ori sxvadasxva meTodiT

xorcieldeba:
a) vaWroba eqsport-importis reJimis CarCoebSi;
b) sasazRvro vaWroba.
or qveyanas Soris ekonomikuri TanamSromlobis ganviTarebaSi didi

roli iTamaSa jer kidev 1992 wlis 30 ivliss xelmowerilma dokumentma,
ìnvesticiebis urTierTwaxalisebisa da ormxrivi dacvis Sesaxeb~, agreTve
imave wlis 8-10 dekembers ankaraSi Catarebulma molaparakebam, romlis
Tanaxmad ganisazRvra TanamSromlobis prioritetuli mimarTulebebi,
kerZod: soflis meurneobis produqtebis, mrewvelobis da sasoflo-
sameurneo narCenebis gadamuSaveba, transportisa da komunikaciebis qselis
ganviTareba.
bolo ramdenime wlis manZilze TurqeT-saqarTvelos urTierTobaSi

momxdari movlenebidan gansakuTrebiT raRa Tqma unda aRiniSnos ankaris
Zalisxmeva mxaridauWirossaqarTvelosnato-Siintegracias, baqo-Tbilisi-
axalqalaqi-yarsisrkinigzisproeqti, baqo-Tbilisi-
jeihanisnavTobsadenisadabaqo-Tbilisi-erzurumisgazsadenisproeqti.
metadmniSvnelovaniaproeqtibaqo-Tbilisi-yarsi-axalqalaqis 120 km-
ianisarkinigzoxazisdafinansebasadamSeneblobasTan dakavSirebiT,romelic
2011-2012 wlebSi undaamoqmeddes. naTelia,
romsarkinigzomagistralisproeqtsudidesimniSvnelobaeniWeba.
esproeqtiarisaRmosavleTisadadasavleTisdamakavSirebeligzada
~evraziissatransportoderefnis~ erT-erTiZiriTadiSemadgenelinawili.
UumniSvnelovanesia aRiniSnos agreTve is faqti, rom TurqeTi 2007

wlidan moyolebuli saqarTvelos nomer pirvel savaWro-ekonomikur
partniors warmoadgens. 2010 wlis monacemebiT, saqarTvelos sagareo
vaWrobaSi TurqeTis wilad modis daaxloebiT 15%.
TurqeTisaTvis samxreT kavkasia geopolitikuri interesebis sferos sami

ZiriTadi mizezis gamo warmoadgens. Ppirveli, regioni warmoadgens
gasasvlels centralur aziaSi. Mmeore, igi uzrunvelyofs kaspiis regionSi
mopovebuli navTobisa da gazis dasavleTis bazrebis uzrunvelyofis
mTavar teritorias. MaRsaniSnavia is faqtic, rom iranis antidasavlurma
politikam da aSS-is iranis birTvuli programis mimarT gaaqtiurebam
regions kidev ufro met mniSvnelobas aniWebs. Mmesame, azerbaijanTan da
saqarTvelosTan TanamSromlobas TurqeTisaTvis udidesi mniSvneloba
eniWeba.
Aamave dros, TurqeTi awydeba garkveul politikur dilemas saqarTvelosa

da samxreT kavkasiis regionSi. Ees dakavSirebulia ruseTis geopolitikur
394
interesebTan samxreT kavkasiaSi, kremlis samxedro yofnasTan saqarTvelos
okupirebul regionebSi da somxeTis teritoriaze ganTavsebul samxedro
bazasTan, rac winaaRmdegobaSi modis TurqeTis interesebTan. amave dros,
rogorc ukve aRiniSna, ruseTi TurqeTis mTavar ekonomikur partniorsa da
energoresursebis ZiriTad importiors warmoadgens. ruseT-TurqeTis
vaWrobis moculoba TiTqmis 40 miliard dolars aRwevs277, aseve, TuqeTi
moixmars ruseTidan importirebuli bunebrivi airis daaxloebiT 70%-s.278
“cisferi nakadis” proeqti, warmoadgens aRmosavleT-dasavleTis
energetikuli derefnis konkurentul gazsadens. aris sxva faqtorebic,
romlebic gavlenas axdenen TurqeTis damokidebulebaze dasavleTis
samxreT kavkasiis regionSi “SeRwevasTan” dakavSirebiT. es moicavs aSS-
TurqeTis dapirispirebas erayis garSemo, aseve ankaris winaaRmdegobasTan,
romelic dakavSirebulia imasTan, rom TurqeTs ar surs daikavos
meorexarisxovani roli aSS-is regionalur aqtivobebTan dakavSirebiT.
SeiZleba swored amasTan iyo dakavSirebuli TurqeTis pozicia ruseT-
saqarTvelos omis, oficialuri ankaris uarTan, droulad gaetarebina
amerikuli samxredro gemebi bosforisa da dardanelis srutis gavliT
saqarTvelos teritoriul wylebSi.
aSS-sTan rigi uTanxmoebebisa da TurqeTis evrokavSirSi miRebaze arsebuli
problemebis gamoc SeiZleba aixsnas TurqeTis iniciativa “samxreT
kavkasiis stabilurobis platformasTan” dakavSirebiT, romlis
ganxorcielebaSi ruseTi aqtiurad unda yofiliyo CarTuli.
azerbaijan-saqarTvelos urTierTobebi
azerbaijanis respublikasTan megobruli politikur-ekonomikuri

urTierTobebi metad aqtualuria saqarTvelosaTvis. kaspiis
navTobresursebis aTvisebasa da momavali rkinigzis mSeneblobasTan
dakavSirebulma proeqtebma ganapiroba is faqti, rom azerbaijani Cveni
qveynis erT-erTi yvelaze seriozuli da strategiuli partniori gaxda.
megobroba, urTierTgageba da erTiani politika regionalur da
saerTaSoriso sakiTxebSi ori qveynis TanamSromlobis myari safuZvelia.
ori mosazRvre qveynis dRevandel urTierTobebs ganapirobebs poziciaTa
Tanxvedra iseT mniSvnelovan sakiTxebSi, rogorebicaa konfliqtebis
mowesrigeba, teritoriuli mTlianobis aRdgena, ltolvilebis problemebis
gadawyveta, evropa-kavkasia-aziis satransporto derefnis amoqmedeba,
TanamSromloba suam-is farglebSi da zogadi prodasavluri kursi.
azerbaijanis respublikasa da saqarTvelos Soris 2008 wlis

mdgomareobiT dadebuli iyo 100-ze meti SeTanxmeba, maT Soris 5-gazisa da
navTobresursebis moxmarebis da eqsportirebis, eleqtroenergetikis,
milsadenebis ganaxleba-rekonstruqciis sferoSi.
azerbaijanma da saqarTvelom sabWoTa kavSiris daSlis Semdeg

damoukidebeli saxelmwifoebriobis mSeneblobis TiTqmis identuri gza
ganvles. maT winaSe msgavsi xasiaTis problemebi idga-eTnopolitikuri
konfliqtebi da separatizmi, saxelmwifo xelisuflebis sisuste da gareSe
277
http://www.turkishweekly.net/news/96359/-jtw-interview-the-future-of-turkey-russia-relations.html
278
B.Rumer and Jeffrey Simon. Toward a Euro-Atlantic Strategy for the Black Sea Region. NDU. 2004. P. 8
395
Zalebis Careva, samxedro gadatrialebebi da social-ekonomikuri qaosi.
azerbaijansa da saqarTveloSi dRemde mougvarebeblia teritoriuli
mTlianobis sakiTxi, romlis mSvidobiani da warmatebuli mogvareba
bevradaa damokidebuli erToblivi proeqtebis warmatebul
ganxorcielebaze.
azerbaijanuli diaspora saqarTveloSi da qarTuli diaspora

azerbaijanSi (istoriuli hereTis teritoriaze), arasdros gamxdara or
qveyanas Soris uTanxmoebis mizezi. garkveuli sirTuleebis miuxedavad, rac
gansakuTrebiT TvalSisacemi damoukideblobis pirvel wlebSi iyo,
eTnikuri umciresobebis arseboba ormxrivi TanamSromlobis xelSemwyob
faqtorad rCeboda.
ori qveyana dainteresebulia kavkasiaSi mSvidobiT, radgan mxolod

stabilur garemoSi gaxdeba SesaZlebeli im ekonomikuri (gansakuTrebiT
raRa Tqma unda sanavTobo) proeqtebis ganxorcieleba, romlebsac
saqarTvelo da azerbaijani sakuTar ekonomikur ayvavebasa da
usafrTxoebis uzrunvelyofas ukavSireben. kavkasiuri mSvidobis Tema
naTlad aisaxa 1996 wlis 8 marts, azerbaijanis prezidentis heidar alievis
TbilisSi vizitis dros xelmoweril `kavkasiis regionSi mSvidobis,
uSiSroebisa da TanamSromlobis deklaraciaSi,~ amave dros xeli moewera
azerbaijanuli navTobis saqarTvelos teritoriis gavliT
transportirebis xelSekrulebas.
or mezobel qveyanas Soris STambeWdavi saxelSekrulebo baza

arsebobs, aRsaniSnavia 1998 wlis 20 Tebervals xelmowerili deklaracia
~saqarTvelosa da azerbaijanis respublikas Soris strategiuli
TanamSromlobis Semdgomi gaRrmavebis Sesaxeb~ da xelSekruleba
~navTobisa da gazis mrewvelobis dargSi TanamSromlobis Sesaxeb.~
ekonomikuri integraciis sakiTxebs Cvens urTierTobebSi mniSvnelovani

adgili ukavia. gansakuTrebiT aRsaniSnavia azerbaijanuli navTobisa da
gazis saqarTveloSi da saqarTvelos gavliT transportirebis sakiTxi.
azerbaijani da saqarTvelo àbreSumis gzis~ sakvanZo qveynebs

warmoadgenen, swored baqoSi 1998 wlis 8 seqtembers moewera xeli
xelSekrulebas `traseka~-s proeqtis ganxorcielebis Sesaxeb. centraluri
aziis resursebis dasavleTSi transportirebisaTvis ukve xorcieldeba
araerTi proeqti, romlebSic orive qveyana aqtiuradaa Cabmuli, kerZod,
azerbaijanisa da saqarTvelos teritoriebis gavliT ukve gasuli saukunis
90-iani wlebidan gadaizideboda `Sevronis~ mier yazaxeTis teritoriaze
mopovebuli navTobi. ori qveyana aqtiurad TanamSromlobs `traseka~-s,
ìnogeit~-isa da saerTaSoriso Tanamegobrobis mier ganxorcielebul
sxvadasxva proeqtebSi.
Uudidesi mniSvneloba eniWeba im faqts, rom swored azerbaijanis

uSualo monawileobiT, 2007 wlidan saqarTvelom Tavi daaRwia ruseTze
energetikul damokidebulebas bunebrivi airis sferoSi. DdRevandel dRes,
saqarTvelo, Tavisi gazze moTxovnilebis 70%-ze mets swored
azerbaijanidan importirebuli resursebiT ikmayofilebs.
396
saqarTvelosa da azerbaijanis poziciebis Tanxvedra saerTo arenaze
TanamSromlobis kuTxiTac gamoixateba, sul ufro viTardeba
TanamSromloba suam-is farglebSi. azerbaijani suam-s, zogadi da samxedro-
politikuri TavalsazrisiT (uSiSroeba, evroatlantikur struqturebTan
TanamSromloba, dialogi nato-sTan da evrokavSirTan) da ruseT-somxeTis
aliansTan politikuri balansis SesaZleblobis gamo, did mniSvnelobas
aniWebs, pirvel rigSi ki suami regionaluri ekonomikuri TanamSromlobiT
dainteresebuli qveynebis gaerTianebaa.
sanavTobo proeqtebi, azerbaijanis mxridan saqarTveloSi gazis

importi, azerbaijanuli investiciebiT yulevis terminalis gaxsna,
mSvidoba kavkasiaSi, damoukidebeli saxelmwifoebriobis Semdgomi
ganviTareba, qveynebis ekonomikuri integracia, usafrTxoebisa da
ekonomikuri TanamSromloba, dasavlur struqturebSi integracia,
azerbaijansa da saqarTvelos Soris partniorobis mtkice safuZvels qmnis.
Aamave dros, ar unda dagvaviwydes, rom azerbaijans keTilmezobluri

urTierTobebi ruseTTanac gaaCnia. Uunda aRiniSnos, rom ruseT-
saqarTvelos omis pirvel dReebSi oficialurma baqom ganacxada, rom
dakarguli teritoriebis dabruneba samxedro gziT swor gadawyvetilebas
warmoadgenda, magram, mogvianebiT azerbaijanma Tavi Seikava msgavsi
gancxadebebisagan ruseTis gaRizianebis dabalansebis mizniT. aRsaniSnavia
ruseT-saqarTvelos omis ori mniSvnelovani aspeqti. Ppirveli, Tu
saqarTvelo moaxerxebda Tavisi teritoriuli mTlianobis aRdgenas
samxedro gziT, azerbaijans gacilebiT meti argumenti eqneboda
gadaewyvita mTiani yarabaRis problema Zalis gamoyenebiT. Aazerbaijanis
Tavdacvis biujeti 2011 wels 3 miliard dolars gadaaWarbebs. navTobze
msoflio fasebis zrdis Semdeg, rodesac azerbaijanma mniSvnelovani
Semosavlebi miiRo, qveynis politikur elitaSi sul ufro mets saubroben
mTiani yarabRis problemis samxedro gziT gadawyvetaze. Aamave dros, baqo
acnobierebs, rom saqarTvelo-ruseTis omi warmoadgens karg ilustracias
imisa, Tu ra SeiZleba mohyves oms ruseTis mokavSiresTan, gansakuTrebiT
Tu gaviTvaliswinebT im faqts, rom somxeTi dsT-is koleqtiuri
usafrTxoebis xelSekrulebis organizaciis wevri qveyanaa da ruseTs
gaaCnia iuridiuli valdebuleba daicvas somxeTi omis SemTxvevaSi.
saqarTvelo-somxeTi
or qveyanas Soris saxelmwifoTaSoriso urTierTobebis Camoyalibebas

mravalsaukunovani istoria gaaCnia. am xnis ganmavlobaSi or mezobel
saxelmwifos Soris metad keTilmezobluri urTierTobebi Camoyalibda.
amgvari urTierTobis SenarCuneba orive qveynis interesebSi Sedis.
Tumca, unda aRiniSnos, rom saqarTvelos gasuli saukunis 90-iani

wlebis meore naxevridan gatarebuli sagareopolitikuri kursi, da
gansakuTrebiT ki azerbaijanTan da TurqeTTan daaxloebis procesi, aseve
TanamSromloba "suamis" farglebSi, somxeTis politikur wreebSi aSkara
ukmayofilebas iwvevda. am mxriv metad saintereso magaliTad SeiZleba
gamodges erT-erTi somxuri statia, romelic Tavis droze gamoqveynebul
iqna somxeTis xelisuflebis oficialur beWdviT organo-`respublika
armenia~-Si, sadac aSkarad iyo gamoxatuli saqarTvelos sagareo-
397
politikuri kursis kritika. somxur presaSi periodulad Cndeboda
statiebi, romlebic rbilad rom vTqvaT, qarTuli mxarisaTvis mosawoni ar
unda yofiliyo. Tumca amaSi SeiZleba araferia sagangaSo, radgan masobrivi
informaciis saSualebebi qveyanaSi SedarebiT Tavisufalia da
SesaZlebelia nebismieri mosazrebis gamoTqma. Mmagram, erTia Tavisufali
Tu opoziciuri presa da meorea oficialuri samTavrobo gazeTis,
`respublika armeniis~Efurclebze gaJRerebuli kritika. gazeTisa, romlis
damfuZnebelicaa somxeTis respublikis umaRlesi sabWo.
aRniSnul gazeTSi did ukmayofilebas iwvevs saqarTvelos

sagareopolitikuri orientacia. `braldebebi~ axali ar aris da kargad
cnobilia qarTvelebisaTvis k. zatulinis, a. migranianis da mravali sxva
rusi Tu ararusi Jurnalistebis mxridan, da maTi yaidis politikosTa da
analitikosTa nawerebidan, romlebic arc Tu iSviaTad aqveyneben TavianT
paskvilebs rusul presaSi.
rac Seexeba gazeTs `respublika armenia~, am gazeTSi gamoqveynebuli

statiis avtori iyo sergei Sakariani, romlis statias erqva
`общекавказскийдомилипроходнойдвор?~ Sakarianis ukmayofilebisa da
gaRizianebis mTavari mizezi gaxldaT saqarTvelosa da azerbaijanis
ekonomikuri TanamSromlobis gaRrmaveba, kaspiis navTobis aTvisebisa da
transportirebis proeqtebis sferoSi TanamSromloba, agreTve ori qveynis
satranzito SesaZleblobebis gamoyenebis mcdeloba.
`saqarTvelosa da azerbaijanis xelmRvanelobas ar SeiZleba ar

esmodeT, rom navTobi, gazi, milsadenebi, komunikaciebi, abreSumis gzis
aRdgenis gegmebi didi strategiuli TamaSis rgolebia~-gveubneba
gaRizianebuli analitikosi da iseT `mrisxane~ geopolitikur daskvnebs
akeTebs, rom cxadi xdeba-avtors Zalze SeuSfoTebia ori qveynis
satransporto-sakomunikacio TanamSromlobis perspeqtivebi.
saqarTvelo, romelsac metad xelsayreli geopolitikuri mdebareoba

gaaCnia, ekonomikuri aRmavlobis erT-erT realur gzad qveynis satranzito
SesaZleblobebis gamoyenebas miiCnevs da aman, normalur SemTxvevaSi, aravis
gaRizianeba ar unda gamoiwvios, miTumetes im qveyanaSi, romelsac ar
gaaCnia zRvaze gasasvleli, geografiulad araxelsayreli mdebareoba
ukavia da imis gamo, rom oTxi uSualo geografiuli mezobelidan orTan
ar aqvs diplomatiuri urTierToba da amitomac TviTonaa
mniSvnelovanwilad damokidebuli saqarTvelos teritoriis gavliT
ganxorcielebul tranzitze da romelic Tavis teritoriaze
importirebuli produqciis udides nawils saqarTvelos teritoriis
gavliT iRebs.
rac Seexeba saqarTvelos Zalisxmevis Sefasebas `proxodnoi dvor~-is

saxelwodebiT, es epiTeti ufro im qveynis neoimperiulad ganwyobili
analitikosebisa da politikosebis stilia, romelTa sametyvelo eniTac
gvaSinebda Sakariani.
Sakariani aRSfoTebuli iyo im faqtiT, rom saqarTvelosa da

azerbaijanis xelisuflebis warmomadgenlebma àraerTxel scades ruseTis
gavlenisagan Tavis daRweva da misi poziciebis mkveTrad Sesusteba
kavkasiaSi~.
398
arc Tavad Sakariani da arc neoimperialistur poziciebze mdgomi
CrdiloeTeli analitikosebi, romlebic Zal-Rones ar iSurebdnen imisaTvis,
rom TavianTi presis furclebze saqarTvelos sawinaaRmdego statiebi
gamoeqveynebinaT, ar uRrmavdebian sakiTxs imis Taobaze, Tu ras niSnavs
`ruseTis gavlenis SenarCuneba~ saqarTveloSi an azerbaijanSi. es
SemTxveviTi araa, `ruseTis gavlenisa~ Tu `poziciebis SenarCunebaSi~
arsebiTad igulisxmeba is, risganac Tavs unda ikavebdes erTi suverenuli
saxelmwifo meoris mimarT, Tuki ra Tqma unda, aRniSnuli saxelmwifo
Tavisufalia imperiul-agresiuli zraxvebisagan.
AaseT statiebze dayrdnobiT SesaZlebelia imis aRniSvna, rom

miuxedavad or qveyanas Soris arsebuli Tbili urTierTobebisa, somxeTis
rogorc opoziciur, aseve saxelisuflebo wreebSi arian garkveuli Zalebi,
romlebsac metad aRizianebT saqarTvelos mier bolo wlebSi gatarebuli
sagareo politika da mas somxeTis strategiuli interesebis sazianod
miiCneven.
saqarTvelosa da somxeTs Soris SesaZlo daZabulobis sababad xSirad

ganixilaven samcxe-javaxeTSi mcxovrebi somxebis sakiTxs (romelTa
xvedriTi wili axalqalaqis raionis mosaxleobaSi 95%-ia), Tanac
aRsaniSnavia is faqti, rom baqo-Tbilisi-jeihanis navTobsadeni da baqo-
Tbilisi-erzurumis gazsadeni am regionis sixloves gadis, rom araferi
vTqvaT baqo-Tbilisi-axalqalaqi-yarsis momaval rkinigzaze, romelic
uSualod javaxeTis teritorias gadakveTs.
jer kidev 1998 wels, adgilobrivma somxebma somxeTis radikaluri

Zalebis waqezebiT Seqmnes moZraoba "javaxki". aRniSnuli organizaciis
oficialur miznebad da samoqmedo programad gamocxadebuli iyo somxebis
kulturuli TviTmyofadobis dacva da regionis social-ekonomikuri
ganviTareba. Mmagram, maT namdvil miznad mogvianebiT saqarTvelos samxreT
nawilSi somxebiT dasaxlebuli regionisaTvis politikuri avtonomiis
Seqmna iqca, ris Semdgom etapad albaT somxeTTan gaerTianebis moTxovnac
Caifiqreboda. Eenergetikul proeqtebSi saqarTvelos, rogorc erT-erTi
mTavari monawilis CarTvis Semdeg, gareSe Zalebis garkveuli CareviT
`javaxkma~ Tavisi moRvaweoba regionSi kidev ufro gaaqtiura. moZraoba
`javaxk~-is separatistul tendenciebs moskovi uWerda mxars, raTa
damatebiTi berketebi moepovebina saqarTvelos xelmZRvanelobaze gavlenis
mosapoveblad da saqarTvelos, rogorc energetikuli resursebis
transportirebis satranzito qveynis imijis dacemas.
AjavaxeTSi situacias arTulebda is faqti, rom aq 2007 wlamde

ganlagebuli iyo axalqalaqis 62-e samxedro baza, saidanac "javaxk"-
is'wevrebs didi raodenobiT iaraRi gamohqondaT, romelic advili
SesaZlebelia SemdgomSi gamoyenebuli iqneba TurqeTisaken mimaval
rkinigzaze diversiuli aqtebis Casatareblad. Aamave dros, aucilebelia
aRiniSnos, rom javaxeTSi situaciis sabolood daregulirebas
mniSvnelovanwilad xels Seuwyobs aSS-is mTavrobis mier dafinansebuli
“mileniumis Celenjis” programa, romlis mixedviTac vaSingtonis mier
gamoyofili 295 milioni dolaridan daaxloebiT 100 mln. dolari Tbilisi-
axalqalaqis gzis qselis reabilitacias moxmarda. Arogorc cnobilia,
gzis mSenebloba 2010 wlis Semodgomaze dasrulda. aseve didi mniSvneloba
eniWeba baqo-Tbilisi-axalqalaqi-yarsis momaval rkinigzas, romlis
399
mSeneblobaze SesaZlebelia javaxeTis regionis mcxovrebi mravali
adamianis dasaqmeba.
somxeTis axlandeli xelisufleba Tavs ikavebs javaxeTis sakiTxTan

dakavSirebiT komentarebisagan. is realurad afasebs situacias da rogorc
gavleniani somexi eqspertebi fiqroben, ecdeba ar gaamwvavos
saqarTvelosTan urTierToba, miuxedavad imisa, rom somxeTis xelisufalni
metad negatiurad arian ganwyobilni saqarTvelos aqtiuri CarTviT
sanavTobo da sarkinigzo proeqtebSi. da mainc, kavkasiis or moZme
saxelmwifos, saqarTvelosa da somxeTs yovelTvis hqonda da dResac aqvs
saerTo politikuri da ekonomikuri interesebi.
somxeTis mxridan saqarTvelosadmi dainteresebas aZlierebs baTumidan

da foTidan somxeTisaken mimavali satransporto arteriebi. somxeTisaTvis
saqarTvelo ruseTTan dakavSirebis TiTqmis erTaderTi gzaa, gansakuTrebiT
mas Semdeg, rac 2010 wlis 1 martidan kvlav gaixsna ruseT-saqarTvelos
saxmeleTo sazRvari - sasazRvro punqti zemo larsi, xolo azerbaijanisa
da TurqeTis mxridan arsebul blokadas Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, igi
somxeTis dasavleTTan damakavSirebeli erTaderTi xidia.
ormxrivi urTierTobebis ganviTarebis garda, gadaidga garkveuli

nabijebi kavkasiis qveynebs Soris regionuli, ekonomikuri TanamSromlobis
ganviTarebis mizniT. orive saxelmwifo 2004 wlidan aris evrokavSiris
“samezoblo politikis”, xolo 2009 wlidan evrokavSiris “aRmosavleTis
partniorobis” programis wevri da Sesabamisad, erToblivad monawileobs
evrokavSiris egidiT mimdinare proeqtebSi. somxeTi da saqarTvelo ukve
araerTi welia erTmaneTTan TanamSromloben evropis sabWos, aseve nato-s
programa “partnioroba mSvidobisaTvis” farglebSi
kavkasiaSiganviTarebulmabolodroindelma movlenebma kidev erTxel

daadastura, rom kavkasiis qveynebis stabiluroba da mSvidobiani momavali
mxolod saerTo regionuli TanamSromlobis gziT miiRweva, da miuxedavad
zogierT sferoSi interesTa sxvadasxvaobisa (magaliTad kaspiis
energetikuli proeqtebi), or qveyanas Soris integraciul procesebs
alternativa ar aqvs.
ruseT-saqarTvelos omis dros, ruseTis mokavSireebs Soris somxeTma

yvelaze didi danaklisi ganicada. azerbaijanisa da TurqeTis mxridan
blokadis pirobebSi, saqarTvelo erevnisaTvis danarCen msoflioze
gasasvlelad ZiriTad teritorias warmoadgens. sagareo-savaWro
operaciebis 70%-ze meti, swored saqarTvelos teritoriis gavliT
xorcieldeba. Oomis dros, somxeTma daaxloebiT 680 milioni
279
dolarisdanaklisi ganicada .rodesac ruseTis saokupacio jarebma
aafeTqes sarkinigzo xidi Sida qarTlSi, somxeTma saswrafod gaagzavna
Sesabamisi masalebi da inJinrebi sarkinigzo xidis rekonstruqciis mizniT.
279
http://www.cipdd.org. Caucasus Institute for Peace, Democracy and Development.
After August 2008: consequences of the Russian-Georgian war. p. 18
400
ruseT-saqarTvelos omma somxeTi garkveuli dilemis winaSe daayena.
rogorc ruseTis strategiuli mokavSire regionSi, somxeTi unda
misalmeboda ruseTis qmedebebs. Mmagram, meores mxriv, saqarTvelos
satransporto infrastruqturaze mniSvnelovanma damokidebulebam aiZula
oficialuri erevani, daekavebina saSuamavlo pozicia oficialuri
Tbilisis gaRizianebis dasabalanseblad.
Mmoskovisagan zewolis miuxedavad, mxolod 13 agvisto iyo gamonaklisi,

rodesac somxeTis prezidentma serJ sarqisianma daureka dimitri medvedevs
da madloba gadauxada regionSi “stabilurobis” damyarebisaTvis. amave
dros, ruseTis didi mcdelobis miuxedavad, erevanma uari ganacxada
eRiarebina afxazeTisa da e.w. samxreT oseTis damoukidebloba. 280
Aunda aRiniSnos,rom somxeTis politikuri elita imedovnebs, rom

oficialuri baqo gaiTvaliswinebs ruseT-saqarTvelos omis Sedegebs da
arasdros mimarTavs Zalas aRadginos teritoriuli mTlianoba Zalis
gamoyenebiT.
aucilebelia aRiniSnos, rom ruseT-saqarTvelos omis Semdeg, somxeTma
daiwyo urTierTobebis normalizeba TurqeTTan, rac dakavSirebuli iyo
TurqeTis prezidentis vizitTan erevanSi 2008 wlis 6 seqtembers da misi
safexburTo matCze daswreba TurqeTisa da somxeTis erovnul nakrebebs
Soris.281
im SemTxvevaSi, Tu TurqeTsa da somxeTs Soris sazRvari gaixsneba da
somxeTis saqarTveloze ekonomikuri damokidebuleba ramdenadme
Semcirdeba, moskovi Seecdeba saqarTveloze zewolis gaZlierebas, Tumca
miuxedavad amisa, somxeTis sagareo vaWroba kvlav didwilad iqneba
damokidebuli saqarTvelos teritoriaze, miTumetes mas Semdeg, rac
rogorc zemoT aRiniSna, 2010 wlis 1 martidan kvlav gaixsna ruseT-
saqarTvelos sazRvari zemo larsSi.
irani da saqarTvelo
istoriulad iranis sagareo politikis erT-erT umniSvnelovanes

mimarTulebas kavkasia warmoadgenda. me-19 saukunis dasawyisSi ruseTTan
gancdili ramdenime marcxis Semdeg, kavkasia didi xnis manZilze
miuwvdomeli rCeboda am qveynisaTvis, romelic odesRac regionis baton-
patronad miiCnevda Tavis Tavs. jer carizmma, xolo SemdgomSi
bolSevikurma ruseTma iranis kavkasiisagan gamijvna moaxerxa.
1991 wels ssrk-is daSlam iranis xelisuflebas axali perspeqtivebi

gauxsna kavkasiaSi. yvelani moelodnen, rom iransa da mis istoriul metoqe
280
Hovannes Shoghikian, “Russia seeks Armenian recognition of Georgian regions”, Armenialiberty, September 3, 2008, http:/
/www.armenialiberty.org/armeniareport/report/en/2008/09/93D9ECA8-7301-4920-BF20-9056B6124D20.ASP (accessed September
4, 2008).
281
Emil Danielyan, “Armenia, Turkey ease tensions after historic Erevan summit”, Armenialiberty, September 8, 2008, http:/
/www.armenialiberty.org/armeniareport/report/en/2008/09/640B3F40-F23A-443D-8CB7-A8F24A7FD6E8.ASP (accessed
September
9, 2008).
401
TurqeTs Soris kavkasiaSi da Sua aziaSi gavlenis mopovebis mizniT
seriozuli brZola gaCaRdeboda. Ffaqtobrivad, es unda yofiliyo brZola
or ~models~-Turqul sekularul, dasavleTze orientirebul da iranul
islamistur, antidasavlur saxelmwifoebriobas Soris.
kavkasias rom strategiuli mniSvneloba aqvs rogorc iranis, aseve

TurqeTisaTvis, es sakamaTo ar aris. arc is unda iyos saeWvo, rom regionSi
gavlenis gavrcelebis saqmeSi TurqeTisa da iranisaTvis gadamwyveti
mniSvneloba azerbaijans eniWeba. TurqeTi mWidrodaa dakavSirebuli
azerbaijanTan eTnolingvisturi da kulturuli TvalsazrisiT. irans
azerbaijanTan religia akavSirebs, radgan iranelTa msgavsad
azerbaijanelTa umetesoba Siiti muslimia. garda amisa, wlebis manZilze
sparsulma kulturam seriozuli gavlena iqonia azerbaijanze da SeiZleba
iTqvas, rom sakuTari daRic ki daasva mas. bolosdabolos, azerbaijani xom
Tavisi istoriis manZilze sakmaod didi xnis ganmavlobaSi sparseTis
imperiis nawili iyo. Tumca amave dros aRsaniSnavia is faqti, rom `saukunis
kontraqtis~ (sanavToboproeqtebi) xelmoweris Semdgom urTierToba or
qveyanas Soris gauaresda, radgan azerbaijanma aSS-is zewoliT irans
sabolood uari uTxra misTvis saerTaSoriso sanavTobo konsorciumSi
Tavdapirvelad gankuTvnil 5%-ian wilze. urTierTobas or qveyanas Soris
arTulebs is faqti, rom azerbaijanis amJamindeli
xelisuflebasmetnaklebad prodasavluri kursi aqvs aRebuli, aRniSnuli
faqti iranis gaRizianebas iwvevs, rac ruseTTan da somxeTTan daaxloebis
procesSi gamoixateba. irani, iseve rogorc somxeTi da ruseTi,
azerbaijanis navTobis dasavleTSi eqsportis sastiki winaaRmdegia.
iran-saqarTvelos urTierTobebi
rogorc istoriidan cnobilia, irans saqarTvelos, rogorc

xelsayreli geopolitikuri mdebareobis mqone qveynis mimarT yovelTvis
didi interesebi gaaCnda, radgan Cvens qveyanaze kontrolis mopoveba
sparseTs saSualebas aZlevda kavSiri daemyarebina Crdilo kavkasiis
muslimanur saxanoebTan, agreTve moepovebina gavlena evropisa da aziis
gzasayarze mdebare qveyanaze, romlidan sxvadasxva mimarTulebiT savaWro
gzebi miemarTeboda. rogorc cnobilia, aRniSnuli faqtoris gamo,
saqarTvelo araerTxel gamxdara iranis mxridan Tavdasxmis obieqti.
1801 wels ruseTis imperiis mier saqarTvelos aneqsiis Semdeg, iranma

Cvens qveyanaze kontroli sabolood dakarga. rac Seexeba Tanamedrove
etaps, iranisaTvis raRa Tqma unda miuRebelia Cveni qveynis mier
aRebuliEprodasavlurikursi, kaspiis energetikul proeqtebSi aqtiuri
monawileoba da Sesabamisad regionSi Teiranis erT-erT mTavar
konkurentTan - TurqeTTan daaxloeba. Mmagram, amave dros unda aRiniSnos
is faqti, rom iranis xelisuflebis warmomadgenlebi saqarTvelosTan
mimarTebaSi realurad afaseben Seqmnil situacias da cdiloben Cvens
qveyanasTan normaluri urTierTobebis SenarCunebas, radgan irani
dainteresebulia saqarTvelos navsadgurebis gamoyenebiT Tavisi
produqciis eqsportisaTvis. aRniSnuli naTlad gamoCnda mas Semdeg,
rodesac jer kidev 1995 wels Tbiliss oficialuri samdRiani vizitiT
ewvia iranis maSindeli prezidenti haSemi rafsanjani, romelmac
saqarTvelos prezidentTan TbilisSi Sexvedris Semdeg moinaxula foTisa
402
da baTumis portebi da aRniSna maTi didi mniSvneloba iranis
ekonomikisaTvis.
saqarTvelosadairanisurTierTobebsmravalsaukunovaniistoria gaaCnia,
saqarTvelosmierdamoukideblobisgamocxadebisSemdegsaqarTvelosadairanisi
slamurrespublikasSorisdiplomatiuriurTierTobadamyarda 1992 wlis 15
maiss.
aseveaRsaniSnaviaismniSvnelovaniormxrivivizitebi,
romlebicamxnisganmavlobaSiSedgasaqarTvelosadairanisislamurrespublika
sSoris. saqarTvelosmxridan: 1993
wlisianvarSisaqarTvelossaxelmwifomeTauriseduardSevardnaZisvizitiiran
Si; 1996, 1998, 2000
wlebSisagareosaqmeTaministrisiraklimenaRariSvilisviziti; 2001 wlis 19-20
aprils,parlamentisTavmjdomariszurabJvaniasviziti; 2004 wlis 6-9
ivlissprezidentmixeilsaakaSvilisviziti; 2006 wlis 22-23
oqtombrissagareosaqmeTaministris,gelabeJuaSvilisadaenergetikisministris
nikagilaurisviziti. 2009 wlis 1-4 marts, iranSi Sedga saqarTvelos
sagareo saqmeTa ministris moadgilis, aleqsandre nalbandovis viziti,
imave wlis martSi irans saqarTvelos saxelmwifo ministri reintegraciis
sakiTxebSi, Temur iakobaSvilic ewvia, xolo 2010 wlis 18 ianvars Sedga
saqarTvelos sagareo samqeTa ministris, grigol vaSaZis viziti.282
Yyvelaze sainteresoa aRiniSnos is faqti, rom 2006 wlis seqtemberSi,
gaeros generaluri asambleis sesiis farglebSi, saqarTvelos prezidenti
mixeil saakaSvili Sexvda iranis islamuri respublikis presidents, mahmud
ahmadinejads.
iranismxridan: 1995 welsprezidentisaliaqbarhaSemirafsanjanisviziti; 1996
welssagareosaqmeTaministrisaliaqbarvelaiaTisviziti; 2001
welsiraniserovnuliuSiSroebissabWosmdivnishasanruhanisviziti;
2003welssagareosaqmeTaministrisqamalxarazisvizitida 2005 wlis 25-26
aprilsiranisislamurirespublikispirvelivice-
prezidentismuhamedrezaarefisviziti. 2008 wlis 20 ianvars, xolo SemdgomSi
imave wlis 17 seqtembers Sedga iranis sagreo saqmeTa ministris, manuCar
moTaqis viziti. 2010 wels xeli moewera xelSekrulebas or qveyanas Soris
uvizo mimosvlis Sesaxeb.283
TanamSromlobissferoebswarmoadgensmudmivipolitikuridialogiormxrivdam
ravalmxrivformatSi; aseveTanamSromlobaenergetikissferoSi,
radgansaqarTvelosTvismniSvnelovaniairanTan,
rogorcenergomatareblisalternatiulmomwodebelTanTanamSromloba.
sworedammizeziTiyoganpirobebuli 2006 wlis 22-23
oqtombrissagareosaqmeTaministrisgelabeJuaSvilisadaenergetikisministrisn
ikagilaurisviziti, saqarTveloSiSeqmniliproblemisgamo, rodesac
ruseTmasaqarTvelosSeuwyvitabunebriviairismiwodeba.
TanamSromlobatransportissferoSi _
saqarTvelosTvismniSvnelovaniaqveynissatransportoinfrastruqturisdivers
ifikacia; asevearsebobs
TanamSromlobaganaTlebisdamecnierebissferoSidasaerTaSorisoorganizacie
bisfarglebSi. iranisTvissaqarTveloerT-erTimniSvnelovanipartnioria.
282
http://www.mfa.gov.ge/index.php?sec_id=306&lang_id=GEO
283
iqve
403
qveynebsSorisfunqcionirebserToblivisamTavrobaTSorisoekonomikurikomisi
a.
rac Seexeba samarTlebriv bazas, or qveyanas Soris xelmowerilia 47
dokumenti, maT Soris:
 xelSekruleba saqarTvelos respublikis mTavrobasa da iranis
islamuri respublikis mTavrobas Soris sahaero satransporto
sferoSi;
 SeTanxmeba saqarTvelos respublikasa da iranis islamuri
respublikis mTavrobas Soris investiciebis urTierTwaxalisebis da
dacvis Sesaxeb;
 saqarTvelos mTavrobasa da iranis islamuri respublikis mTavrobas
Soris ormagi dabegvris Tavidan acilebis da Semosavlebsa da
kapitalze gadasaxadis gadauxdelobis aRkveTis Sesaxeb;
 saqarTvelos respublikis mTavrobasa da iranis islamuri
respublikis mTavrobas Soris savaWro-teqnikuri TanamSromlobis
Sesaxeb;
 SeTanxmeba savaWro TanamSromlobis SesaxebsaqarTvelos mTavrobasa
da iranis islamuri respublikis mTavrobas Soris .
araeTgzis Sedga iranis maRali rangis warmomadgenlebis TbilisSi, da
saqarTvelos warmomadgenlebis TeiranSi vizitebi. dRis wesrigidan jer ar
moxsnila da molaparakebis stadiaSia iranis mier bunebrivi gazis
saqarTveloSi eqsportis sakiTxi somxeTis teritoriis gavliT.
miuxedavad ori qveynis ZiriTadi sagareopolitikuri kursis
gansxvavebisa, orive qveynis xelisuflebis warmomadgenlebi metad
dainteresebulni arian erTmaneTTan TanamSromlobis gafarToebisaken rac
yovelTvis aRiniSneba saqarTvelosa da iranis oficialur
warmomadgenlebis sxvadasxva mniSvnelovan sakiTxebze molaparakebebis
dros.
iranis mxridan, saqarTvelosTan TanamSromlobis interess gansazRvravs

Semdegi faqtorebi:
iranisaTvis metad mniSvnelovania saqarTvelos satransporto

infrastruqturis, maT Soris sazRvao navsadgurebis gamoyeneba sagareo-
savaWro urTierTobaTa ganxorcielebis procesSi;
irani dainteresebulia xeli Seuwyos Tavis kompaniebs daabandon

investiciebi saqarTvelos ekonomikis sxvadasxva seqtorSi;
saqarTvelosaTvis iranTan TanamSromlobas interess ki Semdegi aspeqtebi

gansazRvravs:
saqarTvelo dainteresebulia iranis mxridan investiciebis miRebiT;
irani ganixileba rogorc bunebrivi airis alternatiuli mimwodebeli

qarTul energetikul bazarze. rogorc cnobilia, mas Semdeg, rac 2006
wlis ianvarSi ruseTSi moxda gazsadenis afeTqeba, ris Sedegadac
Sewyvetil iqna saqarTvelosaTvis bunebrivi airis miwodeba, swored iranma
miawoda maSin saqarTvelos bunebrivi airi. dRevandel dRes, saqarTveloSi
bunebrivi airis umTavresi mimwodebeli gaxlavT Aazerbaijani, Tumca
saqarTvelo mzad unda iyos saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi miiRos bunebrivi airi
404
iranidanac im SemTxvevaSi, Tu moxda azerbaijansa da saqarTvelos Soris
milsadenis teqnikuri dazianeba, an uares SemTxvevaSi azerbaijansa da
ruseTs Soris xeli moewereba xelSekrulebas azerbaijanSi mopovebuli
bunebrivi airis mTliani moculobis ruseTis mier Sesyidvis Taobaze.
saqarTvelo-ukraina
mniSvnelovani politikur da ekonomikur mizezTa gamo dsT-is sivrceSi

ukraina saqarTvelosaTvis erT-erT mTavar partniors warmoadgens, maT
Soris ukrainaSi 2010 wlis ianvarSi xelisuflebis saTaveSi viqtor
ianukoviCis mosvlis Semdegac.
rogorc cnobilia, Tavis droze swored ukraina iyo kavkasiis or

saxelmwifosTan erTad (saqarTvelo, azerbaijani),axali politikur-
ekonomikuri gaerTianebis –suamis Seqmnis iniciatori.
saqarTvelosa da ukrainas Soris arsebobs TiTqmis yvela sferoSi

TanamSromlobis soliduri, praqtikulad amouwuravi samarTlebriv-
saxelSekrulebo baza, da rac mTavaria, or qveyanas Soris dadebulia
sruliad unikaluri yovlismomcveli xelSekruleba `megobrobis,
TanamSromlobisa da urTierTdaxmarebis Sesaxeb~.
ukraina is qveyanaa, romelic pirveli gamoexmaura saqarTvelos

Txovnas, saqarTvelos sasazRvro infrastruqturis SeqmnaSi monawileobis
Sesaxeb. man pirvelma gadmosca Cvens qveyanas sasazRvro katarRa. ukrainaSi
samxedro momzadebas gadiodnen qarTveli oficrebi, ukrainis Sinagan
saqmeTa saministros erovnul akademiaSi swavlobdnen saqarTvelos
Zalovani saministroebisa da uwyebebis kursantebi. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom
ukraina, praqtikulad sxva qveynebs saqarTvelosTan TanamSromlobis
magaliTs aZlevs da saqarTvelos uSiSroebis garant qveynad SeiZleba
miviCnioT.
aseve aqtiurad da warmatebiT viTardeba or qveyanas Soris

ekonomikuri TanamSromloba. saqarTvelom da ukrainam, romlebsac sakvanZo
mdebareoba ukaviaT dasavleTisa da aRmosavleTis damakavSirebel evraziis
derefanSi, nayofierad daiwyes TavianTi bunebriv-geografiuli
SesaZleblobis realizacia. dRes, ukve ori qveynis sazRvao sanapiroebs
akavSirebT saborne, da sarkinigzo-saborne gadasasvlelebi, matulobs
tvirTbrunva da am process sakmaod imedismomcemi momavali aqvs. U2010 wlis
monacemebiT, ukrainas, saqarTvelos mTavar sagareo-savaWro partniorebs
Soris mesame adgli ukavia. 2010 wlis ianvar-maisSi, saqarTvelodan
ukrainaSi ganxorcielebuli eqsportis moculobam 37,5 aSS dolari
Seadgina (mTliani eqsportis 6,2%). xolo, imave periodSi ukrainidan
saqarTveloSi ganxorcielebuli importis moculoba 200,1 mln. dolars
gautolda (saerTo importis 11%).
sainteresoa aRiniSnos, rom ukraina dainteresebulia saqarTvelos

gamocdilebiT korufciasTan brZolis sakiTxebSi. aRsaniSnavia is faqti,
rom msoflio bankis monacemebiT, saqarTvelo biznesis warmarTvis
simartivis maCveneblis mixedviT 183 qveynidan me-12 adgilzea, xolo ukraina
405
mxolod 145. Sesabamisad, 2010 wlis ivlisSi saqarTvelos ukrainis vice-
premieri, sergei tigipko ewvia, romelic Sexvda qarTvel ministrebs da
gaiziara maTi gamocdileba sabanko sistemis da ekonomikuri reformebis
kuTxiT. sainteresoa aRiniSnos, rom 2010 wlis noemberSi Sedga tigipkos
meore viziti.
meore mxriv, ori qveynis TanamSromlobis ufro farTo asparezs saxavs

kaspiis zRvis auzis energoSemcvelebis eqsporti ukrainaSi. ukraina mzad
aris maT misaRebad da zrdis Tavis SesaZleblobebs rogorc
energoSemcvelebis adgilze gadamuSavebis, ise dasavleTisaken maTi
transportirebis TvalsazrisiT. anu, igi iyo da rCeba energoSemcvelebis
did momxmareblad da amave dros, am resursebis satranzito qveynis
funqciasac iZens. es funqcia ki kidev ufro aaxloebs megobari da
partniori qveynebis saerTo interesebs. NEEE E
ra Tqma unda udidesi mniSvneloba eniWeba orive qveynis survils,

maqsimalurad dauaxlovdnen evropul institutebs, maT Soris evrokavSiris
aRmosavleTis partniorobis programis farglebSi. Aamaze mowmobs is
faqtic, rom 2010 wlis 11 noembers saqarTvelos saxelmwifo ministrma
evro-atlantikuri integraciis sakiTxebSi giorgi baramiZem ukrainas
sajarod SesTavaza erTiani ganacxadi SeetanaT evropis kavSiris wevrobaze
da dasZina, rom wevroba “oqros mizania” orive qveynisaTvis.
CineT-saqarTvelos urTierToba
UurTierTobebi or qveyanas Soris daiwyo “didi abreSumis gzis”

droidan, romelic CineTs Savi zRvis sanapiroebTan akavSierbda. es gza
iwyeboda CineTSi da 2 ganStoebad miemarTeboda dasavleTisaken.
centraluri azia - kaspiis zRviT ukavSirdeboda kavkasias, gadakveTda
saqarTvelos da Savi zRviT berZnul qalaqebsa da roms aRwevda.
Ddidi abreSumis gzis ganviTarebam xeli Seuwyo ekonomikuri da
kulturuli urTierTobebis ganviTarebas aRmosavleTisa da dasavleTis
qveynebs Soris.
Tanamedrove periodSi CineTsa da saqarTvelos Soris diplomatiuri
urTierTobebi damyarda 1992 wlis 9 ivniss, rodesac xeli moewera ormxriv
komunikes.
CineTi da saqarTvelo kmayofilia urTierTobaTa ganviTarebiT bolo 15
wlis ganmavlobaSi. CineTis mxare aRiarebs saqarTvelos damoukideblobas
da teritoriul mTlianobas, Mda miesalmeba saqarTvelos mcdelobas,
romelic mimarTulia qveynis stabilurobisa da
ekonomikuriGganviTarebisaTvis.
CineTis sxvadasxva saxelmwifo da kerZo wreebi afarToeben saqmian
TanamSromlobas saqarTvelosTan humanitarul, ganaTlebisa da kulturis
sferoSi. MxSirdeba pirdapiri gacvlebi 2 qveynis regionebsa da qalaqebs
Soris.
samomavlod, CineTis mxare ganagrZobs CineT-saqarTvelos megobruli
damokidebulebis ganviTarebas. Oorive qveyana gansakuTrebul aqcents
akeTebs Semdegi mimarTulebiT: pirvel rigSi _ gaaZlieron kavSirebi da
konsultaciebi ori qveynis Sesabamis saxelisuflebo struqturebs Soris
sxvadasxva doneze. Mmeore mxriv _ izrdeba savaWro-
ekonomikururTierTobaTa moculoba CineTsa da saqarTvelos Soris.
406
AagreTve prioritetulia TanamSromloba soflis meurneobis, transportis,
infrastruqturisa da sxva sferoebSi.
dRevandel dRes urTierTobebi sul ufro intensiur saxes iZens. 2006

wels Catarda erToblivi biznes-forumebi CineTSi saqarTvelos
prezidentisa da ekonomikuri ganviTarebis ministris vizitis farglebSi.
2008 21 marts daido SeTanxmeba saqarTvelos mTavrobasa da CineTis
saxalxo respublikas Soris teqnikuri da ekonomikuri TanamSromlobis
Sesaxeb. Aam sferoSi axali SeTanxmebebi dadebul iqna 2009 wlis 29
dekembers da 2010 wlis 4 ivliss.
2010 wlis 17-22 marts Cinuri mxaris miwveviT ganxorcielebul iqna

saqarTvelos saparlamento delegaciis viziti CineTSi.284
mniSvnelovani aRiniSnos is faqti, rom miuxedavad imisa, rom CineTi aris

ruseTisa da CineTis iniciativiT dafuZnebuli Sanxais TanamSromlobis
organizaciis wevri, oficialurma pekinma, kremlis mcdelobis miuxedavad,
uari ganacxada saqarTvelos ori okupirebuli regionis “damoukideblobis”
aRiarebaze.
iaponia da saqarTvelo
kavkasiis regionis mimarT Tavisi ekonomikuri interesebi regionidan

geografiulad sakmaod daSorebul iaponiasac gaaCnia.
iaponia warmoadgens amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis strategiul

mokavSires, amitomac igi amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis msgavsad
dainteresebulia kavkasiaSi am regionis qveynebis damoukideblobis
ganmtkicebiTa da demokratiis ganviTarebiT.
saqarTvelosa da iaponias Soris diplomatiuri urTierToba damyarda

1992 wlis 3 agvistos.
kavkasiis regionisadmi iaponiis dainteresebam Seqmna winapiroba

iaponiis mier saqarTvelosadmi sxvadasxva sferoebSi daxmarebis gawevisa.
1997 wlis aprilSi iaponiis mTavrobam saqarTvelos pirvelad gamouyo
pirdapiri granti sakvebi produqciis warmoebis gazrdis xelSesawyobad
(500 mln iaponuri ieni), romelic moxmarda sasoflo-sameurneo
danadgarebis Sesyidvas da arasaproeqto granti ekonomikuri siZneleebis
daZlevis xelSewyobisaTvis (daaxloebiT 4,8 mln dolari).
1997 wlis noemberSi iaponiam ekonomikuri TanamSromlobis fondis

meSveobiT saqarTvelos gamouyo pirveli SeRavaTiani sesxi (5332 miliardi
iaponuri ieni, daaxloebiT 45 mln aSS dolari) energetikis seqtoris,
kerZod ki lajanurhesisa da xramhesis reabilitaciisaTvis.
“vardebis revoluciis” Semdgom periodSi, 2007 wlis 7-11 marts Sedga

saqarTvelos prezidetis, mixeil saakaSvilis oficialuri viziti
iaponiaSi.
284
407
aRsaniSnavia, rom SeimCneva iaponuri kerZo kompaniebis saqarTveloSi
aqtiurobis zrdis tendenciebi. dReisaTvis maTi aqtiuroba ZiriTadSi
gamoixateba iaponiis mTavrobis sagranto programebiTa da sakredito
xelSekrulebiT gaTvaliswinebuli proeqtebis ganxorcielebiT.EE
aRsaniSnavia, rom TandaTanobiT izrdeba or qveyanas Soris savaWro

brunva. magaliTad, 2006 wels savaWro brunvam 40 400 milioni dolari
Seadgina. saqarTvelos eqsportma iaponiaSi Seadgina 517 900 dolari,
importma ki 39 541 500 dolari285.
ruseTis mier ganxorcielebuli agresiis Semdeg, iaponiis mTavrobam

saqarTvelos mniSvnelovani daxmareba gamouyo, romelic 100 milion
dolars aRemateboda.
centraluri azia da saqarTvelo
yazaxeTisa da centraluri aziis oTxi respublikis tvirTebis

tranzitisaTvis saqarTvelo metad mniSvnelovan qveyanas warmoadgens.
evroaziuri derefnisa da kaspiis energetikuli resursebis dasavleTis
mimarTulebiT eqsportis ideis Semdgom periodSi urTierTobebi
centraluri aziisa saxelmwifoebsa da saqarTvelos Soris sul ufro da
ufro intensiuri xdeba.
MmagaliTad, yazaxeTis teritoriidan aSS-is navTobkompania `Sevronis~

mier 1997 wlidan xorcieldeba “Tengizis” sabadoze mopovebuli navTobis
baTumis portamde rkinigzis meSveobiT transportireba.
didi mniSvneloba centraluri aziisa da saqarTvelos daaxloebis

saqmeSi iTamaSa qalaq saraxsSi, 1996 wels xelmowerilma oTxmrivma
SeTanxmebam “tranzitisaTvis maqsimaluri xelSewyobis Sesaxeb”, romelzec
xeli moaweres saqarTvelos, azerbaijanis, TurqmeneTisa da uzbekeTis
prezidentebma. SemdgomSi aRniSnul xelSekrulebas SeuerTdnen ukraina,
yazaxeTi, da yirgizeTi.
garda amisa, kolosaluri mniSvneloba saqarTvelosa da centraluri

aziis saxelmwifoebis daaxloebis saqmeSi eniWeba agreTve 1998 wlis 8
seqtembers baqoSi xelmoweril SeTanxmebas `trasekas~ proeqtis Sesaxeb.
xolo SemdgomSi, 1999 wlis 18 noembers euTo-s stambulis samitze baqo-
Tbilisi-jeihanis navTobsadenis proeqtis xelSekrulebas. rogorc
cnobilia, am navTobsadeniT navaraudevia navTobis transportireba
yazaxeTis port aqtaudan.
2007 wlisaTvis, yazaxeTSi navTobis wliuri mopoveba daaxloebiT 70

mln. tonas Seadgenda, saidanac qveynis SigniT daaxloebiT 15-20 mln tona
moixmareba. eqspertTa monacemebiT, 2013-2015 wlebSi yazaxeTSi navTobis
mopovebam SeiZleba weliwadSi 170 milioni tona Seadginos, xolo yazaxeTis
navTobgamamuSavebel qarxnebs mxolod 20 mln tonamde navTobis
286
gadamuSaveba SeuZliaT . aqedan gamomdinare, saWiro gaxdeba nedli
navTobis eqsportis zrda. amitom, advili SesaZlebelia, rom saqarTvelos
285
286
http://www.eia.doe.gov/cabs/Kazakhstan/Background.html
408
teritoriis gavliT yazaxeTSi mopovebuli nedli navTobis eqsporti kidev
ufro gaizrdeba.
MmniSvnelovania agreTve aRiniSnos yazaxuri investiciebis rolic

saqarTvelos ekonomikaSi. AgansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania aRiniSnos
energetikul (“yaztransgazi”) da sabanko (“Turam alemi”) seqtorebSi
ganxorcielebuli investiciebi.
sxvadasxva proeqtebSi CarTva iwvevs centraluri aziisa da

saqarTvelos politikuri daaxloebis processac, rasac ganapirobebs
saerTo miznebi, ruseTis politikuri gavlenisagan Tavis daRweva da
sakuTari suverenitetis ganmtkiceba, rac SesaZlebelia mxolod da mxolod
kavkasiisa da centraluri aziis regionis ekonomikuri da politikuri
daaxloebis gziT.
amave dros aRsaniSnavia is faqtic, rom 2008 wlis agvistos Semdeg,

rusuli mxaris zewoliT yazaxeTma Seamcira investiciebis ganxorcieleba
saqarTvelos ekonomikaSi, Tumca, ruseTis mxridan zewolis arsebobis
miuxedavad, centraluri aziis arc erTma saxelmwifom ar aRiara
afxazeTisa da cxinvalis regionis damoukidebloba.
saqarTvelos energetikuli usafrTxoeba
saqarTvelos energoseqtorSi arsebuli vaTareba ruseT-saqarTvelos omis

Semdgom periodSi
2008 wlis agvistoSi ganxorcielebulma ruseTis agresiam saqarTvelos

ekonomikur da finansur sistemas didi ziani miayena. Aamave dros, saqarTvelos
energetikuli sistema uSualod samxedro moqmedebebis drosac ganagrZobda
Seuferxeblad muSaobas. gamonaklisi SemTxvevebis garda, ruseTis mier
saqarTveloSi ganxorcielebuli dabombvebis dros energetikuli obieqtebis
dazianeba da mosaxleobisTvis eleqtroenergiis da bunebrivi airis miwodebis
wyveta ruseTma ver moaxerxa. mokled ganvixiloT saqarTvelos energetikis
TiToeuli dargi.
eleqtroenergetika saqarTvelos energetikuli seqtoris udidesi nawili
privatizirebulia. misi garkveuli nawili rusul-qarTul biznes jgufebs
ekuTvnis (Telasi – Tbilisis eleqtrodistribucia, mtkvari-enerji da a.S.).
Eeleqtroenergiis gamomuSavebis 70% saqarTvelos hidroeleqtosadgurebze
gamomuSavdeba.287
Ggazis moxmareba saqarTveloSi moxmarebuli gazis mTeli raodenoba
importirebulia.
2008 wlis agvistoSi saqarTvelos xelisuflebis gadawyvetilebiT gazis
bazris sruli deregulireba moxda, rac imas niSnavs, rom kerZo kompaniebs
ufleba miecaT, gazi Tavad iyidon da gayidon im raodenobiT da im fasad,
rogorc amas moaxerxeben. deregulirebul gazis bazarze ramdenime
importiori moqmedebs, esenia: saqarTvelos navTobisa da gazis korporacia,
287
Lliana jervaliZe. Mmasala momzadebulia `saerTaSoriso gamWvirvaloba saqarTvelos~ mier.
Ooqtomberi, 2008.
409
enerji investi, sokari - azerbaijanis saxelmwifo energo kompania (romelmac,
2008 wlis zafxulis tenderis Sedegebis mixedviT, unda uzrunvelyos
saqarTvelos regionebis, garda kompania iteras qselisa, momarageba), itera da
saerTaSoriso energetikuli korporacia.
saqarTvelos navTobis resursebi saqarTvelos navTobis potenciuri resursebi
2 miliard tonadaa Sefasebuli, Tumca wliuri mopoveba 100 tonas ar
aRemateba. dRevandel etapze saqarTveloSi navTobis Zebna-ZiebiT da mopovebiT
saqmianobas Svidi kompania axorcilebs. maT Soris “ioris veli – navTobi da
gazi”, “kanargo jorjia”, “frontera”, “anadarko”, “Strait oil end gazi”,
“global oil end enerji” da “aqsai BMC”. E
saqarTvelos teritoriaze moqmedi milsadenebis mniSvneloba saqarTvelos

energousafrTxoebis uzrunvelyofis saqmeSi
baqo-sufsis navTobsadeni `dasavleTis~ anu qarTuli marSrutis baqo-sufsas

milsadenis sigrZe 900 km-ia, xolo proeqtis saerTo Rirebuleba 1 mlrd dolari.
aRniSnuli marSrutis dadebiTi mxareebia-milsadenis simokle da sxva
marSrutebisagan gansxvavebiT SedarebiTi siiafe. aRsaniSnavia agreTve sufsis
portis uwyveti sezonurobis garemoebac. navTobsadenis gamtarunarianoba dReSi
300, 000 barelzea gaTvlili. navTobsadenis wliuri warmadoba 5,75 milioni
tonaa, xolo dRiuri _ 115 aTasi bareli. im SemTxvevaSi Tu damontaJdeba
damatebiTi saqaCi sadgurebi, maSin wliuri warmadoba 10 milion tonamde, xolo
dRiuri ki 200 000 barelamde gaizrdeba.
baqo-Tbilisi-jeihanimeore mniSvnelovani sanavTobo proeqti gaxlavT baqo-

Tbilisi-jeihanis milsadeni. am milsadenis saSualebiT navTobi pirdapiri
marSrutiT transportirdeba kaspiisa da xmelTaSua zRvebs Soris. mniSvnelovania
is, rom axali marSruti Seamcirebs navTobis didi raodenobiT gatarebas
bosforis srutis gavliT. aRniSnuli marSruti ekonomikurad sakmaod momgebiania
da usafrTxoa transportirebis TvalsazrisiT.BBTC milsadenis saSualebiT dReSi
1 milioni bareli navTobis gadatvirTvaa SesaZlebeli sangaCalidan xmelTaSua
zRvis TurqeTis sanapiroze axlad agebuli jeihanis sazRvao
navTobterminalSi.milsadenis sigrZea 1760 km. aqedan azerbaijanis monakveTis
sigrZea 442 km, saqarTvelos_246km, TurqeTis_1070km. diametri_1168mm. saproeqto
warmadobaa 50 milioni tona weliwadSi. dadebiTi mxareebidan aRsaniSnavia erT-
erTi umTavresi-port jeihanis transportirebis didi gamtarunarianoba da port
jeihanis maRali teqnologiuri standartebi. kerZod, mas SeuZlia weliwadSi 120
mln tona navTobis miReba da gatareba da igi mTeli wlis ganmavlobaSi mzad
aris tvirTebis misaRebad novorosiiskis portisagan gansxvavebiT romelsac wlis
ganmavlobaSi mxolod 30 mln tona navTobis miReba da gatareba SeuZlia da
ramdenime Tve daketilia Zlieri Stormebis gamo.
Sah-denizis proeqti Sah-denizis sabado kaspiis zRvaSi mdebareobs. pirvelad is
aRmoCenili iqna 1999 wels. samSeneblo samuSaoebi 2006 wlis bolomde
mimdinareobda. samxreT kavkasiis milsadenis daniSnulebaa Sah-denizis sabadodan
gazis transportireba TurqeTsa da saqarTveloSi. milsadenis sruli sigrZe 690
km-s Seadgens, saidanac 248 km saqarTvelos teritoriaze gadis. milsadenis
proeqts axorcielebs samxreT kavkasiis milsadenis konsorciumi, romlis
SemadgenlobaSi Sedian: BP (25%), Statoil (25%), SOCAR Commercial Affiliate (10%),
TOTALFINAELF (10%), LUKAgip(10%), NaftIran Co.Ltd. (10%) da TPOC (9%). saqarTvelo am
proeqtSi monawileobs ara marto rogorc satranzito qveyana, aramed rogorc
410
momxmarebeli qveyanac. xelSekrulebis mixedvi saqarTvelo iRebs Zveli
kontraqtiT gaTvaliswinebul 250 milion kbm-s rogorc satranzito qveyana da
damatebiT 200 milion kbm-s rogorc momxmarebeli qveyana.
Ywyaro: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Baku_pipelines.svg
konkurenti energoderefnebis analizi da maTi dRevandeli gavlena saqarTvelos

energousafrTxoebaze
gazsadeni “cisferi nakadi” 1997 wels ankarasa da moskovs Soris xelmowerili

SeTanxmebis Tanaxmad safuZveli Caeyara `cisferi nakadis~ gazsadenis mSeneblobas.
Ggazsadeni miemarTeba ruseTis stavropolis mxaridan TurqeTis port samsunamde
da gadis Savi zRvis fskerze (daaxloebiT 2000 metris siRrmeze). misi
gamtarunarianoba 2008 wels aRemateboda 16 miliard kubur metrs weliwadSi.
ruseTi cdilobs sul ufro Rrmad SeiWras da mtkiced gaidgas fexi evropis
bazarze da Seasustos saqarTvelos satranzito funqcia. nabukos proeqtis
sawinaaRmdegod ruseTi gegmavs “cisferi nakadis” - ruseTidan TurqeTSi Sav
zRvaSi gamavali gazsadenis - gagrZelebas evropisaken, swored im qveynebis
gavliT, romlebic nabukos proeqtSia naxsenebi. gazsadeni daakavSirebs TurqeTsa
da ungreTs bulgareTisa da rumineTis gavliT, xolo ungreTidan gazi
gadanawildeba sloveniaSi, xorvatiasa da italiaSi. ruseTi am proeqtiT miznad
isaxavs alternatiuli gzebisTvis, kerZod nabukos proeqtisaTvis gzis moWras da
evropis ruseTis gazze damokidebulebis ganmtkicebas.
kaspiispira gazsadenis proeqti 2007 wlis 11 maiss ruseTis yofili prezidentis
vladimer putinis yazaxeTsa da TurqmeneTSi vizitis dros xeli moewera
deklaracias gazis transportirebis Taobaze. amasTanave ruseTs surs, gaaformos
TurqmeneTTan grZelvadiani SeTanxmeba gazis mowodebasTan dakavSirebiT, romelic
2028 wlamde iqneba gaformebuli. EE
411
burgas-aleqsandropolisis transbalkanuri navTobsadeni. 2007 wlis 15 marts
ruseTma, bulgareTma da saberZneTma xeli moaweres SeTanxmebas burgas-
aleqsandropolisis transbalkanuri navTobsadenis mSeneblobis Sesaxeb.
es proeqti ewinaaRmdegeba evrokavSiris strategiuli interess, romlis arsic
ruseTze energodamokidebulebis SemcirebaSi mdgomareobs. Tuki es milsadeni
aSendeba, is iqceva kaspiuri milsadenis konsorciumis gagrZelebad, romelic
yazaxeTidan SavizRvispira rusul port novorosiiskamdea gaWimuli da amdenad
konkurencias gauwevs yazaxeTidan dasavleTisaken navTobis transportirebis
transkaspiur proeqtebs, rogoricaa magaliTad baqo-Tbilisi-jeihanis
navTobsadeni. burgas-aleqandropolisis xazi aseve waiRebs Tavisken im kaspiuri
navTobis moculobebs, romelic aucilebeli iyo ukrainuli odesa-brodis
poloneTamde gagrZelebis perspeqtivis mqone navTobsadenis dasatvirTad.
burgas-aleqsanropolisis proeqts SeuZlia damatebiT stimuli SesZinos
sipisis (Caspian Pipeline Consortium) simZlavreTa gazrdas (milsadeni erTmaneTTan
akavSirebs yazaxeTsa da ruseTs). am marSrutis amJamindeli gamtanunarianoba 27
milion tonas Seadgens. Tuki es maCvenebeli mniSvnelovnad gaizrdeba-gegmiT
gaTvaliswinebul yovelwliur 67 milionze rom araferi vTqvaT, sipisis
milsadeni STanTqavs udides moculobebs imisas, rasac yazaxeTSi exla moipoveben
da risi mopovebac samomavlod igegmeba, maT Soris super-gigantur qaSaganis
sabadozec. es ki seriozul dartymas miayenebs transkaspiur proeqtebs, romelTa
ganxorcielebac dasavleTis inrteresebSia.
burgas-aleqsandropolisi aseve negatiur gavlenas moaxdens evrokavSiris mier
mxardaWerili proeqtebis perspeqtivebzec. es mildenic aseve ganixileba Savi
zRvidan gasasvlelad Turquli sruteebis alternativad.
burgas-aleqsandropolisis proeqtis 51 procenti “transneftis,”
“gazpromneftisa” da “rosneftis” xelSia, xolo “transnefti” amavdroulad
proeqtis operatoricaa. darCenil 49 procents bulgareTisa da saberZneTis
mTavrobebi floben.
pirvel fazaze milsadeni yovelwliurad 35 milion tonas gaatarebs, meore
fazaze ki 50 milioni tonis gatareba ivaraudeba.
baqo-novorosiiski aRniSnuli marSrutis saerTo sigrZea 1411 km da misi saerTo
Rirebuleba aRwevs 1,5-2 mlrd dolars. 2008 wels, ruseTsa da azerbaijans Soris
gaformda SeTanxmeba, romlis mixedviTac azerbaijanSi mopovebuli navTobis
nawili, kvlav gaivlis am milsadenis meSveobiT. Aaseve, or qveyanas Soris
miRweulia SeTanxmeba, raTa azerbaijanidan ganxorcieldes daaxloebiT 500
milioni kuburi metri bunebrivi airis eqsporti ruseTSi.
Zaurikau-cxinvalis gazsadeni danarCeni saqarTvelosgan cxinvalis regionis
energetikuli damokidebulebis acilebis mizniT jer kidev 2008 wlis agvistos
agresiamde ruseTma saqarTvelos xelisuflebasTan SeTanxmebis gareSe gadawyvita
Zaurikau-cxinvalis gazsadenis mSenebloba, romelic CrdiloeT oseTs, e.w.
samxreT oseTTan daakavSirebs. aRsaniSnavia, rom gazsadeni CrdiloeT oseTis
teritoriaze arsebul bunebriv nakrZalze gadis, ris gamoc respublikis
ekologiur mdgomareobas seriozuli safrTxis qveS ayenebs.
“gazpromma” Zaurikau-cxinvalis gazsadenis mSenebloba 2006 wlis noemberSi
daiwyo da misi saerTo Rirebuleba 15 miliard rubls (daaxloebiT 987 milioni
dolari) Seadgens. sainteresoa aRiniSnos, rom es iqneba zRvis donidan
msoflioSi yvelaze did simaRleze gayvanili gazsadeni. misi nawili zRvis
donidan 3 aTas metrze gaivlis.
412
saqarTvelos monawileobiT momavalSi gansaxorcielebeli energetikuli
proeqtebis analizi da maTi mosalodneli gavlena saqarTvelos
energousafrTxoebaze
nabuqos proeqti rogorc wignis wina TavebSi iyo aRniSnuli, proeqti – “nabuqo”,
iTvaliswinebs gazis transportirebas TurqeTidan avstriaSi – bulgareTis,
rumineTis da ungreTis gavliT. nabukos gazsadens TurqeTSi, erzrumTan
SeuerTdeba baqo – Tbilisi - erzrumis da iran - TurqeTis gazsadenebs. gazsadeni
warmoadgens kaspiis regionisa da axlo aRmosavleTis qveynebidan (TurqmeneTi,
yazaxeTi, azerbaijani, irani, erayi) gazis evropaSi transportirebis saSualebas.
gazsadenis mSeneblobis Rirebuleba aRemateba 7 miliard evros. sawyis fazaSi,
gazsadeni yovelwliurad gaatarebs 13-16 miliardamde kubur metr bunebriv airs,
xolo 2020 wlisTvis es ricxvi savaraudod miaRwevs 26-30 miliard kubur metrs.
naxevars gamoiyeneben satranzito qveynebi. 2009 wlis maisSi xeli moewera
memorandums nabuqos proeqtTan dakavSirebiT. nabukos proeqtis mTavari
aqcionerebi arian OMV (avstria), MOL (ungreTi), Transgaz (rumineTi), Bbulgargaz
(bulgareTi), BBOTAS (TurqeTi). saubaria proeqtSi gazpromis SesaZlo
monawileobaze, Tumca am proeqtis Zireuli arsidan gamomdinare, naklebad
realuria da SeiZleba CaiTvalos rogorc wminda taqtikuri nabiji.
nabukos proeqti mravalmxriv mniSvnelovania saqarTvelosTvis, misi
ganxorcielebis SemTxvevaSi saqarTvelos SesaZlebloba eZleva Seasustos
gazpromis monopolia evropaSi. amave dros, es proeqti evrokavSirisaken
gadadgmuli kidev erTi nabiji iqneba.
aRsaniSnavia is faqti, rom ruseTi sul ufro met berkets kargavs “nabuqos”
proeqtis CasaSlelad. kerZod, aq gasaTvaliswinebelia is faqti, rom ruseTs
ufro naklebi SesaZlebloba eqmneba ganaxorcielos zewola TurqmeneTze -
“nabuqos” proeqtis mTavar eqsportior qveyanaze. Mmomavali wlis dasawyisSi
aSxabadi damoukideblad SeZlebs CineTsa da iranSi gazis eqsportis
ganxorcielebas, amitomac ruseTs, romelic TurqmeneTis teritoriaze mopovebuli
bunebrivi airis – 80 miliardi kuburi metridan 50 miliards yodulobda (2009
wlis aprilis monacemebiT), da romelic TurqmeneTs gazis Sesyidvaze sakuTar
fasebs karnaxobda, sul ufro naklebi SesaZlebloba eqneba ukarnaxos TurqmeneTs
sakuTari pirobebi, maT Soris “nabuqos” proeqtTan dakavSirebiT.
G”nabuqos” proeqtis ganxorcielebis sasargeblod aseve SeiZleba moviyvanoT is
faqtic, rom eqspertTa gaangariSebiT 2012 wlisaTvis TurqmeneTis teritoriaze
gazis mopovebam SesaZlos 100 miliards gadaaWarbos, xolo 2030 wlisaTvis
mopovebam SesaZloa 250 miliardi kuburi metri Seadginos. Aamitomac, aSxabads
dasWirdeba alternatiuli bazrebi bunebrivi airis eqsportirebisaTvis.
igive SeiZleba iTqvas azerbaijanze, sadac 2015 wlisaTvis bunebrivi airis
mopovebam SesaZloa 60 miliardi kuburi metri Seadgonos. Aamitomac
azerbaijansac aucileblad dasWirdeba alternatiuli bazrebi da am
mimarTulebiT pirvel rigSi baqos mier “nabuqos” proeqtSi CarTva unda
moiazrebodes.
Kkidev erTi mniSvnelovani aspeqti dakavSirebulia TurqeT-iranis SeTanxmebasTan
iranuli gazis TurqeTis gavliT eqsportis Sesaxeb. Oor qveyanas Soris
SeTanxmeba iTvaliswinebs iranis farsis sabadodan 35 miliardi kuburi metri
gazis mopovebas, saidanac daaxloebiT 17,5 miliard kubur metrs TurqeTi
evropaSi gayidis. Aamitomac, Tu iranis birTvuli programis gamo Seqmnili
problema warmatebiT gadaiWreba, SesaZlebelia, rom “nabuqos” proeqtis
ganxorcielebaSi iranic CaerTos, erTis mxriv rogorc gazis eqsportiori, xolo
meores mxriv rogorc satranzito qveyana, romelic TurqmeneTsa da irans Soris
413
damakavSirebeli gazsadenis meSveobiT ganaxorcielebs bunebrivi airis tranzits
evropis mimarTulebiT.
Tu movlenebi sasurveli scenariT warimarTa, maSin “nabuqos” proeqtis
SesaCereblad ruseTis mxridan saqarTveloze zewola azrs dakargavs, radganac
Cveni qveyana momavalSi SesaZloa evropisTvis alternatiuli resursebis
miwodebis ara erTaderTi, aramed erT-erTi marSruti gaxdes.
proeqti TeTri nakadi arsebobs kaspiis regionis gazis Savi zRvis regionis
gavliT evropaSi transportirebis kidev erTi proeqti, romelic iTvaliswinebs
Savi zRvis fskerze gamavali gazsadenis meSveobiT saqarTvelos dakavSirebas
poloneTTan ukrainis gavliT. proeqti pirvel etapze iTvaliswinebs 8 miliardi
kuburi metris transportirebas Sah-denizis sabadoebidan, meore etapze mas
daemateba 8 miliardi kuburi metri yazaxeTidan, xolo mesame etapze 16 miliardi
TurqmeneTidan, anu sruli datvirTvis SemTxvevaSi gazsadeni 32 miliard kubur
metr bunebriv airs gaatarebs evropisken. gazsadenis mSeneblobis pirveli etapi
gulisxmobs Sah-denizis sabadoebidan gazis transfers baqo-Tbilisi-erzrumis
gazsadenis baqo-Tbilisis monakveTiT, gaivlis Tbilisi-sufsis damakavSirebel
gazsadens, xolo sufsidan yirimis q. feodosiamde aigeba wyalqveSa gazsadeni
(650km); ukrainis teritoriaze saWiro iqneba kidev 200km sigrZis gazsadenis
mSenebloba, romelic sufsa-feodosiis gazsadens daukavSirebs ukraina-poloneTis
damakavSirebel gazsadenTa qsels. meore da mesame etapis gansaxorcieleblad
saWiro gaxdeba trans-kaspiis gazsadenis mSenebloba, romlis meSveobiTac moxdeba
gazis transportireba yazaxeTidan da TurqmeneTidan. gamomdinare iqidan, rom Sah-
denizis sabadoebs 1 trilioniani rezervi gaaCnia, proeqti ar uwevs konkurencias
baqo-Tbilisi-erzrumis da nabukos proeqts.
saqarTvelos, rogorc alternatiuli energomimwodeblis roli da aqidan

gamomdinare warmoSobili perspeqtivebi, safrTxeebi da riskebi
saqarTvelos monawileobiT, sxvadasxva energetikuli proeqtebis CasaSlelad,

ruseTi Seecdeba sxvadasxva berketebis amoqmedebas, kerZod:
- ruseTi maqsimalurad ecdeba, raTa momavalSic gagrZeldes diversiuli aqtebis

ganxorcieleba saqarTvelos infrastruqturis obieqtebze, pirvel rigSi
eleqtrogadamcem xazebze, rkinigzaze da uares SemTxvevaSi navTobsadenebze.
rogorc cnobilia, ruseT-saqarTvelos omis dawyebamde sami dRiT adre, 2008 wlis
5 agvistos teroristuli aqti ganxorcielebul iqna baqo-Tbilisi-jeihanis
navTobsadenze. Aam dros afeTqeba ganxorcielebul iqna TurqeTis teritoriaze,
Tumca yvelaze metad savaraudoa, rom teraqti (romlis ganxorcilebaze
pasuxismgebloba qurTebis muSaTa partiam aiRo) ruseTis specsamsaxurebis
uSualo CareviT iqna gakeTebuli. Aamave dRes specialuri gancxadeba gaakeTa
afxazeTis de-faqto liderma sergei baRafSma, romelmac daadastura afxazeTis
mzadyofna ganxorcielebul yofiliyo teraqti baqo-Tbilisi-jeihanis
navTobsadenze. saqarTvelos energetikul infrastruqturaze ganxorcielebuli
teraqtebi sagrZnoblad Seamcirebs saqarTvelos – rogorc satranzito qveynis
imijs;
- ruseTi gaagrZelebs sainformacio oms saqarTvelosTan, brals dasdebs Cvens
qveyanas magaliTad teroristebis mfarvelobaSi da a.S. da daimuqreba garkveuli
sanqciebis amoqmedebiT, aseve SantaJisa da fliqologiuri zewolis mizniT
gazrdis samxedro kontingents rogorc saqarTvelos okupirebul regionebSi,
414
aseve CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi. Aes ki gamoiwvevs ucxour investorTa daSinebas da
investiciebis saqarTvelos energetikis seqtorSi dabandebis Seferxebas;
- kremli gaaqtiurebs molaparakebaTa process azerbaijanTan, raTa baqom
gazardos navTobisa da gazis eqsporti ruseTis mimarTulebiT da amave dros
Seamciros energomatareblebis eqsporti saqarTveloSi. samagierod ruseTi
azerbaijans SesTavazebs yarabaRis konfliqtis mogvarebaSi kidev ufro met
daxmarebas. Sedegad, SesaZlebelia saqarTvelos Seeqmnas damatebiTi problemebi
energousafrTxoebasTan dakavSirebiT, aseve Tavisi mniSvneloba dakargos baqo-
Tbilisi-erzurumis gazsadenma;
- ruseTi ecdeba miaRwios konsensuss TurqmeneTTan da yazaxeTTan am qveynebidan
bunebrivi airis ruseTSi transportirebasTan dakavSirebiT, rac faqtiurad
daasamarebs “nabuqos”, an “TeTri nakadis” proeqtis ganxorcielebis ideas;
- ruseTi SesTavazebs sarfian garigebas TurqeTs, raTa ganxorcieldes proeqti
“cisferi nakadi”, ramac Tavis mxriv SeiZleba gamoiwvios ankaris mxridan uari
“nabuqos” proeqtis ganxorcielebaze;
- ruseTma SesaZloa miaRwios SeTanxmebas “nabuqos” proeqtSi monawile qveynebis
magaliTad ungreTisa da avstriis energokompaniebTan da SesTavazos maT
alternatiuli gazi ruseTidan.
saqarTveloSi eleqtroenergiis warmoebis, aseve qveynis teritoriaze navTobisa da

gazis mopovebis zrdis perspeqtivebi
2006 wlis ivnisSi saqarTvelos parlamentma daamtkica energetikis saministroSi

momzadebuli dokumenti, ris Sedegad ganisazRvra energetikuli politikis
ZiriTadi mimarTulebebi. kerZod, am dokumentis mixedviT gansazRvrulia, rom
adgilobrivi energetikuli resursebis aTvisebaSi ZiriTadi adgili daeTmoba
saqarTvelos hidroenergetikuli potencialis aTvisebas.
am mxriv mniSvnelovani aRiniSnos mdinare enguris hidroenergetikuli
potenciali, romelic Sefasebulia daaxloebiT 3540 mgvt. simZlavriT da
dRevandel etapze 10 miliardamde kvt.sT eletroenergiis gamomuSaveba SeuZlia.
Aimis gamo, rom Tanamedrove etapze potencialis mxolod mcire nawilia
aTvisebuli, enguris sruli aTvisebisaTvis saWiroa ramdenime axali
hidroeleqtrosadguris, maT Soris xudonhesis aSeneba. eqspertTa gaTvlebiT,
xudonhesze eleqtroenegiis gamomuSavebam SesaZloa 1,455 mlrd. kvt.sT Seadginos.
aseve, dRis wesrigSi dgas naxSirze momuSave Tboeleqtrosadguris mSeneblobis
proeqti, romlis amoqmedebis Sedegad SesaZlebeli iqneba 350-400 mvt.
eleqtroenergiis gamomuSaveba.
rac Seexeba navTobis mopovebis gazrdas, dRevandel etapze mopoveba 100 aTas
tonas ar aRemateba, amitomac didi mniSvneloba eniWeba Savi zRvis akvatoriaSi
navTobis mopovebas, sadac potenciuri resursebi Sefasebulia 1 miliard tonad,
Tumca geologiuri da geofizikuri samuSaoebis ganxorcielebis miuxedavad,
navTobis mopoveba Sav zRvaSi jer ar dawyebula.
rac Seexeba gazis resursebs, gazis potenciuri maragi saqarTveloSi daaxloebiT
30 miliard kubur metrs Seadgens, Tumca dRevandel dResEsaqarTvelos
teritoriaze mxolod erTi gazis sabado moqmedebs. aucilebelia damatebiTi
investiciebis ganxorcieleba gazis mopovebis sferoSi.
movlenaTa SesaZlo ganviTarebis prognozebi:
pesimisturi scenari:
415
- ruseTis politikuri SantaJis gamo potenciuri investorebi Tavs
Seikaveben investiciebis ganxorcielebaze saqarTvelos energetikis
seqtorSi. kerZod, ucxouri kompaniebi CaTvlian, rom SesaZloa ruseTma
kidev erTi agresia ganaxorcielos saqarTvelos winaaRmdeg da amis
Semdgom safrTxe Seeqmneba maT mier dabandebul investiciebs. Sedegad,
SeuZlebeli Seiqmneba saqarTveloSi eleqtroenergiis gamomuSavebis
gazrda, aseve, problema Seeqmneba saqarTveloSi navTobisa da gazis
resursebis mopovebis zrdas;
- ruseTi maqsimalurad ecdeba, raTa momavalSic garZeldes diversiuli
aqtebis ganxorcieleba saqarTvelos ENEenergetikis obieqtebze -
eleqtrogadamcem xazebzeda uares SemTxvevaSi navTobsadenebze.
saqarTvelos energetikul infrastruqturaze ganxorcielebuli teraqtebi
sagrZnoblad Seamcirebs saqarTvelos – rogorc satranzito qveynis imijs;
optimisturi scenari:
- “nabuqos” an “TeTri nakadis” proeqtze muSaobis dawyeba kidev ufro

gazrdis evropis dainteresebas saqarTvelos mimarT, amitom evrokavSiri
sul ufro metad iqneba dainteresebuli saqarTveloSi stabilizaciis
damyarebiT, raTa evrokavSiris monawileobiT mimdinare proeqtebis
ganxorcielebam Seuqcevadi saxe miiRos;
- dasavleTis mier ruseTis energomatareblebze damokidebulebis Semcireba
sagrZnoblad daasustebs ruseTs politikuri da ekonomikuri
TvalsazrisiT;
- saqarTvelo kvlav miiRebs damatebiT satranzito Semosavals ruseTidan
somxeTisaken bunebrivi airis eqsportis Sedegad magistraluri gazsadenis
meSveobiT;
- Tu “nabuqos” proeqtis ganxorcielebaSi CarTulni iqnebian TurqmeneTi,
yazaxeTi da azerbaijani, maSin gaizrdeba bunebrivi airis tranziti
saqarTvelos teritoriis gavliT, kerZod baqo-Tbilisi-erzurumis
gazsadenis meSveobiT. Ees ki gazrdis saqarTvelos, rogorc satranzito
qveynis imijs da qveyanas damatebiT satranzito Semosavals moutans;
- Tu garkveul mizezTa gamo, centraluri aziis saxelmwifoebis CarTva
“nabuqos” proeqtSi ver moxerxdeba, SesaZlebelis iqneba egviptis, erayis da
ukidures SemTxvevaSi iranis CarTvac zemoaRniSnul proeqtSi. Mmiuxedavad
imisa, rom am SemTxvevaSi saqarTvelos teritoriis gavliT damatebiTi
moculobis bunebrivi airi ver gaivlis, proeqtis ganxorcieleba mainc
sruliad Seesabameba saqarTvelos erovnul interesebs, radgan dasavleTis
mier ruseTis energomatareblebze damokidebulebis Semcireba sagrZnoblad
daasustebs ruseTs politikuri da ekonomikuri TvalsazrisiT;
- Tu moxdeba evrokavSiris samSvidobo misiis gaaqtiureba, xelsayreli
garemo Seiqmneba saqarTvelos energetikis seqtorSi investiciebis
gansaxorcieleblad;
- damatebiTi hidroeleqtrosadgurebis mSenebloba da wylis resursebis
aTviseba saqarTvelos miscems saSualebas gazardos eleqtroenergiis
eqsporti mezobel qveynebSi – maT Soris ruseTSi. specialistTa
gaTvlebiT, saqarTvelos wylis resursebis potenciali 150 miliard
kilovatsaaTs aRemateba, Tumca dRevandel etapze am potencialis mxolod
10%-ia aTvisebuli;
- dRevandel etapze navTobis mopovebas zrdis yazaxeTi. aqedan gamomdinare,
am qveyanas dasWirdeba alternatiuli gzebi sakuTari navTobis
eqsportirebisaTvis. ASesabamisad, gamoricxuli araa, rom yazaxeTma port
416
aqtaudan ganaxorcielos navTobis eqsporti azerbaijanSi, “Savi oqros”
baqo-Tbilisi-jeihanis navTobsadenSi CatvirTvis mizniT. Sedegad gaizrdeba
navTobis tranziti saqarTvelos teritoriis gavliT;
- yazaxeTs SesaZloa dasWirdes navTobis eqsporti rkinigzis meSveobiTac.
aqedan gamomdinare, garoricxuli araa, rom astanam ganaaxlos navTobis
transportireba saqarTvelos rkinigzis meSveobiT baTumis portamde.
yvelaze ukeTes SemTxvevaSi SesaZloa yazaxeTma kvlav gamoxatos survili
baTumSi navTobgadamamuSavebeli qarxnis mSeneblobaSi investiciebis
ganxorcielebasTan dakavSirebiT;
- Savi zRvis sanapiroze, yulevSi navTobterminali saWiroebs nedli
navTobis damatebiTi moculobis gadamuSavebas, es ki gazrdis moTxovnas
gaizardos navTobis transportirebis moculoba baqo-sufsis navTobsadenis
meSveobiT;
- ar aris gamoricxuli, dRis wesrigSi dadges proeqtis “TeTri nakadi”,
ganxorcielebis sakiTxi. Aam SemTxvevaSi SesaZlebelia ganxilul iqnes
saqarTvelos teritoriaze damatebiTi gazsadenis mSeneblobis sakiTxi Savi
zRvis mimarTulebiT. E
Bbaqo-Tbilisi-axalqalaqi-yarsis rkinigzis proeqti288
1998 wels evropis rekonstruqciisa da ganviTarebis bankma

saqarTvelosa da azerbaijanis rkinigzebis teqnologiuri gaumjobesebis
mizniT 50 mln ekius odenobis krediti gamoyo.
im proeqtTagan, romelic satransporto sferoSi saqarTvelos

teritoriaze xorcieldeba, gansakuTrebul yuradRebas ipyrobs yarsi
(TurqeTi)-axalqalaqis (saqarTvelo) rkinigzis monakveTis mSenebloba.
Tavdapirvelad, yarsi-axalqalaqis rkinigzis mSeneblobis tenderiT 11

ucxouri kompania iyo dainteresebuli. maT Soris amerikuli kompania
àbsolut hovard enerji~, Turquli firmebi ènteefi~, `Teqfeni~, `teqseri~,
ruseTis `transoi~ da sankt-peterburgis eleqtroteqnikuri qarxana,
moskovis sagvirabo mSeneblobis ganyofileba, germaniis kompaniebi
`daimler benci~, `krupi~, germaniis vagonSemkeTebeli kompania. garda amisa
tenderSi monawileobis survili gamoTqves amerikulma kompaniam `berns end
maqdonel interneiSl~-ma da Turqulma `vinsan~-ma.
1996 wlis 4 aprils saqarTvelosa da TurqeTis prezidentebis

umaRlesi donis Sexvedraze miRebul iqna deklaracia ori qveynis
rkinigzis damakavSirebeli Tbilisi-yarsi sarkinigzo xazis mSenebloba-
daproeqtebis Sesaxeb.
1997 wlis noemberSi gamocxadda tenderi rkinigzis mSeneblobaze.

aRniSnuli tenderis pirveli etapi iTvaliswinebda axalqalaqidan
TurqeTis sazRvramde axali orliandagiani eleqtroficirebuli xazis
aSenebas da marabda-axalqalaqis rkinigzis xazis rekonstruqcias. Tbilisi-
marabda-axalqalaqis rkinigzis xazi jer kidev 1986 wels Sevida
eqspluataciaSi, misi sigrZe 160 km-ia da igi agebulia mesame kategoriis
288
Nnika CitaZe. sadisertacio naSromi: “kaspiis sanavTobo proeqtebi da saqarTvelos
satranzito roli. Ppolitikuri da ekonomikuri aspeqtebi.”Tbilisi, 2004. Ggv.135 E
417
normebis mixedviT. proeqtis pirveli etapis mixedviT, aRniSnuli monakveTi
saWiroebda teqnikur gadaiaraRebas pirveli kategoriis normebis
Sesabamisad. am etapis samuSaoebis dasrulebis vadad 3 weli
ganisazRvreboda, xolo rac Seexeba meore etaps, unda ganxorcielebuliyo
marabda-axalqalaqis xazis gadakeTeba 2-liandagian eleqtroficirebul
xazad. aRsaniSnaviaa, rom meore etapi pirvelis paralelurad unda
dawyebuliyo da 5 weliwadiunda gagrZelebuliyo.
eqspertTa azriT, pirveli etapis samuSaoebis dasrulebis Semdeg,

SesaZlebeli gaxdeba rkinigzis eqspluatacia da TurqeTis mimarTulebiT
weliwadSi 7-8 mln tona tvirTis gadazidva, xolo meore etapis
samuSaoebis ganxorcielebis Semdeg, navaraudevia tvirTis raodenobis 50
mln tonamde gazrda. specialistTa gaangariSebiT, pirveli etapi
daaxloebiT 200 milioni dolaris odenobis samuSaoebis Catarebas
moiTxovda, xolo mTlianad proeqtis gansaxorcieleblad bevrad ufro
didi Tanxebia saWiro. amasTan dakavSirebiT, mimdinareobda molaparakeba
TurqeTis èqsimbankTan~ kreditis gamoyofis Sesaxeb, metad mniSvnelovania
is faqti, rom sarkinigzo xazis mSeneblobis mimarT Tavis droze
daintereseba gamoTqva amerikulma kompaniam `berns end maqdonel
interneiSlma~. Ees kompania msoflios mraval qveyanaSi awarmoebs rkinigzis
mSeneblobas, amitom Tavidan moiazreboda, rom swored is gamxdariyo
yarsi-axalqalaqis rkinigzis tenderis gamarjvebuli.
rac Seexeba momavali rkinigzis sigrZes, saqarTvelos teritoriaze

saqarTvelo-TurqeTis saxelmwifo sazRvramde gasayvania 30 km, xolo
sazRvridan yarsamde 68 km. anu, rkinigzis saerTo sigrZea 98 km.
zemoxsenebuli proeqti saqarTvelosaTvis metad mniSvnelovania rogorc
ekonomikuri, aseve politikuri TvalsazrisiT. 2010 wlis monacemebis
mixedviT, saqarTvelos sagareo vaWrobaSi TurqeTs pirveli adgili ekava.
rkinigza TurqeTis mimarTulebiT mniSvnelovnad gazrdis vaWrobis
moculobas or qveyanas Soris, gaizrdeba agreTve tvirTebis tranzitisgan
(romlebic saqarTvelos rkinigzis meSveobiT gadaizideba) miRebuli
Semosavali, romelic saqarTvelos biujetis saSemosavlo nawilis Sevsebis
mniSvnelovan wyaros warmoadgens. saqarTvelos kaspiisa da centraluri
aziis navTobis am marSrutiT rkinigziT transportireba SesaZlebeli
iqneba yarsamde. yarsSi ki navTobgadamamuSavebeli qarxnis mSeneblobaa
dawyebuli 20 mln tona weliwadSi simZlavriT. metad mniSvnelovania is
faqtic, rom yarsidan jeihanis portamde gadis navTobsadeni, xolo
rkinigza yarsidan rogorc stambolis, aseve jeihanis miomarTulebiT
miemarTeba.
sainteresoa aRiniSnos, rom aRniSnuli rkinigza warmoadgens yarsi

(TurqeTi) - giumris (somxeTi) rkinigzis alternativas. Ees rkinigza
eqspluataciidan gamovida mas Semdeg, rac mTian yarabaRSi mimdinare
saomari moqmedebebis gamo, TurqeTma Caketa sazRvari somxeTTan.
axal xelSekrulebas xeli moewera 2005 wlis ianvarSi, Tumca aSS-m da

evrokavSirma ganacxades, rom isini ar daafinansebdnen aRniSnul proeqts.
saqarTvelos teritoriaze samuSaoebis gansaxorcieleblad, Aazerbaijani

220 milioni dolaris moculobis credits gamoyofs 25 wlis vadiT,
romlis saprocento ganakveTi 1% iqneba. sakredito xelSekrulebas xeli
418
moewera Aazerbaijanis mTavrobasa da kompania “marabda-yarsis rkinigzas”
Soris. 2007 wlis seqtemberSi, Aazerbaijanis saxelmwifo sanavTobo fondis
mier pirveli tranSi, 50 milioni dolaris moculobis krediti iqna
gamoyofili.
2007 wlis 21 noembers, Aazerbaijanis, saqarTvelosa da TurqeTis

prezidentebi marabdaSi monawileoba miiRes sazeimo ceremoniaSi, romelic
mieZRvna mSeneblobis dawyebas. Pproeqtis dasruleba navaraudevia 2012
wels.
momavali rkinigza mniSvnelovani faqtori gaxdeba saqarTvelos

samxreTi raionebis ekonomikuri aRorZinebisa. rac Seexeba rkinigzis
mSeneblobasTan dakavSirebul politikur aspeqtebs, aq aRsaniSnavia
rogorc uaryofiTi, aseve dadebiTi mxareebic. uaryofiTidan aRsaniSnavia
is faqti, rom rkinigzis mSenebloba unda warimarTos somxuri
mosaxleobiT kompaqturad dasaxlebul regionSi, xolo maTi mimarTeba
TurqeTis mimarT sayovelTaod cnobilia, amitom gamoricxuli ar aris
sxvadasxva saxis provokaciebi, miT umetes, rom ruseTis specsamsaxurebi
Seecdebian garkveuli Zalebis provocirebas. Mmagram,ufro SesaZlebelia,
rom movlenebi sawinaaRmdego mimarTulebiT warimarTos-Tu adgilobrivi
mosaxleoba rkinigzis mSeneblobaze dasaqmdeba da maTi socialuri
pirobebi gaumjobesdeba, es xels Seuwyobs separatistuli tendenciebis
Sesustebas da saqarTvelos centraluri xelisuflebis iurisdiqciis
gaZlierebas javaxeTis feTqebadsaSiS regionSi. E
wyaro: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Map_of_the_Kars-Akhalkalaki-Tbilisi-Baku_railway.png
419
saqarTvelos Tavdacvisa da erovnuli usafrTxoebis sistemis reformebis
ZiriTadi mimarTulebebi
rogorc ukve aRniSnul iqna, saqarTvelos sagareo politikisa da

erovnuli usafrTxoebis erT–erT ZiriTad prioritets evroatlantikur
struqturebSi integracia warmoadgens. am mimarTulebiT umniSvnelovanesi
roli qveynis SigniT, gansakuTrebiT Tavdacvisa da usafrTxoebis, aseve
krizisebis marTvis sferoSi reformebis srulyofas ekisreba. erovnuli
usafrTxoeba erovnuli interesebis dacvas gulisxmobs, saqarTveloSi
mcneba “erovnuli usafrTxoeba” sabWoTa kavSiris daSlisa da erovnuli
damoukideblobis aRdgenis Semdeg gaCnda, misi sistemis Camoyalibeba ukve
gasuli saukunis 90-iani wlebidan daiwyo.
erovnuli usafrTxoebis yvelaze mniSvnelovani elementi samxedro
usafrTxoebaa, romelic erovnuli interesebis gare da Sida
safrTxeebisagan dacvasa da Tavdacvisunarianobis arsebobas gulisxmobs,
xolo saxelmwifo romelic Tavdacvisunarianobis Seqmnas eswrafvis, ar
gamoricxavs masze Tavdasxmis SesaZleblobas, gansakuTrebiT Tu es qveyana
Tavisi teritoriis farTobis gaTvaliswinebiT patara saxelmwifos
warmoadgens.
im faqtis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom damoukideblobis aRdgenis Semdgomi
periodidan ruseTma gasuli saukunis 90-iani wlebis dasawyisidan 2008 wlis
agvistomde saqarTvelos winaaRmdeg iribi, xolo 2008 wlis agvistoSi
farTomasStabiani pirdapiri agresia ganaxorciela, saomari moqmedebebis
dasrulebis Semdeg saqarTvelo axali gamowvevebis winaSe dadga. ruseT-
saqarTvelos omSi oficialuri kremlis mTavar mizans saqarTvelos sruli
okupacia da qarTuli saxelmwifoebriobis mospoba warmoadgenda, ruseTis
survili iyo daniSnul yofiliyo moskovis mxridan marionetuli reJimis
warmomadgeneli da saqarTvelo samudamod darCeniliyo ruseTis
geopolitikur orbitaSi. sabednierod ruseTma ver SeZlo Tavisi saboloo
miznis ganxorcieleba.
2008 wlis agvistos oms savalalo Sedegebi mohyva saqarTvelosaTvis,
ruseTma saqarTvelos teritoriis TiTqmis 20 procentis okupacia moaxdina.
miuxedavad amisa, agresorma ver moaxerxa saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebriobis
mospoba, xelisuflebis gadatrialeba da qveynis sagareo – politikuri
orientaciis Secvla.289
zemoaRniSnulidan gamomdinare, ruseTis mxridan msgavsi agresiis
ganmeoreba ar aris gamoricxuli, Tumca saeWvoa rom es igive formiTa da
scenariT ganmeordes. rogorc wina TavebSi iyo aRniSnuli, saqarTvelos
emuqreba politikuri, ekonomikuri da samxedro xasiaTis safrTxeebi, maT
Sesamcireblad ki Sesabamisi RonisZiebebia gasatarebeli, imisaTvis rom
acilebul iqnes arsebuli safrTxeebi, saWiroa saqarTvelos usafrTxoebis
sistemis reformireba.290
289
Nika Chitadze. Main Foreign Policy and National Security Priorities of Georgia after Georgia-Russia War. Materials
of the Conference Opportunities and Challenges of the Regional Cooperation in South Caucasus. Erevan, Armenia. May
14-15, 2009. P. 3
290
kasraZe stela. samagistro naSromi “erovnuli usafrTxoebis sistemis reformebis
ZiriTadi mimarTulebebi saqarTvelos evroatlantikuri integraciis gzaze”. saqarTvelos
universiteti, 2010 w. gv. 15.
420
Tavdacvisa da usafrTxoebis sferoSi yvela is dokumenti da
ZiriTadi xedva, romelic saqarTveloSi 2008 wlis agvistos omamde iqna
miRebuli, amJamad ukve moZvelebulad SeiZleba
CaiTvalos.Aamitomac,dRevandel dRes saqarTvelom usafrTxoebis garemos
kuTxiT axal realobas unda gausworos Tvali, Sesabamisad unda daCqardes
usafrTxoebis sistemis reformireba da axali dokumentebis SemuSaveba.
dRevandel dRes aucileblobas warmoadgens Tavdacvisa da usafrTxoebis
sferoSi arsebul dokumentebSi cvlilebebis Setana, aseve
umniSvnelovanesia omis Semdgom periodSi saqarTvelos winaSe arsebuli
axali safrTxeebisa da prioritetebis detaluri analizi. amave dros
mniSvnelovania aRiniSnos, rom mimdinareobs 2005wels miRebuli erovnuli
usafrTxoebis koncefciis arsebiTi Secvla, igive procesi mimdinareobs
iseT dokumentebTan dakavSirebiT, rogorebicaa Tavdacvis strategiuli
mimoxilva (SDR), safrTxeebis Sefasebis dokumenti da a.S. aucilebelia
rekomendaciaTa SemuSaveba usafrTxoebis, samxedro, politikur, ekonomikur,
samarTlebriv da sxva sferoebSi, raTa moxdes saqarTvelos erovnuli
usafrTxoebis ganmtkiceba da saqarTvelos Semdgomi daaxloeba
evroatlantikur struqturebTan. mas Semdeg, rac 2008 wlis agvistoSi
Seiqmna nato–saqarTvelos komisia da imave wlis dekemberSi nato-s
briuselis ministerialze saqarTvelosTvis yovelwliuri erovnuli
programa damtkicda, nato-saqarTvelos Soris TanamSromlobis erT-erT
ZiriTad prioritetad Tavdacvis sistemis reformireba ganixileba.
patara qveyana saerTaSoriso sistemaSi da omis Semdeg saqarTvelos

winaSe arsebuli safrTxeebi da gamowvevebi291
patara qveynis erovnuli usafrTxoebis problemebi mravalmxrivia.

sakuTari erovnuli usafrTxoebis prioritetebis gansazRvrisas patara
qveyana did saxelmwifoze ufro zusti da Seucdomeli unda iyos. patara
qveynebs saerTaSoriso urTierTobaTa sistemaSi TavianTi adgili da
funqciebi gaaCniaT. isini aRar warmoadgenen “ukanono Svilebs” romlebic
didi saxelmwifoebis interesTa Sejaxebisas “politikur xurdad”
aRiqmebodnen. Sesabamisad patara qveynebma usafrTxoebaze iseve unda
izrunon, rogorc didma saxelmwifoebma.292
patara qveynis erovnuli usafrTxoebis problemebs Soris arsebobs
erTi, yvelaze mniSvnelovani – didi, Zlieri saxelmwifos mezobloba, es ki
pirvel rigSi usafrTxoebas uqmnis problemas. saerTaSoriso sistemaSi
Zlieri mezobeli Tavis sust mezobels arsebul ZalTa didi sxvaobisas
sakuTar nebas Tavs axvevs da gansxvavebuli Sexedulebebis gaCenisas, davis
gadasawyvetad Zalas iyenebs.
Zlieri saxelmwifo ZiriTadad Tavisi gavlenis sferos Seqmnas
cdilobs. Tu Zlier saxelmwifoebs Soris urTierToba gamwvavda, patara
291
292
Aa. rondeli. “saerTaSoriso urTierTobebi”. Ggamomcemlona “nekeri”, Tbilisi 2003. gv.
188-201
421
qveyanaze Zlieri saxelmwifos ufro meti zewolaa mosalodneli.
konfliqtis pirobebSi ki Zlieri saxelmwifoebi arc patara qveynebis
okupaciaze amboben uars.
patara saxelmwifo yvelaze did gasaWirSi maSin aris, roca didi
saxelmwifo mas Tavisi metoqis mxridan mosalodneli agresiis winaaRmdeg
placdarmad ganixilavs an strategiuli TvalsazrisiT aseve metoqis
winaaRmdeg xelsayrel teritoriad aRiqvams. amis naTeli magaliTi 1990 –
iani wlebidan moyolebuli saqarTvelos mimarT ruseTis mier gatarebuli
politikaa.
rogorc wignis wina TavebSi aRiniSna, ruseTsa da saqarTvelos Soris
dapirispireba 2008 wels momxdari omiT ar dawyebula, igi didi xnis win,
faqtobrivad saqarTvelos damoukideblobis miRebis Semdeg daiwyo.
dapirispireba ama Tu im dros sxvadasxva saxiT vlindeboda, mdgomareoba
“vardebis revoluciis” Semdeg kidev ufro daiZaba, rodesac saqarTvelos
axalma xelisuflebam sabolood gadawyvita sagareo kursis dasavleTis
mimarTulebiT aReba. ruseTma saqarTvelos mier gatarebuli politikis
gamo, saqarTvelos “dasja” bevrjer scada, rac gamoixateboda Rvinisa da
mineraluri wylebis ruseTis bazarze eqsportis akrZalvaSi, qarTvelebis
ruseTidan gaZevebaSi, afxazeTisa da samxreT oseTis mimarTebiT kosovos
precendentis gamoyenebaSi, diversiul da teroristul qmedebebSi da a.S.
ruseTis mxridan agresiis ganmeoreba ar aris gamoricxuli, Tumca
saeWvoa rom es igive formiTa da scenariT ganmeordes. Sesabamisad, rogorc
ukve aRiniSna, saqarTvelos politikuri, ekonomikuri, sainformacio,
samxedro da sxva saxis safrTxeebi emuqreba.
saqarTvelos erovnuli usafrTxoebis sferoSi arsebuli dokumentebis

detaluri analizi
saqarTvelos mier evro-atlantikuri da evropuli struqturebisaken

pirveli nabijebi jer kidev gasuli saukunis 90-ian wlebSi gadaidga. jer
kidev 1998 wels, saqarTveloSi Seqmnil iqna usafrTxoebis sakiTxebSi
mrCevelTa saerTaSoriso sabWo, romlis mTavari mizani iyo saqarTvelos
usafrTxoebis seqtoris reformirebisa da modernizebis sakiTxebSi
erovnuli uSiSroebis sabWos aparatis meSveobiT SemuSavebul yofiliyo
Sesabamisi rekomendaciebi da rCevebi saqarTvelos xelisuflebis Sesabamisi
struqturebis warmomadgenlebisaTvis.
mrCevelTa sabWos SemadgenlobaSi sxvadasxva dros Sediodnen:
generali ser gari jonsoni (didi britaneTi) 1998–2005 ww.

lauri almani (estoneTi) 2003–2005 ww.
kontr—admirali raimundas baltuSta (litva) 2002–2005 ww.
doqtori atis lejinsi (latvia) 2003–2005 ww.
elCi iuri luiki (estoneTi) 2002–2003 ww.
batoni devid okmaneki (aSS) 1999–2001 ww.
generali hening fon ondarca (germania) 1999–2001 ww.
elCi devid smiti (aSS) 2002–2005 ww.
general – maiori franc verneri (germania) 2002–2005 ww.293
293
422
mrCevelTa sabWom Tavisi pirveli wliuri angariSi 1999 wels waradgina.
dokumenti warmoadgenda saqarTvelos usafrTxoebis sferoSi im
droisaTvis arsebuli situaciis yovlismomcvel mimoxilvas. igi moicavda
rogorc zogad, aseve konkretul winadadebebs, Tu rogor unda momxdariyo
reformireba usafrTxoebis sferoSi evro–atlantikuri standartebis
Sesabamisad. rekomendaciebi unda ganxorcielebuliyo konkretul vadebSi,
kerZod ki, sabolood maTi dasruleba gaTvaliswinebuli iyo 2004 wlis
meore naxevarSi. 1999 wlis angariSSi dafiqsirebuli rekomendaciebi
Sesabamis uwyebebs prezidentis brZanebulebiT gansaxorcieleblad
gadaecaT. mrCevelTa sabWosTan gamarTuli molaparakebebis Sedegad,
miRebul iqna gadawyvetileba, rom stabilurobis SenarCunebis mizniT
aRniSnuli procesi ganxorcieldeboda Tanmimdevrulad. igi jer moicavda
Tavdacvis saministros, sazRvris dacvis saxelmwifo departaments
(romelic im periodSi damoukidebel struqturas warmoadgenda), Sinagan
saqmeTa saministrosa da sxva uwyebebs. xelisuflebam TxovniT mimarTa
mrCevelTa sabWos, raTa am ukanasknels reformebis procesisaTvis
monitoringi ganexorcielebina.
1999 wlis moxsenebaSi aseve gansazRvrul iqna, rom procesi unda
dawyebuliyo usafrTxoebis ZiriTadi koncefciis da strategiis
gansazRvriT, sadac unda gansazRvrul yofiliyo saqarTvelos
saxelmwifos ZiriTadi fundamentaluri Rirebulebani, safrTxeebi da
gamowvevebi, aseve ZiriTadi prioritetebi saSinao da sagareo politikisa
da erovnuli usafrTxoebis mimarTulebiT.
amave dros, unda aRiniSnos, rom “vardebis revoluciamde”
saqarTvelos xelisuflebis mier gatarebuli reformebi imdenad mdare iyo,
rom evro-atlantikur struqturebTan daaxloebis SesaZlebloba
praqtikulad nuls utoldeboda.
1999 wlidan dRemde mrCevelTa sabWom warmoadgina ramdenime wliuri
angariSi da memorandumi, sadac asaxuli iyo procesebi rekomendaciebis
Sesrulebis gzaze da is sferoebi, sadac Semdgomi moqmedeba iyo saWiro.
“vardebis revoluciis” Semdeg, prezident saakaSvilis erT-erTi mTavari
gankarguleba iyo ganxorcielebul yofiliyo usafrTxoebis sakiTxebSi
mrCevelTa saerTaSoriso sabWos mier SemuSavebuli rekomendaciebi, am
etapze koncentracia gakeTda erovnul doneze saWiro cvlilebebze.
natosTan saqarTvelos mier saguldagulod SemuSavebuli individualuri
partniorobis samoqmedo gegma (IPAP),romelic saqarTvelos mier aRebul
valdebulebebs moicavda (2004-2006 ww.) da usafrTxoebis sakiTxebSi
mrCevelTa saerTaSoriso sabWos mier SemuSavebuli rekomendaciebi (ISAB),
farTod warmoaCenda usafrTxoebis sferoSi arsebul problemebs. es ori
dokumenti saqarTvelos mTavrobis Semdgomi qmedebebisaTvis mTavari nimuSi
gaxda.
mrCevelTa sabWos mier sxvadasxva periodSi Tavdacvis sferoSi mTeli rigi
rekomendaciebi iqna SemuSavebuli, maT Soris mTavar rekomendacias
Tavdacvis umaRlesi xelmZRvanelobis marTva warmoadgenda. sabWoTa
sistema gansxvavdeboda sxva qveynebSi farTod gavrcelebuli
modelebisagan, igi iyenebda mkacri kontrolis sistemas, romelic zevidan
qveviT iyo mimarTuli, sadac udidesi yuradReba eTmoboda personalisa da
teqnikis raodenobas da ara mis xarisxs. samxedro sferoSi mTavari
423
struqturis rols Tavdacvis saministro asrulebda, romlis saTaveSi
myofi Tavdacvis ministri samxedro piri iyo. Sesabamisad, rekomendaciebSi
Sedioda gaerTianebuli Stabis daarseba Stabis ufrosis meTaurobiT,
romelic calkeul saxeobaTa Stabebs Secvlida da gaerTianebuli
operatiuli Stabis daarseba, romelic SeiaraRebuli Zalebis sami saxeobis
yvela operatiul SenaerTs uxelmZRvanelebda. sqematurad, rekomendaciaTa
Sesabamisad,Tavdacvis saministrosTvis umjobesi iqneboda funqciaTa
Semdegnairad gadanawileba:
Tavdacvis saministro–romlis saTaveSi unda yofiliyo samoqalaqo,
politikuri xelisufali da mTavrobis wevri, saministro ki unda
dakompleqtebul yofiliyo samoqalaqo moxeleebisagan, romelTa ZiriTadi
amocana politikuri mmarTveloba, TavdacviTi politikis Camoyalibeba da
Tavdacvis mmarTveloba unda yofiliyo.
rac Seexeba samxedro struqturas, unda Seqmniliyo erovnuli
SeiaraRebuli Zalebis Stabi–Stabis ufrosiT saTaveSi, romelic umaRles
samxedro oficers, SeiaraRebuli Zalebis profesional meTaursa da
Tavdacvis ministris ufros samxedro mrCevels warmoadgenda.
Stabis operatiul meTaurobas unda gaetarebina operatiuli
dagegmareba da ganexorcielebina operatiuli formirebebisa da nawilebis
pirdapiri meTauroba da kontroli.
am rekomendaciebis mixedviT, Tavdacvis saministros funqciebi unda
gadanawilebuliyo 2004 wlamde. Tumca realuri reformebi am
mimarTulebiT swored 2004 wlidan daiwyo, Sesabamisad, ukve 2005 wlis
moxsenebaSi rekomendaciaTa Sesruleba am mimarTulebiT ukve dadebiTadaa
Sefasebuli. kerZod, daniSnul iqna samoqalaqo Tavdacvis ministri, cota
mogvianebiT Seiqmna gaerTianebuli Stabi, Tumca gaerTianebuli operatiuli
Stabi ar amoqmedebula.
saqarTvelos SeiaraRebuli Zalebis Tavdacvisunarianobis
asamaRleblad saWiro iyo individualuri da koleqtiuri wvrTnebi. aSS-is
mier mxardaWerili “wvrTnisa da aRWurvis programa” saqarTvelos
Tavdacvisunarianobis amaRlebis erT-erT ZiriTad mimarTulebas
warmoadgenda.
“saqarTvelos wvrTnisa da aRWurvilobis programa”(GTEP),gaxldaT
amerikis mier dafinansebuli 18-Tvian programa, romlis mizani
saqarTvelos SeiaraRebuli Zalebis Tavdacvisunarianobis gazrda iyo.
amerikis imdroindeli prezidenti, jorj buSi cdilobda daxmareboda
saqarTvelos terorizmis winaaRmdeg sabrZolo unarebis SemuSavebaSi
pankisis xeobaSi viTarebis dasaregulireblad. Sesabamisi gegmis
ganxorcieleba jer kidev 2002 wels daiwyo. amerikis SeerTebulma Statebma
saqarTveloSi gamoagzavna 200 samxedro mosamsaxure saqarTvelos
SeiaraRebuli Zalebis gawvrTnis mizniT.
dagegmil programa-GTEP-is farglebSi saqarTvelos SeiaraRebuli
Zalebidan monawileobas iRebda 12 qveiTi batalioni; 16 samTo batalioni; 13
Savnabadas msubuqi qveiTi batalioni; 11 msubuqi qveiTi batalioni; aseve
Sinagan saqmeTa saministros jarebisa da mesazRvreebis mcire Semadgenloba.
am wvrTnebSi oTxi 600-kaciani batalionis gawvrTnisa da aRWurvis mizniT
64 milioni dolari gamoiyo.294
294
universiteti, 2010 w. gv. 48
424
“vardebis revoluciis” Semdeg, 2004 wels GTEPformalurad
dasasruls miuaxlovda. saqarTvelosa da amerikas Soris samxedro
TanamSromlobam sxva forma miiRo, kerZod igi “stabilurobis
SenarCunebis” operaciebma Secvala (SSOP). programa moicavda qarTvelebis
wvrTnas,raTa isini aSS-is SeiaraRebul ZalebTan erTad Cabmuliyvnen erayis
samxedro operaciebSi.
SSOP farglebSi xdeboda me-2 qveiTi batalionis wvrTna, mis
farglebSi Sedioda me-2 lojistikis batalionis, saqarTvelos 1
brigadisTvis specialuri qvedanayofis, saqarTvelos pirveli da meore
brigadisTvis personalis gadamzadeba, aseve saxmeleTo jarebis sameTauro
personalis gadamzadeba. SSOP aseve uzrunvelyofda samxedro
instruqtorebsa da personals.
iaraRisa da teqnikis kontribucias SSOP-Si bulgareTi, ungreTi, CexeTi da
rumineTi awarmoebdnen. wvrTnebSi 2600 qarTveli samxedro iyo CarTuli.
wvrTnebiswarmatebad iTvleba 2005 wels saqarTvelos mier erTi sruli
qveiTi batalionis gagzavna eraySi mimdinare operaciebSi. mogvianebiT,
rogorc cnobilia, saqarTvelos jarebma aseve monawileoba miiRes saomar
operaciebSi avRaneTis teritoriaze.
zemoaRniSnul programebSimonawileobam, asevekosovosa da eraySi
samSvidobo operaciebSi CarTulobam sagrZnoblad aamaRla qarTveli
samxedroebis kvalifikacia, Tumca, erTxel naswavli da gawvrTnili
individualuri samxedro Tu qvedanayofi mudam am mdgomareobaSi ver
darCeba. Aamitomac, mrCevelTa sabWos rekomendaciebiT saqarTvelos
SeiaraRebul ZalebSi sabrZolo mzadyofnis SenarCunebisaTvis
aucilebelia efeqturi wvrTnebis uwyveti programa da yovelwliuri
wvrTnis ciklis efeqturi ganxorcieleba.
mrCevelTa sabWos 2005 wlis mimoxilvaSi Camoyalibda Tavdacvis da
usafrTxoebis sferoSi dokumentebis SemuSavebis aucilebloba. magaliTad,
miTiTebuli iyo, rom Tavdacvis sistemis strategiuli mimoxilvaSi (SDR),
rekomendaciebis Sesabamisad dawvrilebiT unda yofiliyo mimoxiluli
saqarTvelos SeiaraRebuli Zalebis aqtiuri, sarezervo da erovnuli
gvardiis komponentTa rolebi, misiebi, organizeba, struqturuli
erTeulebi da raodenoba. Aaseve, rekomendaciaSi Sedioda Tavdacvis
saministros mier erovnuli samxedro strategiis saswrafo SemuSaveba,
romelic damyarebuli iqneboda erovnuli usafrTxoebis koncefciasa da
Tavdacvis sistemis strategiul mimoxilvaze.
dRevandel dRes aucileblobas warmoadgens Tavdacvisa da
usafrTxoebis sferoSi arsebul dokumentebSi cvlilebebis Setana, radgan
2008 wlis omis Semdgom, saqarTvelo axali safrTxeebisa da realobis
winaSe dadga. jerjerobiT SemuSavebis procesSia erovnuli usafrTxoebis
axali koncefcia (Zveli 2005 wels iqna miRebuli), aseve mzaddeba iseTi
dokumentebi, rogoricaa Tavdacvis strategiuli mimoxilva (SDR) da
erovnuli samxedro strategia.
2005 wels miRebuli saqarTvelos erovnuli usafrTxoebis koncefcia
2005 wels saqarTvelom, saxelmwifoebrivi damoukideblobis aRdgenis

Semdgom periodSi pirvelad, miiRo saqarTvelos erovnuli usafrTxoebis
koncefcia. dokumenti asaxavs qveynis usafrTxo ganviTarebis xedvasa da
erovnul interesebs, igi aRwers erovnuli usafrTxoebis winaSe arsebul
safrTxeebs, riskebsa da gamowvevebs, Sesabamisad adgens usafrTxoebis
425
politikis ZiriTad mimarTulebebs. erovnuli usafrTxoebis koncefciis
safuZvelze saqarTvelos xelisufleba atarebs Sesabamis RonisZiebebs
erovnuli Rirebulebebis uzrunvelsayofad, raTa adekvaturi reagireba
moaxdinos erovnuli usafrTxoebis winaSe arsebul safrTxeebze, riskebsa
da gamowvevebze.
rogorc aRiniSna, saqarTvelos erovnuli usafrTxoebis koncefcia
2005 wels aris miRebuli, dRevandel dRes ki dRis wesrigSi dgas axali
dokumentis miRebis sakiTxi. 2008 wlis agvistoSi momxdari omis Semdeg
Seicvala qveynis winaSe arsebuli safrTxeebi, riskebi da gamowvevebi,
Sesabamisad axali dokumentis miReba aucileblobas warmoadgens.
usafrTxoebis koncefciis cvlilebasTan erTad iqmneba axali, adekvaturi
strategiebi da gegmebi. amJamad arsebuli koncefciis ganxilvisas kargad
Cans arsebuli prioritetebis Secvlis aucilebloba.
2005 wels miRebul saqarTvelos erovnuli usafrTxoebis koncefcias
win uZRvis saqarTvelos konstituciis preambula: “saqarTvelos
moqalaqeebis uryevi nebaa daamkvidron demokratiuli sazogadoebrivi
weswyoba, ekonomikuri Tavisufleba, socialuri da samarTlebrivi
saxelmwifo, uzrunvelyon adamianis sayovelTaod aRiarebuli uflebani da
Tavisuflebani, ganamtkicon saxelmwifoebrivi damoukidebloba da sxva
xalxebTan mSvidobiani urTierToba...”
fundamenturi erovnuli Rirebulebebi
erovnuli usafrTxoebis koncefciis Tanaxmad, saqarTvelos

saxelmwifoebrioba efuZneba fundamentur erovnul Rirebulebebs. maTi
dacva ki aucilebelia usafrTxoebisaTvis. fundamentur erovnul
Rirebulebebs warmoadgens: damoukidebloba – miuRebelia qveynis saSinao
saqmeebSi sxva qveynis Careva; Tavisufleba – saqarTvelo qmnis garantiebs
misi moqalaqeebis adamianis uflebebisa da Tavisuflebebis dasacavad,
pativs scems Tavisufal arCevans; demokratia da kanonis uzenaesoba –
saxelmwifos Zalaufleba kanoniT aris gansazRvruli da ganawilebuli
saxelisuflebo Stoebs Soris, aseve sasamarTlo xelisuflebis siZliere
da damoukidebloba garantirebulia; keTildReoba – saqarTvelo
uzrunvelyofs ekonomikur ganviTarebasa dasocialuri politikis
gatarebas, aseve xelsayreli garemos Seqmnas Tavisufali mewarmeobis
ganviTarebisa da investiciebis mozidvis mimarTulebiT; mSvidoba –
saqarTvelosTvis mniSvnelovania megobruli urTierTobebi mezobel
saxelmwifoebTan, kerZod, dokumentSi aRniSnulia: “Tavisufali,
damoukidebeli, erTiani, ganviTarebuli da mSvidobiani saqarTvelo
mniSvnelovan wvlils Seitans regionuli usafrTxoebisa da stabilurobis
ganmtkicebaSi”; usafrTxoeba – “aRiarebuli saxelmwifo sazRvrebis
farglebSi saqarTvelo eswrafvis usafrTxoebis uzrunvelyofas”.
erovnuli interesebi
saqarTvelos erovnuli interesebi qveyanaSi arsebuli viTarebidan

ganisazRvreba, da efuZneba saqarTvelos fundamentur erovnul
Rirebulebebs. erovnuli interesebi saxelmwifos stabilurobas,
ganviTarebas, usafrTxoebas, moqalaqeebis keTildReobas, uflebebisa da
Tavisuflebebis dacvas uzrunvelyofs. erovnuli interesebia:
teritoriuli mTlianobis uzrunvelyofa – “saqarTvelo gamoiyenes mis
xelT arsebul yvela kanonier saSualebas im problemebis mSvidobianad da
426
samarTlebrivad mogvarebisaTvis, romlebic SeiZleba warmoiSvas
saqarTvelos teritoriaze konstituciuri wesrigis aRdgenis dros”;
erovnuli erTianobis da samoqalaqo Tanxmobis uzrunvelyofa –
saqarTvelo aSenebs sazogadoebas, romelic efuZneba pluralizmis,
Semwynareblobis, samarTlianobis, solidarobisa daaradiskriminaciulobis
principebs; regionuli stabiluroba – saqarTvelosTvis metad
mniSvnelovania kavkasiasa da ruseTSi mimdinare procesebi, am sivrceSi
mimdinare procesebis mSvidobianad gadawyveta da mSvidobisa da
usafrTxoebis SenarCuneba. regionuli usafrTxoebis ganmtkicebaSi
saqarTvelos sakuTari wvlili Seaqvs; Tavisuflebisa da demokratiis
ganmtkiceba mezobel qveynebsa da regionebSi – saqarTvelo xels uwyobs
mezobel qveynebsa da regionebSi stabilurobisa da usafrTxoebis
uzrunvelyofis mniSvnelovani pirobis (demokratia, Tavisufleba,
samoqalaqo sazogadoeba) ganmtkicebas; qveynis satranzito funqciis
ganmtkiceba da energetikuli usafrTxoeba – saqarTvelosTvis
mniSvnelovania satranzito da energetikuli derefnis funqciis
gaZliereba; qveynisa da regionis ekologiuri usafrTxoeba; erovnuli da
kulturuli TviTmyofadobis uzrunvelyofa.
saqarTvelos erovnuli usafrTxoebis koncefciaSi metad
mniSvnelovan sakiTxs warmoadgens erovnuli usafrTxoebis winaSe mdgari
safrTxeebi, riskebi da gamowvevebi. 2008 wlis agvistos movlenebis Semdgom
safrTxeebi da riskebi gaizarda, xolo gamowvevebma ki gansxvavebuli
mimarTuleba miiRo. erovnuli usafrTxoebis 2005 wels daweril
koncefciaSi safrTxeebi, riskebi da gamowvevebi Semdegnairad aris
Camoyalibebuli:
1. “teritoriuli mTlianobis xelyofa – darRveuli teritoriuli
mTlianoba saqarTvelos usafrTxoebisaTvis mTavari safrTxea”, aq
yuradRebaa gamaxvilebuli im problemebze, romelic teritoriulma rRvevam
moutana qveynis politikur, ekonomikur da socialur stabilurobas: samas
aTasamde iZulebiT gadaadgilebuli saqarTvelos moqalaqe, daudgeneli
saxelmwifo sazRvrebi, arakontrolirebad teritoriebze ukanono
SeiaraRebuli formirebebi da xelsayreli garemo kontrabandis,
terorizmisa da transnacionaluri organizebuli danaSaulebisaTvis da
adamianTa uflebebis darRveva arakontrolirebad teritoriebze.
dokumentSi aRniSnulia, rom “darRveulma teritoriulma mTlianobam, Tuki
ver moxerxda am problemis drouli da efeqtiani mogvareba, SeiZleba
safrTxe Seuqmnas saqarTvelos, rogorc srulfasovani saxelmwifos,
funqcionirebas”. safrTxe, romelzec am nawilSia saubari arsebobda da
Tavi iCina kidec, am droisaTvis saqme gvaqvs mtris mier ufro meti
teritoriis okupaciasTan, gadaadgilebuli pirebis ricxovnobis zrdasTan,
saokupacio da marionetuli reJimebis TviTnebobasTan da okupirebul
teritoriebze adamianis uflebebis sistematiur darRvevebTan.
2. mezobel qveynebSi arsebuli konfliqtebis gadmodineba –
saqarTvelos erovnuli usafrTxoebis winaSe mdgari safrTxea mezobeli
qveynebis teritoriebidan konfliqtebis gadmodineba, ramac SesaZloa
qveyanaSi destabilizacia gamoiwvios. afxazeTsa da cxinvalis regionze
kontrolis ararseboba xelisSemSleli faqtoria am problemasTan
ganmklavebis gzaze. “mezobel qveynebSi konfliqtebis mougvarebloba da
gaxangrZliveba da ruseTSi, gansakuTrebiT CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi,
stabilurobis rRvevam, SesaZloa saqarTvelos konfliqtSi CaTreva
gamoiwvios”, - 2008 wels saqarTvelo konfliqtSi ukve CaerTo, rac omSi
427
gadaizarda, axla ki saWiroa axali strategiis SemuSaveba, raTa ar moxdes
konfliqtis xelaxali ganmeoreba.
3. samxedro intervencia – rogorc 2005 wlis dokumentSi iyo
aRniSnuli, “saqarTvelos winaaRmdeg samxedro agresiis SesaZlebloba
mcirea, Tumca safrTxe realuria da emuqreba qveynis usafrTxoebas”.
arakontrolirebad teritoriebze da misi sazRvrebis axlos arsebuli
SeiaraRebuli formirebebis arseboba zrdis SeiaraRebuli konfliqtebisa
da destabilizaciis SesaZleblobas, aseve ruseTis moqalaqeobis miniWeba
separatistuli regionebis mosaxleobisaTvis erTgvari safrTxea, radgan is
SeiZleba gamoyenebul iqnes saqarTvelos saSinao saqmeebSi Carevis
gasamarTleblad”.marTlac,ruseTma Tavisi agresiis mTavar sababad “Tavisi
moqalaqeebis dacvis”principi gamoiyena.
4. saerTaSoriso terorizmi – saqarTvelo, rogorc anti
teroristuli koaliciis monawile, SesaZlebelia gaxdes teroristuli
aqtebis samizned gansakuTrebiT mezobel regionebSi arsebuli
teroristuli kerebis gaTvaliswinebiT.
5. kontrabanda da transnacionaluri organizebuli danaSaulebani –
afxazeTsa da e.w. samxreT oseTSi arsebuli ukanonoba, saxelmwifo
sazRvrebis susti kontroli da mezobel qveynebSi mougvarebeli
konfliqtebis arseboba xelsayrelia transnacionaluri organizebuli
danaSaulebisa da kontrabandisaTvis.
6. ruseTis federaciis samxedro bazebi – saqarTveloSi ganlagebuli
ruseTis samxedro bazebis srul gayvanamde isini qveynis
usafrTxoebisaTvis riskis Semcvelia, saqarTvelo miesalmeba ruseTis
bazebis gayvanas da miaCnia rom 2005 wlis 30 maiss “saqarTvelosa da
ruseTis federaciis sagareo saqmeTa ministrebis erToblivi gancxadebis”
Sesruleba xels Seuwyobs urTierTndobis gaZlierebas. Bbunebrivia axal
koncefciaSi axali punqti gaCndeba, radgan ruseTis samxedro bazebi ki
gavidnen baTumidan da axalqalaqidan, magram rogorc cnobilia 2008 wlis
agvistos omis Semdeg isini srulad akontroleben afxazeTs da cxinvalis
regions da ganlagebulni arian Tbilisidan 40 kilometrSi.
7.Kkorufcia da saxelmwifo marTvis araefeqtiani sistema – korufciam
da saxelmwifos araefeqtianma mmarTvelobam SesaZlebelia safrTxe
Seuqmnas erovnul usafrTxoebas, -- es sworec aris, Tumca am sakiTxze
muSaoba sistematiurad mimdinareobda, dRevandel dRes korufciis faqtebs
sul ufro naklebad vxvdebiT, Tumca am mavne movlenasTan brZola kvlav
grZeldeba.
8. ekonomikuri da socialuri gamowvevebi – sustad ganviTarebulma
ekonomikam, cxovrebis pirobebis gauaresebam, demografiuli mdgomarebis
gauaresebam, umuSevrobis maRalma donem da sxva problemebma SeiZleba
safrTxe Seuqmnas qveynis ganviTarebas, stabilurobasa da erovnul
usafrTxoebas. aRsaniSnavia, rom dRevandel etapze am mimarTulebiT
viTareba SedarebiT gamosworda, Tumca msoflio globaluri krizisi da
rigi subieqturi faqtorebi garkveulwilad aferxeben qveynis social-
ekonomikur ganviTarebas.
9. energetikuli gamowvevebi – saqarTvelos asustebs energiis
arastabiluri miwodeba, energetikuli infrastruqturis mZime teqnikuri
mdgomareoba da adgilobrivi energiis wyaroebis arasakmarisi ganviTareba.
energetikulma gamowvevebma SeiZleba safrTxe Seuqmnas ekonomikur
ganviTarebasa da erovnul usafrTxoebas.mogvianebiT moxerxda ruseTis
energetikuli damokidebulebisagan Tavis daRweva, dRevandel
dResEsaqarTvelo bunebrivi airis udidesi nawilis importirebas
428
axorcielebs azerbaijanidan, aseve qveyanaSi gaizarda eleqtroenergiis
gamomuSaveba, risi naTeli dadasturebacaa is faqti, rom 2009 da 2010
wlebSi eleqtroenergiis eqsportis moculoba Warbobda importis
moculobas. dRis wesrigSi dgas axali eleqtrosadgurebis mSeneblobis
sakiTxi. M
10. informaciuli gamowvevebi – sainformacio politikis sisustem da
saxelmwifo marTvis arasando informaciaze dafuZnebam SeiZleba safrTxe
Seuqmnas erovnul usafrTxoebas, aseve gare Zalebis mier saqarTvelos
winaaRmdeg sainformacio Setevis ganxorcieleba seriozuli gamowvevas
warmoadgens. mogexsenebaT, rom 2008 wlis agvistoSi ruseTma mZlavri
kibeSeteva ganaxorciela saqarTvelos wamyvani saxelmwifo struqturebis
veb-gverdebis winaaRdeg. aRsaniSnavia is faqti, rom samxedro agresiamde
sami kviriT adre, ruseTma pirveli kiberSeteva ganaxorciela saqarTvelos
prezidentis administraciis veb-gverdze.
koncefciaSi gansazRvrulia erovnuli usafrTxoebis ZiriTadi
mimarTulebebi, romelTa mizania daicvas erovnul Rirebulebebze
dafuZnebuli erovnuli interesebi da xeli SeuSalos arsebuli
safrTxeebis gaZlierebas. saqarTvelos erovnuli usafrTxoebis politikis
ZiriTadi mimarTulebebia: 1. saxelmwifo marTvis gaZliereba da
demokratiuli institutebis ganmtkiceba; 2. saxelmwifos
Tavdacvisunarianobis amaRleba; 3. saqarTvelos teritoriuli mTlianobis
aRdgena; 4. Crdilo – atlantikuri xelSekrulebis organizaciasa (nato) da
evrokavSirSi integracia; 5. sagareo kavSirebis ganmtkiceba; 6. brZola
saerTaSoriso terorizmis, kontrabandisa da transnacionaluri
organizebuli danaSaulis winaaRmdeg; 7. ekonomikuri usafrTxoebis
politikis gatareba; 8. socialuri usafrTxoebis politikis gatareba; 9.
energetikuli usafrTxoebis politikis gatareba; 10. sainformacio
usafrTxoebis politikis gatareba; 11. ekologiuri usafrTxoebis
politikis gatareba; 12. kulturuli memkvidreobis mimarTulebiT
politikis gatareba.
iqidan gamomdinare, rom erovnuli usafrTxoebis koncefciaSi
Cadebuli erovnuli interesebi, safrTxeebi, riskebi da gamowvevebi 2008
wlis agvistos omis Semdgom Secvlilia, saWiroa arsebuli politikis
ZiriTadi mimarTulebebis cvlilebac, radgan es mimarTulebebi 2005 wels
saqarTvelos winaSe mdgar safrTxeebzea dafuZnebuli.
erovnuli usafrTxoebis koncefciis axal dokumentSi safrTxeebisa
da gamowvevebis nawilSi axali punqtebi unda dafiqsirdes, kerZod, ruseTis
federaciis mier saqarTvelos teritoriebis okupacia; ruseTis mxridan
axali samxedro agresiis safrTxe; kavkasiaSi arsebuli konfliqtebis
gadmodineba; ekonomikuri da socialur gamowvevebi; gareSe Zalebis
qmedebebis Sedegad Sidapolitikuri destabilizaciis mcdelobis safrTxe;
sainformacio gamowvevebi (kiberdanaSauli).
rac Seexeba erovnuli usafrTxoebis ZiriTad mimarTulebebs, aq
gansakuTrebuli yuradReba unda mieqces sagareo-politikuri kursis
ucvlelobas, rom qveynis ZiriTad prioritetia saqarTvelos evropul da
evro-atlantikur struqturebSi Semdgomi integracia, aseve mnisvnelovania
CarTulobis politikis principis gansazRvra, rac dakavSirebulia
okupirebul regionebSi mcxovreb mosaxleobasTan sxvadasxva mimarTulebiT
kontaqtebis gafarToebasTan.
429
Tavdacvis strategiuli mimoxilva
Mmiuxedavad imisa, rom am dokumentis miReba moxda 2008 wlis

agvistomde da am etapze arsebuli viTarebis gaTvaliswinebiT, mimdinareobs
axal dokumentze muSaoba, sadac arsebiTi xasiaTis cvlilebebis gatarebaa
gaTvaliswinebuli, saintereso iqneba 2007 wels dasrulebuli da
damtkicebuli dokumentis detaluri analizi.
dokumenti - “Tavdacvis strategiuli mimoxilva”, saqarTvelos
SeiaraRebuli Zalebis arsebuli SesaZleblobebis Sefasebis detalur
analizs warmoadgens, masSi gansazRvrulia is naklovanebebi, romlebic
Sida da saerTaSoriso moTxovnebis Sesabamisad unda iyos
gaTvaliswinebuli samomavlo dagegmvis procesSi. “Tavdacvis strategiuli
mimoxilva”- mniSvnelovan dokuments warmoadgens da is arsebiT gavlenas
axdens saqarTvelos Tavdacvis sistemis srulyofaze.
saqarTvelos “Tavdacvis strategiul mimoxilvaze” muSaoba
“individualuri partniorobis samoqmedo gegmis” farglebSi gamarTuli
konsultaciebis safuZvelze daiwyo. Tavdacvis strategiuli mimoxilvis
procesi saqarTvelos SeiaraRebul ZalTa detalur da yovlismomcvel
analizs moicavs mokle (2007-2009 ww.), saSualo (2010-2012 ww.) da
grZelvadiani (2013-2015 ww.) periodisaTvis.295
“Tavdacvis strategiuli mimoxilvaSi” arsebuli ZiriTadi midgomebi
mniSvnelovan faqtors warmoadgens evro-atlantikur struqturebSi
Semdgomi integraciis procesSi.
Ddokumentis mixedviT, SeiaraRebul ZalTa SesaZleblobebi mokle,
saSualo da grZelvadiani periodisaTvis Camoyalibda. isini Camoyalibebul
iqna ara mxolod saxelmwifos winaSe arsebuli moTxovnebis
dasakmayofileblad, aramed natos operaciebsa da terorizmis winaaRmdeg
brZolaSi wvlilis Sesatanad arsebuli saWiro moTxovnebis
gaTvaliswinebiT. dokumenti modernizaciis samomavlo prioritetebs
SesaZleblobebis Semdgomi ganviTarebis mizniT gansazRvravs. “Tavdacvis
strategiuli mimoxilva”detalurad ganixilavs yvela xelmZRvaneli
rgolisa da struqturis funqciebsa da amocanebs.
2006 wels saqarTvelos parlamentma miiRo kanoni “Tavdacvis
dagegmvis Sesaxeb”, romlis farglebSic xdeba saqarTvelos Tavdacvis
dagegmvisaTvis moTxovnaTa Camoyalibeba da pasuxismgeblobebis ganawileba.
dagegmva mniSvnelovania saqarTvelos SeiaraRebuli Zalebis maRali
mzadyofnis SesanarCuneblad da potenciuri mowinaaRmdegis Sesakaveblad,
raTa moxdes qveynis suverenitetis da teritoriuli mTlianobis dacva da
saerTaSoriso valdebulebebis Sesruleba. Sesabamisi struqturebi
uwyebaTaSoris doneze “Tavdacvis dagegmvis Sesaxeb” kanoniT gansazRvruli
yvela strategiuli dokumentis SemuSavebaze muSaoben. kanoniT
gansazRvruli es dokumentebia - saxelmwifo strategiuli dagegmvis
dokumentebi, romlebic moicavs erovnuli usafrTxoebis koncefcias,
safrTxeebis Sefasebis dokumentsa da erovnul samxedro strategias; da
Tavdacvis saministros mier momzadebuli dokumentebi, romelic moicavs
295
430
ministris xedvas, samxedro ganviTarebis programebs, wliur programebs,
operatiul gegmebs, koncefciebs, doqtrinebsa da instruqciebs.
“Tavdacvis strategiul mimoxilvaSi” aRwerilia ZiriTadi
politikuri da samxedro varaudebi, romelic aseve gansazRvravs
saqarTvelos samxedro moTxovnilebebs da SeiaraRebuli Zalebis amocanebs
2007-2015ww.296
ZiriTad politikur varaudebSi, periodiT 2007-2009ww. saubaria
saqarTvelos mizanze daamyaros megobruli da TanamSromluri
urTierTobebi mezobel qveynebTan, saubaria “gayinuli konfliqtebis”
mogvarebaze, evroatlantikuri integraciis mimarTulebiT arsebuli kursis
SenarCunebaze, natosTan mWidro TanamSromlobasa da “gawevrianebis
samoqmedo gegmis” miRebaze, ruseTTan urTierTobebis daregulirebaze.
ZiriTad politikur varaudebSi, periodiT 2010-2012ww. saubaria
konfliqtebis mogvarebis mizniT afxazeTisa da “samxreT oseTis”de-faqto
xelisuflebis warmomadgenlebTan dialogis gaaqtiurebaze, natosTan da
Sesabamis evropul struqturebTan urTierTobaTa intensifikaciaze,
terorizmze - rogorc mzard da seriozul safrTxeze, ruseT-saqarTvelos
Soris urTierTobebis daregulirebaze.
ZiriTad politikur varaudebSi, periodiT 2013-2015 ww. saubaria
gayinuli konfliqtebis mogvarebaze,separatistuli teritoriebis danarCen
saqarTvelosTan integraciis procesze, social-ekonomikuri ganviTarebaze,
evro-atlantikur struqturebTan intensiur TanamSromlobaze, terorizmis
mzard da seriozul safrTxed gadaqcevaze, saqarTvelos evrokavSirTan
integraciis gaRrmavebaze.
rac Seexeba ZiriTad samxedro varaudebs, isinic 2007-2015ww.
periodiTaa gansazRvruli. ZiriTad samxedro varaudebSi, periodiT 2007-
2009ww. saubaria saqarTvelos mimarT farTo samxedro agresiis
ganxorcielebis dabal albaTobaze, ruseTis mier SeTanxmebis Sesrulebaze,
romelic gulisxmobs 2007 wlis bolomde saqarTvelos teritoriidan
samxedro bazebis gayvanas da sxva samxedro obieqtebis gauqmebas.
Ppartnior qveynebTan arsebuli samxedro TanamSromlobis donis
SenarCunebaze, saqarTvelos SeiaraRebuli Zalebis
monawileobazeterorizmis winaaRmdeg koaliciur operaciebSi. saqarTvelos
mier partnior qveynebTan “wvrTnisa da aRWurvis” programebis
gagrZelebaze,aseve samxedro wvrTnebis intensifikaciaze natosTan
Tavsebadobis misaRwevad.
ZiriTad samxedro varaudebSi, periodiT 2010-2012ww. saubaria
saqarTvelos winaaRmdeg farTomasStabiani samxedro agresiis
ganxorcielebis albaTobis mkveTrad Semcirebaze, partniori qveynebis
mxridan samxedro mxardaWeris kidev ufro gazrdaze, saerTaSoriso
terorizmis winaaRmdeg saqarTvelos SeiaraRebuli Zalebis saerTaSoriso
koaliciur operaciebSi monawileobaze, saqarTvelos SeiaraRebuli Zalebis
struqturaze, rac SesabamisobaSi unda movides qveynis suverenitetis
dacvisa da natos koleqtiuri Tavdacvis moTxovnebTan, saqarTvelos
Tavdacvis sistemis natos standartebTan kidev ufro daaxloebaze,
296
431
evroatlantikur struqturebTan integraciis gaRrmavebaze, rac gamoiwvevs
“totaluri da upirobo Tavdacvis” sistemis gadaxedvas.297
rac Seexeba ZiriTad samxedro varaudebs, periodiT 2013-2015ww. Aaq
saubaria saqarTvelos winaaRmdeg farTomasStabiani samxedro agresiis
albaTobis minimumamde Semcirebaze, samxedro TanamSromlobis
gagrZelebaze partnior qveynebTan, saerTaSoriso terorizmis winaaRmdeg
saerTaSoriso koaliciur operaciebSi monawileobaze, natos moTxovnebis
dakmayofilebis mizniT, saqarTvelos SeiaraRebuli Zalebis modernizaciis
gagrZelebaze.
“Tavdacvis strategiul mimoxilvaSi” gansazRvrulia Semdegi
samxedro xasiaTis prioritetebi: maRali mzadyofnisa da sabrZolo
SesaZleblobebis mqone SeiaraRebuli Zalebis Camoyalibeba - mosaxleobis
usafrTxoebis uzrunvelyofis mizniT; mobiluri sabrZolo
SesaZleblobebis mqone SeiaraRebuli Zalebis Camoyalibeba, SemdgomSi
teritoriuli mTlianobis xelyofis aRkveTis mizniT; efeqturi samxedro
rezervis Seqmna “totaluri da upirobo Tavdacvis” principis Sesabamisad;
Sesabamisi Zalebis Camoyalibeba - romlebic konfliqturi zonidan da
CrdiloeT kavkasiidanaRkveTen bandformirebebis Semosvlas; gadasrolis
unaris mqone samxedro qvedanayofebis Camoyalibeba, romlebic SeZleben
antiteroristul operaciebSi monawileobis miRebas; Sesabamisi samxedro
Zalebis ganviTareba, romlebic diversiuli da teroristuli qmedebebisagan
daicaven strategiuli mniSvnelobis obieqtebsa da sazRvao portebs;
Sesabamisi usafrTxoebis Zalebis arseboba, romlebic SesZleben sagangebo
mdgomareobis dros samoqalaqo xelisuflebisaTvis daxmarebis aRmoCenas,
maT Soris stiqiuri ubedurebebisa an masobrivi ganadgurebis iaraRis
gavrcelebis SemTxvevaSi.
“Tavdacvis strategiul mimoxilvaSi”, ganxiluli da gaanalizebulia
saqarTvelos SeiaraRebuli Zalebis - politikur varaudebze damyarebuli
miznebi da amocanebi, romlebic efuZneba saqarTvelos konstituciasa da
saerTaSoriso SeTanxmebebs. misi misiebi da funqciebi moicavs iseT
mimarTulebebs - rogoricaa damoukideblobisa da teritoriuli
mTlianobis dacva, erovnuli interesebis dacva, samoqalaqo xelisuflebis
mxardaWera.
dokumentSi asaxulia SeiaraRebuli Zalebis funqciebi da miznebi.
saqarTvelos SeiaraRebuli Zalebi Sedgeba saxmeleTo, sahaero da sazRvao
Zalebisagan, aseve, specialuri daniSnulebis Zalebisa da erovnuli
gvardiisagan.
saxmeleTo Zalebi sSZ-s yvelaze did komponents Seadgenen. misi
mTavari amocanaa qveynis teritoriuli mTlianobisa da suverenitetis
dacva. maT unda SeswevdeT unari aRkveTon yvela saxis safrTxe. saxmeleTo
Tavdacva xorcieldeba qveiTi brigadebis, artileriis da sxva samxedro
sabrZolo damxmare komponentebis meSveobiT.
sahaero Zalebi Sedgeba aviaciisa da sahaero Tavdacvis
sistemebisagan. sahaero Zalebi axorcieleben sahaero sivrcis kontrolsa
da sahaero suverenitetis dacvas (2008 wlis omis Semdeg sahaero Zalebi
saxmeleTo Zalebis SemadgenlobaSi Sevidnen).
saqarTvelos sazRvao Zalebi axorcieleben saqarTvelos sazRvao
suverenitets, qveynis teritoriuli wylebisa da ekonomikuri zonis dacvas
(2008 wlis omis Semdeg sazRvao Zalebi sanapiro dacvis departamentis
saxiT, Sinagan saqmeTa saministros daeqvemdebara). rac Seexeba specialuri
297
iqve
432
daniSnulebis Zalebs, isini axorcieleben sadazvervo samuSaoebs, kontr-
teroristuli operaciebis mxardaWeras. rac Seexeba erovnul gvardias, igi
pasuxismgebelia samxedro rezervis sabrZolo momzadebis wvrTnebis
organizebaze.
erovnuli samxedro strategia

erovnuli
samxedro strategiis dokumenti 2008 wlis agvistomde iqna miRebuli. igi
efuZneba saqarTvelos erovnuli usafrTxoebis koncefcias da Tavdacvis
politikis Semadgenel nawils warmoadgens. igi ganapirobebs erovnuli
Tavdacvis politikis ganxorcielebas 2010 wlamde. igi mokle (2005-2007 ww.)
da saSualovadian (2008-2010ww.) perspeqtivaSi asaxavs qveynis SeiaraRebuli
Zalebis samoqmedo sferoebs, gegmebs da safuZvels qmnis momavalSi
efeqturi usafrTxoebis sistemisa da SeiaraRebuli Zalebis
ganviTarebisaTvis. dokumenti ayalibebs efeqturi usafrTxoebis sistemis
ganviTarebisa da SeiaraRebuli Zalebis mSeneblobis safuZvels, Tavdacvis
SesaZleblobebis uzrunvelsayofad saWiro nabijebs, rac aucilebelia
natoSi integraciisaTvis. Ddokumentis mixedviT Tavdacvis saministros
ZiriTad amocanebs warmoadgens:
 saqarTvelos SeiaraRebuli Zalebis aRmSeneblobis procesisaTvis
politikuri mimarTulebebis gansazRvra;
 qvedanayofebis maRali mzadyofnis uzrunvelyofa;
 aRmasrulebeli da sakanonmdeblo xelisuflebis mier miRebuli

politikuri gadawyvetilebebis aRsruleba;
 arsebuli samxedro- politikuri situaciis gaTvaliswinebiT safrTxeebis

gansazRvra;
 SeiaraRebuli Zalebis struqturis srulyofa;
 saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebebis da SeTanxmebebis mixedviT TanamSromlobis

gaRrmaveba.
saqarTvelos SeiaraRebuli Zalebis (sSZ)-s ganviTarebis ZiriTadi

mimarTulebebi:
sSZ-s ganviTarebis ZiriTad mimarTulebebSi gawerilia, rom Tavdacvis
politikis ZiriTad prioritets warmoadgens SeiaraRebuli Zalebis
Tavdacvisunarianobis amaRleba. qveynis erovnuli Tavdacvis politikis
prioritetuli mizania natoSi gawevrianebis procesis xelSewyoba, mTavari
amocanaa maRali SesaZleblobebis mqone natosTan Tavsebadi SeiaraRebuli
Zalebis Camoyalibeba, romelebic SeZleben natosTan erTad nebismier
samxedro operaciaSi monawileobis miRebas.
saqarTvelos Tavdacvis zogadi proncipebi
saqarTvelos erovnuli samxedro strategia ayalibebs SeiaraRebuli

Zalebis mSeneblobis, struqturisa da SesaZleblobebis ganviTarebis
strategiis safuZvels. am strategiasTan Sesabamisobapirdapir zegavlenas
axdens qveynis usafrTxoebisa da agresiis Sekavebis xarisxze.
Ddokumentis mixedviT qveynis Tavdacvis zogadiprincipebia:
433
1. pirdapiri agresiis Tavidan acileba da misgan dacva;
2. natosTan integracia da saerTaSoriso TanamSromloba;
3. strategiuli garemos zusti Sefasebis unari;
4. kavkasiis regionSi stabilurobis xelSewyoba;
5. saerTaSoriso usafrTxoebis xelSewyoba;
erovnuli samxedro strategiis mniSvneloba
saqarTvelos erovnuli samxedro strategia ayalibebs ZiriTad

mimarTulebebs Tavdacvis saministrosa da SeiaraRebuli Zalebis piradi
SemadgenlobisaTvis. igi ayalibebs miznebs, amocanebs, moTxovnebsa da
SesaZleblobebs. dokumenti aseve iZleva safuZvels koaliciur samxedro
operaciebSi saqarTvelos monawileobisTvis da natosTan Tavsebadobis
misaRwevad. igi ayalibebs samxedro miznebs, amocanebs da moTxovnilebebs,
aseve gansazRvravs SeiaraRebuli Zalebis moqmedebas da operatiuli
dagegmvis mimarTulebebs, gansazRvravs SeiaraRebuli Zalebis struqturasa
da moTxovnilebebs.
Tavdacvis ministris xedva 2010
2008 wlis agvistos omis Semdeg Seqmnili situaciis gaTvaliswinebiT,

aucilebeli gaxda moqmedi strategiuli dokumentebis gadaxedva, am
procesis dasrulebamde ki gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba SeiZina”ministris
xedvis” dokumentma, romelic moklevadian perspeqtivaSi gansazRvravs
Tavdacvis sistemis ganviTarebis konkretul mimarTulebebs.
“ministris xedva 2010” gansazRvravs saqarTvelos Tavdacvis saministros
ZiriTad prioritetul mimarTulebebs, romelic ZiriTadi saxelmZRvanelo
dokumenti iqneba Tavdacvis saministrosa da SeiaraRebuli Zalebis
xelmZRvanelobisaTvis. igi gansazRvravs saqarTvelos SeiaraRebuli
Zalebis ganviTarebis konkretul prioritetebs, raTa man maqsimalurad
efeqturad upasuxos qveynis usafrTxoebis winaSe mdgar gamowvevebs.
“ministris xedva 2010” miznad isaxavs Tavdacvis sistemis ganviTarebas oTxi
mimarTulebiT: 1. Tavdacvis SesaZleblobebi; 2. Tavdacvis sistemis marTva; 3.
ganaTlebis sistema da adamianuri resursebis marTva; 4. natoSi integracia
da saerTaSoriso TanamSomloba.298
Tavdacvis SesaZleblobebi
Tavdacvisunarianobis amaRleba da SeiaraRebuli Zalebis

SesaZleblobebis ganviTareba aucilebeli winapirobaa saqarTvelos
mSvidobiani ganviTarebisaTvis. Tavdacvisunarianobis amaRleba warmoadgens
298
434
saqarTvelos Tavdacvis politikis upirveles amocanas, romelic xels
Seuwyobs gare saafrTxeebisagan qveynis efeqtur dacvas da Sesabamisad
qveynis mSvidobian ganviTarebas.
Tavdacvis saministro ayalibebs Semdeg prioritetebs:
Tavdacvis dagegmva; marTva da kontroli; dazverva; wvrTnebi;

simulaciuri SesaZleblobebi; sahaero Tavdacva; aviacia; tanksawinaaRmdego
SesaZleblobebi; specialuri operaciebi; infrastruqtura da logistika;
SeiaraRebisa da aRWurvilobis modernizacia; kavSirgabmuloba,
informaciuli sistemebi da informaciis usafrTxoeba; samxedro –
sainJinro SesaZleblobebi; rezervi; sazRvao usafrTxoeba; krizisebis
marTva; fsiqologiuri da sainformacio operaciebi; radio – eleqtronuli
brZola; samxedro – samecniero SesaZleblobebi.
Tavdacvis sistemis marTva
saqarTvelos SeiaraRebuli Zalebis Tanamedrove gamowvevebisa da

amocanebis gadaWrisaTvis mniSvnelovani komponentia Tavdacvis sistemis
marTvis gaumjobeseba da misi srulyofa.
Tavdacvis sistemis marTvis ZiriTad prioritetebSi ganxilulia: miRebuli
gamocdilebis analizis sistema; Tavdacvis strategiuli mimoxilva;
uwyebaTaSorisi koordinacia; struqturis optimizacia; dagegmvis,
programirebisa da biujetirebis sistema; Sesyidvebis sistema; doqtrinebi
da procedurebi; Sefasebisa da moxsenebis sistema; samoqalaqo
sazogadoebasTan urTierToba;
ganaTlebis sistema da adamianuri resursebis marTva
Tavdacvis sistemis ganviTarebisTvis mniSvnelovania adamianuri resursebis

marTvis da ganaTlebis efeqturi sistemis Camoyalibeba da ganviTareba.
Tavdacvis saministroSi personalis marTvisa da ganaTlebis sistemis
ganviTareba Semdeg prioritetebs ayalibebs: samxedro ganaTlebis sistema;
samxedro personalis marTvis sistema; samoqalaqo personalis marTvis
sistema; sazRvargareT swavlebis organizeba.
natoSi integracia da saerTaSoriso TanamSromloba
natoSi integracia qveynis sagareo da usafrTxoebis politikis erT-erTi

mniSvnelovani prioritetia. natosTan integraciis procesSi Tavdacvis
saministros umTavres amocanas SeiaraRebuli Zalebis natosTan
Tavsebadobis uzrunvelyofa warmoadgens. Tavdacvis saministrosTvis
kvlavac prioritetulia natosTan TanamSromlobis farglebSi aRebuli
valdebulebebis Sesruleba, calkeul saxelmwifoebTan Tavdacvis sferoSi
ormxrivi TanamSromlobis gaRrmaveba da saerTaSoriso samSvidobo
operaciebSi aqtiuri monawileoba.
natosTan urTierTobis kuTxiT, Tavdacvis saministros mTavari
prioritetebia: nato – saqarTvelos komisiis efeqturi saqmianoba;
“yovelwliuri erovnuli programa” – maT Soris Tavdacvis nawilis
farglebSi aRebuli valdebulebebis Sesruleba; “dagegmvisa da mimoxilvis
procesi” (PARP);saqarTvelos mier PARP–is farglebSi aRebuli
valdebulebebis Sesruleba; ormxrivi TanamSromloba – aqtiuri da mWidro
435
urTierTobis gagrZeleba natos wevr da sxva partnior qveynebTan, maTTan
arsebuli TanamSromlobis gaRrmaveba da axal qveynebTan ormxrivi
TanamSromlobis dawyeba, saqarTvelosa da aSS-s Soris gaformebuli
strategiuli qartiis farglebSi TanamSromlobis gaRrmaveba;
saerTaSoriso misiebSi monawileoba - natos ZalebTan erTad monawileobis
gagrZeleba ISAF-is operaciaSi. aSS-s, safrangeTis, TurqeTis da sxva
qveynebis samxedro kontingentebTan erToblivi moqmedebiT saqarTvelos
mier wvlilis Setana saerTaSoriso usafrTxoebis ganmtkicebis saqmeSi.
antikrizisuli marTva
rogorc cnobilia, 2010 wlis noemberSi gamarTul nato-s lisabonis

samitze damtkicebul iqna aliansis axali strategiuli koncefcia. nato
Tavis axal strategiul koncefciaSi rekomendaciebs iZleva partniorebTan
momavali urTierTobebis gasaRrmaveblad.
axal strategiul koncefciaSi Semaval rekomendaciebSi
partniorebTan da kerZod saqarTvelosTan mimarTebaSi naTladaa gawerili,
rom mokavSireebma unda aamoqmedon krizisebis marTvis meqanizmi, raTa
ufro efeqturad moxdes usafrTxoebis kontroli.
“natos axali strategiuli koncefciis mimoxilvis nawili
partniorobis Sesaxeb miuTiTebs, rom partnioroba gaumjobesdeba
krizisebis marTvaSi TanamSromlobis gziT, Sesabamisad natosTan
urTierTobaSi es punqti politikurad Zalian mniSvnelovania”, -- ganacxada
generalma ser gari jonsonma, usafrTxoebis sakiTxebSi mrCevelTa
saerTaSoriso sabWos Tavmjdomarem.299
natos rekomendaciebis Tanaxmad krizisebis warmatebuli marTvisTvis
aucilebelia xelisuflebis mxridan Semdegi standartuli procedurebis
ganxorcieleba:
 mosalodneli krizisebis albaTobis dadgena;
 krizisebis prevenciis / marTvis funqciebis gamijvna. unda ganisazRvros

TiToeuli saxelmwifo uwyebis roli da funqciebi sxvadasxva saxis
krizisis marTvis procesSi;
 krizisebis marTvis strategiuli gegmebis Sedgena erovnul da uwyebis

doneze (uwyebaTa urTierTqmedebis sqemebi, TiToeuli krizisis dadgomis
SemTxvevaSi xelmZRvaneli uwyebis gansazRvra da a.S)
 konkretuli krizisebis marTvaze pasuxismgebeli operatiuli

uwyebaTaSorisi Semadgenlobebis gansazRvra;
 sazogadoebasTan urTierTobis gegmebis SemuSaveba;
 simulaciebisa da treiningebis periodiuli gamarTva.
uwyebaTaSoris koordinaciis ararseboba mmarTvelobis mTavar problemas

warmoadgens. qveynis winaSe mdgari uwyebaTaSorisi koordinaciis
299
436
problemebi qveynis usafrTxoebas, mis ganviTarebasa da warmatebas emuqreba.
ganviTarebad qveynebSi es problema ufro masStaburia da uaryofiTad
aisaxeba ganviTarebis perspeqtivebze.300
koordinaciis problemebi gansakuTrebiT TvalsaCinoa krizisebis
prevenciisa da marTvis procesSi maSin, rodesac saxelmwifos ar aqvs imis
unari,Tavidan aicilos safrTxeebi da daareguliros krizisuli
situaciebi. krizisebis prevencia da marTva saxelmwifo xelisuflebis
prerogativaa, saxelmwifos TiToeuli uwyeba valdebulia monawileoba
miiRos krizisis prevenciisa da marTvis RonisZiebebSi, rac
gaTvaliswinebuli iqneba misi kompetenciis farglebsa da kanonmdeblobiT
dadgenil SemTxvevebSi. ganviTarebad qveynebs xSir SemTxvevebSi
mmarTvelobis araefeqturi sistemebi gaaCniaT, magaliTad krizisebis
prevenciisa da marTvis procesSi saministroebi ver acnobiereben TavianT
pasuxismgeblobas, an kanonis mier dadgenili moTxovnebi efeqturad ver
xorcieldeba.
ganviTarebis sxvadasxva etapze myof saxelmwifoebs sxvadasxva meqanizmebi
da sistemebi sWirdebaT. maRalganviTarebul qveynebSi krizisebis marTvis
sferoSi Sesabamisi kanonmdeblobis miReba sakmarisia, da iq ar aris saWiro
specialuri uwyebaTaSorisi makoordinirebeli struqturis Seqmna. Aam
qveynebSi efeqturi mmarTvelobis pirobebSi saxelmwifo struqturebs
gaTviTcnobierebuli aqvT kanonTa moTxovnebi da aqvT imis sesaZlebloba,
rom specialuri sistemis gareSe ganaxorcielon strategiuli dagegmva,
koordinacia da sxva procedurebi. rac SeexebaT ganviTarebis procesSi
myof qveynebs, araefeqqturi mmarTvelobis arqonis da adamianuri
resursebis marTvis problemis gamo, maT uWirT imave procedurebis
Sesruleba rasac maRalganviTarebuli qveynebi asuleben, maT sWirdebaT
specialuri uwyebaTaSorisi struqturis Seqmna, romelic mudmivad
Tvalyurs adevnebs krizisebis marTvis kanonmdeblobis ganxorcielebas.301
aRsaniSnavia, rom “vardebis revoluciis” Semdeg, saqarTveloSi swrafad
moxda mmarTvelobiT sferoSi viTarebis gamosworeba, romelic pirobiTad
rom vTqvaT, pirvel mizans warmoadgenda. masSi igulisxmeba
administraciuli korufciis Semcireba, biurokratiis reforma, saxelmwifo
dawesebulebaTa optimizacia da sxva. es warmateba ganviTarebadi
qveynebisaTvis magaliTadac ki iqca. miuxedavad amisa, saqarTveloSi jer
kidev problemad rCeba mmarTvelobis daxvewis meore etapis RonisZiebebis
ganxorcieleba, masSi ki igulisxmeba sajaro mosamsaxureTa
profesionalizmisa da gadawyvetilebis miRebis efeqturi meqanizmis
ararseboba.
saqarTveloSi gadawyvetilebis miRebisa da uwyebaTaSorisi koordinaciis
sistemas garkveuli naklovanebebi gaaCnia. saqarTvelos xelisufleba yvela
sferoSi ver axorcielebs prevenciuli RonisZiebebisa da krizisebis
marTvas saerTaSoriso standartebis Sesabamisad. es kargad
gamoCndasxvadasxva dros, magaliTad:
2004 wlis zafxuli, rodesac cxinvalis regionSi ganxorcielebulma
provokaciebma SeiaraRebuli konfliqtis ganaxlebis problema warmoSva,
300
Dvali Akaki. Crisis Management and Intergovernmental coordination. GFSIS. Volume 2, 2005. P. 4
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Dvali Akaki. Crisis Management and Intergovernmental coordination. GFSIS. Bulletin 2, 2005. P. 4
437
samSvidobo procesi safrTxis winaSe dadga, radgan am provokacias 15-mde
qarTveli samxedro emsxverpla da mosaxleobaSi panika gamoiwvia.
miuxedavad imisa, rom msgavsi safrTxis albaToba maRali iyo,
xelisuflebam am problemaze fiqri mxolod krizisis dadgomis Semdgom
daiwyo. am SemTxvevaSi Cavardna ganpirobebuli iyo Tavdacvis, Sinagan
saqmeTa, konfliqtebis mogvarebis da sagareo saqmeTa saministroebis
arakoordinirebuli moqmedebebis gamo.
meore SemTxveva gaxldaT 2005 wlis gazafxulsa da Semodgomaze
stiqiasTan brZola, rodesac wyaldidobebma saqarTvelos masStabiT
datbora 5000-mde sacxovrebeli saxli, gamoiwvia xidebisa da gzebis ngreva,
mosavlis ganadgureba da adamianTa msxverpli. aseTi krizisebis albaToba
saqarTveloSi maRalia, miuxedavad amisa 2005 wels saxelmwifos ar gaaCnda
gegmebi krizisis Tavidan asacileblad. am SemTxvevaSi aseTi Cavardna
ganpirobebuli iyo centralur da adgilobriv xelisuflebebs Soris
susti koordinaciiT, ramac krizisis Sedegebi gaamwvava da zaralis
odenobac gazarda.
Mmomdevno wlebSi saqarTveloSi kidev bevri krizisuli viTareba
dafiqsirda, ramac qveyanaSi mmarTvelobis gaumjobesebis aucilebloba
dagvanaxa. gansakuTrebiT es exeba 2008 wlis agvistos, rodesac sxvadasxva
uwyebebs Soris koordinaciasTan dakavSirebiT garkveuli problemebi
dafiqsirda. Aaseve, ruseTis mxridan ganxorcielebuli masirebuli sahaeros
dabombvebis Sedegad problemebma Tavi iCina samoqalaqo Tavdacvis
sferoSic. aRsaniSnavia, rom saqarTveloSi krizisis prevenciis dadebiTi
gamocdilebac arsebobs, rac uwyebaTaSorisi koordinaciis Sedegad moxda.
magaliTad:2006 wels, frinvelis gripis virusis gavrcelebis
sawinaaRmdegod prevenciuli RonisZiebebis Catareba. am sakiTxebSi aqtiuri
monawileoba miiRes soflis meurneobis, jandacvis, garemos dacvis,
finansTa da Sinagan saqmeTa saministroebma, es warmatebuli RonisZiebebi
prezidentis uSualo dainteresebisa da konkretuli davalebebisa da
gankargulebebis gacemis Sedegi iyo.
uwyebaTaSorisi koordinaciisa da krizisebis marTvis sistemis
garkveul naklovanebebze saerTaSoriso donori organizaciebic
amaxvileben yuradRebas da uwyebaTaSorisi koordinaciisa da strategiuli
dagegmvis aucileblobaze migviTiTeben. magaliTad, gaeros ganviTarebis
programis (UNDP) mier mowveulma saerTaSoriso eqspertebma saqarTveloSi
arsebuli mdgomareobis Seswavlis safuZvelze Seqmnes krizisebis marTvis
Sesabamisi sistemis modeli, romelic saqarTvelos mTavrobas warudgines
gansaxorcieleblad. SeTaxmebis miuxedavad, es proeqti ar
ganxorcielebula.
saqarTvelos xelisuflebas krizisebis marTvis sistemis Seqmnis
mcdeloba ramdenjerme hqonda, Tumca uSedegod. 1995-dan 2005 wlamde
formalurad funqcionirebda erovnuli uSiSroebis sabWos sagangebo
situaciebisa da samoqalaqo Tavdacvis uwyebaTaSorisi mudmivi komisia da
is krizisebis marTvis sferoSi umaRles organod ganixileboda. komisia,
romelsac saTaveSi Sinagan saqmeTa ministri edga, 39 wevrisagan
Sedgeboda.302 misi arsebobis periodSi qveyanaSi misi funqcionireba
saerTod ar SeimCneoda. komisiis wevrebs ar gaaCndaT erTiani strategiuli
xedva krizisebis marTvasTan dakavSirebiT, amasTanave, kanonmdeblobiT
gaTvaliswinebuli mravalricxovani funqciebis Sesruleba realurad
302
438
SeuZlebeli iyo, radgan realurad ar arsebobda sxvadasxva doneze
uwyebaTa TanamSromlobis meqanizmebi da valdebulebebi. amave dros,
komisiis debuleba iTvaliswinebda adgilobrivi mmarTvelobis organoebSi
adgilobrivi komisiebis Seqmnas, Tumca araorganizebulobis gamo esec ver
moxerxda.
krizisebis marTvis aRniSnuli sistema spontanurad iyo Seqmnili, is
ar efuZneboda krizisebis marTvis strategiul dokuments, swored es gaxda
warumateblobis ZiriTadi mizezi, radgan es sistema warmodgenili iyo
mxolod umaRles doneze Seqmnili komisiiT, romelSic Sediodnen
ministrebi da moadgileebi, da Sesabamisad ar iyo dadgenili uwyebaTa
Soris sxvadasxva doneze sistematiuri TanamSromlobisa da kordinaciis
meqanizmebi, rogoricaa magaliTad perioduli Sexvedrebi eqspertTa doneze.
2005 wels prezidentis brZanebulebiT es komisia gauqmda, miuxedavad
imisa, rom es racionaluri gadawyvetileba iyo, komisiis gauqmebiT
krizisebis marTvis uwyebaTaSorisi koordinaciis erTaderTi rgoli
moiSala.
krizisebis marTvis organod rogorc sazogadoebaSi, aseve politikur
wreebSi moiazreba Sinagan saqmeTa saministros qvedanayofi – sagangebo
situaciebis marTvis departamenti. mas evaleba saqmianobis koordinacia
sagangebo situaciebis Tavidan acilebis, Sedegebis Serbilebisa da
likvidaciis mizniT, Tumca misi SesaZleblobebidan gamomdinare is
warmoadgens krizisis marTvis efeqtur instruments erovnuli gvardiis,
policiis da sxva operatiuli qvedanayofebis gverdiT. realurad is
funqciebi romelic mas akisria, yvela samTavrobo struqturebis da
adgilobrivi xelisuflebis mier erToblivad unda ganxorcieldes.
Sss-s msgavsi departamenti 2006 wels Tbilisis meriaSic Seiqmna.
Tbilisis meriis sagangebo situaciebis samoqalaqo samsaxuri krizisebis
dros samaSvelo RonisZiebebzea orientirebuli, Tumca esec erT-erTi
efeqturi instrumentia krizisebis marTvis qvedanayofebTan erTad.
uwyebaTaSorisi sistemis Seqmnis mcdelobasTan dakavSirebiT
xelisuflebam Sesabamisi normatiuli aqti gamosca, romelic saxelmwifo
organizaciebs pasuxismgeblobas akisrebs sxvadasxva saxis krizisis
dadgomis SemTxvevaSi. imis gamo, rom normatiuli aqtis debuleba zogadia,
is ar iTvaliswinebs winaswari samuSaoebis ganxorcielebis kontrolsa da
monitorings. aRniSnuli problema imis maniSnebelia, rom saqarTveloSi
aucilebelia specialuri uwyebaTaSorisi sistemis Seqmna, romelic
ganaxorcielebs mudmiv kontrols da monitorings gauwevs krizisebis
marTvis sferoSi specialuri kanonmdeblobis ganxorcielebas.
krizisebis marTvis uwyebaTaSorisi koordinaciis warmatebuli modelebi
SesaZloa ori saxiT CamovayaliboT: ganviTarebul qveynebSi
TviTregulirebadi sistema, romelic mxolod krizisebis marTvis
kanonmdeblobas efuZneba, mas ar aqvs specialuri struqturizebuli
uwyebaTaSorisi koordinaciis sistema; igi ZiriTadad moqmedebs amerikis
SeerTebul StatebSi. meore ki instituciuri sistemaa, romelic krizisebis
struqturizebul prevenciasa da marTvas gulisxmobs, mas krizisebis
marTvis specialur kanonmdeblobasTan erTad gaaCnia uwyebaTaSorisi
struqtura, romelic koordinaciis safuZvelze kanonmdeblobis
aRsrulebas uzrunvelyofs. es modeli ZiriTadad baltiisa da aRmosavleT
evropis qveynebSi moqmedebs.303
303
439
Kkrizisebis marTvis TviTregulirebadi sistemis modeli amerikis
SeerTebuli StatebSi
amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi ar arsebobs specialuri uwyebaTaSorisi

organizaciuli struqtura, romelic kontrols gauwevs krizisebis
prevenciisa da marTvis RonisZiebebs. rig maRalganviTarebul qveyanaSi
moqmedebs TviTregulirebadi sistema, romelic mxolod krizisebis marTvis
kanonmdeblobas efuZneba da ar gaaCnia specialuri struqturizebuli
uwyebaTaSorisi koordinaciis sistema. aSS-Si arsebobs specialuri
kanonmdebloba, romelic gansazRvravs organizaciebis pasuxismgeblobebsa
da funqciebs sxvadasxva krizisebis prevenciisa da maTi marTvis
SemTxvevaSi. saxelmwifo dawesebulebebSi aucilebeli standartuli
procedurebis ganxorcieleba tradiciad aris qceuli, Sesabamisad aq
specialuri kanonmdeblobis zogadi direqtivebi sakmarisia.
2000 wels amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi, kongresis mier miRebuli
kanoni “katastrofebis Sedegebis Semsubuqebis Sesaxeb”, zogad direqtivebs
aZlevs xelisuflebis centralur, Statis da adgilobriv organoebs, Tu ra
saxis winaswari samuSaoebi unda Caataron katastrofebis Sedegebis
salikvidaciod. es kanoni yvela Statsa da adgilobrivi marTvis organos
sTxovs SeimuSaos katastrofebis marTvis samoqmedo gegmebi da prezidents
warudginos dasamtkiceblad. amavdroulad, adgilobrivi mmarTvelobis
organoebs kanonis Sesabamisad moeTxovebaT dagegmva sxvadasxva saxis
riskebis Semcirebis mizniT da am gegmebis ganxorcielebis strategiis
SemuSaveba. kanoni aseve mijnavs federaluri da adgilobrivi
xelisuflebebis kompetenciebs dafinansebis TvalsazrisiT da awesebs
krizisis ganeitralebisaTvis federaluri mTavrobis mier Sesatani
wvlilis maqsimalur zRvars, Tumca seriozuli krizisis SemTxvevaSi
prezidents ufleba aqvs gazardos federaluri kontribuciis moculoba
maqsimaluri zRvris miRma.
kanoni - “katastrofebis Sedegebis Semsubuqebis Sesaxeb” sTxovs
prezidents garkveul koordinaciasa da uwyebaTaSorisi samuSao jgufebis
Seqmnas, romelic Tanamdebobis pirebisgan unda dakompleqtdes, es pirebi
arian: sagangebo situaciebis marTvis federaluri saagentos direqtori,
romelic jgufis Tavmjdomarea; Sesabamisi federaluri saagentoebis
warmomadgenlebi; Statebisa da adgilobrivi mmarTvelobis organoebis
warmomadgenlebi da amerikuli wiTeli jvris warmomadgenlebi.
katastrofebis Sedegebis ganeitralebis mizniT arsebuli kanoni
xelisuflebis organoebs zogad direqtivebs aZlevs da garkveuli
koordinaciis meqanizmebzec miuTiTebs. Tumca, am direqtivebis saTanadod
da efeqturad SesrulebisTvis ar arsebobs specialurad Seqmnili
struqtura, koordinaciis sistema mxolod uwyebaTaSorisi samuSao
jgufisgan Semoifargleba, romelic maRali Tanamdebobis pirebisgan
Sedgeba.
katastrofebis Sedegebis Semsubuqebis Sesaxeb kanonis garda, sxva
specialuri kanonebic arseboben, romlebis konkretuli krizisebis
SemTxvevaSi garkveul valdebulebebs akisreben federalur da adgilobriv
saxelmwifo organizaciebs.304
304
440
Kkrizisebis marTvis instituciuri sistema estoneTSi305
estoneTi post sabWoTa qveyanaa, romelic rogorc cnobilia dRevandel
dRes evrokavSirisa da natos wevria. postsabWoTa sivrcidan gamosvlis
Semdgom, estoneTs aseve mZime gzis gavla mouwia, raTa daemkvidrebina
sakuTari adgili evropaSi, hqonoda damoukidebloba da gamxdariyo natosa
da evrokavSiris sruluflebiani wevri. krizisebis marTvis Seqmna am
qveyanaSi aseve etapobrivad moxda. krizisebis marTvis struqturizebuli
sistemis Seqnis aucilebloba ganpirobebulia imiT, rom ganviTarebis
konkretul etapze myof saxelmwifoebs ar gaaCniaT efeqturi mmarTvelobis
SesaZleblobebi da tradiciebi. Sesabamisad, qvemoT mocemulia estoneTis
mier krizisebis marTvis sferoSi ganxorcielebuli winsvlebi, am qveyanaSi
moqmedebs instituciuri modeli da es magaliTi garkveulwilad
migvaniSnebs imaze, Tu ramdenad SesaZlebelia am modelis saqarTveloSi
danergva.
estoneTSi instituciuri sistema warmatebiT moqmedebs. 2000 wels
“sagangebo situaciebisaTvis mzadyofnis” Sesaxeb miRebuli kanonis
safuZvelze, estoneTSi Camoyalibebuli krizisebis marTvis uwyebaTaSorisi
sistema srulad pasuxobs efeqturi marTvis standartebs. sistema xels
uwyobs kanonis mier dawesebuli krizisebis marTvis standartuli
procedurebis aRsrulebas.
struqturulad, estoneTis krizisebis marTvis sistema ramdenime
rgolisgan Sedgeba: estoneTis mTavroba, mTavrobis krizisebis marTvis
komiteti, saministroebis krizisebis marTvis specialuri struqturuli
erTeulebi, regionebis gubernatorebisa da adgilobrivi municipaluri
organoebis krizisebis marTvis komitetebi da specialuri jgufebi.
estoneTis mTavroba krizisebis marTvis politikis umaRlesi
instanciaa. misi mTavari amocanaa krizisebis marTvis erovnuli politikisa
da erovnuli gegmis SemuSaveba da sxvadasxva saxelwifo uwyebis
saqmianobis koordinacia. mTavrobasTan funqcionirebs mudmivi komiteti,
romelic krizisebis marTvis koordinacias axorcielebs.
krizisebis marTvis komitetis ZiriTadi saqmianobaa mTavrobas
warudginos winadadebebi krizisebis marTvis koordinaciis meqanizmebis
srulyofis Sesaxeb. komiteti saministroebidan da adgilobrivi
TviTmmarTvelobis organoebidan iRebs da ganixilavs savaraudo riskebs,
igi aseve amtkicebs saministroebisa da regionuli administraciebis
krizisebis marTvis gegmebs. sagangebo situaciebis dros, krizisebis
marTvis specialuri jgufis saSualebiT komiteti koordinacias uwevs
saministroebs, regionuli administraciebisa da adgilobrivi mmarTvelobis
organoebis saqmianobas.
sistemis Semdegi rgolia saministroebi, isini TavianT uwyebebSi
qmnian krizisebis marTvis specialur qvedanayofs an ufleba-movaleobebs
akisreben romelime Sesabamis departaments. qvedanayofebi pasuxs ageben
krizisebis marTvis RonisZiebebis zogad organizebaze Sesabamisi
saministros kompetenciis farglebSi. amasTanave, yvela saministro qmnis
krizisebis marTvis specialur jgufs, romelic mudmivad dakavebulia
krizisebis prevenciis da marTvis sakiTxebiT. kerZod, es jgufi
305
Chitadze Nika. Crisis Management and Intergovernmental coordination in Georgia after Georgia-Russia war. NUPI,
Norwegian Institute of International Affairs. Oslo, Norway, May, 2010. P. 12
441
koordinacias uwevs mocemuli saministros sxva uwyebebTan
TanamSromlobas, informaciis gacvlas da resursebis gamoyenebas. jgufi
mudmivad axorcielebs situaciis analizs da gansazRvravs Tavisi uwyebis
im Semadgenlobas, romelic sagangebo viTarebis dros ocdaoTxi saaTis
reJimSi imuSavebs. faqtobrivad, qvedanayofebi qmnian krizisebis marTvis
uwyebaTaSoris sistemaSi TavianT uwyebas. qvedanayofebis koordinaciiT
saministroebi axdenen sxvadasxva riskebis Sefasebas da amzadeben
krizisebis marTvis uwyebriv gegmas.
riskebis Sefasebisa da krizisebis marTvis adgilobrivi gegmebis
momzadebis valdebuleba regionebis administraciebs da raionebis
adgilobrivi mmarTvelobis organoebsac akisriaT. regionebSi –
gubernatorebi qmnian regionis krizisebis marTvis komitetebs da
krizisebis marTvis jgufebs. regionis komitetis funqciaa krizisebis
marTvis sferoSi zogadi koordinaciis ganxorcieleba, mudmivi mzadeba
sagangebo situaciebisadmi da maTze Sesabamisad reagireba.
gubernatori komitetis Tavmjdomarea, komiteti mas warudgens
winadadebebs resursebis marTvis, krizisebis marTvis jgufebis
Semadgenlobebis da sxva sakiTxebis Sesaxeb. gubernatori valdebulia
koordinacia gauwios regionuli administraciis TanamSromlobas
centraluri xelisuflebis organoebTan, adgilobriv arasamTavrobo
organizaciebTan da fondebTan. gubernatorebi aseve koordinacias uweven
TavianTi pasuxismgeblobis teritoriaze arsebuli raionebisa da qalaqebis
municipalitetebis mier riskebis Sefasebasa da krizisebis marTvis gegmebis
SemuSavebas, ris safuZvelzec isini amzadeben regionis riskebis Sefasebis
erTian dokumentebsa da krizisebis marTvis gegmebs.
adgilobrivi municipaluri organoebi ayalibeben krizisebis marTvis
adgilobriv komitetebs, raTa raionebsa da qalaqebSi Sesabamisi funqciebis
efeqturi Sesruleba ganxorcieldes. adgilobrivi komitetebis saqmianobaSi
Sedis adgilobrivi riskebis Sefasebisa da gegmebis SemuSavebis
RonisZiebebis xelmZRvaneloba. adgilobrivi komitetebi krizisebis marTvis
jgufebsac qmnian, romlebis sxva adgilobrivi regionuli administraciisa
da saministroebis krizisebis marTvis jgufebis msgavs funqciebs
asruleben. komitetebi aseve koordinacias uweven krizisebis marTvis
jgufebis muSaobas sagangebo situaciebis dros.
estoneTis Sinagan saqmeTa saministros, sxva saministroebisagan
gansxvavebiT gansakuTrebuli adgili ukavia krizisebis marTvis sistemaSi.
mas makoordinirebeli funqciebic akisria da misi qvedanayofi, krizisebis
marTvis departamenti mTavrobis krizisebis marTvis komitetis aparatis
funqciasac iTavsebs. Sss koordinacias uwevs saministroebisa da
regionuli administraciebis mier krizisebis marTvis gegmebis SemuSavebas,
amzadebs daskvnas saministroebisa da regionuli administraciebis mier
riskebis Sefasebis Taobaze da jer SesaTanxmeblad warudgens mTavrobis
krizisebis marTvis komitets, xolo Semdeg mTavrobas. Sss aseve regionebis
mTavrobebs da adgilobriv municipalur organoebs uwesebs riskebis
Sefasebisa da krizisebis marTvis gegmebis SemuSavebis meTodebsa da
ganrigs.
krizisebis marTvis sistema saqarTveloSi
saqarTveloSi krizisebis efeqturi marTvis sistemis arseboba bevr

saerTaSoriso institutTan daaxlovebasniSnavs, radgan es sistema
aamaRlebs ndobas saerTaSoriso organizaciebSi Cveni qveynis mimarT.
442
qveynis usafrTxoebis sistema unda iyos Tanamedrove da daxvewili, raTa
man moipovos ndoba saerTaSoriso Tanamegobrobisgan. saqarTvelos eqneba
SesaZlebloba gaumklavdes Sida da gare problemebs efeqturi gziT. am
sistemis arseboba ganamtkicebs urTierTobebs natosTan da evrokavSirTan.
saqarTvelos samomavlo gegma aseve iTvaliswinebs muSaobas krizisebis
menejmentze. am sistemis ganxorcieleba zrdis Cveni qveynis natoSi
gawevrianebis Sansebs.
am etapze,saqarTvelos mTavrobam bevri eqspertisagan Tu mTavrobisgan
miiRo rCeva,britaneTis mTavroba da amerikis mTavroba aqtiuradaa CarTuli
saqarTveloSi krizisebis marTvis reformirebis procesSi. saqarTvelo
postsabWoTa qveynebis gamocdilebasac iziarebs, magaliTad baltiis
qveynebis - romlebsac daxmareba igive amerikam da didma britaneTma
gauwia.306
krizisebis daregulirebis erTi konkretuli modeli ar arsebobs.
saqarTvelos mTavrobam zustad ar unda gadmoiRos romelime qveynis
modeli, unda gaTvaliswinebul iqnes saqarTveloSi arsebuli realuri viT,
raTa gaTvaliswinebul iqnes, Tu romeli principiasaqarTvelosTvis
mosargebi. arc natos rekomendaciebi unda darCes uyuradRebod, mTavrobam
SerCeuli principebi unda SeuTanxmosaliansis rekomendaciebs.
dRevandeli politikuri da ekonomikuri viTarebis pirobebSi
saqarTvelosTvis instituciuri modeli ufro Sesaferisia. ganviTarebad
saxelmwifoebSi, sadac aqtualuria adamianis resursebis da Sesabamisi
gamocdilebis problemebi, TviTregulirebadi meqanizmi araefeqturia.
Sesabamisad, umjobesia sakanonmdeblo direqtivebis Sesasruleblad
ierarqiuli struqturizebuli uwyebaTaSorisi sistemis Seqmna, romelic
krizisebis prevenciisa da marTvaze orientirebuli qvedanayofebisgan
dakompleqtdeba da koordinaciasa da Sesrulebis monitorings
uzrunvelyofs.
saqarTvelos administraciul–teritoriuli mowyobis
gaTvaliswinebiT, krizisebis marTvis uwyebaTaSorisi koordinaciis sistema
SesaZloa maqsimalurad davuaxlovoT estonur models, Tumca misgan
gansxvavebiT igi SesaZloa ufro centralizirebulic iyos da
saministroebsa da regionebSi standartuli struqturuli erTeulebi
Camoyalibdes, romelTa saqmianobis koordinacias erTi centraluri organo
ganaxorcielebs.
rogorc ukve avRniSneT, adamianuri resursebis simwiris gamo
umjobesi iqneba sistemis ierarqiuli mowyoba. estonuri sistema
garkveulwilad decentralizebulia, regionebSi TiToeuli qalaqis da
raionis municipalur organos Tavisi krizisebis marTvis komiteti gaaCnia,
romlebic riskebis Sefasebasa da samoqmedo gegmebis SemuSavebas adgilze
axorcieleben. Cvens SemTxvevaSi umjobesia msgavsi saqmianoba mTeli
regionis masStabiT gubernatoris daqvemdebarebulma samsaxurma
ganaxorcielos, saboloo gadawyvetileba ki centrSi iqnes miRebuli.
saqarTvelos mcire farTobi saSualebas iZleva krizisebis marTvis
sferoSi mmarTveloba maqsimalurad centralizebuli iyos, es ki
regionebSi adamianuri resursebis problemas Seamcirebs.
saqarTvelos xelisuflebisa da qveynis ekonomikisTvis estonuri
modelis gamoyeneba momgebiani iqneba. sistemis danergva aRmofxvris
306
443
krizisebis marTvis uwyebaTaSorisi koordinaciis problemas, rac
erovnuli usafrTxoebisa da ganviTarebis winaaRmdeg mimarTul risks
warmoadgens. krizisebis marTvis uwyebaTaSorisi koordinaciis
gaumjobesebiT, saqarTvelo SeZlebs Tavidan aicilos sxvadasxva saxis
krizisis uaryofiTi Sedegebi an ubralod Seamciros zaralis odenoba.
magaliTad, 2005 wels stiqiuri ubedurebebis, wyaldidobebis gamo
saqarTvelos biujetsac da ekonomikasac didi zarali miadga. sistemis
arsebobis SemTxvevaSi ki winaswar moxdeboda riskebis Sefaseba da miRebul
iqneboda Sesabamisi prevenciuli RonisZiebebi, rac bevrad ufro nakleb
xarjebTan iqneboda dakavSirebuli. aqve unda aRiniSnos isic, rom sistemis
danergviT miRebuli sargebeli bevrad ufro meti iqneba im danaxarjebze,
rac sistemis SeqmnisTvis da misi funqcionirebisTvis aris aucilebeli. ra
Tqma unda krizisebis marTvis sferos gaumjobesebis mizniT, aucilebelia
Seswavlil iqnes 2008 wlis agvistos gakveTilebi, raTa qveyana bevrad
ufro mozadebuli Sexvdes mosalodnel agresias (imedia, rom momavalSi
farTomasStabiani agresis saqarTvelos winaaRmdeg aRarasodes
ganxorcieldeba).
“krizisebis marTvis organizacia Zalian mniSvnelovania nebismieri
mTavrobisaTvis ara mxolod krizisebis dasaZlevad romelSic is
aRmoCndeba, aramed codnis amaRlebisaTvis daicvas qveyana krizisisgan
sanam is aRmocendeba. Aam mizniT mTavrobis wevrebi unda iyvnen
gafrTxilebulni safrTxis Sesaxeb, maT unda hqondeT SemuSavebuli
meqanizmi, romelic saSualebas miscems liders miiRos efeqturi
gadawyvetileba dauyovnebliv”307 – ganacxada generalma ser gari jonsonma,
usafrTxoebis sakiTxebSi mrCevelTa saerTaSoriso sabWos Tavmjdomarem,
misi TqmiT saqarTvelos mTavrobam bevri adamianisgan da mTavrobisgan
miiRo rCeva, bevri meTodi Seiswavla, Tu rogor unda marTos krizisebi,
maT ician risi gakeTeba surT da rogor undaT amis struqturireba.
erovnuli uSiSroebis sabWo ukve saTaveSi udgas am process, jgufis
wevrebi arian mTavrobis warmomadgenlebi: premier-ministri, sagareo saqmeTa
ministri, Tavdacvis ministri, Sinagan saqmeTa ministri da sxva. yvela
etapis gasavlelad saWiroa aranakleb 3 weli. saqarTvelos bevri krizisi
gamouvlia, Tumca saukeTeso gza ar gaaCnda maTi prevenciisTvis.
rekomendaciebi
krizisis marTvis sferoSi arsebuli problemebis gadasaWrelad unda

ganxorcieldes Semdegi: unda ganisazRvros is axali safrTxeebi -
romlebic arsebobs saqarTveloSi, rac mxolod ruseTis saokupacio
Zalebis Tbilisidan 40 kilometrSi ganlagebas ar moicavs. samxedro,
politikuri, ekonomikuri, informaciuli da kiber safrTxeebi
saguldagulod unda Camoyalibdes da moxdes Sesabamisi RonisZiebebis
gatareba maTi prevenciisaTvis.
unda daCqardes muSaoba erovnuli usafrTxoebis axali koncefciis
miRebaze, aseve Sesworebebi unda Sevides iseT dokumentebSi, rogoricaa
Tavdacvis strategiuli mimoxilva, samxedro strategiis dokumenti da sxva.
307
444
saqarTvelos usafrTxoebis sistemis reformirebis gzaze erT-erTi
mniSvnelovani sakiTxi gaxlavT krizisebis marTvis sitemis danergva
dasavluri gamocdilebis gaTvaliswinebiT.krizisebis marTvis sistemis
arseboba bevr saerTaSoriso institutebTan daaxlovebasniSnavs, radgan es
sistema aamaRlebs ndobas saerTaSoriso organizaciebis winaSe. problemis
mosagvareblad saqarTveloSi aucilebelia krizisebis marTvis
instituciuri sistemis danergva. krizisebis prevenciisa da maTze
efeqturad reagirebis mizniT, struqturizebulma uwyebaTaSorisma sistemam
unda gaaerTianos yvela Sesabamisi centraluri saxelmwifo uwyeba da
adgilobrivi xelisuflebis organo da unda Seiqmnas am uwyebaTa
koordinirebuli da SeTanxmebuli moqmedebebis meqanizmi.
analizidan gamomdinare, saqarTveloSi efeqturi modeli Semdegi
saxiT unda Camoyalibdes: yvela saministroSi da regionul
administraciaSi unda Seiqmnas krizisebis marTvis specialuri qvedanayofi,
romelic unda warmoadgendes Tavis uwyebas krizisebis marTvis sferoSi da
axorcielebdes am uwyebis informaciul da analitikur uzrunvelyofas.
kerZod, saministroebSi da regionul administraciebSi Seqmnili
qvedanayofebi Semdeg funqciebs unda axorcielebdnen:
 krizisebis prevenciis, warmoqmnili krizisebis daregulirebisa
da krizisebiT gamowveuli Sedegebis likvidaciis samoqmedo
gegmebis SemuSaveba;
 riskebis Sefaseba, mosalodneli krizisebis albaTobis

gansazRvra, warsulSi momxdari krizisebis da maTi marTvis
praqtikis ganzogadeba da analizi;
 krizisebis SesaZlo gamomwvevi mizezebisa da xelSemwyobi

faqtorebis dadgena, aseve krizisebis indikatorebis gamovlena;
 konkretuli krizisebis gaTvaliswinebiT, centralur da

adgilobriv xelisuflebebs Soris uflebamosilebebis gamijvna
da konkretuli uwyebebis rolis gansazRvra;
 mosalodneli krizisebis salikvidacio da prevenciuli

RonisZiebebis, agreTve, saWiro materialur–teqnikuri
saSualebebisa da adamianuri resursebis gansazRvra;
 konkretuli krizisebis gaTvaliswinebiT, krizisebis marTvis

operatiuli uwyebaTaSorisi Semadgenlobebis gansazRvra.308
aRniSnuli struqturuli qvedanayofebis urTierTTanamSromlobas

da sxvadasxva uwyebaTa Soris kompetenciebisa da funqciebis ganawilebas
koordinacias unda uwevdes krizisebis marTvis sakoordinacio centri,
romelic prezidentis an premier – ministris daqvemdebarebaSi Seiqmneba.
aRniSnuli organos mTavari amocana iqneba uzrunvelyos uwyebaTaSorisi
308
445
moqmedebebis koordinacia, krizisebis prevenciis, warmoqmnili krizisebis
daregulirebisa da krizisebiT gamowveuli Sedegebis likvidaciis mizniT.
kerZod, centrma Semdegi funqciebi unda ganaxorcielos:
 uzrunvelyos krizisebis marTvis erovnul

sistemaSigaerTianebuli saministroebis da regionuli
administraciebis specialuri qvedanayofebis warmomadgenelTa
sistematuri Sexvedrebis organizeba, qveyanaSi krizisuli
tendenciebisa da sxva mimdinare sakiTxebis ganxilvis mizniT;
 moamzados prezidentis brZanebulebebis proeqtebi, romlebic

daadgenen sxvadasxva uwyebis zogad pasuxismgeblobebs da
gascemen direqtivebs Sesabamisi winaswari RonisZiebebis
ganxorcielebis Sesaxeb;
 koordinacia gauwios qvedanayofebis erTobliv saqmianobas

krizisebis marTvis erovnuli strategiisa da samoqmedo
gegmebis SemuSavebis mizniT;
 qvedanayofebTan urTierTqmedebiT SeimuSaos sxvadasxva saxis

krizisis scenarebi da garkveuli periodulobiT uzrunvelyos
maTi marTvis inscenirebis koordinacia Sesabamisi uwyebebis
monawileobiT;
 konkretuli krizisebis gaTvaliswinebiT gansazRvros

sazogadoebis informirebis strategia;
 gamocdilebis gaziarebisa da erToblivi RonisZiebebis dasaxvis

mizniT mWidrod iTanamSromlos Sesabamis saerTaSoriso
samTavrobo organizaciebTan da sazRvargareTis qveynebis
saxelisuflo struqturebTan, aseve adgilobriv, ucxour da
saerTaSoriso arasamTavrobo organizaciebTan;
 monawileobas miiRos qvedanayofebSi adamianuri resursebis

gansazRvrisa da kadrebis SerCevis procesSi.309
aseve aRsaniSnavia, rom aRniSnuli sistemis Sesaqmnelad unda gatardes

Semdegi RonisZiebebi:
1. prezidentis brZanebulebiT unda Seiqmnas uwyebaTaSorisi

samuSao jgufi, romelic zemoT warmodgenili
rekomendaciebis safuZvelze SeimuSavebs da prezidents
dasamtkideblad warudgens krizisebis marTvis koncefcias;
309
446
2. koncefciis safuZvelze jgufi SeimuSavebs krizisebis
marTvis uwyebaTaSorisi sistemis kanonproeqts;
3. kanonproeqtis miRebis Semdeg, prezidentis brZanebulebiT

prezidentis administraciaSi unda Camoyalibdes
krizisebis marTvis sakoordinacio centri;
4. pirvel etapze centris funqciebSi Seva saqmianoba

krizisebis erovnuli sistemis formirebis mimarTulebiT.
centri uSualod iTanamSromlebs Sesabamis saxelmwifo
uwyebebTan, raTa maT Seqmnan specialuri qvedanayofebi
qveyanaSi krizisebis marTvis erTiani sistemis formirebis
mizniT;
5. Sesabamis uwyebebSi specialuri qvedanayofebis Seqmnis

Semdeg centri Seudgeba zemoCamoTvlili funqciebis
ganxorcielebas, riTac saqarTveloSi amoqmeddeba
krizisebis marTvis uwyebaTaSorisi koordinaciis sistema;
6. sistemis formirebis procesSi SesaZloa saxelmwifos

dasWirdes SesaZleblobebis zrda da treiningebi, raTa
saxelmwifo moxeleebma da gansakuTrebiT politikuri
Tanamdebobis pirebma gaiTavison krizisebis Tanamedrove
marTvis specifika da uwyebaTa koordinaciis gardauvali
aucilebloba; aseve saWiroa rom xelisuflebis
warmomadgenlebma aRiqvan qveynisTvis maRali albaTobis
krizisebis mogvarebis scenarebis winaswar gaTamaSebis
aucilebloba, rac warmatebiT da efeqturad xorcieldeba
dasavleTis qveynebSi;
7. wina punqtSi miTiTebuli miznis gansaxorcieleblad,

saqarTvelos xelisuflebas SeuZlia saerTaSoriso
donori organizaciebis mozidva.310
310
447
saqarTveloSi krizisebis marTvis uwyebaTaSorisi sistemis
rekomendirebuli modeli grafikulad SesaZlebelia gamoisaxos
Semdegnairad:
erovnuli uSiSroebis sabWo
krizisebis marTvis sakoordinacio centri

(prezidentis administracia an premier - ministris aparati)
saministroebis specialuri regionebis administraciebis

qvedanayofebi specialuri qvedanayofebi
qalaqebis / raionebis
municipaluri organoebi
448
daskvna
G
wignis sxvadasxva TavebSi, calkeuli Teoriuli Tu praqtikuli
sakiTxebis ganxilvisa da analizis Sedegad SegviZlia gavakeToT daskvna,
rom geopolitikis calkeuli kanonebi da geopolitikuri teritoriebis
statusis gansazRvra gansakuTrebiT mosaxerxebelia politikuri istoriis,
diplomatiis istoriisa da strategiuli dagegmarebis analizis procesSi.
E rig mecnierTa azriT, geopolitika warmoadgens momavlis mecnierebas.
geopolitikuri procesebis analizis meSveobiT, martivdeba qveynebisa da
xalxebis, mTeli regionebis istoriuli ganviTarebis mTeli epoqebis
gaazreba.
D rac Seexeba qveynis sagareo da saSinao politikaze geopolitikuri
meTodologiis gavlenas, Tuki saxelmwifoSi moqmedi sxvadasxva
orientaciis (memarjvene, memarcxene, centristebi) politikuri partiebisa
da moZraobebis mier ganxorcielebuli politikis, agreTve, saxelisuflo
struqturebis geopolitikuri mniSvneloba TvalsaCino iqneba, SedarebiT
martivi iqneba sxvadasxva politikuri jgufebis mier gadadgmuli nabijebis
dakavSireba globaluri interesebis sistemasTan, anu naTeli gaxdeba maTi
Soreuli miznebi. magaliTad, saqarTvelos integracia evropul da
evroatlantikur struqturebSi – Talasokratiuli Zalebis
(atlantistebis) nabijia. Aaqedan gamomdinare, SesaZlebelia
viwinaswarmetyveloT qveynis SigniT “liberaluri” tendenciebis
gaZliereba. piriqiT, qveynis sagareo-politikuri kursis Secvla da
moskovTan daaxloeba niSnavs evraziuli (Telulokratiuli)
mimarTulebebisadmi daqvemdebarebas, rac aucilebelad gamoiwvevs
“evrazielTa” anu “konservatiuli, antidemokratiuli Zalebis” poziciaTa
gaZlierebas da a.S. zustad aseve, Sida geopolitikuri kanonzomierebebis
ganWvretiT, advilia ganisazRvros Sidapolitikuri procesebic –
saqarTveloSi separatizmis gavrcelebis ZiriTadi mizezebi, mmarTvel da
opoziciur Zalebs Soris dapirispireba, urTierToba centrsa da regionebs
Soris da a.S.
G geopolitika – misi sxvadasxva midgomebidan gamomdinare, ar acxadebs
pretenzias mecnierul sizusteze da igi TviTon gansazRvravs, Tu ra aris
misTvis Rirebuli da ra ara. Mmisi Hhumanitarul da sabunebismetyvelo
disciplinebTan dakavSireba mxolod im dros xorcieldeba, rodesac es
disciplinebi ar Sedian winaaRmdegobaSi geopolitikuri meTodebis ZiriTad
principebTan. geopolitika, garkveulwilad, TviTon irCevs misTvis misaReb
mecnierebebsa da samecniero mimarTulebebs.
Tanamedrove msoflioSi igi warmoadgens “mokle cnobars mmarTveli
ZalebisaTvis”, xelisuflebis saxelmZRvanelos, sadac mocemulia daskvnebi
da rekomendaciebi, romlebic sxvadasxva saxelmwifos mmarTveli elitis
mier gaTvaliswinebul unda iqnes iseTi globaluri gadawyvetilebebis
miRebis dros, rogorebicaa sxvadasxva samxedro-politikuri Tu
ekonomikuri kavSirebis Seqmna, saomari moqmedebebis dawyeba, samarTlebrivi
da social-ekonomikuri reformebis ganxorcieleba, sazogadoebis
struqturuli gardaqmna, masStaburi ekonomikuri da politikuri sanqciebis
SemoReba im qveynis mimarT, romelic ugulebelyofs saerTaSoriso-
samarTlebriv normebs da a.S.
Gsabolood SegviZlia gavakeToT daskvna, rom geopolitika- esaa mecniereba
marTvis Sesaxeb.
449
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Nnika CitaZe

proeqts finansur daxmarebas uwevs norvegiis saelCo azerbaijansa da saqarTveloSi,

proeqts axorcielebs arasamTavrobo organizacia – “marSalis centris

arasamTavrobo organizacia – “marSalis centris kursdamTavrebulTa kavSiri,

centris ZiriTad miznebs ganekuTvneba:

The project is implemented by NGO-George C. Marshall Alumni Union, Georgia-International

nika CitaZe daibada 1969 wlis 22 ianvars qalaq TbilisSi.

1996-2000 wlebSi swavlobda saqarTvelos diplomatiur akademiaSi, romelic warCinebiT

1998 wels gaiara saswavlo kursebi politikuri mecnierebisa da saerTaSoriso

1999 wels swavlobda germaniaSi jorj marSalis saxelobis usafrTxoebisa da

2001 weli (noemberi–dekemberi) – evrogaerTianebis programa `tasisis~-is mier

2002 wels gaiara samecniro staJireba oqsfordis universitetis (didi britaneTi)

2003-2005 wlebSi miwveuli iyo leqciebis wasakiTxad natos skolaSi (oberamergau,

sxvadasxva periodSi miwveuli iyo eqspertad sxvadasxva samecniero konferenciebsa da

At the I chapter of the book, there are presented the

At the II chapter the attention is paid on the geopolitical

The III Chapter is dedicated to the geopolitical views of the

IV chapter presents before the reader the main principles of

At the V chapter, the research is implemented related to

geopolitika rogorc mecniereba

geopolitikuri warmodgenebi Zveli aRmosavleTis moZRvrebebSi

antikurobis geopolitikuri ideebi

Sua saukuneebis geopolitikuri azri

Sua saukuneebis arabuli samyaros geopolitikuri koncefcia

axali drois geopolitikuri azri

geopolitikuri skolebi da Teoriebi XX saukunis meore

msoflio wesrigi da globalizacia

saqarTvelos roli da adgili Tanamedrove geopolitikur

saqarTvelos energetikuli usafrTxoeba

saqarTvelos Tavdacvisa da erovnuli usafrTxoebis sistemis reformebis

geopolitika rogorc mecniereba

jer kidev Zveli samyaros swavlulebma SeamCnies bunebrivi kavSiri

geopolitikuri disciplinis kategoria

geopolitikas gaaCnia sakuTari kategoriebi da koncefciebi. maT Soris

geopolitikis struqtura da misi adgili mecnierebaTa sistemaSi

gamomdinare iqidan, rom geopolitika iyofa Teoriul da praqtikul

Teoriuli geopolitika praqtikuli, gamoyenebiTi

Tanamedrove geopolitikis struqtura SeiZleba daiyos mTel rig

geografiuli da demografiuli Semadgeneli:

Tanamedrove geopolitikis mdgomareoba

Tanamedrove geopolitika Tavis aTvlas iwyebs meore msoflio omis

rac Seexeba sawylosno sivrces, igi rogorc politikis geografiuli

Tavis mxriv, sahaero sivrce kacobriobam saxmeleTo da sazRvao

kosmosuri sivrcis aTviseba `kosmosur~ saxelmwifoebs aZlevs

Ggeopolitika warmoadgens msoflmxedvelobas da ukeTesi iqneboda

Grac Seexeba geopolitikis mTavar kanons, misi mTavari principia

“1)Sidakontinenturi sivrceebi warmoadgenen “uZrav platformas”, Suagul

sazRvao da saxmeleTo mmarTvelobis urTierTdamokidebulebis aRniSnuli

Talasokratiisa da Telurokratiis ori ZiriTadi principis gansazRvris

geopolitikuri warmodgenebi Zveli aRmosavleTis moZRvrebebSi

pirveli saxelmwifoebrivi warmonaqmni CineTis teritoriaze,

lao-Zi (579-499 Cv. eramde)

Cineli filosofosi li eri, romelsac ewoda lao-`uxucesi~, (“Zi”-

konfuci (551-479 Cv. eramde)

gadmocemis Tanaxmad lao-Zi Sexvedria konfucis da didi pativiscemiT

men-Zi (daax. 372-289 Cv. eramde)

Cineli filosofosi menke daibada lus samefoSi (samxreT-aRm. CineTi,

artxaSastra (II-III Cv.w. aR-mde)

artxaSastra (`mecniereba saxelmwifos marTvis Sesaxeb~, `mecniereba

antikurobis geopolitikuri ideebi

jer kidev straboni, romelic cxovrobda Cv-aR-mde I saukuneSi,

Hherodote (daaxl. 484 – 431-425 wlebs Soris Cv. w. aR-mde)

herodotes, rogorc erT-erTi yvelaze cnobili berZeni istorikosis