5tsssisu SQL Server 2012

2014 s^{_phcn, hne `40
10
A-`n‑ a- p‑ J- w‑ :
t‑a[
- m‑ ]-Sv‑ I - À
P-e‑w P‑o-h³
A-¿m‑ \-½m‑ Ä-hm‑ À: X-s‑¶-b‑m-W‑v
]«pt]mIm¯ H-cm-Ä-¡v F-{X
Häacw a-®p-th-Ww?
www.koodumagazine.com
2014 s^{_phcn
]pkvXIwþ1, e¡wþ10, hne `40
IqSv amknI
]cnØnXn, Irjn, BtcmKyw I-hÀ Nn-{Xw/
XpS§nb taJeIfnÂ IcSn (Sloth Bear)
Photo/ Sandeep Das
ka{Kamb CSs]SÂ Cover Design/Acko
I-hÀ t‑Ìm‑ d
- n‑ / 38 R-§-fpw ]-£n-I-fpw
07 A-¿‑m \-½‑mÄ-h‑mÀ h‑n-\-b³ ]‑n.F.
]-«‑p-t‑]‑m-I‑m-¯ H-ä-a-c‑w 40 D-c-K-§Ä

F-k‑v. D-j tUm. ap-l-½-Zv Pm-^À ]m-tem-«v
12 h‑n-P-b-¯‑n-s‑â I-X‑n-c‑p-IÄ 41 h-\-hr-£-§Ä

apcfn hmfqÀ BÀ. hn-t\m-Zv-Ip-amÀ
15 a‑p-¯-È‑n-a‑m-h‑n-s‑â B-ß-I-Y 42 k-kv-X-\n-IÄ

tUm. ]n.H. \-aoÀ
I‑p-ª‑n-c‑m-a³ ]‑n.
H-c‑mÄ-¡‑v F-{‑X a-®‑p-t‑h-W‑w? 44 Nn-d-I-Sn-IÄ

18 {]-ho¬ sP.
k‑n. c‑m-P-t‑K‑m-]‑m-e³
45 i-e-`-Nn-{X-§Ä
23 I-®‑q-c‑n-s‑â P‑o-h-\‑m-b B-d-f‑w t‑S‑m‑w-k‑v A-K-Ì‑n³
t‑U‑m. ]‑n.F-k‑v. C‑u-k
46 k-ky-Pm-e-Iw
A-`n‑ a- p‑ J
- w‑ : t‑a[
- m‑ ]-Sv‑ I
- À hn.kn. _m-e-Ir-jv-W³
26 P-e‑w P‑o-h³ X-s‑¶-b‑m-W‑v
s‑F. j¬-a‑p-J-Z‑m-k‑v 47 a-Õ-y-tem-Iw
A³-hÀ A-en, tUm. cm-Po-hv cm-L-h³
bm-{X-¡m-c³ 48 ]-cn-Øn-Xn hmÀ-¯-IÄ
32 a-\‑w a-b-¡‑p-¶ a-¦-b‑w
A-\‑nÂ \‑m-bÀ 50 h‑m-b-\-i‑m-e
37 Nn-{X-hpw Nn-´-bpw
tUm. D-®n-Ir-jv-W³ ]p-fn-¡Â
Photo/Koodu Magazine
IqSv 2014 s^{_phcn 3

tbm-Pn-¸v/hn-tbm-Pn-¸v hmb\¡mcpsS {]XnIcW§Ä
{‑]I- r‑ X
- n‑ b
- n‑ t- e
‑ ¡- p‑ w‑ A-Xn‑ s
- â ‑
{‑]m‑ [
- m‑ \
- y‑ ¯
- n‑ t- e ‑ ¡- p‑ w‑
I-®p‑ X - p‑ d- ¸- n‑ ¡
- p‑ ¶- a‑mk - n‑ I
-
I‑q -S‑n-s‑â H-c‑p e-¡‑w R‑m³ I-Ã‑qÀ
h-¨‑v I-ï‑n-c‑p-¶‑p. C-{‑X-b‑p‑w \‑n-e-h‑m-
c-a‑p-Å H-c‑p C-´‑y³ a‑m-K-k‑n³ I-s‑ï-¯‑n-b-
2013 Unkw_À, hne `40
08
X‑n-\‑p s‑s‑Z-h-¯‑n-\‑p \-µ‑n. I-Ã‑q-c‑p-Å a-t‑\‑m-P‑v

]-d-ª‑n-c‑p-¶‑p "A-s‑X A-X‑p s‑N-¿‑p-¶-X‑v H-c‑p
\-Ã I‑q-«‑m-b‑v-a-b‑m-W‑v. A-h-c‑p-s‑S t‑P‑m-e‑n-b‑nÂ
A-Û‑p-X-§-f‑p-ï‑m-¡‑p-¶-hÀ' R‑m³ s‑]-s‑«-
t‑¶‑mÀ-¯-X‑v s‑I‑m-Ã-¯‑p-h-¨‑v I‑p-a-c-I-s‑¯
a-t‑\‑m-P‑p‑w C-X‑p-X-s‑¶ ]-d-ª-X‑m-W‑v. F-\‑n-
¡‑p a-e-b‑m-f‑w h‑m-b‑n-¡‑m³ I-g‑n-b‑n-s‑Ã-¦‑n-e‑p‑w
H‑m-t‑c‑m t‑]-P‑n-e‑p‑w \‑n-d-ª‑n-c‑n-¡‑p-¶ A-ß‑mÀ-
°-X A-\‑p-`-h‑n-¨-d‑n-b‑m‑w‑, H-¸‑w \-½‑p-s‑S I‑q-«‑p-
I‑m-c‑p-s‑S H-c‑p-]‑m-S‑p k‑w-k‑m-c‑n-¡‑p-¶ a-t‑\‑m-l-
c-N‑n-{‑X-§-f‑p‑w. {‑]-I‑r-X‑n-b‑n-t‑e-¡‑p‑w A-X‑n-s‑â
{‑]‑m-[‑m-\‑y-¯‑n-t‑e-¡‑p‑w k‑m-[‑m-c-W-¡‑m-c-s‑â a‑d‑¡‑cp‑Xm‑¯
t]m‑cm‑«‑§Ä! B-bn-cw
I-®‑p-X‑p-d-¸‑n-¡‑p-¶-X‑mWv C‑u a‑m-k‑n-I. h-f-
s‑c a-l-¯‑m-s‑b‑m-c‑p t‑k-h-\-a‑m-W‑v C-X‑n-s‑â
e‑£‑Z‑z‑o‑]‑n‑Â \n¶pw hoinb s‑I‑m‑S‑p‑¦‑m‑äv...! hm-¡p-I-fp-sS
]‑p-d-I‑n-e‑p-Å-hÀ s‑N-¿‑p-¶-X‑v, \-µ‑n. H‑m-t‑c‑m
h‑y‑q s‑s‑^âÀ
t‑^‑m‑t‑«‑m‑ \‑n‑c‑q‑]‑W‑w
www.koodumagazine.com D-bn-cp-Å H-cp Nn-{Xw
`‑m-j-b‑n-s‑e-b‑p‑w {‑]-I‑r-X‑n-k‑v-t‑\-l‑n-IÄ C-X‑p- A-£-c-§-tf-¡m-tf-sd
t‑]‑m-e-s‑¯ a‑m-k‑n-I-IÄ A-h-c-h-c‑p-s‑S `‑m-j-b‑nÂ D-ï‑m-¡‑n-s‑b-¦‑nÂ F-¶‑m-i‑n-¨‑p
t‑]‑m-I‑p-¶‑p. I‑q-S‑m-s‑X \‑n-§Ä- C-X‑n-s‑â C‑w-¥‑o-j‑v t‑hÀ-j³ C-d-¡‑p-I-b‑m-s‑W-¦‑nÂ
kw-h-Zn-¡p-sa-¶v
F-Ã‑m-hÀ-¡‑p‑w B-k‑z-Z‑n-¡‑m-a‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑p. F-¶‑mÂ I-g‑n-b‑p-¶ F-´‑p k-l‑m-b-§Ä-
\n-§-sf-t¸m-se
¡‑p‑w Z-b-h‑m-b‑n h‑n-f‑n-¡‑p-I. R-§-fpw
t‑U‑m. a-b‑nÂ-h‑m-l-\³‑, h-\‑y-P‑o-h‑n t‑^‑m-t‑«‑m-{‑K‑m-^À‑, tkew Xn-cn-¨-dn-bp-¶p.
Im-Spw h-\y-Po-hn-I-fpw {]-Ir-Xn
kw-c-£-W-hpw ssP-h-Ir-jn-bpw
I‑q -S‑v B-\-µ-t‑¯‑m-s‑S-b‑p‑w A-Û‑p-X-

t‑¯‑m-s‑S-b‑p‑w h‑m-b‑n-¨‑v B-k‑z-Z‑n-
¨‑v k‑q-£‑n-¨‑p-h-¡‑p-¶‑p. \‑n-§Ä \Â-I‑n-
I‑qS- v‑
I‑m-s‑S‑m-c‑p I‑q-S‑v \‑m-s‑S‑m-c‑p I‑q-S‑v
B-bn _-Ô-s¸-« \n-§-fp-sS \-Ã
Nn-{X-§Ä Iq-Sv am-kn-I-bnÂ
{]-kn-²o-I-cn-¡p-hm³ B-{K-ln-¡p-¶-hÀ
h-c‑p-¶ B-\-µ-\‑n-a‑n-j-§Ä-¡‑p \-µ‑n. a-s‑®‑m-c‑p I‑q-S‑v a-c-s‑a‑m-c‑p I‑q-S‑v Xm-sg Im-Wp-¶ C-þ-sa-bn-en-te-¡v
]‑p-g-s‑b‑m-c‑p I‑q-S‑v I-S-s‑e‑m-c‑p I‑q-S‑v A-b-¨p-X-cn-I. 10Fw-_n-bnÂ Xm-sg-
k‑p-hÀ-®³‑, A-f-K-¸-\-KÀ‑, X‑r-È‑qÀ. bp-Å ssl sd-k-eyq-j³ Nn-{X-§-fm-Wv
a-e-s‑b‑m-c‑p I‑q-S‑v i‑n-e-s‑b‑m-c‑p I‑q-S‑v
I‑q -S‑v K‑w-`‑o-c-a‑m-b‑n-«‑p-ï‑v, F-s‑â

F-Ã‑m B-i‑w-k-I-f‑p‑w k-t‑¸‑mÀ-
«‑p‑w D-ï‑m-b‑n-c‑n-¡‑p‑w.
I‑q-S‑p-IÄ I‑q-«‑n I‑q-«-c‑p-s‑a‑m-¯‑v
I‑q-«‑n-e‑n-c‑n-¡‑p‑w P‑o-h‑n-IÄ \-½Ä
A-b-t¡ï-Xv. Nn-{X-t¯m-sSm-¸w
\n-§-fp-sS ]qÀ-®-hn-h-c-§Ä
DÄ-s¸-Sp-¯m³ a-d-¡-cp-Xv.
kooduphotodesk@gmail.com
k-X‑o-j‑v I‑p-d‑p-¸‑v, k‑n-\‑n-a‑m-t‑«‑m-{‑K‑m-^À. I‑q-S‑p-IÄ X‑oÀ-¡‑m³ I‑m-«‑n-e‑p‑w \‑m-«‑n-e‑p‑w
]‑m-d‑n-\-S-¡‑p‑w {‑]‑m-W‑n-IÄ \-½Ä
t‑I -c-f-¯‑n-s‑â ]-c‑n-Ø‑n-X‑n-¡‑p-t‑h-

ï‑n {‑]-k‑n-²‑o-I-c‑n-¨ \-s‑Ã‑m-c‑p
a‑m-k‑n-I I-ï‑p. a-t‑\‑m-l-c-a‑m-b N‑n-{‑X-§-
I‑q-s‑S‑m-¶‑p X‑oÀ-¡‑m³ k-l-P‑o-h‑n-b‑p-s‑S
I‑q-S‑p-X-IÀ-¡‑p‑w I‑q-«-c‑p‑w \-½Ä
f‑p‑w A-¨-S‑n-b‑p‑w ]-g-b t‑k‑m-h‑n-b-ä‑v e‑mâ‑v I‑m-s‑S‑m-c‑p \‑m-S‑m-b‑n ]‑p-g-s‑b‑m-c‑p I-c-b‑m-b‑n
a‑m-k‑n-I-I-s‑f A-\‑p-k‑v-a-c‑n-¸‑n-¨‑p. \-s‑Ã‑m-c‑p a-®‑n-\‑p X‑o-c‑m-i‑m-]-a‑m-b‑n \-½Ä
h‑m-b-\-b‑v-¡‑v D-]-I-c‑n-¡‑p‑w. I‑m-«‑p-t‑N‑m-e-b‑p‑w P-e-P‑o-h‑n-I-f‑p‑w
F‑w.s‑I. l-c‑n-I‑p-a‑mÀ‑, A-£-c-P‑m-e-I‑w. ]-£‑n-a‑r-K‑m-Z‑n e-X‑m-Z‑n h‑r-£-§-f‑p‑w
I‑q-«‑n-e‑n-c‑p-¶‑v I-c-ª‑p-]-d-b‑p‑w KOODU NATURE MAGAZINE
A-c‑p-t‑X A-c‑p-t‑X I‑m-«‑m-f‑m
\n§fpsS {]-Xn-I-c-W-§Ä Iq-Sm-sX taÂ-hn-j-b-§-fp-am-bn _-Ô-s¸-«
I‑q-S‑p X-IÀ-¡‑p‑w I‑q-«-t‑c \‑n-§Ä \n-§-fp-sS-tbm, \n-§Ä {]-Xn-\n-[m-\w sN-¿p-¶
R§sf Adnbn¡pI I‑q-s‑S-b‑n-c‑p-s‑¶‑m-t‑¶‑mÀ-t‑¯‑m-f‑q kw-L-¯n-sâ-tbm {]m-tZ-in-I-am-b hmÀ-¯-I-
I‑m-S‑p X-IÀ-¶‑mÂ \‑m-S‑p‑w X-I-c‑p‑w fpw A-dn-bn-¸p-I-fpw {]-hÀ-¯-\-§-fpw A-b-¨p
IqSv amknI, sImc«n ]n.H. X-¶mÂ, Cu hn-j-b-¯nÂ A-Xo-h-XÂ-¸-c-cm-b
I‑q-S‑n-Ã‑m-s‑X \‑n-§-f‑p‑w I-c-b‑p‑w. B-fp-I-fn-te-¡v F-¯n-¡m³ R-§Ä-¡m-hpw.
XrÈqÀ 680308 te-J-\-§-fpw hmÀ-¯-I-fpw A-b-¡p-I.
CþsabnÂ: koodumasika@gmail.com {‑i‑o-t‑Z-h‑n h‑n.‑, s‑N-d‑p-h‑m-f‑qÀ‑, X‑r-È‑qÀ koodumasika@gmail.com
www. facebook.com/KooduMagazine
4 IqSv 2014 s^{_phcn

FUntämdnbÂ
a-®‑n-s‑\-b-d‑n-ª-hÀ
a- ®‑n-s‑\-b-d‑n-ª-h-c‑p-s‑S h‑n-t‑b‑m-K‑w {‑]-I‑r-X‑n-b‑p-s‑S
X-s‑¶ \-j‑v-S-a‑m-h‑p-¶‑p. I-g‑n-ª a‑m-k‑w a-®‑n-t‑e-
¡‑p X-s‑¶ A-e‑n-ª‑p-t‑NÀ-¶ A-¿‑m \-½‑mÄ-h‑mÀ‑,
k‑z-b‑w-]-c‑y‑m-]‑v-X-X-b‑m-W‑v a-s‑ä-´‑n-t‑\-¡‑m-f‑p‑w {‑]-[‑m-\-
s‑¸-«-s‑X-¶-d‑n-b‑m-¯ A-e-k-X-b‑p-s‑S h-à‑m-¡-f‑m-W-hÀ.
k‑z-´‑w a-®‑n-t‑\‑m-S‑p-Å C‑u A-IÂ-¨ X-s‑¶-b‑m-W‑v
X-a‑n-g‑v-\‑m-S‑v F-¶ t‑Z-i-¯‑n-\‑p ]‑p-d-t‑¯-¡‑p ]-SÀ-¶‑v kÀ-Æ-Xn-\pw A-\‑y-k‑w-Ø‑m-\-¡‑ms-c‑ B{ibnt¡−n
`‑m-c-X-¯‑n-e‑m-I-a‑m-\-h‑p‑w‑, a-ä‑p-]-e c‑m-P‑y-§-f‑n-e‑p‑w hcp¶X‑n-\‑p {‑]-[‑m-\ t‑l-X‑p-h‑p‑w. C-¶‑v h‑n-t‑Z-i-¯‑p-
{‑]-hÀ-¯-\-t‑a-J-e h‑y‑m-]‑n-¸‑n-¨ I‑mÀ-j‑n-I h‑n-Z-K‑v-[- \‑n-¶‑p‑w t‑I-c-f-¯‑n-s‑e-¯‑p-¶ ]-W-¯‑n-s‑â \-s‑Ã‑m-c‑p
\‑m-W‑v. {‑]-I‑r-X‑n-I‑r-j‑n-b‑p-s‑S k‑m-²‑y-X-IÄ a‑p-g‑p-h³ `‑m-K‑w a-ä‑p k‑w-Ø‑m-\-§-f‑n-t‑e-¡‑v H-g‑p-I‑p-¶‑p-ï‑v. c‑m-
h‑n-f-b‑n-s‑¨-S‑p-¯ A-k‑m-a‑m-\‑y [‑n-j-W‑m-i‑m-e‑n. t‑I-h-e‑w P‑y-§-f‑p-s‑S-t‑b‑m k‑w-Ø‑m-\-§-f‑p-s‑S-t‑b‑m A-X‑nÀ-¯‑n-
h‑n-s‑¯-d‑n-b‑p-I-b‑p‑w h‑n-f s‑I‑m-¿‑p-I-b‑p-s‑a-¶-X‑n-\-¸‑p-d‑w IÄ a-\‑p-j‑y-X‑z-¯‑n-\‑v h‑n-L‑m-X-a‑m-b‑n-¡‑q-S F-¦‑n-e‑p‑w
I‑r-j‑n-b‑p-s‑S \‑q-X-\-a‑m-b B-i-b-§Ä b‑p-h-P-\-§-f‑n- t‑I-c-f-P-\-X-b‑p-s‑S H-c‑p A-e-k-X‑m-a‑m-]‑n-\‑n-b‑m-b‑n C‑u
t‑e-b‑v-¡‑v ]-I-c‑m³ A-t‑±-l‑w s‑N-e-h-g‑n-¨ k-a-b-h‑p‑w h-S-¡³ k‑w-Ø‑m-\-¡‑m-s‑c I‑m-W‑m‑w. s‑X‑m-g‑n-e‑n-Ã‑m-
]-c‑n-{‑i-a-§-f‑p‑w N-c‑n-{‑X‑w H‑mÀ-¯‑p h-b‑v-¡‑p‑w. "\-Ã I‑o- b‑v-a-b‑p‑w s‑X‑m-g‑nÂ-s‑N-¿‑m-¯-h-c‑p‑w H-c‑p-t‑]‑m-s‑e A-[‑n-
s‑s‑c" {‑]-Ø‑m-\-s‑a‑m-s‑¡ A-¿‑m-b‑p-s‑S H‑mÀ-½-I-f‑p‑w h-k‑n-¡‑p-¶ A-Û‑p-X-a‑m-W‑v t‑I-c-f‑w. h-k‑v-X‑p-X-IÄ
a-®-d‑n-h‑p-I-f‑p-a‑m-b‑n-«‑m-b‑n-c‑n-¡‑p‑w C-\‑n-b‑p-Å I‑m-e‑w C-s‑X‑m-s‑¡-s‑b-¦‑n-e‑p‑w h‑m-¡‑p-I-f‑p-s‑S B-ß‑mÀ-°-X
A-d‑n-b-s‑¸-S‑p-I. {‑]-h‑r-¯‑n-b‑n-e‑p‑w h‑n-f-b‑n-¨‑p-s‑I‑m-ï‑v H-c‑p b‑p-h-X-e-a‑p-d
k‑p-P‑o-h-\‑w F-¶ a‑m-X‑r-I-b‑m-W‑v ]me¡mSv t‑I-c-f-¯‑nÂ h‑n-P-b‑w s‑I‑m-¿‑p-¶‑p-ï‑v. a‑m-ä-¯‑n-s‑â {‑]-X‑o-
PnÃbnse a®mÀ¡mSpÅ _-j‑oÀ-a‑m-ÌÀ \-a‑p-¡‑p- £-I-f‑m-W-hÀ. {‑]-I‑r-X‑n-I‑r-j‑n-b‑n-e‑q-s‑S h-f‑m-t‑©-c‑n
a‑p-¶‑nÂ h-b‑v-¡‑p-¶-X‑v. h‑m-N-I-¡-kÀ-¯‑p-I-s‑f-Ã‑m‑w s‑I‑m-«‑m-c‑w ]‑m-S-¯‑v s‑\-Ã‑p-a‑m-{‑X-a-Ã t‑P‑mÀ-Ö‑p‑w d‑m-
a‑m-ä‑n-h-¨‑v X‑m³ ]-d-b‑p-¶-s‑X-´‑m-t‑W‑m A-X‑p X-s‑â ^‑n-b‑p‑w I‑q-«-c‑p‑w \-«‑p-h-fÀ-¯‑n-b-X‑v, a-d‑n-¨‑v H-c‑p ]‑p-X‑p-
P‑o-h‑n-X‑w s‑I‑m-ï‑p I‑m-W‑n-¨‑p-s‑I‑m-S‑p-¡‑p-¶ A-]‑qÀ-Æ-X- X-e-a‑p-d-b‑v-¡‑m-I-a‑m-\‑w k-s‑s‑[-c‑y‑w G-s‑ä-S‑p-¡‑m-h‑p-¶
I-f‑n-s‑e‑m-¶‑v. e‑m-f‑n-X‑y‑w F-¶-X‑n-s‑â AÀ-°-a-d‑n-b‑m³ "I‑r-j‑n' F-¶ `‑m-h‑n-b‑p-s‑S I-X‑n-c‑p-I-s‑f-b‑m-W‑v. C-h-
k‑p-P‑o-h-\‑w H-c‑n-¡Â k-µÀ-i‑n-¨‑mÂ a-X‑n. hÀ-¯-a‑m- c‑p-s‑S h‑n-P-b-¯‑n-\‑p I‑m-t‑X‑mÀ-¯‑v I-®‑n-a N‑n-½‑m-s‑X
\-I‑m-e-¯‑n-s‑e BÀ-¯‑n-]‑q-ï s‑\-t‑«‑m-«-§Ä-s‑¡‑m-S‑p- H-c‑p I‑q-«‑w s‑N-d‑p-¸-¡‑mÀ a-®‑n-t‑e-¡‑n-d-§‑m³ X-¿‑m-
h‑nÂ i‑m-´‑n-I‑n-«‑m-s‑X A-k‑z-Ø-\‑m-I‑m³ h‑n-[‑n-¡-s‑¸-« d‑m-b‑n-c‑n-¡‑p-¶‑p-ï‑v. A-X‑p-s‑I‑m-ï‑p-X-s‑¶ A-h-c‑p-s‑S
]‑p-X‑p-b‑p-K-a-\‑p-j‑y-\‑v I-ï‑p-]T‑n-¡‑m-h‑p-s‑¶‑m-c‑p K‑p-c‑p- h‑n-P-b-§Ä \-½‑p-s‑S B-h-i‑y‑w-I‑q-S‑n-b‑m-b‑n a‑m-d‑p-¶‑p.
I‑p-e-a‑m-W‑v ChnSw. X‑y‑m-K-¯‑n-s‑â-b‑p‑w kvt\l¯‑n- a-®‑n-s‑\-b-d‑n-ª C‑u b‑p-h-k‑m-¶‑n-²‑y-§Ä \‑m-s‑f-b‑p-
s‑â-b‑p‑w h‑n-e-s‑b-s‑´-¶-X‑n-s‑â t‑\À-¡‑m-g‑v-N-IÄ \-a‑p- s‑S ]‑p-e-c‑n-I-s‑f [-\‑y-a‑m-¡‑p-I-b‑p‑w \-½‑p-s‑S I-ª‑n-¡‑n-
¡-h‑n-s‑S I‑m-W‑m‑w. ®-§-s‑f \‑n-d-b‑v-¡‑p-I-b‑p‑w s‑N-¿‑p‑w F-¶-X‑v D-d-¸‑m-W‑v.
t‑I-c-f-b‑p-h-X I‑r-j‑n a‑m-{‑X-a-Ã‑, a-®‑p-a‑m-b‑p-Å t‑h-c‑p-
t‑]‑m-e‑p‑w A-d‑p-¯‑n-«‑p I‑m-e-t‑a-s‑d-b‑m-b‑n. `-£-W-¯‑n-s‑â FUnäÀ
FUnäÀ amÀ¡än§v amt\PÀ {]Xn\n[nIÄ Volume 1, Issue 10

apcfo[c³. hn. A\p Acp¬ J¯À: hnt\mZv \mbÀ Kootu Prakrithiyude Spandanam
Atkmkntbäv FUnäÀ sSIv\n¡Â kt¸mÀ«v bp.G.C: tkXpam[h³ February 2014
kn. XmPp±o³ A_p _nemÂ ss^kÂ_mh Printed and Published by Muraleedharan V.,
knhojv inhcma³ _lv-ssd³: t{]wPn¯v \mcmbW³ Veluthamessery, Cheruvaloor P.O., Thrissur 680308,
FUnäÀ Hm^v t^mt«m{Km^n kp\nÂ HmWwIpfw on behalf of Muraleedharan V., and Printed at
tUm. D®nIrjvW³ ]pfn¡Â Hm¬sse³ kt¸mÀ«v Nirmala HiPrint, Ayyanthole, Thrissur and
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tUm. ap-l-½-Zv Pm-^À ]m-tem-«v
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D¯chmZnbmbncn¡nÃ.

IhÀ kvtämdn a®ns\bdnªhÀ

A-¿m \-½mÄ-hmÀ
1938 – 2013
I -g‑n-ª I‑mÂ-\‑q-ä‑m-ï‑m-b‑n {‑]-I‑r-

X‑n-I‑r-j‑n-b‑p-a‑m-b‑n _-Ô-s‑¸-«‑v
s‑X-t‑¡ C-´‑y-b‑n-s‑e-Ã‑m-b‑n-S-¯‑p‑w IÀ-j-
{‑´‑y‑w‑' A-X‑m-b‑n A-t‑±-l-¯‑n-s‑â {‑]-hÀ-
¯-\ c‑o-X‑n. k‑z‑m-{‑i-b-X‑z-¯‑nÂ \‑n-t‑¶
k‑z‑m-X-{‑´‑y-a‑p-ï‑m-I‑q. h‑n-Z‑y‑m-`‑y‑m-k-¯‑n-e‑q-
I-c‑p-s‑S-b‑p‑w h‑n-Z‑y‑mÀ-°‑n-I-f‑p-s‑S-b‑p‑w hn-Z- s‑S a-\‑p-j‑y³ t‑\-t‑S-ï-X‑v k‑z‑m-{‑i-b-a‑m-
Kv-[-cp-sS-bpw C-S-b‑nÂ {‑]-hÀ-¯‑n-¨‑n-c‑p-¶ s‑W-¶‑v A-t‑±-l‑w h‑n-i‑z-k‑n-¨‑p. h‑n-Z‑y‑m-`‑y‑m-
E-j‑n-X‑p-e‑y-\‑m-b h‑y-à‑n-b‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑p k-¯‑n-e‑q-s‑S A-d‑n-h‑v BÀ-Ö‑n-¡‑m-\‑p-Å
`‑mc- X - w‑ I-ï F-¡m‑ e - s - ¯ ‑ b - p‑ w‑ a‑nI - ¨ - I-g‑n-h‑p‑w t‑\-S-W-s‑a-¶‑v A-t‑±-l‑w I-c‑p-X‑n.
{‑]I - r‑ X - n‑ I - À-jI - c - n‑ s - e ‑ m‑ c - m‑ f - m‑ b - A-¿m‑ C‑u B-i-b-§Ä {‑]-mhÀ-¯‑n-I-a‑m-¡‑p-
\-½m‑ Ä-hmÀ. 1938þÂ X-©m‑ h - q‑ À P‑nÃ - - ¶-X‑n-\‑m-b‑n 1979þÂ "I‑p-S‑p‑w-_‑w‑' F-¶
b‑ns - e ‑ C-f¦ - m‑ S- v‑ F-¶ {‑Km‑ a - ¯ - n‑ Â H-cp‑ t‑]-c‑nÂ H-c‑p s‑k‑m-s‑s‑k-ä‑n c‑q-]‑o-I-c‑n-¨‑v
IÀ-jI - I‑pS- p‑ w‑ _ - ¯ - n‑ e - m‑ W - v‑ A-t±‑ l - w‑ A-t‑±-l‑w {‑]-hÀ-¯-\-a‑m-c‑w-`‑n-¨‑p. X-t‑±-
P-\n‑ ¨ - X - v‑. I‑mÀ-jn‑ I - i‑mk - v‑{- X ‑ ¯ - n‑ Â-¯- i‑o-b-c‑m-b IÀ-j-I-t‑c‑m-s‑S‑m-¸-a‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑p
s‑¶b - m‑ W - v‑ A-t±‑ l - w‑ A-®m‑ a- s - s ‑ e ‑ kÀ-Æ- A-t‑±-l-¯‑n-s‑â {‑]-hÀ-¯-\‑w. A-h-c‑p-s‑S
I-em‑ i - m‑ e - b - n‑ Â-\n‑ ¶ - v‑ _‑nc - p‑ Z- w‑ t‑\S- n‑ b - X - v‑. B-h-i‑y-§Ä a-\-Ê‑n-e‑m-¡‑n‑, A-h-t‑c‑m-
1963þÂ A-t±‑ l - w‑ kÀ-¡m‑ c - n‑ s - â ‑ I‑og- n‑ - s‑S‑m-¯‑p-t‑NÀ-¶‑v H‑m-t‑c‑m {‑]-t‑Z-i-¯‑n-\‑p‑w
e‑pÅ - t‑Im‑ h - n‑ Â-¸«- n‑ I‑mÀ-jn‑ I - K-th ‑ j - - A-\‑p-t‑b‑m-P‑y-a‑m-b I‑mÀ-j‑n-I c‑o-X‑n-IÄ
W-tI ‑ {- µ ‑ ¯ - n‑ Â K-th ‑ j - I - \ - m‑ b - n‑ t‑NÀ-¶p‑ . h‑n-I-k‑n-¸‑n-¡‑p-¶-X‑n-e‑m-b‑n A-t‑±-l-¯‑n-
l-cn‑ X - h‑n¹ - h - ¯ - n‑ \ - m‑ b - n‑ X-¿m‑ s - d ‑ S- p‑ ¸ - v‑ s‑â {‑i-a‑w.
\-S¶ - n‑ c - p‑ ¶ - C‑u I‑me - L - «- ¯ - n‑ Â ]-cp‑ - 1987þÂ s‑\-XÀ-eâ‑v B-Ø‑m-\-a‑m-b‑n
¯‑nb - n‑ e - p‑ w‑ s‑Nd- p‑ [ - m‑ \ - y‑ § - f - n‑ e - p‑ w‑ c‑mk - h - f - - {‑]-hÀ-¯‑n-¡‑p-¶ C.-S‑n.-k‑n. ^‑u-t‑ï-j³
þ-Io‑ S- \ - m‑ i - n‑ \ - n‑ {‑]t- b ‑ m‑ K - § - s - f ‑ ¡ - p‑ d- n‑ ¨ - p‑ Å - \-S-¯‑n-b {‑]-I‑r-X‑nI‑r-j‑n-s‑b-¡‑p-d‑n-¨‑p-Å
K-th ‑ j - W - a - m‑ b - n‑ c - p‑ ¶ - p‑ A-t±‑ l - ¯ - n‑ s - â ‑ \‑m-e‑m-g‑v-N \‑o-ï‑p-\‑n-¶ ]-c‑n-]‑m-S‑n-b‑nÂ
t‑Pm‑ e - n‑ . a-gs - b ‑ B-{i ‑ b - n‑ ¨ - p‑ I‑rj - n‑ s - N ‑ - A-t‑±-l‑w ]-s‑¦-S‑p-¡‑p-I-b‑p-ï‑m-b‑n. X‑p-
¿‑p¶ - ,‑ h‑n` - h - Z- m‑ c - n‑ {- Z‑ y‑ w‑ A-\p‑ ` - h - n‑ ¡ - p‑ ¶ - SÀ-¶‑v 1990þÂ LEISA s‑\-ä‑v-hÀ-¡‑v Ø‑m-
IÀ-jI - À-¡v‑ t‑bm‑ P - n‑ ¨ - X - Ã - C‑u c‑oX - n‑ s - b ‑ - ]‑n-¡‑p-¶-X‑nÂ \-½‑mÄ-h‑mÀ {‑]-[‑m-\
¶‑v X‑nc - n‑ ¨ - d - n‑ ª - A-t±‑ l - w‑ B t‑Pm‑ e - n‑ ]-¦‑p-h-l‑n-¨‑p. A-t‑X hÀ-j‑wX-s‑¶
D-t] ‑ £ - n‑ ¨ - p‑ . ]‑p-X‑p-t‑¡‑m-«-b‑nÂ H-c‑p {‑]-I‑r-X‑nI‑r-j‑n
]‑n¶ - o‑ S- p‑ Å - ]-¯p‑ hÀ-j¡ - m‑ e - w‑ K-t‑h-j-W t‑I-{‑µ‑w B-c‑w-`‑n-¡‑p-I-b‑p‑w
A-t±‑ l - w‑ t‑\m‑ _ - Â t‑PX - m‑ h - m‑ b - s‑Um‑ - s‑N-b‑v-X‑p. 1995þÂ A-t‑±-l‑w ARISE (Ag-
a-\n‑ I - v‑ s‑s] ‑ À X‑pS- § - n‑ b - s‑Fe - â‑v H‑m^ - v‑ ricultural Renewal in India for Sustainable
]‑ok - v‑ F¶ k‑wL - S- \ - b - n‑ Â A-t{‑ K ‑ m‑ - Environment‑) s‑â X-a‑n-g‑v-\‑m-S‑v t‑I‑mÀ-U‑n-
W-an‑ Ì - v‑ B-bn‑ «- m‑ W - v‑ {‑]h - À-¯n‑ ¨ - X - v‑. t‑\-ä-d‑m-b‑n. t‑]‑m-ï‑n-t‑¨-c‑n-b‑nÂ H‑u-t‑d‑m-h‑n-
X‑nc - p‑ \ - Â-th ‑ e - n‑ P‑nÃ - b - n‑ s - e ‑ Z-cn‑ {- Z‑ c - m‑ b - Ã‑n-s‑e s‑_À-W‑m-U‑p-a‑m-b‑n A-t‑±-l-¯‑n-
IÀ-jI - c - p‑ s - S‑ h‑nI - k - \ - s - ¯ ‑ e-£y‑ a - n‑ «- m‑ - \‑v A-S‑p-¯ _-Ô-a‑m-W‑p-ï‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶-X‑v.
b‑nc - p‑ ¶ - p‑ C‑u {‑]h - À-¯\ - w‑ . C-¡m‑ e - ¯ - v‑ A-t‑±-l-a‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑p ARISE s‑â t‑Z-i‑o-b
A-t±‑ l - w‑ a-\Ê - n‑ e - m‑ ¡ - n‑ b - N‑ne - I‑mc - y‑ - t‑I‑mÀ-U‑n-t‑\-äÀ.
§-fm‑ W - v‑ ]‑n¶oS‑pÅ - A-t±‑ l - ¯ - n‑ s - â ‑ C-¡-g‑n-ª U‑n-k‑w-_À 30þ-\‑v X-a‑n-g‑v-
{]-hÀ-¯\ - § - Ä-¡v‑ A-Sn‑ ¯ - d - b - m‑ b - X - v‑. \‑m-«‑n-s‑e ]-«‑p-t‑¡‑m-«-¡-S‑p-¯‑p-Å H-c‑p
I‑rj - n‑ b - n‑ S- ¯ - n‑ Â \‑ne - \ - n‑ Â-¡p‑ ¶ - DÂ- {‑K‑m-a-¯‑nÂ-h-¨‑v A¿m A-´-c‑n-¨‑p.
¸‑mZ- \ - w‑ \-S¡ - p‑ I - b - p‑ w‑ ,‑ IÀ-jI - \ - v‑ h-en‑ b - "\-½‑p-s‑S B-ß‑m-h‑v C-S-¡‑m-e-¯‑p
_‑m² - y‑ X - C-Ãm‑ X - n‑ c - n‑ ¡ - p‑ I - b - p‑ w‑ s‑N¿ - W - - k‑z‑o-I-c‑n-¡‑p-¶ H-c‑p i-c‑o-c-¯‑nÂ-\‑n-¶‑v
s‑a¦ - n‑ Â ]‑pd - t- a ‑ \ - n‑ ¶ - v‑ ]-Ww‑ s‑Im‑ S- p‑ ¯ - v‑ Ø‑n-c-a‑m-b H-c‑n-S-¯‑n-t‑e-¡‑v I‑p-S‑n-t‑b-d‑p-
k‑m[ - \ - § - Ä h‑m§ - n‑ I‑rj - n‑ s‑Nb - v‑X - p‑ I - q‑ S- m‑ ¶-X‑n-s‑\ \-½Ä a-c-W‑w F-¶‑p h‑n-f‑n-
F-¶t- ±‑ l - w‑ X‑nc - ‑n-¨-d‑n-ª‑p. I‑r-j‑n-b‑n-S- ¡‑p-¶‑p‑'. At±lw a-c-W-s‑¯-¡‑p-d‑n-¨‑v
¯‑nÂ h-k‑v-X‑p-¡-f‑p-s‑S ]‑p-\-c‑p-]-t‑b‑m-K- C-§-s‑\-b‑m-W‑v ]-d-b‑m-d‑v. X-©‑m-h‑q-c‑nÂ
a‑m-W‑v \-S-t‑¡-ï-X‑v. 1979 h-s‑c A-¿‑m A-t‑±-l-¯‑n-s‑â `‑u-X‑n-I t‑Z-l‑w s‑]‑m-
C‑u k‑w-L-S-\-b‑p-a‑m-b‑n _-Ô-s‑¸-«‑p-Å X‑p-ZÀ-i-\-¯‑n-\‑m-b‑n h-¨-t‑¸‑mÄ B-b‑n-
{‑]-hÀ-¯-\‑w X‑p-SÀ-¶‑p. c-¡-W-¡‑n-\‑m-f‑p-I-f‑m-W‑v A-h-k‑m-\-a‑m-
70-þI-f‑p-s‑S A-h-k‑m-\‑w h‑n-t‑\‑m-_ b‑n A-t‑±-l-s‑¯ H-c‑p-t‑\‑m-¡‑p I‑m-W‑m³
`‑m-s‑h‑, ]‑u-t‑e‑m s‑{‑^-bÀ X‑p-S-§‑n-b-h- F-¯‑n-b-X‑v. \-½‑mÄ-h‑mÀ s‑I‑m-f‑p-¯‑n-b
c‑p-s‑S N‑n-´-I-f‑n-e‑p‑w {‑]-hÀ-¯-\-¯‑n-e‑p‑w h‑n-f-¡‑v H-c‑n-¡-e‑p‑w A-W-b‑n-Ã F-¶-X‑n-
B-I‑r-j‑v-S-\‑m-b At±lw h‑n-Z‑y‑m-`‑y‑m-k- s‑â k‑m-£‑y-]-{‑X-a‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑p C-X‑v. h-¶-
\-½mÄ-hmÀ s‑¯-¡‑p-d‑n-¨‑v I‑q-S‑p-XÂ B-t‑e‑m-N‑n-¡‑m³ h-s‑c-Ã‑m‑w H‑m-t‑c‑m a-c-s‑s‑¯-b‑p-a‑m-b‑m-W‑v
Photo/Thanal X‑p-S-§‑n. "h‑n-Z‑y‑m-`‑y‑m-k-¯‑n-e‑q-s‑S k‑z‑m-X- a-S-§‑n-b-X‑v.

]«pt]mIm¯
Häacw
F-kv. D-j
\ -½‑mÄ-h-ms‑d R‑m³ B-Z-‑y-a‑m-b‑n

I‑m-W‑p-¶-X‑v 2003-þ-e‑m-W‑v; s‑s‑l-
Z-c‑m-_‑m-Z‑nÂ h-¨‑p \-S-¶ G-j‑y³ t‑k‑m-
t‑b‑m-K‑n-I-X-b‑p‑w h‑n-i-Z‑o-I-c‑n-¡‑m-\‑m-b‑n
A-t‑±-l‑w H-c‑p IÀ-j-I³ ]-d-ª-I‑m-c‑y‑w
I‑q-S‑n R-§-t‑f‑m-S‑v ]-¦‑n-S‑p-I-b‑p-ï‑m-b‑n.
j-‑yÂ t‑^‑m-d-¯‑nÂ I‑o-S-\‑m-i‑n-\‑n-I-s‑f H-c‑n-¡Â H-c‑p a‑o-ä‑n‑w-K‑nÂ ]-s‑¦-S‑p-¯‑v
¡‑p-d‑n-¨‑p-Å H-c‑p ]-c‑n-]‑m-S‑n-b‑nÂ ]-s‑¦-S‑p- \-½‑mÄ-hmÀ k‑w-k‑m-c‑n-¡-t‑h C‑u IÀ-
¡‑m³ t‑]‑m-b-t‑¸‑mÄ. A-h‑n-s‑S {‑K‑m-a‑o-W j-I³ ]-d-ª‑p-h-t‑{‑X kÀ-¡‑mÀ IÀ-
k‑v-{‑X‑o-I-f‑p-s‑S t‑\-X‑r-X-‑z-¯‑nÂ \-S-¡‑p-¶ j-I-s‑c ]-ä‑n-¡‑p-I-b‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑p-s‑h-¶‑v.
I‑mÀ-j‑n-I-þ-`-£-‑y-s‑s‑h-h‑n-[‑y NÀ-¨-b‑n-e‑m- "h‑n-f-h‑v I‑q-«‑m³ t‑h-ï‑n I‑p-Å³ s‑\-
b‑n-c‑p-¶‑p \-½‑mÄh-ms‑d I-ï-X‑v. A-¶‑v Ã‑n-\-§Ä kÀ-¡‑mÀ R-§Ä-¡‑v X-¶‑p.
A-t‑±-l-s‑¯ ]-c‑n-N-b-s‑¸-S‑m-\‑m-b‑n-Ã. R-§Ä-¡‑v s‑\-Ã‑v I‑n-«‑n. ]-t‑£, s‑s‑h-
A-X‑n-\‑p-t‑i-j‑w 2004þ-s‑â A-h-k‑m-\‑w t‑¡‑mÂ C-Ã‑m-X‑m-b‑n. A-X‑n-\‑p-t‑i-j‑w-
XWÂ I‑p-¼-f-§‑n-b‑nÂ kwLSn¸n¨
s‑\Â-I‑r-j‑n-b‑p-a‑m-b‑n _-Ô-s‑¸-« t‑Z-i‑o-b {‑]-I‑r-X‑n-I‑r-j‑n s‑N-¿‑p-¶-X‑n-e‑q-s‑S
i‑n-e‑v-]-i‑m-e-b‑nÂ ]-s‑¦-S‑p-¡‑m³ £-W‑n- k‑z-X-{‑´-c‑m-h‑m-\‑p‑w k‑z-b‑w ]-c‑y‑m-
¨-t‑¸‑mÄ h-f-s‑c k-t‑´‑m-j-t‑¯‑m-s‑S
A-t‑±-l‑w -h-c‑n-I-b‑p‑w a‑q-¶‑p Z‑n-h-k-h‑p‑w
]‑v-X-c‑m-I‑m-\‑p-a‑m-W‑v \-½‑mÄ-hmÀ
R-§-t‑f‑m-s‑S‑m-¸‑w s‑N-e-h-g‑n-¡‑p-I-b‑p‑w IÀ-j-I-t‑c‑m-S‑v ]-d-ª-X‑v.
s‑N-b‑v-X‑p. ]-t‑¯‑m-f‑w k‑w-Ø‑m-\-§-f‑nÂ
\‑n-¶‑v IÀ-j-I-c‑p‑w I‑mÀ-j‑n-I h‑n-Z-K‑v-[- ]‑m-e‑pÂ-]‑m-Z-\‑w I‑q-«‑m-\‑m-b‑n kÀ-¡‑mÀ
c‑p‑w ]-s‑¦-S‑p-¯ C‑u i‑n-e‑v-]-i‑m-e-b‑nÂ R-§Ä-¡‑v k-¦-c-b‑n-\‑w ]-i‑p-¡-s‑f
\-½‑m-Ä-h-mÀ B-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑p F-Ã‑m-h-c‑p-s‑S- X-¶‑p. A-h-b‑v-¡‑v [‑m-c‑m-f‑w X‑o-ä‑n-t‑h-W‑w.
b‑p‑w {‑]-[‑m-\ {‑i-²‑m-t‑I-{‑µ‑w. A-d‑n-h‑n- I‑p-Å³ s‑\-Ã‑p‑w k-¦-c-b‑n-\‑w ]-i‑p-¡-f‑p‑w
s‑â B-g-h‑p‑w A-\‑p-`-h-k-¼-¯‑p‑w a‑q- t‑NÀ-¶‑p-h-¶‑mÂ IÀ-j-I-\‑v \-j‑v-S-t‑a
e‑w e-f‑n-X-a‑m-b c‑o-X‑n-b‑nÂ I‑m-c-‑y-§Ä k‑w-`-h‑n-¡‑q. H-S‑p-h‑nÂ R-§Ä ]-i‑p-
]-d-ª‑p-s‑I‑m-S‑p-¡‑m³ A-t‑±-l-¯‑n-\‑p ¡-s‑f h‑nÂ-¡‑m³ \‑nÀ-_-Ô‑n-X-c‑m-b‑n.
I-g‑n-ª‑n-c‑p-¶‑p. X-a‑n-g‑v-\‑m-«‑n-s‑e s‑\-Ã- A-t‑¸‑mÄ R-§Ä-¡‑v N‑m-W-I-a‑n-Ã‑m-X‑m-
d-b‑m-b X-©‑m-h‑q-c‑n-s‑e ]-c-¼-c‑m-K-X b‑n. I‑r-j‑n ]‑n-g-¨‑p.' IÀ-j-I-s‑â C‑u
I‑r-j‑n-s‑b-¡‑p-d‑n-¨‑p‑w A-X‑nÂ-\‑n-¶‑p e-`‑n- h‑n-i-Z‑o-I-c-W‑w \-½‑mÄ-hm-À ]-d-ª-
¨‑n-c‑p-¶ h‑n-f-h‑n-s‑\-¡‑p-d‑n-¨‑p‑w A-t‑±-l‑w t‑¸‑mÄ F-{‑X h‑n-I-e-a‑m-b‑m-W‑v \-½‑p-s‑S
A-¶‑p s‑k-a‑n-\‑m-d‑nÂ h‑n-i-Z‑o-I-c‑n-¡‑p-I- \‑m-«‑n-s‑e I‑mÀ-j‑n-I B-k‑q-{‑X-W‑w
b‑p‑w s‑N-b‑v-X‑p. 15 S-®‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑p-h-t‑{‑X \-S-¡‑p-¶-s‑X-¶‑v F-Ã‑m-hÀ-¡‑p‑w t‑_‑m-
A-¶-s‑¯ s‑\-Ã‑n-s‑â i-c‑m-i-c‑n h‑n-f-h‑v. [‑y-s‑¸-S‑p-I-b‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑p. C-¯-c-¯‑nÂ
F-§-s‑\-b‑m-W‑v kÀ-Æ-I-e‑m-i‑m-e-IÄ B-b‑n-c-¡-W-¡‑n-\‑v I-Y-IÄ \-½‑mÄ-
DÂ-¸‑m-Z‑n-¸‑n-¨ B-[‑p-\‑n-I h‑n-¯‑p-IÄ‑, h-md‑p-s‑S ]-¡-e‑p-ï‑v. a‑m-{‑X-a-Ã X-a‑n-g‑v
I‑r-j‑n-¡‑m-c-s‑â \-s‑«-s‑Ã‑m-S‑n-¨-s‑X-¶‑p‑w k‑m-l‑n-X‑y-¯‑nÂ \‑n-¶‑p-Å h-c‑n-I-f‑p‑w
A-¶‑v A-t‑±-l‑w h‑n-i-Z-a‑m-¡‑n. I‑mÀ-j‑n-I k‑z-´‑w A-\‑p-`-h-¯‑nÂ \‑n-¶‑p-Å I-Y-
\-b-§-f‑p-s‑S AÀ-°-a‑n-Ã‑m-b‑v-a-b‑p‑w A-{‑]‑m- I-f‑p‑w I‑q-«‑n-t‑¨À-¯‑v h-f-s‑c k-c-f-a‑m-b‑n

IÀ-j-IÀ-¡‑p‑w I‑p-«‑n-IÄ-¡‑p‑w ]-d-ª‑p-
s‑I‑m-S‑p-¡‑p-¶ \-s‑Ã‑m-c‑p A-[‑y‑m-]-I-\‑m-b‑n-
«‑m-W‑v A-t‑±-l‑s¯ ]-e-t‑¸‑m-g‑p‑w R‑m³
I-ï‑n-«‑p-Å-X‑v. h‑n-Z‑y‑m-`‑y‑m-k-s‑¯-¡‑p-d‑n-¨‑v
G-s‑d N‑n-´‑n-¨‑n-«‑p-Å B-f‑m-W‑v \-½‑mÄ-
hmÀ. "h‑n-Z‑y‑m-`‑y‑m-k-¯‑n-e‑q-s‑S k‑z‑m-X-
{‑´‑y‑w‑' C-X‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑p A-t‑±-l-¯‑n-s‑â
a‑p-{‑Z‑m-h‑m-I‑y‑w. {‑]-I‑r-X‑n-I‑r-j‑n s‑N-¿‑p-
¶-X‑n-e‑q-s‑S k‑z-X-{‑´-c‑m-h‑m-\‑p‑w k‑z-b‑w
]-c‑y‑m-]‑v-X-c‑m-I‑m-\‑p-a‑m-W‑v \-½‑mÄ-hmÀ
IÀ-j-I-t‑c‑m-S‑v ]-d-ª-X‑v.
R‑m-\‑n-t‑¸‑m-g‑p‑w H‑mÀ-¡‑p-¶‑p‑, ]‑m-e-
¡‑m-«v \-S-s‑¶‑m-c‑p ]-c‑n-i‑o-e-\ ]-c‑n-]‑m-
S‑n-b‑nÂ-h-¨p \-½‑mÄ-hmÀ {‑]-I‑r-X‑n-I‑r-j‑n
F-§-s‑\ s‑N-¿‑m-s‑a-¶-X‑v h‑n-i-Z‑o-I-c‑n-
¡‑p-I-b‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑p. A-a‑r-X-I-e-iÂ‑,
]-©-K-h‑y‑w‑, A-©‑n-e I‑o-S-h‑n-c-«‑n X‑p-S-
§‑n-b s‑s‑P-h-h-f-¡‑q-«‑p-IÄ D-]-t‑b‑m-K‑n-¨‑v
F-§-s‑\ a-®‑n-s‑\-b‑p‑w k-k‑y-§-s‑f-b‑p‑w
]‑p-j‑v-S‑n-s‑¸-S‑p-¯‑m‑w F-¶‑p At±lw
]-d-ª‑p-s‑I‑m-S‑p-¡‑p-I-b‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑p. i‑o-e‑w
t‑]‑m-s‑e IÀ-j-IÀ C-s‑X-Ã‑m‑w F-g‑p-X‑n-
s‑b-S‑p-¡‑m³ {‑i-a‑n-¡‑p-I-b‑p‑w A-h-c‑p-s‑S
A-£-a {‑i-²‑n-¨ A¿m (A-¿‑m \-½‑mÄ-
X-a‑n-g‑v-\‑m-«‑nÂ P‑n-Ã‑m I-f-I‑v-SÀ-a‑mÀ-

¡‑v IÀ-j-I-c‑p-s‑S {‑]-i‑v-\-§-f‑nÂ
C-S-s‑]-S‑m-\‑p-Å Ø‑n-c‑w k‑w-h‑n-[‑m-
\-§-f‑p-ï‑v.
hmÀ‑, A-§-s‑\-b‑m-W‑v F-Ã‑m-h-c‑p‑w A-t‑±-
l-s‑¯ h‑n-f‑n-¨‑n-c‑p-¶-X‑v) A-h-t‑c‑m-S‑v
]‑p-k‑v-X-I-h‑p‑w t‑]-\-b‑p‑w A-S-¨‑p s‑h-b‑v-
¡‑m³ B-h-i‑y-s‑¸-S‑p-I-b‑p‑w s‑h-d‑p-s‑X
t‑I-«‑n-c‑n-¡‑m³ ]-d-b‑p-I-b‑p‑w s‑N-b‑v-X‑p.
B-Z‑y‑w IÀ-j-IÀ-¡‑v C‑u c‑o-X‑n A-{‑X
C-j‑v-S-s‑¸-«‑n-s‑Ã-¦‑n-e‑p‑w ]‑n-¶‑o-S‑v A-hÀ-¡‑v
C‑u ]T-\-c‑o-X‑n t‑_‑m-²‑y-s‑¸-«‑p.
2004þ-s‑e t‑Z-i‑o-b s‑\Â i‑n-e‑v-]-i‑m-e
I-g‑n-ª‑v c-ï‑m-g‑v-N-¡‑p-Å‑n-e‑m-W‑v k‑p-\‑m-
a‑n X-a‑n-g‑v-\‑m-«‑nÂ Z‑p-c-´‑w h‑n-X-¨-X‑v. \‑m-K-
]-«-W‑w P‑n-Ã-b‑n-s‑e X‑o-c-{‑]-t‑Z-i-s‑¯
I‑r-j‑n a‑p-g‑p-h³ I-SÂ-s‑h-Å‑w I-b-d‑n
\-i‑n-¨‑p. H-c‑p hÀ-j-t‑¯‑m-f‑w A-t‑±-
l‑w A-h‑n-S‑p-s‑¯ IÀ-j-I-c‑p-s‑S-I‑q-s‑S
X‑m-a-k‑n-¨‑v {‑]-I‑r-X‑n-I‑r-j‑n c‑o-X‑n-IÄ
]-c‑o-£‑n-¡‑p-I-b‑p‑w A-h ^-e‑w I‑m-W‑n-
¡‑m³ X‑p-S-§‑p-I-b‑p‑w s‑N-b‑v-X-t‑¸‑mÄ
X-a‑n-g‑v-\‑m-S‑v kÀ-¡‑m-c‑p‑w‑, {‑]-t‑X‑y-I‑n-¨‑p‑w
D-¯-c-h‑m-Z‑n-¯-s‑¸-« P‑n-Ã‑m I-f-I‑v-SÀ-a‑mÀ
(X-a‑n-g‑v-\‑m-«‑nÂ P‑n-Ã‑m I-f-I‑v-SÀ-a‑mÀ-¡‑v IÀ-
j-I-c‑p-s‑S {‑]-i‑v-\-§-f‑nÂ C-S-s‑]-S‑m-\‑p-Å
Ø‑n-c‑w k‑w-h‑n-[‑m-\-§-f‑p-ï‑v. F-Ã‑m
a‑m-k-h‑p‑w I-f-I‑v-SÀ h‑n-f‑n-¨‑p-t‑NÀ-¡‑p-¶
a‑o-ä‑n-§‑nÂ IÀ-j-IÀ ]-s‑¦-S‑p-¡‑p-I-b‑p‑w
X-§-f‑p-s‑S {‑]-i‑v-\-§Ä-¡‑p-Å ]-c‑n-l‑m-c‑w
I-s‑ï-¯‑p-I-b‑p‑w s‑N-¿‑p-¶ k-{‑¼-Z‑m-b‑w
s‑s‑P-h-I‑r-j‑n-b‑nÂ XÂ-]-c-c‑m-b I‑p-t‑d
I-f-I‑v-SÀ-a‑m-s‑c A-h‑n-s‑S h-fÀ-¯‑n-s‑b-S‑p-
¡‑m³ k-l‑m-b‑n-¨‑n-«‑p-ï‑v) \-½‑mÄ-h-ms‑d
k‑p-\‑m-a‑n ]‑p-\-c-[‑n-h‑m-k-h‑p-a‑m-b‑n _-Ô-
s‑¸-« {‑]-hÀ-¯-\-§-f‑nÂ h‑n-Z-K‑v-[-\‑m-b‑n
\-½mÄ-hmÀ Photo/Thanal A‑w-K‑o-I-c‑n-¡‑p-I-b‑p‑w A-t‑±-l-¯‑n-s‑â

D-]-t‑Z-i‑w k‑z‑o-I-c‑n-¡‑p-I-b‑p‑w s‑N- d‑n-¨‑v t‑I-«-d‑n-ª C-b‑mÄ A-t‑±-l‑s¯ k‑m-[‑m-c-W P-\-§-f‑n-e‑p-Å h‑n-i‑z‑m-k-
b‑v-X‑n-c‑p-¶‑p. IÀ-j-IÀ-¡‑v c‑m-k-h-f- I‑m-W‑m-\‑m-b‑n h‑m-W-I-¯‑n-s‑e-¯‑n-b-X‑p‑w h‑p‑w‑, k-a‑q-l-¯‑n-s‑â D-bÀ-¶ X-«‑nÂ
§-f‑p‑w P‑n-]‑v-k-h‑p‑w s‑I‑m-S‑p-¡‑m-\‑p-Å H-c‑p Z‑n-h-k‑w A-¿‑m-b‑p-s‑S I‑q-s‑S s‑N-e- \‑nÂ-¡‑p-¶ G-s‑X‑m-c‑m-t‑f‑m-S‑p‑w X‑m³
]-²-X‑n-IÄ kÀ-¡‑mÀ t‑h-s‑ï-¶‑v h-¨‑p. h-g‑n-¨-X‑p‑w B-Z‑y-a‑m-b‑n a-®‑nÂ h‑n-¯‑n-«- h‑n-i‑z-k‑n-¡‑p-¶ I‑m-c‑y‑w e-f‑n-X-a‑m-b‑p‑w
c-ï‑p-hÀ-j‑w-s‑I‑m-ï‑p-X-s‑¶ A-h‑n-S‑p-s‑¯ X‑p‑w X‑n-c‑n-¨‑v s‑N-s‑s‑¶-b‑n-s‑e-¯‑n-b-t‑¸‑mÄ i-à-a‑m-b‑p‑w ]-d-b‑m-\‑p-Å X-t‑â-S-h‑p‑w‑,
a-®‑v k‑z‑m-`‑m-h‑n-IX-b‑n-t‑e-¡‑v G-s‑d-¡‑p-s‑d t‑P‑m-e‑n c‑m-P‑n-s‑h-¨‑v "\-Ã- I‑o-s‑s‑c‑' F-¶ X-a‑m-i-b‑p‑w F-Ã‑m‑w. A-t‑±-l‑w k‑m-[‑m-
X‑n-c‑n-¨‑p-h-¶‑p. \‑m-K-]-«-W‑w P‑n-Ã-b‑nÂ {‑]-Ø‑m-\‑w X‑p-S-§‑n-b-X‑p‑w... C-§-s‑\- c-W IÀ-j-I-s‑\-t‑]‑m-s‑e jÀ-«‑p-t‑]‑m-e‑p‑w
C-t‑±-l-¯‑n-s‑â I‑r-j‑n-c‑o-X‑n-IÄ h-e‑n-b b‑p-Å I-Y-IÄ H‑mÀ-½‑n-s‑¨-S‑p-¡‑p-¶ [-c‑n-¡‑m-s‑X-b‑m-W‑v H‑m-S‑n-\-S-¶‑n-c‑p-¶-X‑v.
a‑m-ä-a‑p-ï‑m-¡‑n-b-t‑¸‑mÄ Ct´mt\jy B-b‑n-c-¡-W-¡‑n-\‑p s‑N-d‑p-¸-¡‑mÀ X-a‑n- R‑m-\‑n-t‑¸‑m-g‑p‑w H‑mÀ-¡‑p-¶‑p‑, H-c‑p h‑n-a‑m-
b‑n-s‑e-b‑p‑w {‑i‑o-e-¦-b‑n-s‑e-b‑p‑w IÀ-j-I g‑v-\‑m-«‑nÂ C-¶‑p-ï‑v. A-¿‑m F-t‑¸‑m-g‑p‑w \-b‑m-{‑X-¡‑n-S-b‑nÂ B-f‑p-IÄ A-Û‑p-
k‑w-L-S-\-IÄ A-h-c‑p-s‑S I‑r-j‑n-b‑n-S- ]-d-b‑m-d‑p-ï‑v F-Ã‑m {‑K‑m-a-¯‑n-e‑p‑w H‑m-t‑c‑m X-t‑¯‑m-s‑S A-t‑±-l-s‑¯ t‑\‑m-¡‑p-¶-
§Ä ]‑p-\-c‑p-Ö‑o-h‑n-¸‑n-¡‑p-¶-X‑n-\‑m-b‑n \-½‑mÄ-h-ms‑d I-s‑ï-¯‑p-I-b‑m-W‑v A-t‑±- X‑v. P‑o-h‑n-X‑w H-c‑p b‑m-{‑X-b‑p‑w \‑n-c-´-c
\-½‑mÄ-h‑m-d‑n-s‑\ t‑X-S‑n-s‑b-¯‑n. a‑m-k-§- ]-c‑o-£-W-§-f‑p‑w B-i-b-§-f‑p-s‑S a‑m-
t‑f‑m-f‑w A-t‑±-l‑w A-h‑n-s‑S s‑N-e-h-g‑n-¨‑v \-½‑mÄ-h-md‑p-s‑S {‑]-hÀ-¯-\- ä‑p-c-¡-e‑p-I-f‑p-a‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑p A-t‑±-l-¯‑n-
t‑a‑m-UÂ I‑r-j‑n-b‑n-S-§Ä h‑n-I-k‑n-¸‑n- §Ä-¡‑pÅ A‑w-K‑o-I‑m-camb‑n \‑v. A-t‑±-l-¯‑n-s‑â b‑m-{‑X-b‑p-s‑S-I‑q-s‑S
s‑¨-S‑p-¯‑p. A-¶‑p-h-s‑c \-½‑mÄ-hm-s‑d 2007þÂ K‑m-Ô‑n-{‑K‑m‑w d‑q-dÂ H-c‑p-]‑m-S‑m-f‑p-IÄ t‑NÀ-¶‑p.
A-{‑X-I-ï‑v k‑z‑o-I-c‑n-¡‑m-¯-hÀ-t‑]‑m-e‑p‑w 2006þÂ X-©‑m-h‑q-c‑nÂ-h-¨‑v _‑n.-S‑n.
C-t‑X‑m-s‑S A-t‑±-l-s‑¯ A‑w-K‑o-I-c‑n- b‑q-W‑n-t‑h-g‑v-k‑n-ä‑n A-t‑±-l-¯‑n-\‑v h-g‑p-X-\-s‑¡-X‑n-s‑c k‑w-L-S‑n-¸‑n-¨ H-c‑p
¡‑m³ X‑p-S-§‑n. A-X‑nÂ h-e‑n-s‑b‑m-c‑p t‑U‑m-I‑v-S-t‑d-ä‑v \Â-I‑n. ]-c‑n-]‑m-S‑n-b‑n-e‑m-W‑v C‑u B-f‑p-I-f‑p-s‑S
h-g‑n-¯‑n-c‑n-h‑m-b-X‑v H-c‑p-]‑m-S‑p s‑N-d‑p-¸- i-à‑n R-§Ä I-ï-X‑v. A-X‑nÂ IÀ-
¡‑mÀ \-½‑mÄ-h-ms‑d X-§-f‑p-s‑S K‑p-c‑p- l-¯‑n-s‑â e-£‑y-s‑a-¶‑v. IÀ-j-I-c‑nÂ‑, j-IÀ a‑m-{‑X-a-Ã D-ï‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶-X‑v a-d‑n-¨‑v
h‑m-b‑n k‑z‑o-I-c‑n-¨‑p F-¶-X‑m-W‑v. s‑N-s‑s‑¶ P-\-§-f‑nÂ A-¿‑m-¡‑p-Å h‑n-i‑z‑m-k‑w I-¨-h-S-¡‑m-c‑p‑w‑, c‑m-j‑v-{‑S‑o-b {‑]-hÀ-¯-I-
B-Ø‑m-\-a‑m-b‑n {‑]-hÀ-¯‑n-¡‑p-¶ "\-Ã A-{‑X-a‑m-{‑X‑w i-à-a‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑p. c‑p‑w‑, k‑n-\‑n-a‑m-c‑w-K-¯‑p-Å-h-c‑p‑w‑, k‑v-{‑X‑o-I-
I‑o-s‑s‑c‑' {‑]-Ø‑m-\-¯‑n-s‑â h-à‑m-h‑v \-½‑mÄ-h-md‑n-s‑â {‑]-hÀ-¯-\c‑o-X‑n- f‑p-s‑S I‑q-«‑m-b‑v-a-I-f‑p‑w‑, h‑n-Z‑y‑mÀ-°‑n-I-f‑p‑w
\-½‑mÄ-hmÀ A-\‑p-k‑v-a-c-W-t‑h-f-b‑nÂ‑, IÄ I‑m-W‑p-t‑¼‑mÄ F-\‑n-¡‑v ]-e-t‑¸‑m- F-Ã‑m‑w C‑u a‑mÀ-¨‑nÂ ]-s‑¦-S‑p-¡‑p-I-b‑p‑w
F-§-s‑\-b‑m-W‑v D-bÀ-¶ i-¼-f-a‑p-Å g‑p‑w K‑m-Ô‑n-P‑n-s‑b H‑mÀ-½ h-c‑m-d‑p-ï‑v. X-§-f‑p-s‑S {‑]-X‑n-t‑j-[‑w t‑c-J-s‑¸-S‑p-¯‑p-
s‑F-S‑n t‑P‑m-e‑n D-t‑]-£‑n-¨‑v C‑u {‑]-Ø‑m- h-f-s‑c e-f‑n-X-a‑m-b A-t‑±-l-¯‑n-s‑â P‑o- I-b‑p‑w s‑N-b‑v-X‑p.
\‑w X‑p-S-§‑m³ C-S-b‑m-b-s‑X-¶‑v h‑n-i-Z‑o- h‑n-X-h‑p‑w‑, \‑n-t‑X‑y-\-b‑p-Å \-S-¯-h‑p‑w‑, \-½‑mÄ-h-md‑p-s‑S {]-hÀ-¯-\-§Ä-
I-c‑n-¡‑p-I-b‑p-ï‑m-b‑n. \-½‑mÄ-hm-s‑d I‑p- k‑w-k‑m-c-¯‑n-s‑\‑m-¸‑w {‑]-hÀ-¯‑n-b‑p‑w‑, ¡p-Å Aw-Ko-Im-c-am-bn 2007þÂ
••\½mÄhmÀ XWÂ {]hÀ¯ItcmsSm¸w Photo/Thanal

K‑m-Ô‑n-{‑K‑m‑w d‑q-dÂ b‑q-W‑n-t‑h-g‑v-k‑n-ä‑n d‑n-¨‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑p. "`‑m-j-b‑p‑w t‑h-j-h‑p‑w I‑mÀ-j‑n-I h‑n-I-k-\ \-b-§Ä t‑\‑m-¡‑q.
A-t‑±-l-¯‑n-\‑v t‑U‑m-I‑v-S-t‑d-ä‑v \Â-I‑n. H-¶‑p‑w- A-t‑±-l-s‑¯ P-\-§-f‑nÂ-\‑n-¶‑v, t‑\-s‑c F-X‑nÀ-Z‑n-i-b‑n-t‑e-¡‑m-W-X‑n-s‑â
\‑n-c-´-c-b‑m-{‑X-IÄ-¡‑p‑w ]-c‑n-i‑o-e-\ ]-c‑n- s‑N-d‑p-¸-¡‑m-c‑nÂ-\‑n-¶‑v A-I-ä‑n-b‑n-Ã.' k-©‑m-c‑w.
]‑m-S‑n-IÄ-¡‑p‑w C-S-b‑n-e‑n-c‑p-¶‑v A-t‑±-l‑w h-b-\‑m-«‑n-s‑e H-c‑p s‑I‑m-b‑v-¯‑pÂ-k- F-g‑p-X‑n-b‑m-e‑p‑w ]-d-ª‑m-e‑p‑w X‑o-
H-t‑«-s‑d t‑e-J-\-§-s‑f-g‑p-X‑n. ]‑p-k‑v-X-I- h-¯‑nÂ R-§-f‑p-s‑S £-W‑w k‑z‑o-I-c‑n- c‑m-¯-{‑X H‑mÀ-½-IÄ s‑h-d‑p‑w ]-¯‑p
§Ä {‑]-k‑n-²‑o-I-c‑n-¨‑p. "]-k‑p-s‑s‑a-h‑n- ¨‑v F-¯‑n-b \-½‑mÄ-hmÀ‑, c‑m-{‑X‑nbnÂ, hÀ-j-s‑¯ H-c‑p-a‑n-¨‑p-Å b‑m-{‑X-b‑nÂ
I-S³‑' t‑]‑m-e‑p-Å a‑m-k‑n-I-IÄ \‑n-c-´-c‑w \‑m-S³]‑m-«‑n-s‑\‑m-¯‑v N‑p-h-S‑p-h-¨-t‑¸‑mÄ R-§Ä-¡-t‑±-l‑w k-½‑m-\‑n-¨‑n-«‑p-ï‑v.
A-t‑±-l-¯‑n-s‑â t‑e-J-\-§Ä {‑]-k‑n-²‑o- I‑p-t‑d-t‑]-s‑c A-X‑v A-¼-c-¸‑n-¡‑p-I-b‑p‑w 2004þ-s‑e I‑p-¼-f-§‑n s‑\Â i‑n-e‑v-]-i‑m-
I-c‑n-¨‑p. s‑S-e‑n-h‑n-j³ N‑m-\-e‑p-I-f‑n-e‑q-s‑S s‑N-d‑p-¸-¡‑m-s‑c-b‑p‑w I‑p-«‑n-I-s‑f-b‑p‑w e-s‑b-¡‑p-d‑n-¨‑v A-t‑±-l‑w F-Ã‑m-b‑n-S-¯‑p‑w
A-t‑±-l‑w P-\-§-f‑p-a‑m-b‑n k‑w-h-Z‑n-¨‑p. B-t‑h-i-`-c‑n-X-c‑m-¡‑p-I-b‑p‑w s‑N-b‑v-X‑p. ]-d-b‑p‑w. X-a‑n-g‑v-\‑m-«‑nÂ F-Ã‑m hÀ-j-h‑p‑w
X-a‑n-g‑v-\‑m-«‑n-s‑e c‑m-j‑v-{‑S‑o-b t‑\-X‑r-X‑z-h‑p‑w t‑I-{‑µ-kÀ-¡‑mÀ s‑s‑l-Z-c‑m-_‑m-Z‑nÂ s‑a-b‑v-a‑m-k-¯‑nÂ s‑s‑d-k‑v I‑y‑m‑¼-b‑v-s‑â
G-ä-h‑p-s‑a‑m-S‑p-h‑nÂ X-a‑n-g‑v-\‑m-S‑v I‑mÀ-j‑n-I -h-¨‑p \-S-¯nb C³-t‑U‑m-þ-b‑p-F-k‑v t\m `‑m-K-a‑m-b‑n \-S-¡‑p-¶ "s‑\Â-X‑n-c‑p-h‑n-
kÀ-Æ-I-e‑m-i‑m-e-b‑p‑w A-t‑±-l-s‑¯ B-Z- tfPv C-\‑n-t‑j‑y-ä‑o-h‑v i‑n-e‑v-]-i‑m-e-b‑nÂ g‑'b‑p-s‑S N‑p-¡‑m³ ]‑n-S‑n-¨‑v \‑m-S³ h‑n-
c‑n-¡‑m³ X-¿‑m-d‑m-b‑n. A-h-k‑m-\ Z‑n-h-k‑w-h-s‑c A-t‑±-l-w \‑n-È- ¯‑p-IÄ IÀ-j-I-c‑n-s‑e-¯‑n-¡‑p-¶-X‑nÂ
IÀ-j-I-c‑p-s‑S I‑r-j‑n-b‑n-S-§-s‑f kÀ- _‑v-Z-\‑m-b‑n F-Ã‑m‑w t‑IÄ-¡‑p-I-b‑p‑w H-¶‑p‑w A-t‑±-l‑w h-l‑n-¨ ]-¦‑v A-X‑nÂ ]-s‑¦-
Æ-I-e‑m-i‑m-e-I-f‑m-b‑n-«‑m-W‑v \-½‑mÄ-hmÀ {‑]-X‑n-I-c‑n-¡‑m-s‑X C-c‑n-¡‑p-I-b‑p‑w s‑N- S‑p-¯ H‑m-t‑c‑m-c‑p-¯-c‑p-s‑S-b‑p‑w a-\-Ê‑nÂ
I-ï-X‑v. s‑N-e-h‑v I‑p-d-ª K-t‑h-j-W‑w‑, b‑v-X-X‑v R‑m-t‑\‑mÀ-¡‑p-¶‑p. {‑]-i-k‑v-X \‑n-d-ª‑p \‑nÂ-¡‑p-¶‑p-ï‑v. C-¡-g‑n-ª
A-X‑m-X‑v {‑]-t‑Z-i-¯‑n-\‑v t‑b‑m-P‑n-¨-X‑v. k‑m-a‑q-l‑y-i‑m-k‑v-{‑X-Ú-\‑m-b i‑n-h-h‑n- hÀ-j-¯‑nÂ I‑r-j‑n h-I‑p-¸‑v U-b-d-I‑v-
A-§-s‑\ 60þÂ A-[‑n-I‑w I‑r-j‑n-b‑n-S- i‑z-\‑m-Y-\-S-¡‑w {‑]-a‑p-J-c‑m-b ]-e-c‑p‑w S-d‑p‑w X-a‑n-g‑v-\‑m-S‑v I‑mÀ-j‑n-I kÀ-Æ-I-
§Ä IÀ-j-I-c‑p-a‑m-b‑n t‑NÀ-¶‑v A-t‑±-l‑w ]-s‑¦-S‑p-¯ C‑u i‑n-e‑v-]-i‑m-e-b‑nÂ e‑m-i‑m-e-b‑n-s‑e s‑s‑h-k‑v N‑m³-k-eÀ
h-fÀ-¯‑n-s‑b-S‑p-¯‑p. 2009þÂ "h‑m-W-K‑w‑' h-s‑c-b‑p‑w C-X‑nÂ ]-s‑¦-S‑p-¡‑p-I-b‑p-
(Heaven on Earth‑) F-¶ t‑]-c‑nÂ I-c‑qÀ I‑mÀ-j‑n-I K-t‑h-j-W t‑I-{‑µ-¯‑nÂ- ï‑m-b‑n. \-½‑mÄ-h-t‑d‑m-S‑pÅ - A-hc - p‑ s - S‑
P‑n-Ã-b‑nÂ \-½‑mÄ-hm-d‑p-s‑S-X-s‑¶ t‑\-X‑r- \‑n-¶‑v i‑m-k‑v-{‑X-Ú-s‑â I‑p-¸‑m-b‑w _-lp‑ a- m‑ \ - w‑ A-hc- ¶ - p {‑]I - S- n‑ ¸ - n‑ ¡ - p‑ I - b - p‑ w‑
X‑z-¯‑nÂ H-c‑p {‑]-I‑r-X‑n-I‑r-j‑n ]-c‑n-i‑o- s‑Nb - v‑X - p‑ . t‑Ic - f - ¯ - n‑ s - â ‑ s‑sP ‑ h - I - r‑ j - n‑
e-\-þ-K-t‑h-j-W s‑kâÀ B-c‑w-`‑n-¨‑p. h-e‑n-s‑¨-d‑n-ª‑v \-½‑mÄ-hmÀ ]‑p-d- \-bc‑q] - o‑ I - c - W - ¯ - n‑ e - p‑ w‑ P-\n‑ X - I - a - m‑ ä - w‑
b‑m-{‑X-IÄ I‑p-d-¡‑p-I-b‑p‑w a-®‑n-s‑e ¯‑p-h-c‑m-\‑p-ï‑m-b H-c‑p {‑]-[‑m-\ h-cp‑ ¯ - n‑ b - h‑nf - I - s - f ‑ ¡ - p‑ d- n‑ ¨ - p‑ Å - \-bc - q‑ ] - o‑ -
]-c‑o-£-W-§Ä-¡‑v I‑q-S‑p-XÂ k-a-b‑w I‑m-c-W‑w IÀ-j-I-s‑c-¡‑p-d‑n-¨‑p-Å I-cW - ¯ - n‑ e - p‑ w‑ t‑Ic - f - k - À-¡m‑ À \-½m‑ Ä-
I-s‑ï-¯‑p-I-b‑p-a‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑p D-t‑±-i‑y‑w. h-ms‑d h‑nf - n‑ ¡ - p‑ I - b - p‑ ï - m‑ b - n‑ . A-¶s - ¯ ‑
H-«-\-h-[‑n s‑N-d‑p-¸-¡‑mÀ-¡‑v "h‑m-W-K‑w‑'
C‑u X‑n-c‑n-¨-d‑n-h‑m-b‑n-c‑n-¡‑m‑w. I‑rj - n‑ a - {- ´ ‑ n‑ b - m‑ b - n‑ c - p‑ ¶ - a‑pÃ - ¡ - c - c-Xv‑\ - m‑ -
H-c‑p ]T-\ I-f-c‑n-b‑m-b‑n. B-g‑v-N-I-t‑f‑m-f‑w I-c\ - v‑ \-½m‑ Ä-hm- s‑d h-en‑ b - _-lp‑ a - m‑ -
X‑m-a-k‑n-¨‑v \-K-c-¯‑nÂ \‑n-¶‑p-Å s‑N-d‑p-¸- X-e-\‑m-c‑n-g I‑o-d‑n-b‑p-Å NÀ-¨-b‑m-b‑n-c‑p- \-hp‑ w‑ k‑vt- \ ‑ l - h - p‑ a - m‑ W - v‑. X‑nc - n‑ ¨ - p‑ w‑ B
¡‑mÀ A-¿‑m-b‑p-s‑S I‑q-s‑S ]-W‑n-s‑b-S‑p-¯‑p ¶‑p. C-´‑y-b‑p-s‑S s‑a‑m-¯‑w I‑mÀ-j‑n-I k‑vt- \ ‑ l - h - p‑ w‑ _-lp‑ a - m‑ \ - h - p‑ w‑ A-¿m- b‑pw‑
P‑o-h‑n-X-ZÀ-i-\‑w c‑q-]-s‑¸-S‑p-¯‑n-s‑b-S‑p-¯‑p \-b-s‑¯-b‑p‑w a‑m-ä‑m-\‑p-Å C‑u ]-c‑n-]‑m- {‑]I- S- n‑ ¸ - n‑ ¨ - n‑ c - p‑ ¶ - p‑ . C-Xp‑ t- ] ‑ m‑ s - e ‑ m‑ c - p‑ a-{´ ‑ n‑
a-S-§‑n. A-h-c‑nÂ ]-e-c‑p‑w ]‑n-¶‑o-S‑v IÀ- S‑n-s‑b-¡‑p-d‑n-¨‑p-Å DXv-¡-W‑vT F-Ã‑m- t‑I{- µ ‑ ¯ - n‑ Â I‑rj - n‑ h-Ip‑ ¸ - v‑ `-cn‑ ¨ - n‑ c - p‑ s - ¶ ‑ -
j-I-c‑p-a‑m-b‑n. h-c‑n-e‑p‑w I-S‑p-¯ t‑c‑m-j-a‑m-b‑n-¯-s‑¶ ¦‑nÂ F-¶v‑ A-t±‑ l - w‑ ]-db - p‑ a - m‑ b - n‑ c - p‑ ¶ - p‑ .
s‑s‑P-h I‑r-j‑n-b‑p-s‑S h‑y‑m-]-\‑w X-S-b‑m- D-ï‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑p. H-S‑p-h‑nÂ a‑q-¶‑m‑w Z‑n-h- A-hk - m‑ \ - \‑mf - p‑ I - f - n‑ Â A-t±‑ l - s - ¯ ‑
\‑m-b‑n X-a‑n-g‑v-\‑m-«‑nÂ C-S-¡‑m-e-¯‑v H-c‑p k‑w C‑u i‑n-e‑v-]-i‑m-e k‑w-L-S‑n-¸‑n-¨-h- A-t§ ‑ b - ä - w‑ A-e«- n‑ b - n‑ c - p‑ ¶ - X - v‑ X-©m‑ h - q‑ -
_‑nÂ kÀ-¡‑mÀ s‑I‑m-ï‑p-h-¶‑n-c‑p-¶‑p. c‑nÂ {‑]-a‑p-J-b‑m-b I-h‑n-X I‑p-d‑p-K-Ô‑n, c‑nÂ H-cp‑ s‑s{‑ ] ‑ h - ä - v‑ I-¼\ - n‑ a‑ot- Y ‑ ³-Ky‑ m‑ -
"i‑m-k‑v-{‑X‑o-b-a‑m-b‑n‑' I‑r-j‑n ]T‑n-¨‑v U‑n- A-¿-mb‑p-s‑S A-`‑n-{‑]‑m-b‑w t‑IÄ-¡-W-s‑a- k‑v I‑pg - n‑ s - ¨ ‑ S- p‑ ¡ - m‑ \ - p‑ Å - ]-²X - n‑ b - p‑ a - m‑ b - n‑
{‑K‑n F-S‑p-¯-hÀ a‑m-{‑X-t‑a IÀ-j-I-s‑c ¶‑v \‑nÀ-_-Ô‑n-¨‑p. h-f-s‑c k‑u-a‑y-a‑m-b‑n h-¶X - m‑ W - v‑. I-gn‑ ª - I‑pt- d‑ a‑mk - § - f - m‑ b - n‑
]T‑n-¸‑n-¡‑m-h‑q F-¶‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑p C‑u \-½‑mÄ-hmÀ A-¶‑p ]-d-ª‑p "]-X‑n-\‑m- C-Xn‑ s - \ ‑ X - n‑ s - c ‑ b - p‑ Å - k-ac - § - f - n‑ Â k-Po‑ -
_‑nÂ ]-d-ª‑n-c‑p-¶-X‑v. C-X‑n-s‑\-X‑n-s‑c b‑n-c‑w hÀ-j-s‑¯ I‑mÀ-j‑n-I ]‑m-c-¼-c‑y- h-am‑ b - n‑ ]-s¦ ‑ S- p‑ ¯ - v‑, X-sâ ‑ £-bn‑ ¡ - p‑ ¶ -
\-½‑mÄ-h-md‑p-s‑S t‑\-X‑r-X‑z-¯‑nÂ \‑n-c‑m- a‑p-Å C-´‑y-s‑b \‑m-¶‑q-d‑p hÀ-j-s‑¯ B-tc ‑ m‑ K - y‑ w‑ h-Ih - b - v‑¡ - m‑ s - X ‑ k-ac - s - ¯ ‑
l‑m-c-a-S-¡-a‑p-Å k-a-c‑w \-S-¡‑p-I-b‑p‑w ]‑m-c-¼-c‑y‑w t‑]‑m-e‑p-a‑n-Ã‑m-¯ A-t‑a-c‑n-¡ i-àn‑ s - ¸ ‑ S- p‑ ¯ - m‑ \ - p‑ Å - {‑ia - § - f - n‑ e - m‑ b - n‑ -
H-S‑p-h‑n-e-X‑v kÀ-¡‑m-c‑n-\‑v ]‑n³-h-e‑n-¡‑p-I- F-´‑p ]T‑n-¸‑n-¡‑m-\‑m-W‑v?‑' F-Ã‑m-hÀ-¡‑p‑w c‑p¶
- p‑ A-¿m‑ . ]-ec - p‑ w‑ A-t±‑ l - t- ¯ ‑ m‑ S- v‑
b‑p‑w s‑N-t‑¿-ï‑n-h-¶‑p. C‑u k-a-c-§Ä H-c‑p A-S‑n I‑n-«‑n-b-X‑p-t‑]‑m-s‑e-b‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑p C-§s - \ ‑ s‑N¿ - c - p‑ s - X ‑ ¶ - v‑ A-t] ‑ £ - n‑ s - ¨ ‑ -
\-S-¡‑p-t‑¼‑m-s‑g-Ã‑m‑w A-t‑±-l‑w h‑n-¯‑n- C‑u {‑]-X‑n-I-c-W‑w. AXpXs¶bmWv ¦‑ne - p‑ w‑ \-½m‑ Ä-hmÀ N‑n-c‑n-¨‑p-s‑I‑m-ï‑v
S‑p-I-b‑p‑w a-c-§Ä \-S‑p-I-b‑p‑w F-g‑p-X‑p- G-ä-h‑p‑w A-S‑n-Ø‑m-\-a‑m-b I‑m-c‑yhpw. X-s‑â k-©‑m-c‑w X‑p-SÀ-¶‑p. C-¡-g‑n-ª
I-b‑p‑w h‑m-b‑n-¡‑p-I-b‑p‑w s‑N-b‑v-X‑n-c‑p-¶‑p. A-t‑±-l‑w F-t‑¸‑m-g‑p‑w ]-d-b‑p-a‑m-b‑n-c‑p- P‑q-s‑s‑e a‑m-k-¯‑nÂ X‑n-c‑p-h-®‑m-a-s‑s‑e-
F-s‑¶ A-Û‑p-X-s‑¸-S‑p-¯‑n-b‑n-c‑p-¶ ¶‑p t‑U‑m. F‑w.-F-k‑v. k‑z‑m-a‑n-\‑m-Y-\‑v Z-c‑n- b‑nÂ-s‑h-¨‑v \-S-¶ h‑n-¯‑pÂ-k-h-¯‑n-
a-s‑ä‑m-c‑p I‑m-c‑y‑w G-X‑p s‑k-a‑n-\‑m-d‑nÂ {‑Z-IÀ-j-I-s‑c A-d‑n-b‑n-Ã F-¶‑v. a-g-s‑b e‑m-W‑v \-½‑mÄ-h-ms‑d A-h-k‑m-\-a‑m-b‑n
]-s‑¦-S‑p-¡‑p-t‑¼‑m-g‑p‑w‑, B-Z‑y-a‑m-b‑n I‑m-c‑y- B-{‑i-b‑n-¨‑p-Å I‑r-j‑n-c‑o-X‑n-s‑b-¸-ä‑n-b‑p‑w R-§Ä I-ï-X‑v. R-§-f‑p‑w ]-d-ª‑p
§Ä t‑IÄ-¡‑p-¶ H-c‑p I‑p-«‑n-s‑b-t‑]‑m- A-d‑n-b‑n-s‑Ã-¶‑v. A-X‑p-s‑I‑m-ï‑m-W‑v A-c‑n- "A-¿‑m C-§-s‑\ t‑]‑m-I-c‑p-X‑v' F-¶‑v. k‑v-
s‑e A-t‑±-l‑w a-ä‑p-Å-hÀ ]-d-b‑p-¶-X‑v s‑b-b‑p‑w t‑K‑m-X-¼‑n-s‑\-b‑p‑w A-S‑n-Ø‑m-\- t‑\-l-t‑¯‑m-s‑S ]‑p-d-¯‑p-X-«‑n At±lw
t‑IÄ-¡‑p-I-b‑p‑w a-\-Ê‑n-e‑m-¡‑p-I-b‑p‑w s‑¸-S‑p-¯‑n-b l-c‑n-X-h‑n-¹-h ]-²-X‑n-¡‑v ]-d-ª‑p "H-¶‑p‑w B-I‑m-X‑v'.
s‑N-¿‑p-¶-X‑m-W‑v. X‑p-d-¶ a-\-t‑Ê‑m-s‑S A-t‑±-l‑w c‑q-]‑w-s‑I‑m-S‑p-¯-s‑X-¶‑v. 1968þÂ A-S‑p-¯ "s‑\Â-X‑n-c‑p-h‑n-g‑'¡‑v N‑p-¡‑m³
F-Ã‑m‑w t‑IÄ-¡‑m³ A-t‑±-l‑w X-¿‑m-d‑m- t‑I‑m-h‑nÂ-¸-«‑n-b‑n-s‑e I‑mÀ-j‑n-I K-t‑h- ]‑n-S‑n-¡‑m³ A-¿‑m D-ï‑m-I‑n-Ã F-¶-X‑v
b‑n-c‑p-¶‑p. A-X‑m-b‑n-c‑n-¡‑m‑w C-{‑X-b‑p-a-[‑n- j-W t‑I-{‑µ-¯‑nÂ-\‑n-¶‑v i‑m-k‑v-{‑X-Ú- t‑h-Z-\-t‑b‑m-s‑S A-d‑n-b‑p-¶‑p. F-¶‑mÂ
I‑w s‑N-d‑p-¸-¡‑mÀ C‑u A-X‑y‑m-[‑p-\‑n-I s‑â I‑p-¸‑m-b‑w h-e‑n-s‑¨-d‑n-ª‑v \-½‑mÄ- A-t‑±-l‑w ]-d-ª I‑m-c‑y-§Ä k-t‑´‑m-
I‑m-e-¯‑p‑w A-t‑±-l-s‑¯ t‑X-S‑n-s‑b-¯‑n- hmÀ ]‑p-d-¯‑p-h-c‑m-\‑p-ï‑m-b H-c‑p {‑]-[‑m-\ j-t‑¯‑m-s‑S {‑]‑m-hÀ-¯‑n-I-a‑m-¡‑m³ {‑i-a‑n-
b-X‑v. F-s‑â I‑q-«‑p-I‑m-c‑n-b‑m-b H-c‑p k‑m- I‑m-c-W‑w IÀ-j-I-s‑c-¡‑p-d‑n-¨‑p-Å C‑u ¡‑p-¶ \‑q-d‑p-I-W-¡‑n-\‑v IÀ-j-I-c‑p‑w
¼-¯‑n-I i‑m-k‑v-{‑X-Ú \-½‑mÄ-h-md‑p- X‑n-c‑n-¨-d‑n-h‑m-b‑n-c‑n-¡‑m‑w. A-t‑±-l‑w F-t‑¸‑m- s‑N-d‑p-¸-¡‑m-c‑p‑w A-h‑n-s‑S-b‑p-ï‑m-I‑p‑w.
s‑S a-c-W-t‑i-j‑w F-t‑¶‑m-S‑p ]-d-ª-X‑v g‑p‑w ]-d-ª‑n-c‑p-s‑¶‑m-c‑p I‑m-c‑y-a‑p-ï‑v "Ag- A-X‑m-W‑v \-½‑mÄ-hmÀ \-a‑p-¡‑p-X-¶
A-t‑±-l-¯‑n-s‑â C‑u k-a‑o-]-\-s‑¯-¡‑p- riculture is location specific‑'. C-¶-s‑¯ D-d-¸‑v.

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- y‑ \ - p‑ w‑ F-§s
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l‑mc - n‑ X- b - n‑ Â \‑n¶ - v‑ h-fm‑ t- © ‑ c - n‑ b

- n‑ s - e ‑ t‑Nm‑ Z- y‑ ¯ - n‑ \ - p‑ Å - D-¯c - w‑ \Â-Ie - p‑ w‑ I‑qS- n‑ -
s‑Im‑ «- m‑ c - w‑ ]‑mS- t- i ‑ J - c - s
- ¯ ‑ ¯ - p‑ t- ¼ ‑ m‑ Ä b‑mW - n‑ X - v‑. K-Wn‑ X - i - m‑ k - v‑{- X ‑ ¯ - n‑ Â _‑nc - p‑ Z- w‑
B-ßh - n‑ i - z‑ m‑ k - h - p‑ w‑ k‑ma - q‑ l
- y‑ {- ] ‑ X - n‑ _ - ² - - I-gn‑ ª - b
- p‑ S- s - \ ‑ I‑ym‑ ¼ - k - v‑ s‑ke - £ - ³
X-bp‑ w‑ h‑nf - ª - p‑ \ - n‑ Â-¡p‑ ¶ - t‑Pm‑ À-Ön‑ s - â ‑ - h-gn‑ C³-t^ ‑ m‑ k - n‑ k - n‑ Â D-bÀ-¶ i-¼f - -
b‑pw‑ d‑m^ - n‑ b - p‑ s - S‑ b - p‑ w‑ s‑\Â-¡X - n‑ c- p‑ I- f - m‑ W - v‑ ¯‑nÂ t‑Pm‑ e - n‑ e-`n‑ ¨ - n‑ «- p‑ w‑ ,‑ s‑SÌ - p‑ w‑ i‑m-
\-s½ ‑ k‑zo‑ I - c - n‑ ¡ - p‑ I - . ]‑mS- § - Ä ]-eX - p‑ - c‑oc - n‑ I - £ - a - X - m‑ ]-co‑ £ - b - p‑ w‑ ]‑mÊ - m‑ b - n‑
ï‑v t‑Ic - f - ¯ - n‑ Â‑, I‑rj - n‑ b - p‑ w‑ . ]-t£ ‑ ,‑ h‑n- t‑]m‑ e - o‑ k - n‑ Â t‑Nc - m‑ \ - p‑ Å - \‑nb - a - \ - w‑
h-¶n‑ «- p‑ w‑ t‑Pm‑ À-Öv‑ s‑Xc - s - ª ‑ S- p‑ ¯ - X - v‑
t‑P‑mÀ-Ö‑p‑w d‑m-^‑n-b‑p‑w I‑q-«-c‑p‑w I‑rj - n‑ b - m‑ W - v‑. A-Xp‑ w‑ c‑mk - þ- I - o‑ S- \ - m‑ i - n‑ \ - n‑
h‑na - p‑ à - {‑]I - r‑ X - n‑ I - r‑ j - n‑ .
C-h‑n-s‑S I‑r-j‑n-b‑n-d-¡‑n-b‑n-c‑n-¡‑p- t‑Pm‑ À-Öp‑ w‑ d‑m^ - n‑ b - p‑ w‑ I‑q«- c - p‑ w‑ C-hn‑ s - S‑
¶-X‑v k‑m-¼-¯‑n-I-e‑m-`‑w a‑m-{‑X‑w I‑rj - n‑ b - n‑ d - ¡ - n‑ b - n‑ c - n‑ ¡ - p‑ ¶ - X - v‑ k‑m¼ - ¯ - n‑ -
t‑\‑m-¡‑n-b‑n-«-Ã a-d‑n-¨‑v, X‑n-I-ª I-em‑ ` - w‑ a‑m{- X ‑ w‑ t‑\m‑ ¡ - n‑ b - n‑ «- Ã - . a-dn‑ ¨ - v‑,
k‑m-a‑q-l‑y {‑]-X‑n-_-²-X-I‑q-S‑n X‑nI - ª - k‑ma - q‑ l - y‑ {‑]X - n‑ _ - ² - X - I - q‑ S- n‑
A-Xn‑ \ - p‑ ]‑pd - I - n‑ e - p‑ ï - v‑. h‑nj - h - n‑ a - p‑ à - ` - -
A-X‑n-\‑p ]‑p-d-I‑n-e‑p-ï‑v. £-Ww‑ G-äh - p‑ w‑ I‑qS- p‑ X - Â BÄ-¡m‑ c - n‑ -
t‑es - ¡ ‑ ¯ - n‑ ¡ - p‑ I - F-¶X - p‑ w‑ A-Xn‑ s - \ ‑
j-ta‑ i - m‑ ¯ - {‑]I - r‑ X - n‑ I - r‑ j - n‑ s‑N¿ - p‑ ¶ - C‑u {‑]N - c - n‑ ¸ - n‑ ¡ - p‑ I - F-¶X - p‑ w‑ I‑qS- n‑ C-hc - p‑ -
b‑ph - m‑ ¡ - Ä hÀ-¯a - m‑ \ - t- I ‑ c - f - ¯ - n‑ s - â ‑ s‑S e-£y‑ a - m‑ W - v‑. h-fm‑ t- © ‑ c - n‑ ]‑mS- ¯ - v‑
{‑]X
- o‑ £ - I - f - m‑ W - v‑. X-cn‑ i - p‑ `‑qa- n‑ b - p‑ Ä-s¸ ‑ s - S‑ a‑p¡- m‑ Â `‑mK - ¯ - n‑ e - [ - n‑ I - w‑ Ø-e¯ - p‑ w‑
C-hn‑ s - S‑ 25 G-¡d - n‑ Â I‑rj - n‑ b - n‑ d - ¡ - n‑ b - n‑ c - n‑ - I-Xn‑ c - n‑ «- p‑ \ - n‑ Â-¡p‑ ¶ - s‑Ns - s ‑ ¦ ‑ a - F-¶ \‑m-
¡‑pI - b - m‑ W - n‑ h - À. a-½q‑ «- n‑ b - p‑ t- S‑ b - p‑ w‑ {‑io‑ \ - n‑ - S³ s‑\Ã - n‑ \ - w‑ \-Ã h‑nf - h - m‑ W - v‑ C-¯h - W -
h‑mk - t- â ‑ b - p‑ a - S- ¡ - w‑ t‑Ic - f - ¯ - n‑ s - e ‑ ¼ - m‑ S- p‑ w‑ C-hÀ-¡v‑ \Â-In‑ b - n‑ c - n‑ ¡ - p‑ ¶ - X - v‑. \‑me - p‑ \‑m-
450 G-¡t- d‑ m‑ f - w‑ Ø-e¯ - v‑ {‑]I - r‑ X - n‑ I - r‑ j - n‑ S³ ]-ip‑ ¡ - f - p‑ s - S‑ N‑mW - I - h - p‑ w‑ a‑q{- X ‑ h - p‑ w‑
\-S¯ - p‑ ¶ - {‑]I - r‑ X - n‑ I - r‑ j - n‑ {‑]N - m‑ c - I - ³ a‑m{- X ‑ a- m‑ W - v‑ C-hc - n‑ X - n‑ Â D-]t- b ‑ m‑ K - n‑ ¨ - n‑ «- p‑ Å - -
s‑I.F‑w. l‑ne - m‑ e - n‑ s - â ‑ X-«I - ¯ - n‑ e - m‑ W - v‑ X‑v. ]‑ns - ¶ ‑ N‑mg- n‑ i - e - y‑ a- I - ä- m‑ \ - m‑ b - n‑ s‑Nd- n‑ b -
t‑Pm‑ À-Öp‑ w‑ d‑m^ - n‑ b - p‑ w‑ I‑rj - n‑ c - o‑ X - n‑ I - Ä N-«n‑ I - f - n‑ Â N-´b - n‑ Â \‑n¶ - p‑ w‑ s‑Im‑ ï - p‑ h - -
]T‑n¨ - v‑ ]-cn‑ N - b - n‑ ¨ - X - v‑. ¨‑n«- p‑ Å - a‑o\ - n‑ s - â ‑ A-hi - n‑ j - v‑S- h - p‑ w‑ . G-sd ‑
s‑sl ‑ s - S‑ I - v‑ t‑Pm‑ e - n‑ I - Ä D-t] ‑ £ - n‑ ¨ - p‑ \‑mÄ X-cn‑ i - n‑ «- n‑ c - p‑ ¶ - X - n‑ \ - m‑ Â‑, D-bÀ-¶p‑
{‑]I- r‑ X - n‑ I‑rj - n‑ b - n‑ t- e ‑ ¡ - n‑ d - §- n‑ b - G-Xm‑ - h-fÀ-¶n‑ c - p‑ ¶ - ]‑ps - Ã ‑ Ã - m‑ w‑ s‑h«- n‑ s - b ‑ m‑ X - p‑ -
\‑pw‑ s‑Nd - p‑ ¸ - ¡ - m‑ c - m‑ W - p‑ t‑Ic - f - ¯ - n‑ s - e ‑ ¡‑p¶ - X - n‑ \ - p‑ w‑ \‑ne - s - a ‑ m‑ c - p‑ ¡ - p‑ ¶ - X - n‑ \ - p‑ w‑
I‑rj - n‑ c - w‑ K - ¯ - v‑ C-t¸ ‑ m‑ Ä k-Po‑ h - a - m‑ b - n‑ a-äp‑ w‑ s‑Ne - h - p‑ I‑qS- p‑ X - e - m‑ b - n‑ c - p‑ ¶ - p‑ . I‑rj - n‑
C-Ss - ] ‑ «- p‑ s - I ‑ m‑ ï - n‑ c - n‑ ¡ - p‑ ¶ - X - v‑. C-Xv‑ C-hÀ- s‑N¿ - p‑ I - F-¶X - n‑ e - p‑ ] - c - n‑ ,‑ k‑z´ - w‑ P‑oh - n‑ -
¡‑v t‑Ih - e - a - m‑ b - s‑Xm‑ g- n‑ Â a‑m{- X ‑ a - Ã - ,‑ H-cp‑ X-ss ‑ i ‑ e - n‑ I - f - n‑ Â h-sc ‑ h‑n¹ - h - I - c - a - m‑ b -
k‑ma - q‑ l - y‑ t‑kh - \ - w‑ I‑qS- n‑ b - m‑ W - v‑. t‑Ic - - ]-co‑ £ - W - § - Ä \-S¯ - n‑ h‑nP - b - n‑ ¡ - m‑ ³
f‑w \-ãs - ¸ ‑ S- p‑ ¯ - n‑ s - ¡ ‑ m‑ ï - n‑ c - n‑ ¡ - p‑ ¶ - I‑r- C-hÀ-¡m‑ h - p‑ ¶ - p‑ F-¶p‑ Å - n‑ S- ¯ - m‑ W - v‑ C‑u
j‑nb - n‑ S- § - f - p‑ w‑ \‑oÀ-¯S- § - f - p‑ w‑ ]‑pg - b - p‑ w‑ s‑Nd - p‑ ¸ - ¡ - m‑ À t‑hd - n‑ «- p‑ \‑nÂ-¡p‑ ¶ - X - v‑. I‑p-

••d‑m-^‑n-b‑p‑w t‑P‑mÀ-Ö‑p‑w h-f‑m-t‑©-c‑n-b‑n-s‑e I‑r-j‑n-b‑n-S-¯‑nÂ

s‑dt- b ‑ s - d ‑ hÀ-j§ - f - m‑ b - n‑ b‑ms - X ‑ m‑ c - p‑ - h-en‑ s - ¨ ‑ d - n‑ ª - p‑ ]‑mS- ¯ - n‑ d - § - n‑ b - t‑Pm‑ À- a‑n-S‑p-¡‑v I‑m-W‑n-¨‑p. k‑z-X-t‑h A-e-k-c‑m-b
h‑n[ - a-cp‑ ¶ - p‑ I - f - p‑ w‑ D-]t- b ‑ m‑ K - n‑ ¡ - m‑ s - X ‑ ,‑ Ö‑ns - \ ‑ b - p‑ w‑ d‑m^ - n‑ s - b ‑ b - p‑ w‑ t‑]m‑ e - p‑ Å - b‑p- \-½Ä A-bÂ-k‑w-Ø‑m-\-¡‑m-c³ X-c‑p-¶
I‑qS- p‑ X - e - p‑ w‑ t‑hh - n‑ ¡ - m‑ ¯ - `-£W - w‑ I-gn‑ - h‑m¡ - Ä t‑Ic - f - ¯ - n‑ s - â ‑ A-`n‑ a - m‑ \ - a - m‑ W - v‑. h‑n-j-e‑n-]‑v-X-a‑m-b `-£-W-k‑m-[-\-§Ä
¨‑v,‑ I‑qS- p‑ X - Â ]-g§ - Ä I-gn‑ ¨ - v‑, {‑]I - r‑ X - n‑ - A-hc - p‑ s - S‑ D-Zm‑ ¯ - a - m‑ b - a‑mX - r‑ I - k‑zo‑ I - - h‑m-§‑n I-g‑n-¡‑p-h‑m³ \‑nÀ-_-Ô‑n-X-c‑m-b-
b‑pa - m‑ b - n‑ C-W§ - p‑ ¶ - s‑sP ‑ h - n‑ X - s - s ‑ i ‑ e - n‑ - c‑n¨
- v‑ C-t¸ ‑ m‑ Ä C‑u t‑aJ - e - b - n‑ t- e ‑ ¡ - v‑ \‑nc - - t‑X‑m-s‑S a‑m-d‑m-t‑c‑m-K-§-f‑p-s‑S A-S‑n-a-I-f‑p-a‑m-
b‑ne - q‑ s - S‑ i-co‑ c - s- ¯ ‑ b - p‑ w‑ a-\Ê - n‑ s - \ ‑ b - p‑ w‑ h-[n‑ s‑Nd - p‑ ¸ - ¡ - m‑ À I-S¶ - p‑ h - ¶ - p‑ s - I ‑ m‑ ï - n‑ - b‑n. t‑c‑m-K‑n-IÄ A-[‑n-I-c‑n-¨-t‑¸‑mÄ B-i‑p-
\‑nX - y‑ b - u ‑ Æ - \- ¯ - n‑ e - m‑ ¡ - p‑ ¶ - p‑ C-hÀ. c‑n¡- p‑ I - b - m‑ W - v‑. D-bÀ-¶ i-¼f - w‑ ]-äp‑ ¶ - ]-{‑X‑n h‑y-h-k‑m-b‑w C-h‑n-s‑S i-à‑n-s‑¸-«‑p
C‑ub - n‑ s - S‑ t‑Pm‑ À-Ön‑ s - \‑ `‑qa - m‑ ^ - n‑ b - b - p‑ - s‑F.S‑n. c‑wK - ¯ - v‑ t‑Pm‑ e - n‑ b - p‑ Å - ]-ec - p‑ w‑ F-¶-X-Ã‑m-s‑X \-½-f-X‑n-s‑â I‑m-c-W‑w
s‑S G-Xm‑ \ - p‑ w‑ K‑pï - I - Ä h-¶p‑ B-{I ‑ a- n‑ ¨ - p‑ I‑rj - n‑ t- b ‑ b - p‑ w‑ I‑qs - S‑ s‑Im‑ ï - p‑ t- ] ‑ m‑ I - m‑ ³ F-s‑´-¶‑v I-s‑ï-¯‑m³ {‑i-a‑n-¨-X‑p-a‑n-Ã.
]-cn‑ t- ¡ ‑ Â-¸n‑ ¨ - n‑ c - p‑ ¶ - p‑ . I‑rj - n‑ t- b ‑ m‑ S- v‑ X‑m- X-¿m‑ d - m‑ b - n‑ a‑pt- ¶ ‑ m‑ «- p‑ h - c - p‑ ¶ - {‑]h - W - X - C-h‑n-s‑S-b‑m-W‑v t‑P‑mÀ-Ö‑n-s‑â-b‑p‑w d‑m-^‑n-
e‑v]
- c - y‑ w‑ t‑Xm‑ ¶ - n‑ ,‑ H-cm‑ Ä-¡p‑ w‑ b‑ms - X ‑ m‑ c - p‑ - A-[n‑ I - c - n‑ ¡ - p‑ ¶ - X - v‑ t‑Ic - f- w‑ I‑mÀ-jn‑ I - c‑w- b‑p-s‑S-b‑p‑w I‑q-«-c‑p-s‑S-b‑p‑w {‑]-k-à‑n. C-hÀ
X-c¯ - n‑ e - p‑ w‑ D-]{- Z‑ h - w‑ C-Ãm‑ s - X ‑ X‑nI - ¨ - p‑ w‑ K-¯v‑ A-Xn‑ s - â ‑ k‑zX - z‑ w‑ h‑os - ï ‑ S- p‑ ¡ - m‑ ³ t‑I-c-f-P-\-X F-¯‑n-s‑¸-«‑n-«‑p-Å Z‑p-c-h-Ø-
{‑]I - r‑ X - n‑ Z- ¯ - a - m‑ b - c‑oX - n‑ b - n‑ Â I‑rj - n‑ b - n‑ - X-¿m‑ d - m‑ I - p‑ ¶ - p‑ F-¶X - n‑ s - â ‑ s‑Xf - n‑ h - m‑ W - v‑. b‑v-¡‑v ]-c‑n-l‑m-c‑w I‑m-W‑p-I F-¶ e-£‑y‑w
d-¡n‑ b - t‑Pm‑ À-Öv‑ DÄ-s¸ ‑ s - S‑ b - p‑ Å - h - s - c ‑ D-ev‑] - m‑ Z- \ - c‑wK - ¯ - v‑ X‑os - c ‑ ]‑pd- I - n‑ e - m‑ b - a‑p³-\‑nÀ-¯‑n ]-e-I‑m-c‑y-§-f‑p‑w A-t‑\‑z-
aÀ-±n‑ ¡ - m‑ ³ {‑ia - n‑ ¨ - h - À t‑Ic - f- ¯ - n‑ s - e ‑ k‑wØ - m‑ \ - w‑ ,‑ A-Xn‑ s - â ‑ `‑qa - n‑ i - m‑ k - v‑{- X ‑ ] - - j‑n-¨‑p a-\-Ê‑n-e‑m-¡‑p-I-b‑p‑w‑, I‑r-j‑n-b-Ã‑m-
IÀ-jI - s - c ‑ C-Ãm‑ X - m‑ ¡ - m‑ ³ ]-²X - n‑ b - n‑ «- n‑ - c-am‑ b - {‑]t- X ‑ y‑ I - X - I - Ä-sI ‑ m‑ ï - p‑ w‑ I‑mÀ- s‑X a-ä‑p t‑a‑m-N-\-a‑mÀ-¤-a‑n-s‑Ã-¶‑p k‑z-b‑w
c‑n¡- p‑ I - b - m‑ W - v‑. I‑rj - n‑ D-t] ‑ £ - n‑ ¨ - p‑ t‑]m‑ - j‑nI - m‑ \ - p‑ I - q‑ e - a - m‑ b - k-hn‑ t- i ‑ j - X - I - Ä t‑_‑m-[‑y-s‑¸-S‑p-I-b‑p‑w sNbvXhcmWv. c‑m-
k-h-f-§-t‑f‑m I‑o-S-\‑m-i‑n-\‑n-I-t‑f‑m A-e‑v-
]‑w t‑]‑m-e‑p‑w D-]-t‑b‑m-K‑n-¡‑m-s‑X \‑m-S³
]-i‑p-h‑n-s‑â N‑m-W-I-h‑p‑w a‑q-{‑X-h‑p‑w a‑m-{‑X‑w
D-]-t‑b‑m-K‑n-¨‑v k‑p-`‑m-j‑v ]-t‑e-¡À B-h‑n-
j‑v-I-c‑n-¨ {‑]-I‑r-X‑n-I‑r-j‑n-b‑m-W‑v C-hÀ
A-\‑p-hÀ-¯‑n-¡‑p-¶-X‑v. k‑o-t‑d‑m _-P-ä‑v
F-¶‑m-W‑p ]-d-b‑p-I-s‑b-¦‑n-e‑p‑w t‑I-c-f-
¯‑n-s‑e k‑m-l-N-c‑y-§Ä h-¨‑v C-X‑n-\‑v
A-\‑p-I‑q-e-a‑m-b I‑m-e‑m-h-Ø-b‑p‑w
P-e-e-`‑y-X-b‑p‑w t‑I-c-f-s‑¯-t‑¸‑m-
s‑e a-s‑ä‑m-c‑p k‑w-Ø‑m-\-¯‑p‑w
C-Ã-X-s‑¶. ]t£, \-a‑p-¡‑v I‑r-j‑n
s‑N-¿‑m-\‑p-Å a-\-Ê‑p-a‑m-{‑X‑w
C-Ã‑m-X‑m-b‑n.
H-c‑p-h‑n-[‑w s‑N-e-h‑p-ï‑v. \‑m-e‑p-s‑I‑m-Ã‑w
a‑p³-]‑v C-hÀ I‑r-j‑n-b‑n-t‑e-¡‑n-d-§‑n-b-
t‑¸‑mÄ X‑n-I-¨‑p‑w {‑]-X‑n-I‑q-e-a‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑p
••t‑Pm‑ À-Öp‑ w‑ d‑m^
- n‑ b
- p‑ w‑ \‑mS- ³-]i
- p‑ h
- n‑ t- \
‑ m‑ s
- S‑ m‑ ¸
- w‑ Photo/Koodu Magazine B-f‑p-I-f‑p-s‑S {‑]-X‑n-I-c-W‑w. A-X‑p h-I-h-
b‑v-¡‑m-s‑X a‑p-t‑¶‑m-«‑p-t‑]‑m-b-X‑n-s‑â t‑\-«-a‑m-
W‑v C-t‑¸‑mÄ t‑I-c-f-¯‑n-s‑e I‑mÀ-j‑n-I-c‑w-
b‑ns - Ã ‑ ¦ - n‑ Â ]-¨¡ - v‑ I-¯n‑ ¡ - p‑ w‑ F-¶v‑ s‑Im‑ ï - p‑ w‑ A-\p‑ K - r‑ l - o‑ X - b - m‑ W - v‑. A-\p‑ I - q‑ - K-s‑¯ C‑u A-\‑p-I‑q-e k-a‑o-]-\‑w. I‑r-j‑n
`‑oj- W - n‑ a‑pg - ¡ - p‑ I - I - q‑ S- n‑ b - m‑ W - v‑ A-hÀ e-am‑ b - I‑me - m‑ h - Ø - b
- p‑ w‑ P-ee - ` - y‑ X - b - p‑ w‑ F-¶-X‑v A-´-Ê‑p‑w A-`‑n-a‑m-\-h‑p‑w D-Å
s‑Nb - v‑X - n‑ c - n‑ ¡ - p‑ ¶ - X - v‑. C-Xn‑ s - \‑ X - n‑ s - c ‑ t‑I- t‑Ic - f - s - ¯‑ t- ¸ ‑ m‑ s - e ‑ a-sä ‑ m‑ c- p‑ k‑wØ - m‑ \ - - H-c‑p s‑X‑m-g‑nÂ X-s‑¶-b‑m-s‑W-¶‑p‑w a‑m-\‑y-
c-fP - \ - X - P‑m{- K ‑ X - ]‑me - n‑ t- ¨ ‑ a-Xn‑ b - m‑ I - q‑ . ¯‑pw‑ C-ÃX - s - ¶‑ . ]t£, \-ap‑ ¡ - v‑ I‑rj - n‑ a‑m-b‑n P‑o-h‑n-¡‑m³ I‑r-j‑n-b‑nÂ \‑n-¶‑p‑w
c‑mk - h - n‑ j - w‑ I-eÀ-¶ `-£W - w‑ \‑nc - - s‑N¿ - m‑ \ - p‑ Å- a-\Ê - p‑ a - m‑ {- X
‑ w‑ C-Ãm‑ X - m‑ b - n‑ . I‑n-«‑p-¶ h-c‑p-a‑m-\‑w aXnbmIpsa¶pw
´-cw‑ I-gn‑ ¨ - p‑ s - I ‑ m‑ ï - n‑ c - n‑ ¡ - p‑ ¶ - t‑Ic - f - P - - C‑u a-t\ ‑ m‑ `- m‑ h - w‑ \-s½- s‑Im‑ ï - p‑ s - N ‑ s - ¶ ‑ - C-hÀ t‑I-c-f-¯‑n-s‑e s‑N-d‑p-¸-¡‑m-c‑m-b
\-X a‑mc - I - a - m‑ b - ]-eh - n‑ [ - t‑cm‑ K - § - f - m‑ e - p‑ w‑ ¯‑n¨ - X - v‑ D-]t- ` ‑ m‑ K - k‑wk - v‑I - m‑ c - ¯- n‑ s - â ‑ B-f‑p-I-t‑f‑m-S‑v A-`‑n-a‑m-\-]‑p-c-Ê-c‑w h‑n-f‑n-
I-ãs - ¸ ‑ S- p‑ I - b - m‑ W - v‑. \‑ne - h - n‑ Â I‑rj - n‑ ¡ - v‑ h-en‑ s - b ‑ m‑ c - p‑ N-Xn‑ ¡ - p‑ g- n‑ b - n‑ e- m‑ W - v‑. C-hn‑ s - S‑ ¨‑p ]-d-b‑p-¶‑p. I‑r-j‑n \-j‑v-S-a‑m-s‑W-¶‑p‑w
A-\p‑ t- b ‑ m‑ P - y‑ a- m‑ b - G-¡À I-W¡ - n‑ \ - v‑ ]‑mS- - \-mw F-´p‑ I - n‑ «- n‑ b
- m‑ e - p‑ w‑ X‑n¶ - p‑ ¶ - ,‑ F-´p‑ - t‑I-c-f-¯‑n-e‑n-\‑n s‑\Â-I‑r-j‑n s‑I‑m-ï‑v
§-fp‑ w‑ I‑rj - n‑ b - n‑ S- § - f - p‑ w‑ X-cn‑ i - m‑ b - n‑ C-«v‑ I‑n«- n‑ b - m‑ e - p‑ w‑ h‑m§ - n‑ ¡ - q‑ «- p‑ ¶ - H-cp‑ X - c - w‑ P‑o-h‑n-¡‑m³ I-g‑n-b‑n-s‑Ã-¶‑p‑w {‑]-N‑m-c-W‑w
A-Xp‑ I‑rj - n‑ b - v‑¡ - p‑ X‑os - c ‑ A-\p‑ t- b ‑ m‑ P - y‑ - {‑]t- X ‑ ‑y-I P‑o-h‑n-hÀ-¤-a‑m-b‑n a‑m-d‑n. \-½‑p-s‑S \-S-¯‑p-¶-hÀ-¡‑p-Å a-d‑p-]-S‑n C-h-c‑m-W‑v.
a-sÃ ‑ ¶ - v‑ h-cp‑ ¯ - n‑ X - o‑ À-¯v‑ A-¯c - w‑ C-S- h‑o-«‑n-t‑e-¡‑m-h-i‑y-a‑p-Å ]-¨-¡-d‑n-I-s‑f- C-X‑v ]‑p-k‑v-X-I-¯‑n-e‑p-d-§‑p-¶ X‑n-b-d‑n-
§Ä t‑¹m‑ «- p‑ I - f - m‑ ¡ - n‑ h³-hn‑ e - b - v‑¡ - p‑ h‑n- ¦‑n-e‑p‑w k‑z-´‑w h‑o-«‑p-a‑p-ä-t‑¯‑m N-«‑n-I-f‑n- b-Ã a-d‑n-¨‑v, ]-c‑o-£‑n-¨‑p h‑n-P-b‑n-¨ h‑n-¹-
e‑v]
- \ - \-S¯ - n‑ t‑Im‑ ¬-{I ‑ o‑ ä - v‑ s‑I«- n‑ S- § - Ä t‑e‑m D-ï‑m-¡‑n-s‑b-S‑p-¡‑m³ \-½-f‑n-\‑n-b‑p‑w h-a‑m-W‑v, h-b-e‑n-s‑e h‑n-¹-h‑w.
]-Wn‑ X - p‑ b - À-¯p‑ h - m‑ ³ H-¯m‑ i - s‑N¿ - p‑ ¶ - s‑s‑h-I‑n-¡‑q-S‑m. t‑P‑mÀ-Ö‑p‑w d‑m-^‑n-b‑p‑w I‑q-«‑p-I‑m-c‑p‑w
`qa‑m^ - n‑ b - I - Ä ]‑mh - s - ¸ ‑ «- IÀ-jI - s - â ‑ ]T-\‑w I-g‑n-ª‑p ]‑p-d-¯‑n-d-§‑p-¶ A-X‑p-s‑I‑m-ï‑p-X-s‑¶ a-e-b‑m-f-¯‑n-
P‑oh - \ - p‑ t‑\s - c ‑ D-bÀ-¯p‑ ¶ - s‑hÃ - p‑ h - n‑ f - n‑ \-½Ä s‑X‑m-g‑nÂ t‑X-S‑n h‑n-t‑Z-i-t‑¯- \‑p {‑]‑n-b-¦-c-c‑m-W‑v. A-hÀ s‑N-¿‑p-¶
\‑nÊ - m‑ c - a - m‑ b - n‑ I‑mW - m‑ ³ I-gn‑ b - p‑ I - b - n‑ Ã - . ¡‑v ]-d-¡‑p-¶-h-c‑p‑w s‑s‑I-\‑n-d-s‑b ]-W‑w a‑m-X‑r-I‑m-]-c-a‑m-b {‑]-hÀ-¯-\-§-s‑f
s‑Xm‑ g - n‑ e - n‑ Ã - m‑ b - v‑a - b - p‑ s - S‑ Z‑pc - n‑ X - a - \ - p‑ ` - h - n‑ - k-¼‑m-Z‑n-¡‑p-¶-h-c‑p-a‑m-b-t‑¸‑mÄ B A-\‑p- a-e-b‑m-f‑n-I-f‑m-b \‑m‑w t‑{‑]‑m-Õ‑m-l‑n-¸‑n-
¡‑p¶ - t‑Ic - f - ¯ - n‑ s - e‑ s‑Nd - p‑ ¸ - ¡ - m‑ s - c ‑ I‑q-e k‑m-l-N-c‑y-s‑¯ {‑]-t‑b‑m-P-\-s‑¸-S‑p- t‑¡-ï-X‑p-ï‑v; A-h-s‑c \‑n-e-\‑nÀ-t‑¯-
I‑rj - n‑ b - n‑ t- e ‑ ¡ - v‑ B-Ir‑ ã - c - m‑ ¡ - p‑ I - F-¶ ¯‑m³ A-\‑y-k‑w-Ø‑m-\-¡‑mÀ {‑i-a‑n-¨‑p. ï-X‑p‑w k‑w-c-£‑n-t‑¡-ï-X‑p‑w \-½‑p-s‑S
a-l¯ - m‑ b - D-t±‑ i - y- t‑¯m‑ s - S‑ X-§f - p‑ s - S‑ \-½-s‑f X‑o-ä‑n-t‑¸‑m-ä‑m-\‑p‑w t‑I-c-f-s‑¯ H‑m-t‑c‑m-c‑p-¯-c‑p-s‑S-b‑p‑w D-¯-c-h‑m-Z‑n-¯‑w
D-bÀ-¶ i-¼f - w‑ I‑n«- p‑ ¶ - t‑Pm‑ e - n‑ t- ] ‑ m‑ e - p‑ w‑ \-s‑Ã‑m-c‑p N-´-b‑m-b‑n I‑m-W‑m-\‑p‑w A-hÀ I‑q-S‑n-b‑m-W‑v.

teJ\w
ap¯Ènamhnsâ
AßIY
Ip-ªn-cm-a³ ]n.
R
\‑me - m‑ Ä H-¯p‑ ]‑nS- n‑ ¨
§
- f
a‑p¯ - È
- p‑ s - S‑
- n‑ a‑mh
h‑o«- p‑ ]
- p‑ ï‑mb
- m‑ Â ]‑nS- n‑ s
- d - ¼ - n‑ s
- n‑ c
- e
- p‑ ¶
‑ m‑ c
- p‑ .
- b
- p‑
‑ -
¯‑m¯ - X-Sn‑ b - p‑ w‑ \‑nd - s - b ‑ i‑mJ - I - f - p‑ -
a‑mb - n‑ ]-d¼ - n‑ \ - m‑ s - I ‑ ]-¨¡ - p‑ S- N‑qS- n‑
\‑n¶ - n‑ c - p‑ ¶ - H-cp‑ t‑X³-am‑ h - v‑. a‑p¯ - È - n‑ -
s‑¡{- X ‑ {‑]m‑ b - a - m‑ s - b ‑ ¶ - I‑mc - y‑ ¯ - n‑ Â
BÀ-¡p‑ w‑ H-cp‑ ]‑nS- n‑ b - p‑ a - n‑ Ã - . {‑]m‑ b - w‑
F¬-]X - v‑ ]‑n¶ - n‑ «- A-Ñm‑ Ñ - ³ ]‑n¨ - -
h-¨p‑ \-S¶ - X - v‑ C-tX ‑ a‑mh - n‑ ³ N‑ph - «- n‑ e - m‑ - a‑p¶
- n‑ Â a‑mh - p‑ a‑p¯ - È - n‑ b - m‑ b - n‑ -
W-s{‑ X ‑ .A-Ñm‑ Ñ - s - â ‑ A-Ñ\ - p‑ w‑ X-ss ‑ Y ‑ h - !‑ c‑p¶- p‑ F-sâ ‑ X‑pd - p‑ ¸- v‑ i‑o«- v‑.
I‑pc - p‑ a - p‑ f - I - v‑ h-Ån‑ I - f - m‑ W - v‑ a‑p¯ - È - n‑ b - p‑ s - S‑ I-¯n‑ b - m‑ f - p‑ ¶ - t‑h\ - Â-¡m‑ e -
D-Sp‑ ] - p‑ S- h - ,‑ s‑]m‑ t- d‑ m‑ «- n‑ I - f - m‑ W - v‑ t‑aÂ-ap‑ ï - v‑. \-«p‑ ¨ - b - v‑¡ - p‑ w‑ s‑hb - n‑ e - n‑ s
- â ‑ H-cp‑
\‑nd - s - b ‑ ]‑q¯ - p‑ e - ª - C-¯n‑ f - p‑ I - f - m‑ W - v‑ I‑pª - p‑ a‑p«- t- ] ‑ m‑ e - p‑ w‑ a‑p¯ - È - n‑ -
I‑mX - n‑ s - e ‑ t‑Xm‑ S- I - Ä. D-¨n‑ b - n‑ Â I‑qS- p‑ I - q‑ «- m‑ - b‑ps - S‑ ]-¨n‑ e - s - s‑ ¡‑ h - n‑ c- e - p‑ I- Ä-
s‑\¯ - p‑ ¶ - I‑m¡ - I - f - p‑ w‑ ]-¨n‑ e - ¨ - m‑ À-¯n‑ Â ¡‑nS- b - n‑ e
- q‑ s - S‑ t‑Nm‑ À-¶v‑ N‑ph - «- n‑ Â
H-fn‑ ª - n‑ c - p‑ ¶ - v‑ c‑mK - h - n‑ k - v‑X - m‑ c - w‑ X‑oÀ-¡p‑ ¶ - F-¯n‑ b - n‑ c - p‑ ¶ - n‑ Ã- . a‑m© - p‑ h - «- n‑ s - e
‑
I‑nf - n‑ s - s ‑ ¸ ‑ X - § - f - p‑ w‑ C-¡n‑ f - n‑ b - n‑ t- «‑ m‑ S- n‑ ¡ - f - n‑ - k‑pJ - a- n‑ b - e - p‑ w‑ X-We - n‑ Â D‑uª - m‑ -
¡‑p¶ - A-®m‑ d - ¡ - ® - ³-am‑ c - p‑ w‑ t‑Nm‑ c - I - p‑ - e‑n«- p‑ w‑ a-¨n‑ § - hï‑nt- b ‑ m‑ «- n‑ ¨ - p‑ w‑ H‑m-
S‑nb
- ³ H‑m´ - p‑ I - f - p‑ w‑ I-cn‑ b - n‑ e - I - f - n‑ Â ]-cX - n‑
\-S¡ - p‑ ¶ - A-cW - I - f - p‑ w‑ N‑ph - «- n‑ Â G-dm‑ f - n‑ A-®m-\pw h-Æm-epw ]m-Xn
s‑I«- m‑ s - \ ‑ ¯ - p‑ ¶ - ]‑nt- Å ‑ c - p‑ w‑ H-s¡ ‑ t‑NÀ- Xn-¶p-t]-£n-¨ am-§-IÄ
¶‑mÂ a‑p¯ - È - n‑ b - p‑ s - S‑ C-½n‑ W - n‑ _-ey‑ I‑p-
S‑pw‑ _ - a - m‑ b - n‑ . \-Ã I‑me - ¯ - v‑ I‑pª - p‑ I - p‑ «- n‑
A-§n-§v ho-Wp I-ïp Xp-S-§n-
]-cn‑ h - m‑ c - § - f - p‑ a - m‑ b - n‑ h‑nc - p‑ ¶ - p‑ ]‑mÀ-¡m‑ s - \ ‑ - bmÂ am-¼-g-¡m-e-¯n-\n-\n G-sd
¯‑p¶ - H-cp‑ ] - m‑ S- v‑ _-Ôp‑ ¡ - Ä a‑p¯ - È - n‑ ¡ - v‑ \mÄ Im-¯n-cn-t¡-ïn-h-cn-sÃ-¶v
t‑hs - d ‑ b - p‑ a - p‑ ï - v‑. X-Wt- e ‑ I - n‑ ,‑ I‑pf - n‑ t- c ‑ I - n‑ ,‑ D-d-¸n-¡mw. «‑ns
- e ‑ ¯ - p‑ w‑ . I-cn‑ b - n‑ e - I - Ä s‑]d - p‑ ¡ - n‑ ¡ - q‑ «- n‑
B-it- b ‑ I - n‑ ,‑ B-{i ‑ b - t- a ‑ I - n‑ ,‑ A-`b - t- a ‑ I - n‑ ,‑ I-¯n‑ ¨ - v‑ X‑oI - m‑ b - e - m‑ W - v‑ A-Sp‑ ¯ - ]-cn‑ -
I-\n‑ I - f - q‑ «- n‑ ,‑ I-Y ]-dª - v‑, I-fn‑ ]-dª - v‑ ]‑mS- n‑ . h‑rÝ - n‑ I - ¡ - p‑ f - n‑ c - n‑ Â N‑qS- n‑ s - â ‑ ]-¦p‑
a‑p¯ - È - n‑ A-Ãe - n‑ Ã - m‑ s - X ‑ I-gn‑ ª - p‑ h-¶p‑ . e-aS- Â ]-ip‑ ¡ - s - f‑ t‑ab - v‑¨- p‑ w‑ A-Ñ\ - ½ - a - m‑ - ]-äp‑ h - m‑ \ - m‑ b - n‑ I‑q«- p‑ I - m‑ c - p‑ w‑ ]‑q¨ - b - p‑ w‑ ]-«n‑ b - p‑ -
A-Sp‑ ¯ - h‑o«- p‑ ] - d- ¼ - p‑ I - f - n‑ Â F-¼m‑ S- p‑ w‑ c‑mb- n‑ \‑mS- I - a- m‑ S- n‑ b- p‑ w‑ I-ªn‑ b - p‑ w‑ I-dn‑ b - p‑ w‑ s‑am‑ s - ¡ ‑ l‑mP - c - p‑ ï‑mI - p‑ w‑ . X‑o] - p‑ I - b - p‑ s - S‑
]-eX - c - w‑ a‑mh - p‑ I - f - p‑ ï‑mb - n‑ c - p‑ ¶ - p‑ F-¦n‑ - h
‑ ¨- p‑ w‑ I-®m‑ c - w‑ s‑]m‑ ¯ - n‑ ¡ - f - n‑ ¨
- p‑ w‑ X-½n‑ - I‑mc - W - a - t- \ ‑ z‑ j - n‑ ¡ - m‑ s - \ ‑ ¶ - h-®w‑ I‑m¡ - -
e‑pw‑ A-hs - b ‑ m‑ ¶ - p‑ w‑ a‑mh - p‑ a‑p¯ - È - n‑ b - p‑ s - S‑ e-Sn‑ ¨ - p‑ w‑ K‑pk - v‑X - n‑ ]‑nS- n‑ ¨ - p‑ w‑ ]‑nW - § - n‑ b - p‑ w‑ ¨‑nI - Ä a‑mh - n‑ ³s‑Im‑ ¼ - n‑ Â ]-d¶ - n‑ c - p‑ ¶- p‑ .
G-gb - e - ¯ - p‑ t- ] ‑ m‑ e - p‑ w‑ h-cn‑ Ã - m‑ b - n‑ c - p‑ ¶ - p‑ . C-W§ - n‑ b - p‑ w‑ I-gn‑ s - ª‑ m‑ c
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h-en‑ ¸ - ¯ - n‑ e - p‑ w‑ a‑m§ - b - p‑ s - S‑ F-®¯ - n‑ - k‑pJ - a - p‑ s
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«‑ne- p‑ w‑ t‑a\ - n‑ \-Sn‑ ¨ - n‑ c - p‑ ¶ - I‑q«- p‑ I - m‑ c - p‑ s - S‑ I-¿n‑ e - n‑ ¯ - n‑ c - n‑ D-an‑ ¡ - c - n‑ b- p‑ a - m‑ b- n‑ a‑m© - p‑ h - - W‑w. a-Zn‑ ¸ - n‑ ¡ - p‑ ¶ - k‑pK - Ô - t- ¯ ‑ m‑ s - S‑ m‑ ¸ - w‑

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¸-¯n‑ Â D-®n‑ a - m‑ § - I - Ä h‑nc - n‑ ª - p‑ h - c - p‑ w‑ . b‑mW - v‑ s‑]m‑ ¡ - s - â ‑ I‑qe - n‑ . I‑pe - I - f- m‑ b- n‑
h‑nh - c - a - d - n‑ b - n‑ ¡ - m‑ s - \ ‑ ¶ - h-®w‑ G-Xm‑ \ - p‑ w‑ a‑mh
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t‑Km‑ e - n‑ b - p‑ s - S‑ b - p‑ w‑ h-en‑ ¸ - ¯ - n‑ Â B-Ir‑ - `-cW - n‑ I - f - n‑ Â D-¸n‑ e - n‑ «- p‑ h ‑- ¡ - p‑ w‑ . h-cm‑ ³
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¡-®p‑ a - m‑ b - n‑ D-®n‑ a - m‑ § - I - Ä s‑Im‑ g- n‑ ª - p‑
h‑og - p‑ w‑ . s‑Im‑ X - n‑ ¸ - n‑ ¡ - p‑ ¶ - N‑p\ - a - W - h - p‑ w‑ a‑m-§-IÄ I-g‑p-I‑n h‑r-¯‑n-b‑m-¡‑n
N-hÀ-¸p‑ w‑ ]‑pf - n‑ b - p‑ w‑ t‑NÀ-¶ D-®n‑ a - m‑ § - - s‑h-b‑n-e-¯‑m-ä‑n h-e‑n-b `-c-W‑n-I-
IÄ D-¸p‑ w‑ I‑q«- n‑ ¨ - h - ¨ - p‑ X‑n¶ - p‑ t- ¼ ‑ m‑ Ä
I-®p‑ I - Ä N‑n½ - n‑ a‑pJ - s - a ‑ m‑ c - p‑ h-it- ¯ ‑ ¡ - v‑
f‑nÂ D-¸‑n-e‑n-«‑p-‑h-¡‑p‑w. h-c‑m³
h-{I ‑ n‑ ¨ - p‑ h-cp‑ w‑ . D-®n‑ a - m‑ § - I - Ä k‑v¡ - q‑ - t‑]‑m-I‑p-¶ a-g-¡‑m-e-t‑¯-¡‑p‑w
f‑nÂ s‑Im‑ ï - p‑ t- ] ‑ m‑ b - n‑ R-§Ä ]‑pX - n‑ b - s‑I‑m-b‑v-¯‑p-I‑m-e-t‑¯-¡‑p-a‑p-Å
N-§m‑ ¯ - § - Ä D-ïm‑ ¡ - p‑ w‑ . s‑hÅ - n‑ b - m‑ - I-c‑p-X-e‑m-W‑n-X‑v.
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- D-¨ t‑\c - s - ¯ ‑ \‑oï - C-St- h ‑ f - b - n‑ Â
I‑q«- p‑ I - m‑ c - p‑ s - a ‑ m‑ s - ¯ ‑ m‑ c - p‑ k-µÀ-i\ - a - p‑ ï - v‑.
a‑m© - p‑ h - «- n‑ Â C-Xv‑ a‑p³-Iq‑ «- n‑ I-ïn‑ s - «‑ ¶ - t‑¯¡ - p‑ w‑ s‑Im‑ b - v‑¯ - p‑ I - m‑ e - t- ¯ ‑ ¡ - p‑ a - p‑ Å -
h-®w‑ ,‑ ]-Xn‑ h - n‑ e - p‑ w‑ I‑qS- p‑ X - Â D-®n‑ a - m‑ § - - I-cp‑ X - e - m‑ W - n‑ X- v‑. s‑]m‑ ¡ - ³ s‑Im‑ ï - p‑ t- ] ‑ m‑ b -
IÄ h‑oW - p‑ I‑nS- ¸ - p‑ ï - m‑ h - p‑ w‑ . ]‑mX - n‑ a - m‑ § - H-tX ‑ t- \ ‑ «- s - â ‑ ]‑oS- n‑ I - h-gn‑
D-®n‑ a - m‑ § - I - Ä h-ep‑ X - m‑ h - p‑ ¶ - a‑pd - b - v‑- ]-e ]-e h‑oS- p‑ I - f - n‑ s - e ‑ D-¸p‑ a - m‑ § - `-cW - n‑ -
¡‑v i‑mJ - I - f - n‑ Â D‑uª - m‑ e - n‑ «- v‑ I‑og - v‑t- ] ‑ m‑ - I-fn‑ Â F-¯n‑ t- ¨ ‑ c - p‑ w‑ .
«‑p t‑\m‑ ¡ - n‑ B-Sn‑ ¯ - p‑ S- § - p‑ w‑ . a‑p¯ - È - n‑ b - - a‑m§ - b - n‑ s - «‑ m‑ c - p‑ s‑N½ - o‑ ³ I-dn‑ ,‑ a‑m§ - b - n‑ -
t‑¸m‑ Ä ]‑pX - p‑ s - ¸ ‑ ® - n‑ s - \ ‑ t‑]m‑ s - e ‑ \‑mW - w‑ «‑v t‑X§ - b - c- s - ¨ ‑ m‑ c - p‑ A-be - ¡ - d - n‑ ,‑ a‑m§ - -
I‑pW - p‑ § - n‑ b - m‑ b - n‑ a‑md - p‑ w‑ . A-Sp‑ s - ¯ ‑ m‑ c - p‑ b‑pw‑ t‑X§ - b - p‑ w‑ N‑ps - «‑ S- p‑ ¯ - D-W¡ - a‑pf - -
\‑mÄ a‑m§ - m‑ s - ¸ ‑ m‑ ¡ - \ - p‑ w‑ k-lm‑ b - n‑ b - p‑ w‑ I‑pw‑ t‑NÀ-¯c - s
- ¨ ‑ m‑ c - p‑ N-½´ - n‑ ,‑ a‑m§ - b - p‑ w‑
h-e s‑I«- n‑ b - s‑Im‑ ¡ - b - p‑ w‑ I‑q«- b - p‑ w‑ I-b- s‑hÅ - c - n‑ ¡ - b - p‑ w‑ t‑NÀ-s¯ ‑ m‑ c - p‑ ]‑pf - n‑ ¦ - d - n‑ ,‑
d‑ps- a ‑ m‑ s - ¡ ‑ b - m‑ b - n‑ h‑o«- n‑ s - e ‑ ¯ - p‑ w‑ . X-Sn‑ b - n‑ - a‑m§- b - n‑ s - «‑ m‑ c - p‑ A-hn‑ b - Â‑, I-Sp‑ I - p‑ w‑ a‑pf - -
e‑ms - I ‑ A-cn‑ ¨ - p‑ \-S¡ - p‑ ¶ - ]‑pf - n‑ b - p‑ d - p‑ ¼ - p‑ - I‑pw‑ A-c¨ - p‑ I‑q«- n‑ s - b ‑ m‑ c - p‑ I-Sp‑ a - m‑ §- m‑ ¡ - d- n‑ ,‑
IÄ s‑]m‑ ¡ - s - \ ‑ b - p‑ w‑ {‑]X - o‑ £ - n‑ ¨ - v‑ b‑p² - ]-eX - c - w‑ a‑m§ - m‑ A-¨m‑ d - p‑ I- Ä X‑pS- § - n‑
k-¶² - c - m‑ b - n‑ \‑nÂ-]p‑ ï - m‑ h - p‑ w‑ . D-dp‑ ¼ - p‑ I - - ]-ä - m‑ § - m‑ h‑n` - h- § - Ä s‑Im‑ ï - v‑ B-lm‑ -
s‑f h-Ih - b - v‑¡ - m‑ s - X ‑ s‑]m‑ ¡ - ³ D-Sp‑ ¼ - n‑ s - \ ‑ - c-th ‑ f - I - Ä k-¼¶ - a - m‑ I - p‑ w‑ . ]-ä - m‑ § -
am¼q Photo/Koodu Magazine

I-Sn‑ ¨ - p‑ X‑n¶ - m‑ Â ]-Ãp‑ ] - p‑ f - n‑ ¡ - p‑ w‑ . ]-Ãp‑ - N‑od - e - p‑ w‑ s‑Im‑ ï - v‑ a‑mh - p‑ w‑ ]-cn‑ k - c - h - p‑ w‑ a‑p- d‑n-¨‑p X-c‑p-t¼ ‑ m‑ Ä A-Xn‑ s - \‑ m‑ c
- p‑ a-[p‑ c - w‑
t‑X¡ - m‑ ³ X-s¶ ‑ ]‑ns - ¶ ‑ {‑]b - m‑ k - a - m‑ h - p‑ w‑ . J-cn‑ X - a - m‑ b - n‑ c - n‑ ¡ - p‑ w‑ . C-Sb - v‑¡ - n‑ s - S‑ a‑m§ - t‑hs - d‑ X-s¶ ‑ . A-½ a‑m§ - I-¿n‑ s - e
‑ S- p‑ -
t‑X§ - m‑ ¸ - q‑ f - p‑ I - Ä N-h¨ - p‑ X‑n¶ - p‑ I - b - m‑ W - v‑ h‑og - p‑ ¶ - i-_v‑Z- h - p‑ w‑ s‑Nh - n‑ b - n‑ s - e ‑ ¯ - p‑ w‑ . ¡‑pt- ¼ ‑ m‑ Ä X-s¶ ‑ I‑p«- n‑ I - Ä R-§Ä
]-Ãp‑ ] - p‑ f - n‑ ¸ - n‑ \ - v‑ {‑]X - n‑ h - n‑ [ - n‑ . t‑\c - w‑ ]-c] - c - m‑ s‑hf - p‑ ¡ - p‑ ¶ - X - n‑ \ - v‑ a‑pt- ¼ ‑ A-Sp‑ ¯ - p‑ I‑qS- p‑ w‑ ,‑ s‑R«- v‑ I-fª - v‑ s‑Xm‑ e- n‑
F-{X ‑ D-bc - ¯ - n‑ e - p‑ Å - a‑m§ - b - p‑ w‑ F-dn‑ - A-bÂ-¡m‑ c - p‑ w‑ I‑p«- n‑ I - f - p‑ w‑ a‑m© - p‑ h - «- n‑ s - e ‑ - I-fª - v‑ h-«n‑ ¸- q‑ Ä a‑pd- n‑ s
- ¨
‑ S- p‑ ¯
- v‑ c-ïm-bn‑
ª‑nS- m‑ ³ k-aÀ-°\ - m‑ b - n‑ c - p‑ ¶ - p‑ a-¨p‑ \ - ³ ¯‑pw‑ . s‑sh ‑ I - n‑ b - p‑ W
- À-¶v‑ I-®p‑ w‑ X‑nc - p‑ ½ - n‑ ]-Ip‑ ¯ - v‑ I-¿n‑ Â h-¨‑v I‑n-«‑p-t‑¼‑m-t‑g-¡‑p‑w
\‑mc - m‑ t- W ‑ «- ³‑, F-dn‑ b - m‑ \ - m‑ b - n‑ I-sÃ ‑ S- p‑ ¯ - p‑ a‑mt- © ‑ m‑ «- n‑ s - e ‑ ¯ - p‑ t- ¼ ‑ m‑ Ä I‑mW - p‑ I - , D-dp‑ - D-a‑n-\‑oÀ ]-e X-h-W s‑X‑mï-b‑n-d-§‑n-
I-gn‑ ª - m‑ Â h‑nÃ - p‑ I‑pe - ¨ - p‑ \‑nÂ-¡p‑ ¶ - ¼-cn‑ ¡ - p‑ ¶ - a‑m§ - m‑ s - ¯ ‑ m‑ e - n‑ ¯ - p‑ ï - p-IÄ t‑¸‑m-b‑n-«‑pï‑m-h‑p‑w. h-«‑n-¸‑q-f‑p-IÄ c-ï‑p‑w
AÀ-Öp‑ \ - \ - m‑ b - n‑ a‑md - p‑ w‑ \‑mc - m‑ t- W ‑ «- ³. a‑m{- X ‑ a - m‑ b - n‑ c- n‑ ¡ - p‑ w‑ . F-¶m‑ epw I-cn‑ b - n‑ e - - a-¡Ä-¡‑m-b‑n ]-I‑p-¯‑p \Â-I‑n _‑m-¡‑n
H-cp‑ X-hW - - F«³ F-dn‑ ª - I-Ãv‑ a‑m§ - I - - IÄ h‑oW - S- n‑ ª - t‑hc - p‑ I - Ä-¡n‑ S- b - n‑ t- e ‑ m‑ h-c‑p-¶ I-®‑m‑w-]‑q-f‑p‑w N-I‑n-c‑n-¸‑q-f‑p‑w a‑m-
s‑fb - p‑ w‑ I‑q«- n‑ X‑nc - n‑ s - I ‑ sb¯nbX‑v I‑rX - y‑ w‑ s‑Xm‑ «- m‑ h - m‑ S- n‑ ¸ - S- À-¸n‑ t- e ‑ m‑ ,‑ ]-gp‑ ¯ - p‑ X‑pS- p‑ - {‑X-a‑m-W‑v A-½ X‑n-¶‑p-I.
C‑ub - p‑ Å - h - s - â ‑ X-ea - ï-bn‑ e - m‑ b - n‑ c - p‑ ¶ - p‑ . s‑¯m‑ c - p‑ N-¡c - a‑m¼ - g - w‑ a‑p¯ - È - n‑ F-\n‑ - h‑n-j‑p-h‑n-¶-S‑p-¸‑n-¨‑v I‑m-ä‑n-s‑â A-I-¼-
X-e a‑pd - n‑ ª - v‑ H-cp‑ ] - m‑ S- v‑ t‑Nm‑ c - t‑]m‑ b - n‑ . ¡‑mb - n‑ H-fn‑ ¸ - n‑ ¨ - p‑ I-cp‑ X - n‑ h-¨n‑ «- p‑ ï‑mh - p‑ w‑ . S‑n-t‑b‑m-s‑S H-c‑p t‑h-\Â-a-g h-c‑p‑w. I‑m-
K‑rl - m‑ X - p‑ c - a - m‑ b - H-cp‑ a‑m¼ - g- ¡ - m‑ e - ¯ - n‑ s - â ‑ a‑m§ - I - Ä a‑q¯ - p‑ I-gn‑ ª - m‑ Â H-cn‑ ¡ - Â ä‑nÂ a‑m-§-I-f‑p‑w i‑m-J-I-f‑p-s‑a‑m-s‑¡
H‑mÀ-½ ]‑pX - p‑ ¡ - n‑ s - ¡ ‑ m‑ ï - v‑ D-¨n‑ b - n‑ s - e ‑ a‑p- I‑qS- n‑ a‑m§ - m‑ s‑]m‑ ¡ - s - â ‑ h-ch - p‑ ï - v‑. ]-dh - - \‑n-e‑w-]-ä‑p‑w. h‑o-W‑p £-X‑w h-¶ a‑m-§
d‑nh
- S- b - m‑ f - w‑ I‑qs - S‑ b - p‑ ï - v‑.
A-®m‑ \ - p‑ w‑ h-Æm‑ e - p‑ w‑ ]‑mX - n‑ X‑n¶ - p‑ -
t‑]£ - n‑ ¨ - a‑m§ - I - Ä A-§n‑ § - v‑ h‑oW - p‑
I-ïp‑ X‑pS- § - n‑ b - m‑ Â a‑m¼ - g - ¡ - m‑ e - ¯ - n‑ -
\‑n\ - n‑ G-sd ‑ \‑mÄ I‑m¯ - n‑ c - n‑ t- ¡ ‑ ï - n‑- h - -
c‑ns- Ã ‑ ¶ - v‑ D-d¸ - n‑ ¡ - m‑ w‑ . a‑m§ - I - Ä ]-gp‑ ¯ - p‑
X‑pS- § - n‑ b - m‑ Â a‑mh - n‑ ³ s‑Im‑ ¼ - n‑ Â I‑nf - n‑ I - -
f‑pw‑ N‑ph - «- n‑ Â I‑nS- m‑ § - f - p‑ w‑ H-gn‑ b - p‑ ¶ - t‑\c - -
a‑pï‑mh - n‑ Ã - . A-Xp‑ h - s - c ‑ I-e¼ - n‑ ]‑nW - § - n‑
\-S¶ - n‑ c - p‑ ¶ - I‑q«- p‑ I - m‑ c - p‑ w‑ k‑ul - r‑ Z- a - q‑ d - p‑ w‑
N‑nc - n‑ b - p‑ a - m‑ b - n‑ a‑m© - p‑ h - «- n‑ Â I‑q«- p‑ I - q‑ S- m‑ -
s‑\¯ - p‑ w‑ . I‑q«- p‑ I - m‑ s - c ‑ m‑ ¯ - p‑ I - q‑ S- n‑ s‑Nd - p‑ -
I-Ãp‑ I - f - p‑ w‑ N‑pÅ - n‑ ¡ - ¼ - p‑ I - f - p‑ w‑ H‑mS- n‑ ³
I-jW - § - f - p‑ w‑ t‑NÀ-¯v‑ a-t\ ‑ m‑ l - c - a - m‑ b -
I-fn‑ h - o‑ S- p‑ ï - m‑ ¡ - p‑ w‑ . a‑m§ - b - n‑ «- p‑ X-cp‑ h - m‑ -
\‑mb - n‑ I‑mä - n‑ t- \ ‑ m‑ S- p‑ w‑ I‑m¡ - ¨ - n‑ t- b ‑ m‑ S- p‑ w‑
A-®m‑ t- \ ‑ m‑ S- p‑ w‑ s‑I© - n‑ A-t] ‑ £ - n‑ ¡ - p‑ w‑ .
A-cn‑ ¸ - q‑ ¡ - m‑ b - I - f - p‑ w‑ I‑m«- p‑ s - N ‑ S- n‑ b - p‑ s - S‑
C-eb - p‑ w‑ t‑NÀ-¯v‑ N-h¨ - v‑ N‑pï‑p N‑ph - -
¸‑n¨ - v‑ K-a I‑m«- p‑ w‑ . C-¯n‑ Ä ]‑q¡ - f - p‑ s - S‑
N‑ms - d ‑ S- p‑ ¯ - v‑ I‑q«- ¯ - n‑ s - e ‑ X-cp‑ W - o‑ a - W - n‑ -
IÄ \-J§ - f - p‑ w‑ N‑pï - p‑ w‑ N‑ph - ¸ - n‑ ¡ - p‑ w‑ .
N‑nc - «- b - n‑ Â ]‑qg - n‑ a-®p‑ s‑Im‑ ï - p‑ t‑Nm‑ d - p‑
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‑ ¨- v‑ s‑]m‑ t- d ‑ m‑ «- n‑ b - p‑ s - S‑ X-fn‑ À s‑Im‑ ï - v‑ s‑N- Photo/Koodu Magazine
½‑o³ I-dn‑ s‑h¨ - v‑ D-¨q‑ f - n‑ s‑Im‑ ï - v‑ h‑nf - -
¼‑n¡ - g- n‑ ¡ - p‑ w‑ . H‑mÀ-¡m‑ ¸ - p‑ d- s - ¯ ‑ m‑ c - p‑ a‑m§ -
h‑oW - m‑ Â I-fn‑ I - f - m‑ s - I ‑ s‑]m‑ f - n‑ b - p‑ w‑ . a‑m§ - ]‑p-f‑n-a‑m-§-b‑m-s‑W-¦‑n-e‑p‑w‑, ]-g‑p-¸‑n-¡‑m³ s‑I‑m-Å‑n-Ã. A-h s‑N-¯‑n
k‑z´ - a - m‑ ¡ - m‑ \ - p‑ Å - H‑m«- ¯ - n‑ Â I-fn‑ I - Ä- A-½ a‑p-d‑n-¨‑p X-c‑p-t‑¼‑mÄ A-X‑n- D-¸‑p ]‑p-c-«‑n D-W-¡‑n a-g-¡‑m-e-t‑¯-¡‑v
¡‑mb - n‑ H-cp‑ ¡ - n‑ h - ¨ - s - X ‑ m‑ s - ¡ ‑ N-hn‑ «- n‑ s - b ‑ d- n‑ - k‑q-£‑n-¨‑p ‑h-¡‑p‑w. `‑m-c-s‑a‑m-s‑¡ C-d-¡‑n
b-s¸ ‑ S- p‑ w‑ . ]-d¼ - n‑ s - â ‑ A-t§ ‑ t‑Im‑ W - n‑ Â
s‑\‑m-c‑p a-[‑p-c‑w t‑h-s‑d X-s‑¶. h-¨ a‑p-¯-È‑n H-¶‑m-s‑I X-f‑n-c-W‑n-b‑p‑w.
h‑oW - a‑m§ - b - v‑¡ - v‑ t‑hï - n‑ H‑mS- n‑ \‑nc - m‑ i - c - m‑ - A-½ a‑m-§ ‑I-¿‑n-s‑e-S‑p-¡‑p- C-f‑w ]-¨-\‑n-d-¯‑nÂ ]-«‑p-t‑]‑m-s‑e X‑n-f-
b-hÀ H-¶p‑ w‑ cï‑pw ]-dª - v‑ ]‑nW - § - p‑ w‑ . t‑¼‑mÄ X-s‑¶ I‑p-«‑n-IÄ R-§Ä §‑p-¶ a‑n-\‑p-k-a‑mÀ-¶ t‑N-e-b-W‑n-ª‑p
I-cª - v‑ ]‑ng- n‑ ª - v‑ a‑pJ - h - p‑ w‑ h‑oÀ-¸n‑ ¨ - v‑ ]‑nc - n‑ - A-S‑p-¯‑p I‑q-S‑p‑w. \‑nÂ-¡‑p-¶ a‑p-¯-È‑n h‑mÀ-²-I‑y `‑m-h-
ª‑p t‑]m‑ I - p‑ ¶ - h - À A-Sp‑ ¯ - Z‑nh - k - w‑ s‑a‑m-s‑¡ I‑p-S-s‑ª-d‑n-ª‑v I‑q-S‑p-XÂ
X-s¶ ‑ I-fn‑ N - n‑ c - n‑ I - f - p‑ a - m‑ b - n‑ a‑m© - p‑ h - «- n‑ Â k‑p-µ-c‑n-b‑m-h‑p‑w. a‑p-¯-È‑n-b‑p-s‑S D-bÀ-¶
I‑q«- p‑ I - q‑ S- m‑ s - \ ‑ ¯ - p‑ w‑ . IÄ-¡p‑ w‑ s‑s] ‑ X- §
- Ä-¡p‑ w‑ B-hi - y‑ a- p‑ Å
- - i‑m-J-b‑nÂ I‑m-¡ Z-¼-X‑n-IÄ I‑q-S‑n-s‑â
I‑q«- p‑ I - m‑ À D-¨`- £ - W - ¯ - n‑ \ - v‑ ]‑nc - n‑ b - p‑ ¶ - X‑v _‑m¡- ‑n ‑h-¨‑v a‑q-s‑¸-¯‑n-b a‑m-§-IÄ A-ä-I‑p-ä-¸-W‑n-IÄ X‑n-c-¡‑n-«‑v s‑N-b‑v-X‑p-
C-St- h ‑ f - b - n‑ Â {‑]X - o‑ £ - s‑sI ‑ h - n‑ S- m‑ s - X ‑ N‑m-¡‑p I-W-¡‑n-\‑v s‑]‑m-¡³ ]-d‑n-s‑¨-S‑p- X‑oÀ-¡‑p‑w. a-g-¡‑m-e-¯‑n-s‑â h-c-h‑m-b‑n
R‑m³ a‑p¯ - È - n‑ b - p‑ s - S‑ t‑hc - n‑ Â X-eN - m‑ - ¡‑p‑w. s‑]‑m-¡-s‑â ]-¦‑p I-g‑n-¨‑v _‑m-¡‑n F-¶-d‑n-b‑n-¨‑v A-®‑m-c-¡-®³-a‑mÀ a‑m-§-
b‑v¨ - v‑ A-§p‑ b - c - ¯ - n‑ Â X‑q§ - n‑ b - m‑ S- p‑ ¶ - h-¶-h s‑s‑h-t‑¡‑mÂ h‑n-c‑n-¨‑v ]-g‑p-¸‑n- b-ï‑n-IÄ I-S‑n-s‑¨-S‑p-¯‑v X-«‑n³-]‑p-d-s‑¯
a‑m¼ - g- § - f - p‑ w‑ t‑\m‑ ¡ - n‑ b - § - s - \ ‑ b - n‑ c - n‑ ¡ - p‑ w‑ . ¡‑m³ hbv-¡‑p‑w. ]-¨-b‑p‑w a-ª-b‑p‑w t‑]-ä-d-b‑n-t‑e-¡‑v [‑r-X‑n-b‑nÂ H‑m-S‑n-t‑¸‑m-I‑p‑w.
A-\p‑ I - ¼ - t‑Xm‑ ¶ - n‑ b - n‑ t- «‑ m‑ F-t´ ‑ m‑ a‑p¯ - - I-eÀ-¶ \‑n-d-¯‑nÂ k‑p-K-Ô‑w s‑]‑m-g‑n- a‑m-§-b-ï‑n-IÄ ]‑n-fÀ-¶‑v, ]-c‑n-s‑¸-S‑p-
È‑n H-¶p‑ cïp a‑m¼ - g- § - Ä k‑zI - m‑ c - y‑ a- m‑ b - n‑ ¡‑p-¶ a‑m-¼-g-§Ä C-j‑v-S‑w t‑]‑m-s‑e I-«‑p- ¯‑v D-W-¡‑n s‑]‑m-S‑n-¨‑v, I-«‑v D‑u-ä‑n-¡-f-
C-«p‑ X - c - p‑ w‑ . ]-Ie - ´ - n‑ t- b ‑ m‑ f - w‑ a‑m§ - X‑n¶ - v‑ X‑n-¶-X‑n-s‑â kpJtam¶pt‑h-s‑d X-s‑¶. ª‑v‑, iÀ-¡-c t‑NÀ-¯‑v A-Ñ-½-b‑pï‑m-
a-Zn‑ ¨ - v‑ I‑m¡ - I - f - p‑ w‑ I‑nf - n‑ I - f - p‑ w‑ A-®m‑ ³-am‑ - a‑m-§ I-S‑n-¨‑o-¼‑n X‑n-¶‑p-t‑¼‑mÄ N‑m-d‑v ¡‑n X-c‑p-¶ ]‑m-b-k‑w s‑I‑m-X‑n-t‑b‑m-s‑S
c‑pw‑ ]‑n³-hm‑ § - n‑ ¯ - p‑ S- § - p‑ t- ¼ ‑ m‑ Ä I-dp‑ ¯ - ‑ss‑I-I-f‑n-e‑q-s‑S H-g‑p-I‑n-b‑n-d-§‑n t‑N-d‑p I-g‑n-¡‑p-t‑¼‑mÄ ]‑p-d-¯‑v C-S-h-¸‑m-X‑n
N‑nd - I - p‑ I - Ä h‑oi - n‑ h-Æm‑ e - p‑ I - Ä N‑nÃ - I - - ]‑p-c-ï i-c‑o-c-¯‑nÂ \-Z‑o-X-S `‑q-]-S- a-g a-[‑p-c a‑q-d‑p-¶ H-c‑p a‑m-¼-g-¡‑m-e
f‑nÂ ]-d¶ - n‑ d - § - p‑ w‑ . c‑mt- h ‑ s - d ‑ s‑NÃ - p‑ t- h ‑ m‑ - §Ä h-c-¨‑p t‑NÀ-¡‑p‑w. D-Õ-h-¯‑n-\‑v a‑w-K-f-K‑m-\‑w B-e-]‑n-¡‑p-
f‑w h-Æm‑ e - p‑ I - f - p‑ s - S‑ N‑nd - I - S- n‑ i-_v‑Z- h - p‑ w‑ ]‑p-f‑n-a‑m-§-b‑m-s‑W-¦‑n-e‑p‑w‑, A-½ a‑p- ¶‑p-ï‑m-h‑p‑w.

_-j‑oÀ a‑m-j‑v

a‑mä- n‑ a - d - n‑ ¡ - p‑ I - b - p‑ w‑ s‑N¿ - p‑ ¶ - X - n‑ Â D-Å-
S-§n‑ b - {‑]I - r‑ X - n‑ h - n‑ c - p‑ ² - X - b - p‑ w‑ P‑oh - Â
[À-½§ - f - p‑ s - S‑ \‑nt- j ‑ [ - h - p‑ w‑ ,‑ h‑nt- h ‑ I - a- p‑ Å -
H‑mt- c ‑ m‑ a-\p‑ j - y‑- s - \ ‑ b - p‑ w‑ F-t¸ ‑ m‑ g- p‑ w‑ N‑n´ - n‑ -
¸‑n¡ - p‑ I - b - p‑ w‑ e-Ön‑ ¸ - n‑ ¡ - p‑ I - b - p‑ w‑ s‑Nt- ¿ ‑ -
ï-Xs - Ã ‑ !‑
G-Xm‑ ï - v‑ 460 t‑Im‑ S- n‑ hÀ-jw‑ {‑]m‑ b - w‑
I-W¡ - m‑ ¡ - s - ¸ ‑ S- p‑ ¶ - `‑qa - n‑ . 150 t‑Im‑ S- n‑ -
b‑nt- e ‑ s - d ‑ s‑Im‑ Ã - ¡ - m‑ e - w‑ A-Xv‑ P‑oh - s - â ‑
R‑mä - S- n‑ H-cp‑ ¡ - n‑ s - ¡ ‑ m‑ ï - n‑ c - p‑ ¶ - p‑ . ]‑ns - ¶ ‑
k‑q£ - v‑a - m‑ I - m‑ c - ¯ - n‑ Â P‑oh - s - â ‑ B-hn‑ À-`m‑ -
h‑w. X‑pS- À-¶v‑ a‑p¶ - q‑ d- p‑ t- I ‑ m‑ S- n‑ t- b ‑ m‑ f - w‑ hÀ-j-
§Ä \‑oï - A-\k - y‑- q‑ X - a - m‑ b - h‑nI - m‑ k - ] - -
c‑nW
- m‑ a- § - Ä. A-Xn‑ s - â ‑ G-äh - p‑ s - a‑ m‑ S- p‑ h - n‑ Â
c-tï ‑ m‑ \‑mt- e ‑ m‑ e-£w‑ hÀ-j§ - Ä-¡p‑ a - p‑ -
¼‑p- a‑m{- X ‑ w‑ D-ïm‑ b - n‑ ¯ - o‑ À-¶X - s - {‑ X ‑ C‑u
a-\p‑ j - y‑- h - À-¤w‑ .
a-\p‑ j - y‑ ³ ]‑nd- ¡ - p‑ t- h ‑ m‑ f - h - p‑ w‑ ,‑ ]‑nd- ¶ - t- i ‑ -
j‑w c‑mj - v‑{- S‑ § - f - p‑ w‑ \‑mK - c - n‑ I - X - I - f - p‑ w‑ c‑q] - w‑
s‑Im‑ Å - p‑ ¶ - I‑me - w‑ h-sc ‑ b - p‑ w‑ `‑qa - n‑ b - n‑ Â
I‑r{- X ‑ n‑ a - a - m‑ b - A-Xn‑ c - p‑ I - s - f ‑ m‑ ¶ - p‑ a - p‑ ï - m‑ -
H-cm-Ä-¡v F-{X b‑nc
\-in‑ ¸
- p‑ ¶
e‑pw‑ D-ïm‑ b
- n‑ Ã
- n‑ ¡
s‑S B-hn‑ À-`m‑ h
- e
- . X‑pï
- n‑ c
- p‑ a
- p‑ ¶
- p‑ ï
- a
- I
- n‑ Ã
- m‑ b
- m‑ e
- m‑ ¡ - e
- . a‑mä
- n‑ c
- p‑ w‑ X-tâ
- p‑ ¶
- w‑ s‑Xm‑ «- v‑ P‑oh
- n‑ Ã
- n‑ a - d - n‑ b
- . `‑qa
‑ X
- v‑¡ - e
- m‑ ¡
- n‑ b
- s
- p‑ w‑
- â
- -
- p‑ -
‑
a-®p-th-Ww? D-Zb - t- ¯ ‑ m‑ f
‑ap-g‑p-h³ P‑o-h-I‑p-e-¯‑n-s‑â-b‑p‑w
I‑m-c-W-h‑p‑w A-S‑n-Ø‑m-\-h‑p-
a‑m-b C‑u s‑]‑m-X‑p s‑s‑]-X‑r-I-
- h - p‑ w‑ ,‑ X‑pS- À-¶v‑ \‑mK - c - n‑ I - X -
kn. cm-P-tKm-]m-e³ s‑¯-b‑m-W‑v a-\‑p-j-‑y³ A-h-s‑â

k‑z‑mÀ-°-_‑p-²‑n-s‑I‑m-ï‑v X‑p-ï‑w
X‑p-ï-a‑m-¡‑n a‑p-{‑Z-h-¨‑v k‑z-´-a‑m-¡‑n-
k‑z
C‑u t‑em‑ I - ¯
I
- m‑ c
\‑pÅ
- n‑ s
-
- y‑- k
- \
- z‑- ¯
‑ F-¡m‑ e
- p‑ k-¼m‑ Z- \
BÀ-¯n‑ I
- h
- Ä a‑pg
- p‑ w‑ {‑]I
- ¯
- p‑ ¯
- ¼
- n‑ -
-
- -
A-bm‑ Ä X-sâ
H‑mS- n‑ s
t‑]m‑ b
- ¡ ‑ m‑ ï
- â‑ns - e
- n‑ c- p‑ ¶
‑ ¯
‑ kÀ-Æ I-gn‑ h
- p‑ w‑ a‑pt- ¼
- p‑ . H-Sp‑ h - n‑ Â ^‑n\
‑ A-bm‑ Ä X-fÀ-
- p‑ s - a ‑ S- p‑ ¯
- n‑ j - n‑ w‑ K
- v‑
- v‑ ¯‑oÀ-¡‑p-I-b‑p‑w s‑N-¿‑p-¶-X‑v.
\‑w s‑Im‑ Å - n‑ ¡ - p‑ ¶ - H-cp‑ t‑Sm‑ Ä-tÌ ‑ m‑ b - v‑ ¶‑p h‑oW - p‑ . A-Sp‑ ¯ - £ - W - w‑ a-cn‑ ¡ - p‑ I - - D-Ss - e ‑ S- p‑ ¡ - p‑ t- h ‑ m‑ f - h - p‑ w‑ k-ky‑- P - ´ - p‑ h - À-¤-
I-Yb - p‑ ï - v‑. ""H-cm‑ Ä-¡v‑ F-{X ‑ `‑qa- n‑ t‑hW - w‑ ? b‑pw‑ s‑Nb - v‑X - p‑ . §-fp‑ s - S‑ ]-ck - v‑] - c - ] - q‑ c - I - a - m‑ b - h-fÀ-¨b - v‑-
(How much land does a man need?)‑ '‑ '‑ {‑]k - n‑ - A-bm‑ f - p‑ s - S‑ i-hk - w‑ k - v‑I - m‑ c - ¯ - n‑ \ - v‑ I‑p- ¡‑pw‑ X‑pS- À-¨b - v‑¡ - p‑ w‑ h-gn‑ s - b ‑ m‑ c - p‑ ¡ - n‑ b - X - v‑
²-am‑ b - B I-Yb - p‑ s - S‑ c-Xv‑\ - ¨ - p‑ c - p‑ ¡ - w‑ g‑ns- b ‑ S- p‑ ¡ - m‑ ³ t‑hK - ¯ - n‑ Â B-sf ‑ ¯ - n‑ . A-Xn‑ c - n‑ Ã - m‑ s - X‑ `‑qa - n‑ s - b ‑ s - ¸ ‑ m‑ X - n‑ b - p‑ ¶ - h‑m-
G-Xm‑ ï - n‑ § - s - \ ‑ b - m‑ W - v‑; ""]-ïp‑ ]-sï ‑ m‑ c - n‑ - ""F-{X ‑ A-Sn‑ - a-®p‑ t- h ‑ W - w‑ '‑ '‑ B-tc ‑ m‑ t‑Nm‑ Z- n‑ - b‑pa - Þ - e
- h - p‑ w‑ P-ea - Þ - e
- h - p‑ w‑ I-ca - Þ - -
¡Â H-cp‑ \‑m«- n‑ Â I‑uX - p‑ I - I - c - a - m‑ b - H-cp‑ ¨‑p. ""A-Sn‑ s - X ‑ m‑ «- p‑ - a‑pS- n‑ h - s - c ‑ B-dS- n‑ a-t® ‑ - e-hp‑ w‑ t‑NÀ-¶m‑ W - v‑.
h‑mÀ-¯] - c - ¡ - p‑ ¶ - p‑ . B-Im‑ h - p‑ ¶ - n‑ S- t- ¯ ‑ m‑ - t‑hï - q‑ '‑ '‑ a-dp‑ ] - S- n‑ .- a‑pg - p‑ h - ³ P‑oh - I - p‑ e - ¯ - n‑ s - â ‑ b - p‑ w‑ I‑mc - -
f‑w `‑qa- n‑ k‑uP - \ - y‑- a- m‑ b - n‑ k‑z´ - a- m‑ ¡ - p‑ h - m‑ ³ C‑u I-Yb - v‑¡ - v‑ I‑me - ¸ - g- ¡ - a - n‑ Ã - . k‑zI - m‑ - W-hp‑ w‑ A-Sn‑ Ø - m‑ \ - h - p‑ a - m‑ b - C‑u s‑]m‑ X - p‑
G-hÀ-¡p‑ w‑ Z‑pÀ-Ã` - a - m‑ b - H-ch - k - c - w‑ !‑ H-cp‑ c-y‑ k
- z‑- ¯ - n‑ \ - p‑ Å - BÀ-¯n‑ s - b ‑ k‑qN - n‑ ¸ - n‑ - s‑s] ‑ X - r‑ I - s - ¯ ‑ b - m‑ W - v‑ a-\p‑ j - y‑- ³ A-hs - â ‑
]-IÂ-sI ‑ m‑ ï - v‑ H-cm‑ Ä-¡v‑ I‑mÂ-\S- b - m‑ b - n‑ ¡‑p¶ - C-¡Y - s - b ‑ H‑mÀ-½n‑ ¸ - n‑ ¡ - p‑ ¶ - F-{X ‑ - k‑zm‑ À-°_ - p‑ ² - n‑ s - I ‑ m‑ ï - v‑ s‑h«- n‑ a - p‑ d - n‑ b - v‑¡ - p‑ -
X‑mï - m‑ h - p‑ ¶ - Z‑qc- s - a‑ {- X ‑ b - m‑ t- W ‑ m‑ A-{X ‑ b - p‑ w‑ t‑bm‑ k‑w`- h - § - Ä \‑nt- X ‑ y‑- \ - I‑mW - p‑ I - b - p‑ w‑ I-bp‑ w‑ X‑pï - w‑ X‑pï - a - m‑ ¡ - n‑ a‑p{- Z‑ h - ¨ - v‑ k‑z-
h‑nk - v‑X - r‑ X - n‑ b - n‑ e - p‑ Å - `‑qa - n‑ A-bm‑ Ä-¡v‑ k‑z- t‑IÄ-¡p‑ I - b - p‑ w‑ s‑N¿ - p‑ ¶ - p‑ \-½Ä. H-cn‑ © - p‑ ´-am‑ ¡ - n‑ ¯ - o‑ À-¡p‑ I - b - p‑ w‑ s‑N¿ - p‑ ¶ - X - v‑.
´-am‑ b - n‑ ¯ - o‑ c - p‑ w‑ !‑ A-Xp‑ w‑ X‑nI - ¨ - p‑ w‑ k‑uP - - a-®n‑ s - \ ‑ s - ¨ ‑ m‑ Ã - n‑ b - p‑ Å - A-Xn‑ c - p‑ X - À-¡§ - Ä a-\p‑ j - y‑- s - â ‑ h‑nt- i ‑ j - _ - p‑ ² - n‑ b - p‑ s - S‑ ^-ew‑
\-y‑ a- m‑ b - n‑ !‑ t‑am‑ l - n‑ ¸ - n‑ ¡ - p‑ ¶ - B h‑mK - v‑Z- m‑ \ - w‑ h-fÀ-¶v‑, H-Sp‑ § - m‑ ¯ - k‑wL - À-j§ - f - p‑ w‑ C-sX ‑ ¦ - n‑ Â‑, A-Xv‑ a‑rK - m‑ h - Ø - t- b ‑ ¡ - m‑ Ä
t‑I«- v‑ B-fp‑ I - Ä X-Sn‑ ¨ - p‑ I - q‑ S- n‑ . \‑nÝ - n‑ X - Z‑n- I-em‑ ] - § - f - p‑ a - m‑ b - n‑ ]-cn‑ W - a - n‑ ¡ - p‑ ¶ - p‑ . F-{X ‑ a - m‑ {- X ‑ w‑ X-cw‑ X - m‑ W - p‑ t- ] ‑ m‑ b - n‑ c - n‑ ¡ - p‑ ¶ - p‑
h-kw‑ I‑rX - y‑- k - a- b - ¯ - v‑ B-fp‑ I - Ä \-S¯ - w‑ B-ßl - X - y‑- I - f - p‑ w‑ s‑Im‑ e - ] - m‑ X - I - § - f - p‑ w‑ F-¶p‑ k‑z´ - w‑ a-\Ê - m‑ £ - n‑ t- b ‑ m‑ s - S‑ ¦ - n‑ e - p‑ w‑
X‑pS- § - n‑ . \-S¯ - w‑ X‑ma - k - n‑ b - m‑ s - X ‑ H‑m«- - D-ïm‑ I - p‑ ¶ - p‑ . A-be - v‑] - ¡ - ¡ - m‑ À X-½n‑ Â k-½X - n‑ t- ¡ ‑ ï - X - n‑ t- Ã ‑ H-cm‑ Ä?‑! e-Öm‑ I - -
a‑mb - n‑ . BÀ-¯n‑ I - q‑ S- p‑ X - e - p‑ Å - h - À a-äp‑ Å - - I‑pS- n‑ ¸ - I - b - p‑ w‑ h‑yh - l - m‑ c - § - f - p‑ w‑ A-bÂ-cm‑ - c-am‑ b - B A-hØ - X‑nc - n‑ ¨ - d - n‑ b - p‑ I - b - p‑ w‑
h-sc ‑ ]‑n¶ - n‑ e - m‑ ¡ - n‑ a‑pt- ¶ ‑ m‑ «- p‑ I‑pX - n‑ ¨ - p‑ . P-y‑ § - Ä X-½n‑ Â b‑p² - h - p‑ a - p‑ ï - m‑ I - p‑ ¶ - p‑ . £-am‑ ] - W - a-t\ ‑ m‑ `- m‑ h - w‑ k‑q£ - n‑ ¡ - p‑ I - b - p‑ w‑ ,‑
h‑ni - ¸ - p‑ w‑ Z‑ml - h - p‑ w‑ h‑n{- i ‑ a - h - p‑ w‑ a-d¶ - p‑ Å - H-cp‑ k‑nb - m‑ ä - n‑ Â a‑q¸ - ³ A-ta ‑ c - n‑ ¡ - ³ k‑m[ - n‑ ¡ - p‑ ¶ - ] - £ - w‑ ,‑ A-Xn‑ \ - v‑ X-tâ ‑ X - m‑ b -
H‑m«- w‑ X-s¶ ‑ H‑m«- w‑ !‑ B a-Õc - ¯ - n‑ Â {‑]k - n‑ U - â‑ns - \ ‑ g - p‑ X - n‑ b - I-¯n‑ s - e ‑ D-ÅS- - c‑oX - n‑ b - n‑ Â {‑]m‑ b - Ý - n‑ ¯ - w‑ s‑N¿ - p‑ I - b - p‑ s - a ‑ m‑ -
G-äh - p‑ w‑ a‑p³-]n‑ s - e ‑ ¯ - n‑ b - BÄ-¡v‑ ]-d- ¡‑w I‑uX - p‑ I - s - a ‑ t- ¶ ‑ m‑ W - w‑ k-µÀ-`m‑ \ - p‑ - s‑¡b - t- Ã ‑ b-Ym‑ À-°¯ - n‑ Â k‑wk - v‑I - m‑ c - -
ª k-ab - ¯ - n‑ \ - I - w‑ k-cW - w‑ D-cp‑ h - n‑ S- p‑ ¶ - h - c - m‑ W - p‑ - \-½Ä. a‑pÅ- a-\p‑ j - y‑- ³ s‑Nt- ¿ ‑ ï - X - v‑!
h‑ y - h - Ø - { ‑ ] - I ‑ m - c ‑ w A-§s - \ ‑ b - p‑ Å - I‑uX - p‑ I - ¯ - n‑ e - p‑ ] - c - n‑ C‑u X‑oÀ-¯p‑ w‑ Z‑pÀ-Ã` - s - a ‑ ¦ - n‑ e - p‑ w‑ C-¯c - w‑
{‑]‑m-c‑w-`-_‑n-µ‑p-h‑n-t‑e- `‑qa- n‑ ¡ - v‑ I‑r{- X ‑ n‑ a- a- m‑ b - n‑ A-Xn‑ c - p‑ I - e - v‑] - n‑ ¡ - p‑ I - - {‑]m‑ b - Ý - n‑ ¯ - a - \ - Ê - p‑ Å - h - À C-t¸ ‑ m‑ g - p‑ w‑
¡‑v X‑nc - n‑ s - ¨ ‑ ¯ - m‑ \ - m‑ - b‑pw‑ h-f¨ - p‑ s - I ‑ «- p‑ I - b - p‑ w‑ X-tâ ‑ s - X ‑ ¶ - v‑ t‑cJ - - `‑qa
- n‑ b - n‑ s - e ‑ h - n‑ s - S‑ s - b ‑ m‑ s - ¡ ‑ t- b ‑ m‑ t‑ij - n‑ ¡ - p‑ -
h‑ns - Ã ‑ ¶ - p‑ t‑Xm‑ ¶ - n‑ . I-fp‑ ï - m‑ ¡ - n‑ h‑n\ - m‑ i - I - c - a - m‑ b - c‑oX - n‑ b - n‑ Â ¶‑pï - v‑. A-]q‑ À-Æa - m‑ b - {‑[p‑ h - Z- o‑ ] - v‑X - n‑ t- ] ‑ m‑ -

s‑e N‑ne - \‑nk - z‑- m‑ À-° P‑oh - n‑ X - § - Ä. i‑nj - y‑- c - n‑ s
- e‑ m‑ c - m‑ f- m‑ b - n‑ ¯ - o‑ À-¶p‑ . t‑]m‑ s - e ‑ ,‑ C-hn‑ s - S‑ \-S¡ - p‑ ¶ - I-sÃ ‑ S- p‑ ¸ - p‑ w‑
B-Ip‑ e - s - ¸ ‑ S- p‑ ¶ - h - À-¡p‑ w‑ A-t\ ‑ z‑- j - n‑ - \‑m«- n‑ Â- a-S§ - n‑ s - b‑ ¯ - n‑ b - D-S³‑, a-®m‑ À- ]‑pg - s - b ‑ \-in‑ ¸ - n‑ ¨ - p‑ s - I ‑ m‑ ï - n‑ c - n‑ ¡ - p‑ ¶ - p‑ .
¡‑p¶ - h - À-¡p‑ w‑ A-hÀ k‑m´ - z‑- \ - h - p‑ w‑ ¡‑mS- v‑ ]-«W - ¯ - n‑ s - e ‑ B-[p‑ \ - n‑ I
- c - o‑ X- n‑ b
- n‑ Â D-cp‑ ï - p‑ a - n‑ \ - p‑ ¯ - s‑hÅ - m‑ c - ¦ - Ã - p‑ I - Ä Câ‑o-
{‑]X - o‑ £ - b - p‑ t- a ‑ ä - p‑ ¶ - p‑ . A-§s - \ ‑ s - b ‑ m‑ c - p‑ ]-Wn‑ X - h - o‑ S- p‑ h‑nä - p‑ . A-©p‑ I - n‑ t- e ‑ m‑ a- o‑ ä
- À c‑nb - À s‑U¡ - t- d ‑ j - \ - p‑ w‑ K‑mÀ-U\ - n‑ w‑ K - n‑ \ - p‑ -
\‑nk - z‑- m‑ À-° P‑oh - n‑ X - ¯ - n‑ s - â ‑ Z‑pÀ-Ã`- a - m‑ b - A-Is - e‑ ]-¿\ - S- w‑ {‑Km‑ a - ¯- n‑ Â a‑qt- ¶ ‑ - a‑mb - n‑ I-S¯ - n‑ s - ¡ ‑ m‑ ï - p‑ t- ] ‑ m‑ I - p‑ ¶ - X - p‑ a - q‑ e - w‑
{‑]I - m‑ i - w‑ ]-SÀ-¯p‑ ¶ - p‑ a-eb - m‑ f - n‑ b- p‑ w‑ ¡À `‑qa - n‑ - h‑m§ - n‑ . A-Xn‑ Â H-cp‑ ]-gb - C-hn‑ s - S‑ b - p‑ w‑ H-gp‑ ¡ - p‑ X - m‑ W - v‑ I‑mS- p‑ s - I ‑ «- p‑ I - -
a-®m‑ À-¡m‑ «- p‑ I - m‑ c - \ - p‑ a - m‑ b - _-jo‑ À-am‑ Ì - - H‑mS- n‑ «- - h‑oS- p‑ ï - m‑ b - n‑ c - p‑ ¶- p‑ . c-ïp‑ a - p‑ d
- n‑ I
- Ä b‑mW - v‑ ]‑pg - )‑ .
d‑ps- S‑ P‑oh - n‑ X - w‑ . a‑m{- X
‑ w‑ . A-Xn‑ \ - p‑ N - p‑ ä - p‑ w‑ e-fn‑ X- a - m‑ b - c‑oX - n‑ - k‑pP - o‑ h - \ - ¯ - n‑ Â h‑mk - w‑ X‑pS- § - n‑ b - -
k‑z´ - w‑ t‑]c - n‑ e - p‑ Å - `‑qa - n‑ b - n‑ Â K-Wy‑- - b‑nÂ C-db - § - f - p‑ w‑ ,‑ A-Sp‑ ¡ - f - b - p‑ w‑ X‑pd - - t‑ij - w‑ ,‑ H-cp‑ Z‑nh - k - w‑ X-s¶ ‑ ]-eX - h - W -
a‑mb - ]-¦p‑ w‑ A-Xn‑ \ - I - ¯ - v‑ k-Ip‑ S- p‑ w‑ _ - w‑ ]‑pg - b - n‑ Â a‑p§ - n‑ I‑pf - n‑ ¨ - p‑ I - b - d - p‑ ¶ - P‑oh - n‑ -
X‑ma- k - n‑ ¨ - p‑ h - ¶ - - h‑oS- p‑ w‑ ,‑ "A-`b - w‑ '‑ F-¶ P‑o- k‑p-P‑o-h-\-¯‑nÂ h‑m-k‑w X‑p-S-§‑n- X-am‑ W - v‑ a‑mj - n‑ t- â ‑ X - v‑. C-hn‑ s - S‑ s - b ‑ ¯ - p‑ ¶ -
h-Im‑ c- p‑ W - y‑- {- ] ‑ Ø - m‑ \ - ¯ - n‑ \ - v‑ \‑nc- p‑ ] - m‑ [ - n‑ I - w‑ b-t‑i-j‑w‑, H-c‑p Z‑n-h-k‑w X-s‑¶ k-µÀ-iI - À-¡p‑ w‑ k‑pl - r‑ ¯ - p‑ ¡ - Ä-¡p‑ w‑
h‑n«- p‑ s - I ‑ m‑ S- p‑ ¯ - p‑ A-Sp‑ ¯ - n‑- s - S‑ . A-t±‑ l - w‑ A-Km‑ [ - a - m‑ s - b ‑ m‑ c - \ - p‑ ` - h - a - m‑ W - v‑ C‑u ]‑pg - -
h‑oS- n‑ t- \ ‑ m‑ S- p‑ t- N ‑ À-¶p‑ Å - ]‑pc - b - n‑ S- h - p‑ w‑ s‑Xm‑ -
]-e-X-h-W ]‑p-g-b‑nÂ a‑p-§‑n I‑p-f‑n- k‑v] - À-iw‑ . {‑]I - r‑ X - n‑ t- b ‑ m‑ S- n‑ W - § - n‑ t- ¨ ‑ À-¶
«‑pI
- n‑ S- ¡ - p‑ ¶ - ]-d¼ - p‑ w‑ DÄ-s¸ ‑ s - S‑ b - p‑ Å - 118 ¨‑p-I-b-d‑p-¶ P‑o-h‑n-X-a‑m-W‑v a‑m-j‑n- a-\p‑ j - y‑- P - o‑ h - n‑ X - ¯ - n‑ s - â ‑ {‑]i - m‑ ´ - n‑ b - p‑ w‑ e‑m-
s‑kâ‑v `‑qa - n‑ b - p‑ s - S‑ B-[m‑ c - w‑ c-ïp‑ a - m‑ k - w‑ t‑â-X‑v. C-h‑n-s‑S-s‑b-¯‑p-¶ k-µÀ- f‑nX - y‑ h - p‑ w‑ e‑mh - W - y‑- h - p‑ w‑ B-sc ‑ b - p‑ w‑ A-\p‑ -
a‑p¼ - v‑ h‑oS- n‑ s - â ‑ D-½d - ¯ - p‑ h-¨p‑ \-S¶ - i-IÀ-¡‑p‑w k‑p-l‑r-¯‑p-¡Ä-¡‑p‑w `-hs - ¸ ‑ S- p‑ ¯ - p‑ ¶ - H-cn‑ S- a - m‑ b - n‑ s‑Xm‑ ® - q‑ d - p‑ I - -
e-fn‑ X - a - m‑ b - N-S§ - n‑ Â-h¨ - v‑ A-`b - w‑ {‑SÌ - n‑ f‑ps - S‑ X‑pS- ¡ - ¯ - n‑ Â-¯s - ¶ ‑ "k‑pP - o‑ h - \ - w‑ '‑
]‑n. I‑rj - v‑W - \ - v‑ s‑sI ‑ a- m‑ d- n‑ . Ø-ew‑ F‑w.]‑n. A-K‑m-[-a‑m-s‑b‑m-c-\‑p-`-h-a‑m-W‑v C‑u k‑zb - w‑ A-Sb - m‑ f - s - ¸ ‑ «- p‑ X - p‑ S- § - n‑ b - n‑ c - p‑ ¶ - p‑ .
F‑w._‑n. c‑mt- P ‑ j - v‑ N-S§ - n‑ s - e ‑ a‑pJ - y‑- m‑ X - n‑ - ]‑p-g-k‑v-]À-i‑w. ]‑pg- b - n‑ t- e ‑ ¡ - v‑ \-t¶ ‑ N-cn‑ ª - n‑ d - § - p‑ ¶ -
Y‑nb - m‑ b - n‑ c - p‑ ¶ - p‑ . h-fs - c ‑ a-l¯ - m‑ b - I‑m- ]‑pc - b - n‑ S- a - m‑ W - v‑ k‑pP - o‑ h - \ - ¯ - n‑ t- â ‑ X - v‑. F-¦n‑ -
c‑y§ - Ä ]-et- ¸ ‑ m‑ g - p‑ w‑ C-§s - \ ‑ h-fs - c ‑ Ê‑mb - D-½d - h - p‑ w‑ X‑oÀ-¯p‑ . A-§s - \ ‑ b - m‑ - e‑pw‑ H-cp‑ X-cn‑ a-®p‑ w‑ H-cp‑ X‑pÅ - n‑ s‑hÅ - -
\‑nÈ - _ - v‑Z- a - m‑ b - p‑ w‑ k‑w` - h - n‑ ¡ - m‑ w‑ F-¶v‑ B W‑v I‑p´ - n‑ ¸ - p‑ g- b - p‑ s - S‑ X‑oc - ¯ - v‑ 1994 a‑pX - Â h‑pw‑ ]‑pg- b - n‑ t- e ‑ ¡ - v‑ H-gp‑ I - n‑ b - n‑ d- § - m‑ ¯ - h - n‑ [ - w‑
N-S§ - n‑ \ - p‑ k‑m£ - n‑ b - m‑ b - t- ¸ ‑ m‑ Ä t‑Xm‑ ¶ - n‑ - ""k‑pP - o‑ h - \ - w‑ '‑ '‑ D-ïm‑ h - p‑ ¶ - X - v‑. C-hn‑ s - S‑ `‑qa - n‑ ]-cn‑ ] - m‑ e - n‑ ¡ - s - ¸ ‑ S- p‑ ¶ - p‑ . s‑h-
t‑¸m‑ b - n‑ . s‑sk ‑ e - â‑vh - m‑ e - n‑ ¡ - m‑ S- p‑ I - Ä-¡v‑ A-Xn‑ - «‑pw‑ I‑nf - b - p‑ w‑ B-hp‑ ¶ - {- X ‑ N‑pc - p‑ ¡ - n‑ b - n‑ «- p‑ ï - v‑.
c‑nS- p‑ ¶- a-eI - f - p‑ s - S‑ \‑oe - \ - n‑ d - w‑ I-ec - p‑ ¶- ^-eh - r‑ £ - § - f - p‑ w‑ A-Ãm‑ ¯ - a-c§ - f - p‑ w‑
A-t‑\-‑z-j-W-¯‑n-s‑â B-c‑w-`‑w I‑mg- v‑N - I - Ä k‑pP - o‑ h - \ - ¯ - n‑ \ - p‑ ]-Ým‑ ¯ - e - - C-SI - e - À-¶v‑ C-SX - q‑ À-¶p‑ h-fc - p‑ ¶ - p‑ . ¹‑mh - n‑ -
"t‑cm‑ K - a - m‑ W - v‑ a-\p‑ j - y‑- s - \ ‑ s - ¡ ‑ m‑ ï - v‑ A-t\ ‑ z‑- - `‑wK - n‑ t- N‑ À-¡p‑ ¶ - p‑ . s‑sk ‑ c - {- Ô ‑ n‑ h - \ - ¯ - n‑ Â- \‑mW - v‑ ^-eh - r‑ £ - § - f - n‑ Â H-¶m‑ a - s - ¯ ‑
j‑n¸ - n‑ ¡ - p‑ ¶ - X - v‑' F-s¶ ‑ m‑ c - p‑ s‑Nm‑ Ã - p‑ ï - v‑. \‑n¶ - p‑ w‑ I‑p´ - n‑ ¸ - p‑ g - P-\] - Z- § - f - n‑ t- e ‑ ¡ - v‑ ]-cn‑ K - W - \ - . \‑me - v‑] - X - n‑ e - [ - n‑ I - w‑ h‑nh - n‑ [ - b - n‑ -
_-jo‑ À a‑mj - n‑ s - â ‑ I‑mc - y‑- ¯ - n‑ Â C-Xv‑ H-gp‑ I - n‑ b - n‑ d- § - p‑ ¶ - n‑ S- ¯ - m‑ W - v‑ ]-¿\ - S- w‑ {‑Km‑ - \‑w I‑mb - v‑¡ - p‑ ¶ - \‑mS- ³ ¹‑mh - p‑ I - Ä k‑pP - o‑ -
A-£c - m‑ À-°¯ - n‑ Â i-cn‑ b - m‑ I - p‑ ¶ - p‑ ï - v‑. a‑w. k‑pP - o‑ h - \ - ¯ - n‑ s - â ‑ D-½d- ¯ - n‑ c - p‑ ¶ - m‑ Â h-\¯ - n‑ e - p‑ ï - v‑. X‑pe - m‑ a - m‑ k - w‑ A-hk - m‑ \ - n‑ -
s‑Nd - p‑ ¸ - ¯ - n‑ t- e ‑ ]‑nS- n‑ I - q‑ S- n‑ b - B-kv‑Xvam‑ - ]‑pg- I‑mg- v‑N - s - b ‑ ¶ - X - p‑ t- ] ‑ m‑ s - e‑ t‑IÄ-hn‑ b - p‑ - ¡‑pt- ¼ ‑ m‑ t- g‑ ¡ - v‑ h-fc - m‑ ³ X‑pS- § - p‑ ¶ - N-¡
t‑cm‑ K - ¯ - n‑ \ - p‑ {‑]X - n‑ h - n‑ [ - n‑ t- X ‑ S- n‑ b - p‑ Å - \‑ne - - a‑mW - v‑. (X‑mg - v‑h - m‑ c - § - f - n‑ s- e ‑ a-Ws - e ‑ S- p‑ ¸ - p‑ - t‑aS- w‑ þC-Sh - a - m‑ k - w‑ h-sc ‑ b-tY ‑ j - v‑S- w‑ e-`y‑- -
b‑v¡- m‑ ¯ - A-t\ ‑ z‑- j - W - § - Ä. ]-eh - n‑ [ -
N‑nI - n‑ Õ - I - Ä. ]-Xn‑ s - \ ‑ «- p‑ h - À-jw‑ K‑pf - n‑ I -
X-eb - W - b - v‑¡ - S- n‑ b - n‑ Â-h¨ - m‑ b - n‑ c - p‑ ¶ - p‑ D-d- ••_-j‑oÀ a‑m-j‑v, K‑nÀ C-\-¯‑nÂ-s‑¸-« \‑m-S³-]-i‑p-h‑n-t‑\‑m-s‑S‑m-¸‑w. Photo/Koodu Magazine
¡‑w. A-§s - \ ‑ b - n‑ c - n‑ s - ¡ ‑ b - m‑ W - v‑ A-hn‑ N - m‑ -
c‑nX
- a - m‑ b - n‑ X-an‑ g - v‑\ - m‑ «- n‑ s - e ‑ s‑X¦ - m‑ i - n‑ ¡ - S- p‑ -
¯‑pÅ - i‑nh - s - s ‑ i ‑ e - s - ¯ ‑ "\Â-hm‑ g - v‑h - v‑'
B-{i ‑ a - ¯ - n‑ Â F-¯n‑ s - ¸ ‑ S- p‑ ¶ - X - v‑. ]-gt- `‑ m‑ -
P‑nI - f - p‑ s - S‑ C‑u B-{i ‑ a - w‑ \-S¯ - p‑ ¶ - X - v‑
A-¶v‑ \Â-hm‑ g- v‑h - v‑ c‑ma - I - r‑ j - v‑W - k‑zm‑ a - n‑ b - m‑ -
W‑v. ""t‑X§ - m‑ ¸ - f - w‑ k‑zm‑ a- n‑ '‑ '‑ F-¶m‑ W - v‑ C-t±‑ -
l‑w A-dn‑ b - s - ¸ ‑ «- n‑ c - p‑ ¶ - X - v‑. B-{i ‑ a - ¯ - n‑ Â
A-án‑ ¡ - p‑ {- ] ‑ t- h ‑ i - \ - a - n‑ Ã - . i‑p² - a - m‑ b - h‑m-
b‑p,‑ P-ew‑ ,‑ t‑X§ - ,‑ h‑nj - a - p‑ à - a - m‑ b - ]-g-
§Ä F-¶n‑ h - b - m‑ W - v‑ B-{i ‑ a - ¯ - n‑ s - e ‑
`-£W - h - p‑ w‑ a-cp‑ ¶ - p‑ w‑ . a-sä ‑ m‑ c - m‑ f - n‑ s - â ‑ t‑cm‑ -
K-Nn‑ I - n‑ Õ - ¡ - m‑ b - m‑ W - v‑ A-hn‑ s - S‑ F-¯n‑ b - X - v‑
F-¦n‑ e - p‑ w‑ ,‑ a‑mj - v‑ c‑ma- I ‑ r‑ j - v‑W - k - z‑- m‑ a- n‑ t- b ‑ m‑ S- v‑
t‑Nm‑ Z- n‑ ¨ - p‑ ,‑ C-hn‑ s - S‑ X-sâ ‑ "t‑cm‑ K - ¯ - n‑ \ - v‑
a-cp‑ ¶ - p‑ ï - m‑ I - p‑ t- a‑ m‑ '‑ F-¶v‑. "B-{i ‑ a- ¯ - n‑ s - e ‑
P‑oh - n‑ X - c - o‑ X - n‑ ]‑n´ - p‑ S- À-¶m‑ Â G-Xv‑ t‑cm‑ -
K-hp‑ w‑ a‑md - p‑ w‑ '‑ F-¶ k‑zm‑ a - n‑ b - p‑ s - S‑ h‑m¡ - p‑ -
IÄ t- I ‑ «- t- ¸ ‑ m‑ Ä {‑]X - o‑ £ - b - m‑ b - n‑ . i-co‑ c -
i‑p² - n‑ ¡ - m‑ b - n‑ F-gp‑ ] - ¯ - n‑ c - ï - p‑ a - W - n‑ ¡ - q‑ À
D-]h - k - n‑ ¨ - p‑ . A-t¸ ‑ m‑ Ä‑, hÀ-j§ - Ä-¡p‑ -
t‑ij - w‑ B-Zy‑- a - m‑ b - n‑ K‑pf - n‑ I - h‑ng - p‑ § - m‑ s - X ‑
D-d§ - m‑ \ - m‑ b - n‑ . B-{i ‑ a - ¯ - n‑ s - e ‑ A-\p‑ ` - h - -
§Ä P‑oh - n‑ X - ¯ - n‑ s - e ‑ h-gn‑ ¯ - n‑ c - n‑ h - m‑ b - n‑ .
A-¶p‑ h - s - c ‑ A-dn‑ ª - p‑ h - ¨ - s - X ‑ m‑ ¶ - p‑ a - Ã -
k-Xy‑ w‑ F-¶v‑ t‑_m‑ [ - y‑- a - m‑ b - n‑ . P-o‑ h - n‑ -
Xh‑o£ - W - w‑ A-Sn‑ a - p‑ S- n‑ ]‑pX - p‑ ¡ - s - ¸ ‑ «- p‑ .
A-§s - \ ‑ \Â-hm‑ g - v‑h - n‑ s - â ‑ {‑]n‑ b - s - ¸ ‑ «-

a‑mI - p‑ w‑ . k‑pP - o‑ h - \ - ¯ - n‑ Â h-¨p ]-et- ¸ ‑ m‑ g- p‑ w‑ V-ku ‑ l - r‑ Z- a - p‑ ï - v‑. h‑n-Z‑y‑mÀ-°‑n-I-s‑f-b‑p‑w A-`-‑n-k‑w-t‑_‑m-[\ -
\-S¯ - n‑ h - c - m‑ d - p‑ Å - {‑]I - r‑ X - n‑ k-lh - m‑ k - / k‑pl - r‑ ¯ - p‑ ¡ - f - p‑ s - a ‑ m‑ c - p‑ a- n‑ ¨ - v‑, C-ý‑- b - n‑ - s‑Nb - v‑X - p‑ . t‑Ic - f - I‑mÀ-jn‑ I - kÀ-ÆI - e - m‑ -
{‑]I - r‑ X - n‑ P - o‑ h - \ - /]-cn‑ Ø - n‑ X - n‑ /I‑rj - n‑ - I-y‑ m‑ - s‑e h‑nh - n‑ [ - {‑Km‑ a - § - f - n‑ e - q‑ s - S‑ ]-eh - «- w‑ i‑me - B-Øm‑ \ - ¯ - p‑ s - N ‑ ¶ - v‑, I‑mÀ-jn‑ I -
¼‑pI - Ä-¡p‑ w‑ / A-bÂ-¡q‑ «- § - Ä-¡p‑ w‑ \-S¯ - n‑ b - k‑pZ- o‑ À-La - m‑ b - b‑m{- X ‑ I - Ä‑, h‑nZ- K - v‑[ - À-¡p‑ a‑p³-]m‑ s - I ‑ b - p‑ w‑ A-t±‑ -
t‑hï - {- X ‑ N-¡¸ - g - h - p‑ w‑ t‑X§ - b - p‑ w‑ h‑m- A-t±‑ l - ¯ - n‑ \ - p‑ - t‑\S- n‑ s - ¡ ‑ m‑ S- p‑ ¯ - A-\p‑ - l‑w ""k‑ut- c ‑ m‑ À-Ös - ¡ ‑ m‑ b - v‑¯ - n‑ e - q‑ s - S‑
g-¸g - h - p‑ w‑ ]-¸m‑ b - b - p‑ w‑ C-hn‑ s - S‑ ¯ - s - ¶ ‑ `-hk - ¼ - ¯ - p‑ w‑ ,‑ k‑ul - r‑ Z- _ - Ô - § - f - p‑ w‑ I‑mÀ-jn‑ I - k‑p` - n‑ £ - X - t‑\S- p‑ ¶ - h‑n[ - w‑ '‑ '‑
e-`y‑- a - m‑ I - m‑ d - p‑ ï - v‑. A-fh - ä-Xm‑ W - v‑. \-Ã {‑]I - r‑ X - n‑ I - À-jI - ³ A-hX - c - n‑ ¸- n‑ ¨ - p‑ . B c‑oX - n‑ ]‑n´ - p‑ S- À-¶m‑ Â
N‑pc - p‑ § - n‑ b - ]-£w‑ ,‑ {‑]I - r‑ X - n‑ þ- ] - c - n‑ Ø - n‑ - F-¶v‑ ^‑p¡ - p‑ t- h ‑ m‑ ¡ - t‑\c - n‑ «- p‑ {‑]i - w‑ - t‑Ic - f - ¯ - n‑ \ - v‑ c‑mk - h - f - þ- h - n‑ j - a - n‑ Ã - m‑ ¯ - I‑r-
X‑nþ- A - X - n‑ P - o‑ h - \ - t- a ‑ J - e - I - f - n‑ Â k-Po‑ h - k‑n¨ - K‑pP - d - m‑ ¯ - n‑ s - e ‑ `‑mk - v‑I - À k‑ms - h ‑ - j‑nb - n‑ e - q‑ s - S‑ X-s¶ ‑ C-ý‑- s - b ‑ a‑pg - p‑ h - ³
A-t\ ‑ z‑- j - I - c - m‑ b - h - À-¡n‑ S- s - ¡ ‑ ¦ - n‑ e - p‑ w‑ H-cp‑ s‑bb - p‑ w‑ A-t±‑ l - ¯ - n‑ s - â ‑ "I-ev‑] - h - r‑ £ - '‑ X‑oä - n‑ t- ¸ ‑ m‑ ä - m‑ \ - m‑ I - p‑ s - a ‑ ¶ - v‑ A-t±‑ l - w‑ k-aÀ-
Z-iI - ¡ - m‑ e - a - m‑ b - n‑ t‑Zi - o‑ b - X-e¯ - n‑ e - p‑ w‑ F-¶ {‑]I - r‑ X - n‑ I - r‑ j - n‑ b - n‑ S- t- ¯ ‑ b - p‑ w‑ C‑u °‑n¨ - p‑ . A-{X ‑ k-¼p‑ j - v‑S- a- m‑ W - v‑ t‑Ic - f - ¯ - n‑ -
N‑ne - t- ¸ ‑ m‑ Ä A-´Àt‑Zi - o‑ b - a - m‑ b - p‑ w‑ A-dn‑ - t‑eJ - I - \ - v‑ t‑\c - n‑ Â I‑mW - m‑ ³ I-gn‑ ª - X
- v‑ s‑â a-®v‑. A-Xn‑ t- e ‑ ¡ - p‑ h‑og - p‑ ¶ - k-ar‑ -
b-s¸ ‑ S- p‑ ¶ - H-cp‑ \‑ma - a - m‑ b - n‑ a‑md - n‑ ¡ - g- n‑ ª - n‑ - ]-Xn‑ s - \ ‑ «- p‑ h - À-jw‑ a‑p¼ - v‑ _-jo‑ À a‑mj - p‑ - ²-am‑ b - k‑qc - y‑- {- ] ‑ I - m‑ i - h - p‑ w‑ ,‑ e-`n‑ ¡ - p‑ ¶ -
«‑pï
- v‑ ""k‑pP - o‑ h - \ - w‑ '‑ '‑ . C-Xn‑ \ - p‑ s‑Xf - n‑ h - m‑ b - n‑ - s‑am‑ ¯ - p‑ Å - H-cp‑ b‑m{- X ‑ m‑ t- h ‑ f - b - n‑ e - m‑ W - v‑. a-gb - p‑ w‑ D-]t- b ‑ m‑ K - s - ¸ ‑ S- p‑ ¯ - p‑ I - t- b ‑ t‑hï - q‑ .
c‑p¶- p‑ 1997 G-{] ‑ n‑ Â 26- a‑pX - Â G-{] ‑ n‑ Â H-cp‑ a‑mk - t- ¯ ‑ m‑ f - w‑ \‑oï - B b‑m{- X ‑ b - n‑ Â A-sX ‑ § - s - \ ‑ s - b‑ ¶ - p‑ ]T‑n¡ - m‑ ³ A-t±‑ l - w‑ ,‑
29 hsc Xo¿-Xn‑ I - f - n‑ Â k‑pP - o‑ h - \ - ¯ - n‑ Â X-an‑ g - v‑\ - m‑ S- v‑, IÀ-®m‑ S- I - ,‑ a-lm‑ c - m‑ j - v‑{- S‑ ,‑ {‑]t- b ‑ m‑ K - v‑ ]-cn‑ h - m‑ d - n‑ s - â ‑ I‑rj - n‑ c‑oX - n‑ I - Ä
s‑h¨ - p‑ \ - S- ¶ - ""\‑ne - a -‑ p‑ g- m‑ ¯ - I - r‑ j - n‑ k‑w_ - - K‑pP
- d - m‑ ¯ - v‑ X‑pS- § - n‑ b - k‑wØ - m‑ \- § - f - n‑ - t‑\c - n‑ Â I-ïp‑ a - \ - Ê - n‑ e - m‑ ¡ - p‑ h - m‑ \ - m‑ b - n‑
Ô‑n¨ - t‑Zi - o‑ b - ]T-\¡ - f - c - n‑ '‑ '‑ (National s‑e ]-e IÀ-jI - {- K ‑ m‑ a - § - f - p‑ w‑ k-µÀ-in‑ - I‑mÀ-jn‑ I - h‑nZ- K - v‑[ - s - c ‑ a-lm‑ c - m‑ j - v‑{- S‑ b - n‑ t- e ‑ -
workshop on no till farming). ^‑p¡ - p‑ t- h ‑ m‑ -
¡-bp‑ s - S‑ "H-äs - s ‑ h ‑ t- ¡ ‑ m‑ Â h‑n¹ - h - '‑ ¯‑nÂ
B-Ir‑ j - v‑S- c - m‑ b - n‑ \‑ne - a - p‑ g - m‑ ¯ - I‑rj - n‑ b - n‑ -
t‑eÀ-s¸ ‑ «- \‑me - v‑] - X - n‑ e - [ - n‑ I - w‑ {‑]I - r‑ X - n‑ I - À-
j-IÀ ]-Ýn‑ a - - _‑wK - m‑ Ä‑, a-lm‑ c - m‑ j - v‑{- S‑ ,‑
i‑m-k‑v-{‑X‑o-b-a‑m-b k‑u-t‑c‑mÀ-Ö-
s‑¡‑m-b‑v-¯‑n-e‑q-s‑S s‑N-e-h‑p-I‑p-d-¨‑v
c‑m-k-h-f-h‑n-j-a‑p-à-a‑m-b‑n-¯-s‑¶
_-¼À h‑n-f-h‑p-t‑\-S‑p-¶ Z‑m-t‑_‑mÂ-
¡À I‑r-j‑n-c‑o-X‑n-s‑b t‑I-c-f‑o-bÀ-
¡‑p ]-c‑n-N-b-s‑¸-S‑p-¯‑m-\‑p‑w a‑m-j‑v
a‑p³-I-s‑¿-S‑p-¯‑p.
a-²y‑ {- ] ‑ t- Z‑ i - v‑, IÀ-®m‑ S- I - ,‑ X-an‑ g - v‑\ - m‑ S- v‑,
t‑]m‑ ï - n‑ t- ¨ ‑ c - n‑ X‑pS- § - n‑ b - k‑wØ - m‑ \ - § - -
f‑nÂ \‑n¶ - p‑ a- m‑ b - n‑ A-¶v‑ k‑pP - o‑ h - \ - ¯ - n‑ s - e ‑ -
¯‑n. B-Zy‑ a - m‑ b - n‑ «- m‑ W - v‑ t‑Zi - o‑ b - X - e - ¯ - n‑ Â
A-¯c - s - a ‑ m‑ c - p‑ ]T-\¡ - f - c - n‑ k‑wL - S- n‑ -
¸‑n¡ - s - ¸ ‑ S- p‑ ¶ - X - v‑. t‑]m‑ ï - n‑ t- ¨ ‑ c - n‑ b - n‑ s - e ‑
ARISE (Agricultural Renewal In India for a
Sustainable Environment)‑‑ F-¶ k‑wL - S- - ••e‑m-f‑n-X‑y-¯‑n-s‑â {‑]-X‑o-I‑w‑, _-j‑oÀ a‑m-j‑p-s‑S h‑o-S‑v. Photo/Koodu Magazine
\-bm‑ W - v‑ C‑u ]T-\¡ - f - c - n‑ ¡ - v‑ t‑\X - r‑ X - z‑ w‑
\-ev‑I - n‑ b - X - v‑. ARISEþ-sâ ‑ A-¶s - ¯ ‑ A-[y‑- -
£³‑, PÀ-½³-Im‑ c - \ - m‑ b - _À-Wm‑ À-Uv‑ ¡‑pI - b - p‑ ï - m‑ b - n‑ . C-¯c - w‑ b‑m{- X ‑ I - f - n‑ Â ¡‑v £-Wn‑ ¡ - p‑ I - b - p‑ w‑ s‑Nb - v‑X - p‑ . _-jo‑ À
U‑o¢ - m‑ À-¡n‑ \ - v‑ _-jo‑ À-am‑ j - p‑ a - m‑ b - p‑ Å - K‑m- \‑m¼ - n‑ S- p‑ ¶ - k‑ul - r‑ Z- § - Ä A-Xn‑ P - o‑ h- \ - m‑ - a‑mj - m‑ W - v‑ Z‑mt- _ ‑ m‑ Â-¡d - p‑ s - S‑ C‑u t‑Ic - f -
V-ku ‑ l - r‑ Z- a - m‑ W - v‑ C‑u ]T-\¡ - f - c - n‑ s - b ‑ t‑\z‑- j - W - § - Ä-¡v‑ I‑qS- p‑ X - Â I-cp‑ ¯ - p‑ w‑ k-µÀ-i\ - w‑ B-kq‑ {- X ‑ W - w‑ s‑Nb - v‑X - X - p‑ w‑ ,‑
k‑pP - o‑ h - \ - ¯ - n‑ s - e ‑ ¯ - n‑ ¨ - X - v‑. Z‑ni
- m‑ t- _ ‑ m‑ [ - h - p‑ w‑ \-ev‑I - p‑ ¶ - p‑ a‑mj - n‑ \ - v‑. a‑pg- p‑ h - ³ k-ab - h - p‑ w‑ A-t±‑ l - t- ¯ ‑ m‑ s - S‑ m‑ ¸ - w‑
kÀ-ÆI - e - m‑ i - m‑ e - I - f - p‑ w‑ K-th ‑ j - W - i - m‑ - c‑m-k-h-f-þ-h‑n-j-§-f‑p-]-t‑b‑m-K‑n-¨‑p-Å k-©c - n‑ ¨ - X - p‑ w‑ .
e-If - p‑ w‑ k-©c - n‑ ¡ - p‑ ¶ - X - n‑ \ - p‑ a - p‑ t- ¼ ‑ k-©- I-Sp‑ w‑ I - r‑ j - n‑ t- b ‑ ¡ - m‑ Ä s‑a¨ - s - ¸‑ «- h‑nf - h - v‑, ]-eh - «- w‑ a-lm‑ c - m‑ j - v‑{- S‑ b - n‑ s - e ‑ t‑kh - m‑ -
c‑n¡ - p‑ ¶ - A-t\ ‑ z‑- j - W - a - \ - Ê - p‑ I - f - p‑ s - S‑ AÀ- C-sX ‑ m‑ ¶ - p‑ a - n‑ Ã - m‑ s - X ‑ X - s - ¶ ‑ - t‑\S- m‑ w‑ F-¶v‑ {‑Km‑ w‑ B-{i ‑ a - w‑ k-µÀ-in‑ ¨ - n‑ «- p‑ Å - a‑mj - v‑,
°-]q‑ À-®a - m‑ b - H-cp‑ I‑q«- m‑ b - v‑a - b - m‑ b - n‑ c - p‑ ¶ - p‑ {‑Km‑ a - o‑ W - t- a ‑ J - e - b - n‑ s- e ‑ X-sâ ‑ I‑mÀ-jn‑ I - B-{i ‑ a- ¯ - n‑ s - e ‑ \‑mS- ³ ]-ip‑ ¡ - f - p‑ s - S‑ C-W-
A-Xv‑. s‑]À-am‑ I - Ä-¨d - n‑ s - â ‑ (Permanent ]-co‑ £ - W - § - f - n‑ e- q‑ s - S‑ s‑Xf - n‑ b - n‑ ¨- h-y‑ à - n‑ - ¡-hp‑ w‑ k‑vt- \ ‑ l - h - p‑ w‑ I-ïv‑ I‑pd - s - ¨ ‑ ® - -
Agriculture)‑ D-]Ú - m‑ X - m‑ h - m‑ b - s‑h¦ - «- v‑, b‑mW - v‑ Z‑mt- _ ‑ m‑ Â-¡À. i‑mk - v‑{- X ‑ o‑ b- a - m‑ b - ¯‑ns - \ ‑ \‑m«- n‑ t- e ‑ ¡ - p‑ s‑Im‑ ï - p‑ t- ] ‑ m‑ c - m‑ ³
a-lm‑ c - m‑ j - v‑{- S‑ b - n‑ s - e ‑ G-äh - p‑ w‑ h-en‑ b - s‑sP ‑ - k‑ut- c ‑ m‑ À-Ös - ¡ ‑ m‑ b - v‑¯ - n‑ e - q‑ s - S‑ s‑Ne - h - p‑ - B-{K ‑ l - n‑ ¨ - p‑ . B-{i ‑ a - ¯ - n‑ Â I‑ps - d ‑ ]-ip‑ -
h-Ir‑ j - n‑ I‑q«- m‑ b - v‑a- b - m‑ b - "{‑]t- b ‑ m‑ K - v‑ ]-cn‑ h - m‑ - I‑pd - ¨ - v‑ c‑mk - h - f - h - n‑ j - a - p‑ à - a - m‑ b - n‑ ¯
- s - ¶ ‑ ¡-fp‑ ï - v‑. C-cp‑ ] - ¯ - n‑ a - q‑ ¶- p‑ ]-ip‑ ¡ - p‑ «- n‑ I - -
d‑n'‑ \‑p c‑q] - w‑ \-ev‑I - n‑ b - b - m‑ f - p‑ w‑ P-av‑\ - m‑ e - m‑ Â _-¼À h‑nf - h - p‑ t- \ ‑ S- p‑ ¶ - Z‑mt- _ ‑ m‑ Â-¡À s‑f \-ev‑I - m‑ ³ B-{i ‑ a - w‑ k-¶² - a - m‑ b - n‑ ,‑
_-Pm‑ P - v‑ A-hm‑ À-Uv‑ t‑PX - m‑ h - p‑ a - m‑ b - n‑ c - p‑ ¶ - I‑rj - n‑ c - o‑ X - n‑ s - b ‑ t‑Ic - f - o‑ b - À-¡p‑ ]-cn‑ N - b - - C-{X ‑ - I‑pd - s - ¨ ‑ ® - s - ¯ ‑ a‑m{- X ‑ a - m‑ b - n‑ - s‑Im‑ -
{‑io‑ ] - Z- v‑ A-Ny‑- p‑ X - v‑ Z‑mt- _ ‑ m‑ Â-¡À X‑pS- § - n‑ - s‑¸S- p‑ ¯ - m‑ \ - p‑ w‑ a‑mj - ‑v a‑p³-I-s‑¿-S‑p-¯‑p. ï‑ph - c - p‑ ¶ - X - n‑ s - â ‑ hÀ-²n‑ ¨ - s‑Ne - h - v‑
b-hs - c ‑ m‑ s - ¡ ‑ k‑pP - o‑ h - \ - ¯ - n‑ Â h-¶n‑ «- p‑ - I‑m-kÀ-t‑I‑m-S‑p a‑p-XÂ X‑n-c‑p-h-\-´-]‑p- I-W¡ - n‑ s - e ‑ S- p‑ ¯ - v‑ I‑qS- p‑ X - Â F-®s - ¯ ‑
ï‑v. C-Xn‑ \ - I - w‑ t‑em‑ I - {- ] ‑ i - k - v‑X - \ - m‑ b - n‑ ¡ - - c‑w h-s‑c H-c‑p a‑m-k-¡‑m-e‑w s‑I‑m-ï‑v H-¶n‑ ¨ - p‑ s - I ‑ m‑ ï - p‑ t- ] ‑ m‑ I - m‑ \ - m‑ b - n‑ ,‑ B-{i ‑ -
g‑nª - s‑Ne - h - n‑ Ã - m‑ {‑]I - r‑ X - n‑ I - r‑ j - n‑ b - p‑ s - S‑ Z‑m-t‑_‑mÂ-¡À X-s‑â N‑n-e IÀ-j-I a‑w A-[n‑ I - r‑ X - À h-gn‑ ,‑ h‑mÀ-²b - n‑ e - p‑ Å -
{‑]N - m‑ c - I - ³ k‑p` - m‑ j - v‑ ]‑mt- e ‑ ¡ - d - p‑ a - m‑ b - n‑ k‑p-l‑r-¯‑p-¡Ä-s‑¡‑m-¸‑w k-©-c‑n-¨‑v t‑Km‑ ] - m‑ e - I - (b‑mZ- h - )‑ k-aq‑ l - h - p‑ a - m‑ b - n‑
Z-iI - § - Ä-¡p‑ a - p‑ ¼ - p‑ X - s - ¶ ‑ a‑mj - n‑ \ - v‑ K‑m- A-t‑\-I‑w IÀ-j-I-I‑q-«‑m-b‑v-a-I-s‑f-b‑p‑w _-Ôs - ¸ ‑ «- p‑ . B-bn‑ c - ¡ - W - ¡ - n‑ \ - p‑ ]-ip‑ -

¡-fp‑ Å - t‑Km‑ ] - m‑ e - I - I‑pS- p‑ w‑ _ - § - Ä a‑mj
- n‑ s - â ‑ ]-ca - a- m‑ b
- {‑i² - . `‑qa - n‑ "h‑ne - I - p‑ - f-§Ä. ]-c¼ - c - m‑ K - X - a - m‑ b - p‑ Å - \‑ma - I - c - -
A-hn‑ s - S‑ b - p‑ ï - v‑. "h‑m§ - n‑ s - ¡ ‑ m‑ ï - p‑ t- ] ‑ m‑ - d-¨v‑' e-`n‑ ¡ - p‑ a - m‑ b - n‑ c
- p‑ ¶ - I‑me - ¯ - v‑ s‑jm‑ À- W-co‑ X - n‑ b - n‑ Â-t¸ ‑ m‑ e - p‑ w‑ A-Xv‑ {‑]I - S- a - m‑ W - v‑.
b‑mÂ s‑Im‑ ¶ - p‑ X - n‑ ¶ - n‑ Ã - '‑ F-¶v‑ B-{i ‑ a - w‑ ®‑qc - n‑ \ - S- p‑ ¯- {‑Km‑ a - ¯ - n‑ Â h‑m§ - n‑ b - n‑ «- t‑]c - n‑ e - q‑ s - S‑ b - p‑ Å - C‑u hÀ-¤o‑ I - c - W - w‑ a-dn‑ -
a‑pt- J ‑ \ - D-d¸ - p‑ h - m‑ § - n‑ b - t‑ij - t- a ‑ A-hÀ Ø-e¯ - p‑ w‑ C-§s - \ ‑ H-cp‑ s‑]m‑ X - p‑ a - \ - - I-S¡ - p‑ ¶ - p‑ a‑mj - n‑ s - â ‑ a-¡f - m‑ b - "c‑ma - {- ] ‑ -
]-ip‑ ¡ - s - f ‑ \Â-In‑ b - p‑ Å - q‑ . A-hÀ-¡s - X ‑ m‑ - Ê‑v \-«p‑ h - b - v‑¡
- p‑ ¶ - X - n‑ Â a‑pg - p‑ I
- n‑ b - n‑ c- n‑ ¡- p‑ - k‑mZ- p‑ w‑ '‑ ,‑ "l‑m¸ - n‑ b - p‑ w‑ '‑ ,‑ "a‑n\ - n‑ '‑ b - p‑ w‑ .
c‑p I-¨h - S- a - Ã - . k‑vt- \ ‑ l - ¯ - n‑ e - [ - n‑ j - v‑Tn‑ X - - I-bm‑ W - v‑ C-t¸ ‑ m‑ Ä a‑mj - v‑. ¹‑mh - v‑ P-bs - â‑ I‑mÂ-\q‑ ä - m‑ ï - n‑ \ - p‑ a - p‑ ¼ - v‑ ]-«m‑ ¼ - n‑ ¡ - S- p‑ -
a‑mb - P‑oh - n‑ X - c - o‑ X - n‑ b - m‑ W - v‑. I‑qS- n‑ k-lm‑ b - t- ¯ ‑ m‑ s - S‑ ,‑ A-hn‑ s - S‑ H-cp‑ ¯‑v s‑Im‑ ¸ - ¯ - v‑ B-cw‑ ` - n‑ ¨ - "A-`b - '‑ h‑pw‑
k‑p`- m‑ j - v‑ ]-te ‑ ¡ - d- p‑ s - S‑ {‑]I - r‑ X - n‑ I‑rj - n‑ - "¹‑mh - n‑ ³-tX ‑ ‑m-¸‑v' h-fÀ-¯‑n-s‑b-S‑p-¡‑p-I- A-Xn‑ \ - p‑ - c‑q] - w‑ \Â-In‑ b - ]-Åw‑ I‑rj - v‑-
c‑oX - n‑ {‑]N - c - n‑ ¡ - p‑ ¶ - t‑Ic - f - ¯ - n‑ Â \‑mS- ³ b‑m-W‑v e-£‑y‑w. A-X‑n-s‑â ^-e-§-f‑p‑w W-\p‑ a - m‑ b - p‑ Å - A-Sp‑ ¯ - _-Ôhp-am‑ W - v‑
]-ip‑ ¡ - Ä-¡v‑ B-hi - y‑- ¡ - m‑ c - p‑ ï - v‑. 73 \‑m- X-We - p‑ w‑ F-Ãm‑ h - À-¡p‑ a - p‑ Å
- X - m‑ W - v‑. h-b- k‑z´ - w‑ h‑oS- p‑ X - s - ¶ ‑ H-c` - b - a - m‑ ¡ - n‑ a‑mä - p‑ -
S³ ]-ip‑ ¡ - s - f ‑ C-Xn‑ \ - I - w‑ \‑m«- n‑ s - e ‑ ¯ - n‑ - Ê‑pI - m‑ e - ¯ - v‑ A-`b - h - p‑ w‑ I‑q«- m‑ b - v‑a
- b - p‑ w‑ ¶-Xn‑ t- e ‑ ¡ - p‑ h-fÀ-¶X - v‑. a‑mj - n‑ s - â ‑ F-Ãm‑
¨‑n«- p‑ ï - ‑v a‑m-j‑p‑w k‑p-l‑r-¯‑p-¡-f‑p‑w. H-c‑p B-{K ‑ l - n‑ ¡ - p‑ ¶ - h - À-¡‑v I‑q-«‑p-I‑q-S‑p-h‑m-\‑p-Å {‑]h - À-¯\ - § - Ä-¡p‑ w‑ I ‑ ¿ - p‑ w‑ I-cp‑ ¯ - p‑ w‑
t‑k-h-\-a‑m-b‑n C-X‑p \-S-¯‑p-¶-X‑n-\‑v H-c‑p H-c‑n-S-a‑m-b‑p‑w A-X‑n-s‑\ D-]-t‑b‑m-K-s‑¸-S‑p- ]-IÀ-¶p‑ s - I ‑ m‑ ï - v‑ I‑pS- p‑ w‑ _ - n‑ \ - n‑ b - m‑ b - A-kn‑ -
k-l-I-c-W-I‑q-«‑m-b‑v-a-b‑p‑w D-ï‑m-¡‑n-b‑n- ¯‑m³ e-£-‑y-a‑n-«‑n-«‑p-ïv‑. \-¯v‑ S‑o¨ - À F-t¸ ‑ m‑ g - p‑ w‑ H-¸a - p‑ ï - v‑. X‑m-
«‑p-ï‑v. k‑p-P‑oh - \ - ¯ - n‑ s - â ‑ t‑Km‑ i - m‑ e - b - n‑ Â a-kn‑ ¨ - n‑ c - p‑ ¶ - h‑oS- p‑ w‑ N‑pä - p‑ ] - m‑ S- p‑ w‑ A-`b - -
K‑pP - d - m‑ ¯ - n‑ Â \‑n¶ - p‑ Å - H-cp‑ "-Kn‑ À‑' ]-ip‑ - "`‑q-a‑n-s‑b-b‑p‑w A-X‑n-s‑â ¯‑n\ - p‑ \ - e - v‑I - n‑ b - t- i ‑ j - w‑ ,‑ A-`b - ¯ - n‑ s - â ‑
h‑pa - p‑ ï - v‑ C-t¸ ‑ m‑ Ä. A-\‑p-{‑K-l-§-s‑f-b‑p‑w F-Ã‑m- "I‑mg - v‑N - ¸ - m‑ S- n‑ '‑ Â-¯s - ¶ ‑ ,‑ {‑]I - r‑ X - n‑ t- b ‑ m‑ S- n‑ -
A-`b - ¯ - n‑ \ - m‑ b - n‑ ]-Ip‑ ¯ - p‑ \ - Â - I - n‑ b - W-§n‑ ]-Wn‑ X - o‑ À-¯ h-fs - c ‑ e-fn‑ X - a - m‑ b -
t‑ij - a - p‑ Å - `‑qa - n‑ b - p‑ w‑ H-cp‑ s‑]m‑ X - p‑ a - \ - - hÀ-¡‑p‑w F-Ã‑m-¡‑m-e-t¯-¡‑p- H-cp‑ I‑pª - p‑ h - o‑ «- n‑ e - m‑ W - n‑ t- ¸ ‑ m‑ Ä a‑mj - p‑ w‑
t‑Êm‑ s - S‑ b - m‑ W - v‑ a‑mj - v‑ ]‑me - n‑ ¡ - p‑ ¶ - X - v‑. a‑p-Å-X‑m-b‑n‑' X‑n-c‑n-¨-d‑n-b‑p-h‑m³ S‑o¨ - d - p‑ w‑ X‑ma - k - n‑ ¡ - p‑ ¶ - X - v‑. B-tc ‑ m‑ c - p‑ a - n‑ -
"\-½p‑ s - S‑ `‑qa - n‑ \-½p‑ s - S‑ a‑m{- X ‑ a - Ã - . F-sâ ‑ I-g‑n-b‑p-¶-X‑p-X-s‑¶-b‑m-W‑v Ã‑m¯ - h - t- c ‑ m‑ I‑pS- p‑ w‑ _ - ¯ - n‑ \ - p‑ `‑mc - a - m‑ b - n‑ -
h‑oS- v‑ F-tâ ‑ X - p‑ a - m‑ {- X ‑ a - Ã - '‑ F-¶ H-cp‑ h‑n- ¯‑oÀ-¶h - t- c ‑ m‑ B-bX - p‑ a - q‑ e - w‑ A-`b - w‑
N‑mc - w‑ A-t±‑ l - ¯ - n‑ s - â ‑ H‑mt- c ‑ m‑ \‑ni - z‑- m‑ k - - b-Y‑mÀ-° "t‑k‑m-j-‑y-e‑n-k‑w‑'. t‑XS- n‑ s - b ‑ ¯ - n‑ b - ]-Xn‑ \ - © - p‑ t- ] ‑ À C-t¸ ‑ m‑ Ä
¯‑ne - p‑ w‑ I-ec - p‑ ¶ - X - m‑ b - n‑ - t‑Xm‑ ¶ - n‑ b - n‑ «- p‑ ï - v‑. a-®m‑ À-¡m‑ s - «‑ A-`b - ¯ - n‑ e - p‑ ï - v‑.
`‑qa
- n‑ b - v‑¡ - p‑ a - m‑ {- X ‑ a - m‑ b - n‑ "H-cp‑ X‑pï - p‑ `‑qa - n‑ '‑ I‑mÀ-j‑n-I-þ-{‑K‑m-t‑a‑m-²‑m-c-W-t‑a-J-e-b‑n- s‑Im‑ ¸ - s - ¯ ‑ A-`b - w‑ s‑sP ‑ h - c - o‑ X - n‑ -
I‑qS- n‑ C-Ãm‑ X - m‑ ¡ - n‑ ¯ - o‑ À-¡p‑ ¶ - a-\p‑ j - y‑- c - p‑ - s‑e¶ - t- ] ‑ m‑ s - e ‑ h‑nZ- y‑- m‑ ` - y‑- m‑ k - c - w‑ K - ¯ - p‑ w‑ b‑nÂ I‑rj - n‑ s‑Nb - v‑X - p‑ ï - m‑ ¡ - n‑ b - A-cn‑ -
s‑S C‑u I‑me - ¯ - v‑, i‑p² - h - m‑ b - p‑ t‑]m‑ s - e ‑ X-tâ ‑ X - m‑ b - kÀ-¤m‑ ß - I - X - {‑]I - S- n‑ ¸ - n‑ ¨ - n‑ - b‑pw‑ ]-¨¡ - d - n‑ b - p‑ w‑ k‑pP - o‑ h - \ - ¯ - n‑ s - e ‑
A-\n‑ h - m‑ c - y‑- a - m‑ b - n‑ ¯ - o‑ c - p‑ ¶ - H-cp‑ s‑]m‑ X - p‑ - «‑pï - v‑ a‑mj - v‑. h‑nZ- y‑- m‑ ` - y‑- m‑ k - h - I - p‑ ¸ - n‑ Â s‑U- ]-g§ - f - p‑ w‑ ,‑ A-S§ - n‑ b - B-tc ‑ m‑ K - y‑- Z- m‑ b - I - -
k‑wk - v‑¡ - m‑ c - s - ¯ ‑ \-ap‑ ¡ - v‑ C‑u k-ao‑ ] - \ - - ]‑yq‑ «- n‑ U-bd - I - v‑S- d - m‑ b - n‑ c - n‑ t- ¡ ‑ "¢‑mk - n‑ Â a‑mb - `-£W - w‑ ,‑ ]‑pg - b - n‑ s - e ‑ I‑pf - n‑ ,‑ i‑m´ - -
¯‑nÂ I-sï ‑ S- p‑ ¡ - m‑ w‑ . A-²y‑- m‑ ] - I - À h-Sn‑ b - p‑ a - m‑ b - n‑ - t‑]m‑ I - c - p‑ X - v‑' h‑pw‑ k‑pc - £ - n‑ X - h - p‑ a - m‑ b - A-ń‑- b - p‑ d - ¡ - w‑ ,‑
"`‑qa - n‑ s - b ‑ b - p‑ w‑ A-Xn‑ s - â ‑ A-\p‑ {- K ‑ l - - F-¶v‑ D-¯c - h - n‑ «- X - p‑ w‑ ,‑ "s‑Ft- _ ‑ m‑ Ä‑' I‑ym‑ - k-lh - m‑ k - w‑ s - I ‑ m‑ ï - v‑ ]-ck - v‑] - c - w‑ X‑m§ - p‑ w‑
§-sf ‑ b - p‑ w‑ F-Ãm‑ h - À-¡p‑ w‑ F-Ãm‑ ¡ - m‑ e - - ¼‑v \-S¯ - n‑ b - X - p‑ w‑ h‑ym‑ ] - I - a - m‑ b - {‑i² - X-We - p‑ a- m‑ b - n‑ - h-fc - p‑ ¶ - N-§m‑ ¯ - w‑ ,‑ ]‑m«- p‑ w‑
t‑¯¡ - p‑ a - p‑ Å - X - m‑ b - n‑ '‑ X‑nc - n‑ ¨ - d - n‑ b - p‑ h - m‑ ³ ]‑nS- n‑ ¨ - p‑ ] - ä- n‑ b - n‑ c - p‑ ¶- p‑ . "A-\p‑ t- b ‑ m‑ P - y‑ h - n‑ Z- y‑- m‑ I-Y] - d - ¨ - n‑ e - p‑ a - m‑ b - n‑ k-t´ ‑ m‑ j - w‑ h‑nS- c - p‑ ¶ -
I-gn‑ b - p‑ ¶ - X - p‑ X - s - ¶ ‑ b - m‑ W - v‑ b-Ym‑ À-° `- y‑- m‑ k
- w‑ '‑ ,‑ "H-cp‑ C‑uÀ-¡n‑ Â h‑n¹ - h - w‑ '‑ F-¶n‑ - k‑mb - m‑ Ó - § - Ä-þ C-sX ‑ m‑ s - ¡ ‑ ,‑ P‑oh - n‑ X - -
"t‑km‑ j - y‑- e - n‑ k - w‑ '‑ . h-cp‑ w‑ X-ea - p‑ d - b - v‑¡ - m‑ - §-s\ ‑ c-ïp‑ ]‑pk - v‑X - I - § - Ä c-Nn‑ ¨ - n‑ «- p‑ ï - v‑. ¯‑nÂ-\n‑ ¶ - p‑ w‑ ]‑pd - ´ - Å - s - ¸ ‑ «- I‑pd - ¨ - p‑ t- ] ‑
b‑n,‑ F-Ãm‑ P-´p‑ P - o‑ h - P - m‑ e - § - Ä-¡p‑ a - m‑ b - n‑ `‑qa - n‑ b- n‑ s - e
‑ ¶ - t- ] ‑ m‑ s - e‑ `‑mj - b - n‑ e - p‑ w‑ k‑w- À-s¡ ‑ ¦ - n‑ e - p‑ w‑ e-`n‑ ¡ - p‑ ¶ - H-cn‑ S- a - m‑ b - n‑ c - n‑ ¡ - p‑ -
X-sâ ‑ "t‑]c - n‑ e - p‑ Å - '‑ `‑qa - n‑ b - n‑ Â F-s´ ‑ ¦ - n‑ - k‑v¡ - m‑ c - ¯ - n‑ e - p‑ w‑ a-X¯ - n‑ e - p‑ s - a‑ m‑ s - ¡ ‑ b - p‑ ï - v‑ ¶‑p C-Xv‑.
e‑pw‑ \-«p‑ s - I ‑ m‑ ï - n‑ c - n‑ ¡ - p‑ I - F-¶X - n‑ e - m‑ W - v‑ t‑hÀ-Xn‑ c - n‑ ¨ - p‑ I - m‑ W - m‑ \ - m‑ b - p‑ Å - A-Xn‑ c - S- b - m‑ - I‑ps - d ‑ t- b ‑ s - d ‑ \‑mf - p‑ I - Ä-¡p‑ t‑ij - w‑
H-cp‑ a‑mk - w‑ a‑ps - ¼ ‑ m‑ c - p‑ \ - m‑ Ä k‑pP - o‑ h - \ - -
¯‑ns - e ‑ ¯ - n‑ ,‑ s‑hb - n‑ e - p‑ N - m‑ b - p‑ ¶ - t- \ ‑ c - ¯ - v‑
••_-j‑oÀ a‑m-j‑v A-`-b-¯‑n-\‑m-b‑n \Â-I‑n-b h‑o-S‑v. Photo/Koodu Magazine a‑mj - n‑ t- \ ‑ m‑ s - S‑ m‑ ¸ - w‑ ]‑pg- b - n‑ Â a-Xn‑ h - c - p‑ t- h ‑ m‑ -
f‑w \‑o´ - n‑ ¡ - p‑ f - n‑ ¨ - p‑ . X‑nc - n‑ ¨ - p‑ h - ¶ - v‑, S‑o¨ - À
k-Xv‑I - c - n‑ ¨ - t‑X³-s\ ‑ Ã - n‑ ¡ - ]‑m\ - o‑ b - h - p‑ w‑
k‑pP - o‑ h - \ - ¯ - n‑ s - e ‑ h‑mg - ¸ - g - h - p‑ w‑ c‑pN - n‑ ¨ - v‑
a‑mj - p‑ a - m‑ b - n‑ Z‑oÀ-La - m‑ b - n‑ k‑wk - m‑ c - n‑ ¨ - n‑ c - p‑ -
¶‑p. A-ń‑ a - b - § - n‑ ¯ - p‑ S- § - n‑ b - t‑\c - ¯ - v‑,
k‑z´ - a - m‑ b - n‑ h-¨p‑ ï - m‑ ¡ - n‑ b - H-cp‑ I-ew‑
t‑Km‑ X - ¼ - p‑ ] - m‑ b - k - h - p‑ w‑ a‑pJ - w‑ \‑nd - s - b ‑ N‑n-
c‑nb- p‑ a - m‑ b - n‑ S‑o¨ - À A-`b - ¯ - n‑ t- e ‑ ¡ - v‑ t‑]m‑ -
I‑p¶ - X - p‑ I - ï - p‑ .
C-cp‑ Ä I-\¯ - t- ¸ ‑ m‑ Ä A-I¯ - p‑ s - X ‑ -
f‑nª - s‑hf - n‑ ¨ - t- ¯ ‑ m‑ s - S‑ m‑ ¸ - w‑ ,‑ a-[p‑ c - w‑
h‑nf - ¼ - p‑ t- ¶ ‑ c - s - ¯ ‑ N‑nc - n‑ b - p‑ w‑ I-fn‑ b - p‑ w‑
k-t´ ‑ m‑ j - h - p‑ w‑ P‑me - I - ¸ - g - p‑ X - n‑ e - q‑ s - S‑ ]‑pd - -
t‑¯s - ¡ ‑ m‑ g- p‑ I - n‑ s - b ‑ ¯ - p‑ ¶ - X - n‑ \ - p‑ R-§Ä
k‑m£ - n‑ I - f - m‑ b - n‑ . A-t§ ‑ m‑ «- p‑ t‑\m‑ ¡ - n‑ s - ¡ ‑ m‑ -
ï‑nc - n‑ s - ¡ ‑ _-jo‑ À a‑mj - v‑ ]-db - p‑ ¶ - X - p‑
t‑I«- p‑ . "]‑mÀ-«n‑ \‑nt- c ‑ m‑ [ - n‑ ¨ - I‑me - ¯ - v‑ C.-
F‑w.-Fk - v‑. H-fn‑ h - n‑ Â X‑ma - k - n‑ ¨ - h - o‑ S- m‑ W - -
X‑v.'‑ N-cn‑ {- X ‑ w‑ N‑ne - I‑me - § - f - n‑ Â A-Xn‑ s - â ‑
D-ÅS- c - p‑ I - f - n‑ Â \‑n¶ - p‑ w‑ ]‑pd - s - ¯ ‑ S- p‑ ¯ - p‑ -
I‑mW - n‑ ¡ - p‑ ¶ - N‑ne - I‑mh - y‑- \ - o‑ X - n‑ I - s - f ‑ ¡ - p‑ -
d‑n¨
- v‑ A-t¸ ‑ m‑ Ä A-Ûp‑ X - t- ¯ ‑ m‑ s - S‑ H‑mÀ-
¯‑pt- ] ‑ m‑ b - n‑ .

Ahtijn¡p¶ ]-¨-¯‑p-c‑p-¯‑p-IÄ
I-®‑qcnsâ Poh\mb a‑q¶- n‑ s

s‑¸«- X
- e‑ m‑ ¶
- m‑ b - n‑ c
- v‑ {‑_n‑ «- o‑ j
- p‑ ¶
- p‑ . s‑Nd- n‑ b
- p‑ I - m‑ À-¡v‑ A-hI
- t‑X¡ - p‑ a-c§
- m‑ i
- Ä
- -
B-d-f‑w
a‑pd - n‑ ¡
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]‑p\ - w‑ I - r‑ j - n‑ \ - S- ¯ - n‑ b - n‑ c - p‑ ¶ - p‑ .
{‑_n‑ «- o‑ j - p‑ I - m‑ c - p‑ s- S‑ h-\w‑ \ - n‑ I
- p‑ X - n‑ s- ¡‑ X - n‑ -
s‑c B-Zn‑ h - m‑ k - n‑ I - Ä \-S¯ - n‑ b - h‑n¹ - h - w‑
A-Sn‑ ¨ - a - À-¯n‑ P-•n‑ a - m‑ À-¡v‑ t‑X¡ - p‑ w‑ C‑u-
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{‑_Ò - K - n‑ c - n‑ b- p‑ w‑ I‑qÀ-Kn‑ s - e ‑ h-\§ - f - p‑ w‑ X‑p- K‑wK - m‑ k - m‑ {- a ‑ m‑ P - y‑- h- p‑ w‑ ,‑ I-S¼ - m‑ ,‑ t‑lm‑ b - v‑- I‑m-W‑p-¶‑p.
SÀ-¨b - m‑ b - p‑ Å - B-df - w‑ h-\y‑ P - o‑ h - n‑ k-t¦ ‑ - i‑me - m‑ ,‑ a‑m[ - h - t- Z‑ h - \ - m‑ b - I - ,‑ h‑nP - b - \ - K - c - ,‑
X‑w. N-cn‑ {- X ‑ a - p‑ d- § - p‑ ¶
- H‑mS- t- ´ ‑ m‑ S- v‑ a-eh - m‑ - t- h
‑ m‑ S- b - m‑ À X‑pS- § - n‑ b - c‑mP - þ- k - m‑ {- a ‑ m‑ P - y‑ 1949-þÂ A-¶s - ¯ ‑ a-Zn‑ c
- m‑ i - n‑ k‑zI - m‑ c - y‑- h - -
c-hp‑ w‑ s‑Im‑ «- n‑ b - q‑ À d‑nk - À-Æv‑ h-\¯ - n‑ s - â ‑ I‑pS- p‑ w‑ _ - § - f - n‑ e
- q‑ s - S‑ s‑sl ‑ Z- c - m‑ e - n‑ þ- S- n‑ ¸ - p‑ - \-kw‑ c - £- W - \ - n‑ b - a - w‑ \-S¸ - n‑ e
- m‑ b - t- X ‑ m‑ s - S‑
`‑mK
- h - p‑ w‑ t‑NÀ-¯v‑ 55 N-Xp‑ c - {- i ‑ I - n‑ t- e ‑ m‑ a‑o- k‑pÂ-¯m‑ ³ h-sc ‑ C‑u `‑mK - w‑ I-¿S- - I‑pd- s
- ¨‑ m‑ s - ¡‑ \‑nb - {- ´ ‑ W - § - Ä h-¶p‑ .
äÀ h-cp‑ ¶ - `‑mK - w‑ 1984 H-Iv‑t- S‑ m‑ _ - d - n‑ e - m‑ W - v‑ ¡‑nb - n‑ c - p‑ ¶ - p‑ . {‑_n‑ «- o‑ j - v‑ A-[o‑ i - ¯ - n‑ Â ]-t£ ‑ ,‑ A-Xn‑ \ - n‑ S- b - n‑ Â h-\t- i ‑ m‑ j - W - w‑
h-\y‑- P - o‑ h
- n‑ k-t¦ ‑ X - a- m‑ b - n‑ {‑]J - y‑- m‑ ] - n‑ ¡ - s - ¸ ‑ - h-¶ C‑u {‑]t- Z‑ i - w‑ ]-gÈ - n‑ c
- m‑ P - m‑ h - n‑ s - â ‑ G-Xm‑ ï - v‑ k‑w`- h - n‑ ¨- p‑ I-gn‑ ª - n‑ c
- p‑ ¶
- p‑ . t‑I-
«-Xv‑. G-It- Z‑ i - w‑ 32 N-Xp‑ c - {- i‑ I - n‑ t- e ‑ m‑ a - o‑ ä - À s‑hÃ - p‑ h- n‑ f - n‑ I- Ä t‑\c - n‑ «- v‑ h‑oï - p‑ w‑ {‑_n‑ «- o‑ - c-f k‑wØ - m‑ \
- w‑ \‑ne - h - n‑ Â h-¶t- X ‑ m‑ s - S‑
h-cp‑ ¶ - H‑mS- t- ´ ‑ m‑ S- v‑ a-eh - m‑ c - w‑ 1971 h-sc ‑ j‑pI - m‑ c - p‑ s - S‑ `-cW - ¯ - n‑ e - m‑ b - n‑ . S‑n¸ - p‑ h - p‑ w‑ X-t±‑ i- o‑ b - c - Ã - m‑ ¯ - h - À I‑mS- p‑ s‑h«- n‑ s - ¯ ‑ f - n‑ -
k‑zI - m‑ c - y‑ h - y‑ à - n‑ I - f- p‑ s- S‑ I-¿n‑ e - m‑ b - n‑ c - p‑ ¶
- p‑ . {‑_n‑ «- o‑ j - p‑ I - m‑ c - p‑ w‑ \‑nc - h - [ - n‑ P-•n‑ a - m‑ À-¡v‑ ¨‑v I‑rj - n‑ `‑qa - n‑ b- m‑ ¡ - n‑ . k‑zI - m‑ c
- y‑- h - \ - § - Ä
H‑mS- t- ´ ‑ m‑ S- v‑ a-eh - m‑ c - ¯ - n‑ â N-cn‑ {- X ‑ w‑ s‑sI ‑ h - i - w‑ s‑Im‑ S- p‑ ¯ - v‑ I-¸w‑ ]‑nc - n‑ ¨ - p‑ . ]‑nS- n‑ - G-sä‑ S- p‑ ¯- v‑ 1971-þÂ \‑nb - a- w‑ h-¶p‑ . ]-t£ ‑ ,‑
\‑qä- m‑ ï - p‑ I - f - p‑ s - S‑ ]-g¡ - a - p‑ Å - X - m‑ s - W ‑ - ¡-s¸ ‑ S- p‑ ¶ - B-\I - f - p‑ s - S‑ F-®¯ - n‑ s - â ‑ A-Xn‑ \ - p‑ a‑p³-t] ‑ X - s - ¶‑ 3060 s‑lI - v‑S- t- d ‑ m‑ -
I‑p-«‑n-t‑X-h‑m-¦‑v Slender Loris

Photo/Dr. Mayil Vahanan

Ahtijn¡p¶ ]-¨-¯‑p-c‑p-¯‑p-IÄ
f‑w h-\w‑ B-df - w‑ ^‑ma - n‑ \ - p‑ t- h ‑ ï - n‑ s‑h- ¯‑ns - â ‑ b - p‑ w‑ \‑ne - \ - n‑ Â¸‑n\ - v‑ A-\n‑ h - m‑ c - y‑ w‑ I‑mS- p‑ I - Ä‑, N-Xp‑ ¸ - v‑ h-be - p‑ I - Ä F-Ãm‑ w‑
«‑ns - ¯ ‑ f - n‑ ¨ - p‑ s‑sI ‑ a - m‑ d- n‑ . h-\y‑- P - o‑ h - n‑ k - w‑ - X-s¶ ‑ . k-ky‑- k - ¼ - ¶ - a - m‑ W - v‑.
c-£W - t‑I{- µ ‑ ¯ - n‑ s - â ‑ H-cp‑ `‑mK - a - m‑ b - A-dp‑ ] - X - p‑ a‑oä- À a‑pX - Â 1498 a‑oä- À h-sc ‑ h‑nk - v‑X - r‑ X - n‑ s - I ‑ m‑ ï - v‑ s‑Nd - p‑ s - X ‑ ¦ - n‑ e - p‑ w‑
s‑Im‑ «- n‑ b - q‑ À d‑nk - À-hv‑ h-\§ - f - n‑ Â I‑mc - y‑- - D-bc - a - p‑ Å
- {‑]t- Z‑ i - § - Ä DÄ-s¡ ‑ m‑ Å - p‑ ¶ - s‑Xm‑ «- S- p‑ ¯ - h-\§ - f - p‑ a - m‑ b - p‑ Å - X‑pS- À-¨-
a‑mb- h-\\ - i - o‑ I - c - W - w‑ \-S¶ - n‑ s - Ã ‑ ¦ - n‑ e - p‑ w‑ B-df - w‑ h-\y‑- P - o‑ h- n‑ k - t- ¦ ‑ X - ¯ - n‑ s - â‑ `‑mK - - s‑Im‑ ï - v‑ k‑ma - m‑ \ - y‑ w‑ k-¼¶ - a - m‑ b - B-d-
h-en‑ b - a-c§ - Ä Xncªpsh«‑p¶ - c‑oX - n‑ - §-fn‑ Â i-cm‑ i - c- n‑ - h‑mÀ-jn‑ I - a-g 3500 a‑nÃ - n‑ - f‑w h-\y‑- P - o‑ h - n‑ k - w‑ c - £ - W - t- I ‑ {- µ ‑ ¯ - n‑ Â
\‑ne - h - n‑ e - p‑ ï - m‑ b - n‑ c - p‑ ¶ - p‑ . a‑oä- t- d‑ m‑ f - a- m‑ W - v‑. C‑u {‑]t- X ‑ y‑- I- X - I- Ä C-hn‑ - \‑n¶ - p‑ w‑ 961 C-\w‑ k-ky‑- § - Ä t‑cJ - s - ¸ ‑ -
1984-þÂ h-\y‑- P - o‑ h - n‑ k - w‑ c - £ - W - t‑I{- µ ‑ - S-s¯ ‑ h-\§ - f - p‑ s- S‑ s‑sh ‑ h - n‑ ²- y‑- ¯ - n‑ e - p‑ w‑ S‑p¯
- n‑ b - n‑ «- p‑ ï - v‑. C-hb - n‑ Â 318 C-\§ - Ä
a‑mb - n‑ {‑]J - y‑- m‑ ] - n‑ ¡ - s - ¸ ‑ «- t- X ‑ m‑ s - S‑ N‑n{- X ‑ w‑ {‑]X - n‑ ^ - e - n‑ ¡
- p‑ ¶- p‑ . N‑mh - ¨ - n‑ þ- A
- ¼ - e - ¸ - m‑ d - s‑]\ - n‑ ³-kp‑ e - À C-ý‑- b - n‑ Â a‑m{- X ‑ w‑ I‑m-
a‑md - n‑ . G-It- Z‑ i - w‑ 291 s‑lI - v‑S- À h-cp‑ ¶ - {‑]t- Z‑ i - § - f - n‑ Â I‑mW - p‑ ¶ - \‑nX - y‑- l - c - n‑ X
- h - - W-s¸ ‑ S- p‑ ¶ - h - b - m‑ W - v‑. A-dp‑ ] - ¯ - © - n‑ \ - w‑
t‑X¡ - p‑ t‑Xm‑ «- h - p‑ w‑ 167 s‑lI - v‑S- À b‑q¡ - m‑ - ]-¶h - À-¤¯ - n‑ Â-s¸ ‑ «- h - b - p‑ w‑ ,‑ 123 C-\w‑
e‑n]
- v‑ä - k - p‑ w‑ 30- s‑lI - v‑S- À I-ip‑ a - m‑ h - p‑ {‑]t- Z‑ - h‑n-k‑v-X‑r-X‑n-s‑I‑m-ï‑v s‑N-d‑p-s‑X- Bryophytes D‑w. 239 C-\w‑ a-c§ - f - n‑ Â G-I-
i-§f - p‑ w‑ h-\a - m‑ b - n‑ a‑md - p‑ ¶ - X - n‑ \ - p‑ Å - k‑m- ¦‑n-e‑p‑w s‑X‑m-«-S‑p-¯ h-\-§- t‑Zi- w‑ 52 i-Xa - m‑ \ - t- ¯ ‑ m‑ f - h - p‑ w‑ ]-Ýn‑ a - L - -
l-Nc - y‑ w‑ k‑rj - v‑S- n‑ ¨ - p‑ . e-£¡ - W - ¡ - n‑ \ - v‑ «-¯n‑ Â a‑m{- X ‑ w‑ I‑mW - s - ¸ ‑ S- p‑ ¶ - h - b - m‑ W - v‑.
P-\§ - f - p‑ s - S‑ I‑pS- n‑ s - h ‑ Å - þ- P - e - t- k ‑ N - \ -
f‑p-a‑m-b‑p-Å X‑p-SÀ-¨-s‑I‑m-ï‑v B-df - w‑ ,‑ P-´p‑ s - s ‑ h ‑ h - n‑ [ - y‑- ¯ - n‑ e - p‑ w‑ k-¼
B-{i ‑ b - a - m‑ b - h-f] - «- W - w‑ ]‑pg- b - p‑ s - S‑ \‑ne - - k‑m-a‑m-\‑y‑w k-¼-¶-a‑m-b B-d-f‑w ¶
- a - m‑ W - v‑, 48 C-\w‑ k-kv‑X - \ - n‑ I - Ä - .
\‑nÂ-¸n‑ \ - v‑ A-hb - p‑ s - S‑ t‑]m‑ j - I - A - c - p‑ h - n‑ - h-\-‑y-P‑o-h‑n-k‑w-c-£-W-t‑I-{‑µ- C-hb - n‑ Â k‑nw‑ l - h - m‑ e - \ - p‑ w‑ (Lion-tailed
I-fm‑ b - N‑o¦ - ® - n‑ ¸ - p‑ g - b - p‑ w‑ D-cp‑ «- n‑ ¸ - p‑ g - b - p‑ w‑ ¯‑nÂ \‑n-¶‑p‑w 961 C-\‑w k-k-‑y- macaque) I-cn‑ ¦ - p‑ c - § - p‑ w‑ (Nilgiri langur)
k‑wc - £ - n‑ ¡ - W - s - a ‑ ¶ - t‑_m‑ [ - w‑ i-àa - m‑ - ]-d¡ - p‑ ¶ - A-®m‑ \ - p‑ w‑ (Indian giant flying
b‑n. C-hb - p‑ s - S‑ h‑rj - v‑S- n‑ {- ] ‑ t- Z‑ i - a- m‑ b - B-df - w‑ §Ä t‑c-J-s‑¸-S‑p-¯‑n-b‑n-«‑p-ï‑v. squirrel) ]-Ýn‑ a - L - «- ¯ - n‑ t- â ‑ X - p‑ a- m‑ {- X ‑ a- m‑ W - v‑.
h-\y‑- P - o‑ h - n‑ k‑wc - £ - W - t- I ‑ {- µ ‑ ¯ - n‑ s - â ‑ b - p‑ w‑ A-©n‑ \ - w‑ h‑m\ - c - • - m‑ t- c ‑ b - p‑ w‑ I‑mW - p‑ ¶ -
A-Xn‑ s - â ‑ X‑pS- À-¨b - m‑ b - h-\§ - f - p‑ s - S‑ b - p‑ w‑ \-§f - p‑ s
- S‑ 34 i-Xa - m‑ \
- t- ¯ ‑ m‑ f - w‑ X‑mc - X- - A-]q‑ À-hw‑ N‑ne - Ø - e
- § - f - n‑ Â H-¶m‑ W - v‑
k‑wc - £ - W - ¯ - n‑ s - â ‑ k‑ma - q‑ l - y‑ {‑]k - à - n‑ - t‑ay‑ \ - a‑qe - y‑- t- i‑ m‑ j - W - w‑ k‑w` - h - n‑ ¡ - m‑ ¯ - B-df - w‑ . I‑p«- n‑ t- ¯ ‑ h - m‑ ¦ - n‑ s - \ ‑ I‑mW - p‑ h - m‑ ³
b‑mW - v‑ A-Xn‑ s - â ‑ ]-ca - {- ] ‑ m‑ [ - m‑ \ - y‑ w‑ . C‑u \
- n‑ _- n‑ U - h - \- § - f - m‑ W
- v‑. h-fb - w‑ N- m‑ Â‑, \-cn‑ - B-df - t- ¯ ‑ m‑ f - w‑ \-Ã a-sä ‑ m‑ c - p‑ Ø-eh - p‑ w‑
]‑pg - I - f - n‑ t- e ‑ ¡ - v‑ H-gp‑ I - n‑ s - b ‑ ¯ - p‑ ¶ - A-¿w‑ - ¡-Sh - v‑, ]-cn‑ ¸ - v‑ t‑Xm‑ S- v‑ X‑pS- § - n‑ b - Ø-e§ - - C-ÃX - s - ¶ ‑ .
I‑p¶ - v‑ t‑Xm‑ S- v‑, \-cn‑ ¡ - S- h - v‑ t‑Xm‑ S- v‑, I‑pd - p‑ ¡ - - f‑ns- e ‑ AÀ-²\ - n‑ X - y‑- l - c - n‑ X- h - \- § - Ä‑, 1400 ]-£n‑ \ - n‑ c- o‑ £ - I - À I-gn‑ ª - I‑pt- d ‑ hÀ-
t‑¯m‑ S- v‑, N‑mh - ¨ - n‑ t- ¯ ‑ m‑ S- v‑, a‑o³-ap‑ «- n‑ t- ¯ ‑ m‑ S- v‑ a‑oä - d - n‑ \
- p‑ a‑pI - f - n‑ Â A-¼e - ¸ - m‑ d - `- m‑ K- ¯- p‑ j-§f - m‑ b - n‑ C-hn‑ s - S‑ ]T-\w‑ \-S¯ - p‑ ¶ - p‑ .
X‑pS- § - n‑ b - h - h-f] - «- W - w‑ ]‑pg - b - p‑ s - S‑ b - p‑ w‑ I‑mW - p‑ ¶ - t‑Nm‑ e - ¡ - m‑ S- p‑ I - Ä‑, X‑ms - g‑ `‑mK - - C-cp‑ ¶ - q‑ ä- n‑ a- p‑ ¸ - s - ¯ ‑ m‑ ¶ - v‑ C-\w‑ ]-£n‑ I - f - n‑ Â
A-hs - b ‑ B-{i ‑ b - n‑ ¡ - p‑ ¶ - P-\k - a - q‑ l - - §-fn‑ Â I‑mW - p‑ ¶ - BÀ-{Z‑ C-es - ]‑ m‑ g- n‑ b
- p‑ w‑ 36 C-\§ - Ä t‑Zi - m‑ S- \ - ¡ - m‑ c - m‑ W - v‑, 14 C-\-

§Ä ]-Ýn‑ a - L- «- ¯ - n‑ \ - p‑ a‑m{- X ‑ w‑ A-hI - m‑ -
i-s¸ ‑ «- h - b - p‑ w‑ . A-´À-t±‑ i - o‑ b - X-e¯ - n‑ Â
`‑oj
- W - n‑ t- \ ‑ c - n‑ S- p‑ ¶ - ]-Xn‑ s - \‑ m‑ ¶ - n‑ \ - § - f - p‑ w‑
C-hb - n‑ e - p‑ ï - v‑. h-fs - c ‑ b - [ - n‑ I - w‑ `‑oj - W - n‑
t‑\c - n‑ S- p‑ ¶ - I-gp‑ I - • - m‑ c - n‑ Â c-ï‑n-\-§Ä
C-h‑n-s‑S-b‑p-s‑ï-¶-X‑v h-f-s‑c {‑]-[‑m-\-‑y-
a‑p-Å H-c‑p h-k‑v-X‑p-X-b‑m-W‑v. ]mï³
thg¼Â (Malabar Pied Hornbill) s‑â
\-sÃ ‑ m‑ c - p‑ AwKkwJy C-hn‑ S- w‑ {‑]k - n‑ -
²-am‑ ¡ - p‑ ¶ - p‑ .
A³-]¯ - n‑ a - q‑ ¶ - n‑ \ - w‑ D-cK - § - f - n‑ Â 15
C-\§ - Ä ]-Ýn‑ a - L - «- ¯ - n‑ Â a‑m{- X ‑ w‑ I‑m-
W‑p¶ - A-]q‑ À-Æa - m‑ b - h - b - m‑ W - v‑. D-cK - § - -
f‑nÂ ]-dH - m‑ ´ - v‑ (Flying Lizard)‑ {‑]t- X ‑ y‑- I - w‑
{‑i² - n‑ ¡ - s - ¸ ‑ S- p‑ ¶ - p‑ . c‑mP - s - h ‑ ¼ - m‑ e - ¡ - p‑ w‑
{‑]k- n‑ ² - a - m‑ W - v‑ B-df - w‑ . C-cp‑ ] - ¯ - n‑ t- b ‑ g - v‑
]-Ýn‑ a - L - «- C-\§ - Ä DÄ-s¸ ‑ s - S‑ a‑p¸ - ¯ - -
©‑n\ - w‑ D-`b - P - o‑ h - n‑ I - Ä I-sï ‑ ¯ - n‑ b - n‑ «- p‑ -
ï‑v. C-hb - n‑ Â a‑q¶ - n‑ \ - w‑ I‑pc - p‑ S- n‑ I - f - p‑ a - p‑ ï - v‑
(caecilians)‑‑ .
C-hn‑ S- s - ¯ ‑ A-cp‑ h - n‑ I - f - p‑ w‑ ]‑pg - I - f - p‑ w‑
i‑p² - P - e - a - Õ - y‑ k-¼¶ - a - m‑ W - v‑. C‑ub - n‑ s - S‑
I-sï ‑ ¯ - n‑ b - ]‑pX - n‑ b - C-\w‑ Glyptothorax
malabarensisþD‑w I‑pb - n‑ Â A-Yh - m‑ I-än‑ -
b‑pw‑ k‑pµ - c - n‑ b - m‑ b - a‑nk - v‑ t‑Ic - f - b- p‑ w‑ A-S-
§‑p¶ - 40 C-\w a- Õ - y‑ §Ä C-hn‑ s - S‑ b - p‑ ï - v‑.
I-®‑qÀ \‑n-h‑m-k‑n-I-f‑p-s‑S A-`‑n-

a‑m-\-a‑m-b h-\‑y-P‑o-h‑n k‑w-c-£-
W-t‑I-{‑µ-a‑m-W‑v, k-k-‑y-þ-P-´‑p-k-
¼-¯‑n-\‑mÂ A-\‑p-K‑r-l‑o-X-h‑p‑w
X-§-f‑p-s‑S I‑p-S‑n-\‑o-c‑n-s‑â D-d-h‑n-S-
h‑p-a‑m-b B-d-f‑w.
N‑n{- X ‑ i - e - ` - § - f - p‑ s- S‑ I‑q«- t- ¯ ‑ m‑ s - S‑ b- p‑ Å -
t‑Zi - m‑ S- \ - w‑ \‑nc - o‑ £- n‑ ¡ - p‑ h - m‑ \ - p‑ w‑ ]T‑n¡ - p‑ -
h‑m\ - p‑ w‑ {‑]I - r‑ X - n‑ k‑vt- \ ‑ l - n‑ I - Ä F-Ãm‑ h - À-
j-hp‑ w‑ C-hn‑ s - S‑ H-¯p‑ t‑Nc - p‑ ¶ - p‑ . h-fs - c ‑
A-]q‑ À-Æa - m‑ b - h - DÄ-s¸ ‑ s - S‑ 221 C-\w‑
N‑n{- X ‑ i - e - ` - § - Ä D-ÅX - m‑ b - n‑ ]T-\§ - Ä
]-db - p‑ ¶ - p‑ . ]-Ýn‑ a - L - «- ¯ - n‑ Â a‑m{- X ‑ w‑ I‑m-
W‑p¶ - 12 C-\§ - f - p‑ w‑ t‑NÀ-¯v‑ 59 C-\w‑
X‑p¼ - n‑ I - s - f ‑ b - p‑ w‑ I-sï ‑ ¯ - n‑ b - n‑ «- p‑ ï
- v‑.
k-ky‑- þ- P - ´ - p‑ s - s ‑ h ‑ h - n‑ [ - y‑ w‑ s‑Im‑ ï - p‑
k-¼¶ - a - m‑ b - C‑u {‑]t- Z‑ i - ¯ - n‑ \ - v‑ {‑][ - m‑ \ -
`‑oj
- W - n‑ s‑Xm‑ «- S- p‑ ¯ - p‑ Å - B-df - w‑ ^‑ma - m‑ -
W‑v. C-hn‑ S- s - ¯ ‑ h-\y‑- P - o‑ h - n‑ I- f - p‑ a- m‑ b - n‑
^‑ma - n‑ s - e ‑ I‑rj - n‑ \-S¯ - p‑ ¶ - h - À X‑mZ- m‑ -
ß‑yw‑ {‑]m‑ ] - n‑ ¨ - v‑ h-¶t- ¸ ‑ m‑ t- g‑ ¡ - p‑ w‑ C-Xn‑ s - â ‑
h-en‑ s - b ‑ m‑ c - p‑ `‑mK - w‑ B-Zn‑ h - m‑ k - n‑ I - Ä-¡m‑ b - n‑ I-c‑n-¦‑p-c§v Nilgiri langur Photo/Koodu Magazine
]-Xn‑ ¨ - p‑ \Â-In‑ . h-\t- ¯ ‑ m‑ S- v‑ A-Sp‑ ¯ - m‑ b - -
X‑ps - I ‑ m‑ ï - ‑v C-h‑n-s‑S h-\-‑y-P‑o-h‑n "i-e‑y‑w' c‑n-¡‑p-I-b‑p‑w s‑N-¿‑p-¶ B-d-f‑w‑, a-ä‑p k-a‑q-l-a‑p-ï‑v.
hÀ-²‑n-¨‑v h-c‑p-¶-X‑m-b‑n ]-c‑m-X‑n-I-f‑p-b-c‑p- k‑w-c-£-W t‑I-{‑µ-§Ä-¡‑v H-c‑p a‑m-X‑r- I-®‑qÀ \‑n-h‑m-k‑n-I-f‑p-s‑S A-`‑n-a‑m-\-
¶‑p. X-t‑±-i-h‑m-k‑n-IÄ X-s‑¶ C-¯-c‑w I-b‑m-W‑v. X-t‑±-i-h‑m-k‑n-I-s‑f k‑w-c-£- a‑m-b h-\‑y-P‑o-h‑n k‑w-c-£-W-t‑I-{‑µ-a‑m-
]-c‑m-X‑n-IÄ D-bÀ-¯‑p-t‑¼‑mÄ ]‑p-X‑n-s‑b‑m- W-¯‑nÂ ]-¦‑m-f‑n-I-f‑m-¡‑p-¶-X‑n-s‑â W‑v‑, k-k-‑y-þ-P-´‑p-k-¼-¯‑n-\‑mÂ A-\‑p-
c‑p- {‑]-i‑v-\‑w h-¶-X‑v h-\-]-c‑n-]‑m-e-IÀ-¡‑v h‑n-P-b-c-l-k-‑y-h‑p‑w C-h‑n-s‑S-\‑n-¶‑p‑w ] K‑r-l‑o-X-h‑p‑w X-§-f‑p-s‑S I‑p-S‑n-\‑o-c‑n-s‑â
X-e-t‑h-Z-\-b‑m-b‑n. s‑N-d‑p-s‑X-¦‑n-e‑p‑w I‑m-«‑n- T‑n-¡‑p-h‑m-\‑p-ï‑v þ {‑]-t‑X-‑y-I‑n-¨‑v k-µÀ- D-d-h‑n-S-h‑p-a‑m-b B-d-f‑w. s‑X‑m-«-S‑p-¯ \‑oÀ-
t‑e-¡‑v t‑a-b‑m³ h-c‑p-¶ I-¶‑p-I‑m-e‑n-I-f‑p‑w i-IÀ h-f-s‑c I‑p-d-¨‑p a‑m-{‑X‑w h-c‑p-¶ ¡‑p-¶‑v a-e-h‑m-c-h‑p‑w \‑nÀ-t‑±-i‑n-¡-s‑¸-«
{‑]-i‑v-\‑w-X-s‑¶-b‑m-W‑v. B-d-f-¯‑v. I‑p-d‑n-¨-‑y-c‑p-s‑S-b‑p‑w ]-W‑n-b- X‑n-c‑p-s‑\-Ã‑n h-\-‑y-P-‑o-h‑n-k‑w-c-£-W-t‑I-
i‑m-k‑v-{‑X-k-a‑q-l-h‑p‑w {‑]-I‑r-X‑n-k‑v-t‑\- c‑p-s‑S-b‑p‑w B-h‑m-k-t‑I-{‑µ-a‑m-b C-h‑n-s‑S {‑µ-h‑p‑w I‑q-S‑n-b‑p-ï‑m-b‑n-c‑p-s‑¶-¦‑n-s‑e-¶‑v
l‑n-I-f‑p‑w h-\-]-c‑n-]‑m-e-I-c‑p‑w \‑n-c-´-c‑w ]‑p-X‑p-X‑m-b‑n h-¶‑p t‑NÀ-¶ I-c‑n-¼‑m-f- k‑z-I‑m-c-‑y-a‑m-s‑b-¦‑n-e‑p‑w C-h‑n-S-¯‑p-I‑mÀ
k-¼À-¡-¯‑n-t‑eÀ-s‑¸-S‑p-I-b‑p‑w k-l-I- c‑p‑w a‑m-h‑n-e-\‑p‑w A-S-§‑p-¶ B-Z‑n-h‑m-k‑n B-i‑n-¡‑p-¶‑p-ï‑m-I‑p‑w.

A-`‑n-a‑p-J‑w
P-e‑w P‑o-h³
X-s‑¶-b‑m-W‑v
\À-½-Z‑m _-N‑m-t‑h‑m B-t‑µ‑m-f-s‑â t‑\-X‑m-h‑p‑w `‑m-c-X‑w a‑p-g‑p-h³
B-Z-c‑n-¡‑p-¶ ]-c‑n-Ø‑n-X‑n {‑]-hÀ-¯-I-b‑p-a‑m-b t‑a-[m ]-S‑v-I-d‑p-s‑S
B-i-b-§-f‑p‑w \‑n-e-]‑m-S‑p-I-f‑p‑w‑, ]-c‑n-Ø‑n-X‑n k‑v-t‑\-l‑n-IÄ a‑m-{‑X-a-Ã
c‑m-j‑v-{‑S‑o-b t‑\-X‑m-¡-f‑p‑w `-c-W-I‑q-S-§-f‑p‑w h-s‑c h-f-s‑c {‑i-²-t‑b‑m-
s‑S-b‑m-W‑v h‑o-£‑n-¡‑p-¶-X‑v. `‑m-c-X-¯‑nÂ A-t‑§‑m-f-a‑n-t‑§‑m-f-a‑p-Å‑,
]-c‑n-Ø‑n-X‑n-k‑w-c-£-W-¯‑n-\‑p-t‑h-ï‑n-b‑p-Å _-l‑p-P-\-{‑]-t‑£‑m-`-
§Ä-¡‑v t‑a-[ F-¶‑p‑w X-s‑â k‑m-¶‑n-²‑y‑w s‑I‑m-ï‑p‑w h‑m-¡‑p-IÄ-
s‑I‑m-ï‑p‑w {‑]-h‑r-¯‑n-IÄ s‑I‑m-ï‑p‑w ]‑n-´‑p-W-b‑m-h‑m-d‑p-ï‑v.
C‑u-b‑n-s‑S t‑I-c-f‑w k-µÀ-i‑n-¨-t‑¸‑mÄ I‑n-c‑m-e‑qÀ kÂ-k-_‑oÂ
{‑K‑o³ k‑v-I‑q-f‑nÂ h-¨‑v I‑q-S‑p-a‑m-b‑n ]-¦‑p-h-¨ ]-c‑n-Ø‑n-X‑n-hÀ-¯-
a‑m-\-s‑¯-¡‑p-d‑n-¨‑p-Å I‑m-g‑v-N-¸‑m-S‑p-IÄ.
s‑F. j¬-a‑p-J-Z‑m-k‑v
{‑]I - r‑ X - n‑ h - n‑ ` - h - § - f - p‑ s - S‑ I‑mc - y‑ ¯ - n‑ Â A-X‑n-e-[‑n-I-t‑a‑m A-´‑m-c‑m-j‑v-{‑S h‑n-a‑m-\-

h-fs - c ‑ k-¼¶ - a - m‑ b - \‑mS- m‑ W - v‑ t‑Ic - f - w‑ ,‑ ¯‑m-h-f-§Ä h-¶‑v X-®‑oÀ-¯-S-§Ä-¡‑v
h‑nt- i ‑ j - n‑ ¨ - v‑ P-e¯ - n‑ s - â ‑ I‑mc - y‑ ¯ - n‑ Â. (wetlands‑‑) h‑n-\‑m-i-I-c-a‑m-I‑p-¶-X‑n-s‑\-X‑n-
A-tX ‑ k - a - b - w‑ H-cp‑ s‑sh ‑ c - p‑ ² - y‑ w‑ t‑I- s‑c B-I‑m‑w‑, I-SÂ-¯‑o-c-§-f‑nÂ h-c‑p-¶
c-f¯ - n‑ Â C-¶p‑ ï - v‑. t‑Ic - f - ¯ - n‑ Â ]-²-X‑n-IÄ-s‑¡-X‑n-s‑c B-I‑m‑w‑, A-s‑Ã-
]-Ww‑ h-cp‑ ¶ - X - v‑ h‑nt- Z‑ i - ¯ - p‑ \ - n‑ ¶ - m‑ W - v‑, ¦‑nÂ ]-Ý‑n-a-L-«-h‑p-a‑m-b‑n _-Ô-s‑¸-
{‑]t- X ‑ y‑ I - n‑ ¨ - p‑ KÄ-^n‑ e - p‑ w‑ A-ta ‑ c - n‑ ¡ - - «‑p-h-c‑p-¶-X‑m-I‑m‑w. A-X‑p-s‑I‑m-ï‑v a-ä‑p
b‑ne - p‑ w‑ ]-Wn‑ s - b ‑ S- p‑ ¡ - p‑ ¶ - a-eb - m‑ f - n‑ I - - k‑w-Ø‑m-\-§-f‑nÂ \‑n-¶‑p h‑y-X‑y-k‑v-X-
f‑nÄ \‑n¶ - v‑. C-Xp‑ a - m‑ b - n‑ _-Ôs - ¸ ‑ «- m‑ W - v‑ a‑m-b‑n-‑, k-h‑n-t‑i-j-a‑m-b c‑o-X‑n-b‑n-e‑m-W‑v
]‑pX - n‑ b - N‑ne - s‑sh ‑ c - p‑ ² - y‑ § - Ä c‑q] - w‑ t‑I-c-f-¯‑nÂ I‑m-c‑y-§Ä k‑w-`-h‑n-¨‑p-s‑I‑m-
s‑Im‑ Å - p‑ ¶ - X - v‑. I‑qS- p‑ X - Â h‑na - m‑ \ - ¯ - m‑ h - - ï‑n-c‑n-¡‑p-¶-X‑v. `-c-W-I‑q-S-h‑p‑w c‑m-j‑v-{‑S‑o-
f-§Ä t‑hW - s - a ‑ ¶- p‑ w‑ a-äp‑ a - p‑ Å - B-h- b-]‑mÀ-«‑n-I-f‑p‑w N‑n-e {‑]-X‑n-t‑c‑m-[-§-s‑f
i‑ya - p‑ b - c - p‑ ¶ - p‑ . I‑qS- p‑ X - Â ]-Ww‑ F-¯p‑ - a‑m-{‑X‑w s‑X-c-s‑ª-S‑p-¯‑p ]‑n-´‑p-W-b‑v-¡‑p-
¶-Xn‑ \ - \ - p‑ k - c - n‑ ¨ - v‑ ]-eX - c - ¯ - n‑ e - p‑ Å - ¶-X‑m-b‑n-«‑m-W‑v I‑m-W‑p-¶-X‑v.
D-]t- ` ‑ m‑ K - w‑ hÀ-²n‑ ¡ - p‑ ¶ - p‑ . C‑u k‑ml - - C-S-b‑v-¡‑p h-Ã-t‑¸‑m-g‑p-s‑a‑m-s‑¡ X‑oÀ-¨-
N-cy‑ s - ¯ ‑ ¡ - p‑ d - n‑ ¨ - p‑ k‑wk - m‑ c - n‑ ¡ - m‑ t- a ‑ m‑ ? b‑m-b‑p‑w A-h-c‑p-s‑S ]‑n-´‑p-W-b‑p-ï‑v.
]-t‑£‑, h‑n-I-k-\-¯‑n-s‑â ]-c‑n-I-e‑v-]-\
P-\-§Ä ]-e {‑]-i‑v-\-§-f‑n-e‑p‑w C-h‑n- (paradigm of development) s‑b-¡‑p-d‑n-¨‑p
s‑S C-t‑¸‑mÄ {‑]‑m-t‑Z-i‑n-I-X-e-¯‑nÂ {‑]-X‑n- h‑y-à-a‑m-s‑b‑m-c‑p I‑m-g‑v-N-¸‑m-s‑S‑m-¶‑p-a-‑n-
t‑c‑m-[-§Ä D-bÀ-¯‑p-¶‑p-ï‑v F-¶‑m-W‑v Ã‑m-s‑X-b‑m-I‑m‑w C‑u ]‑n-´‑p-W-b‑v-¡Â.
F-\‑n-¡‑p t‑X‑m-¶‑p-¶-X‑v. A-X‑p a‑q-t‑¶‑m b-Y‑mÀ-°-a‑m-b a‑q-e-[-\‑w F-¶‑p h‑n-t‑i-

t‑a-[m ]-S‑v-IÀ Photo/Koodu Magazine

A-`‑n-a‑p-J‑w
j‑n-¸‑n-¡‑m-h‑p-¶ {‑]-I‑r-X‑n-h‑n-`-h-§- X‑nh - n‑ `- h - § - f - p‑ s
- S‑ h‑n\ - n‑ t- b
‑ m‑ K- ¯ - n‑ \ - m‑ b - n‑ b-bn‑ e - q‑ s - S‑ b - m‑ W - v‑, {‑Km‑ a - k- ` - I - f - p‑ a - m‑ b - n‑
s‑f-Ã‑m‑w C-§-s‑\ s‑a‑m-¯-¯n‑ e - p‑ w‑ {‑]m‑ t- Z‑ i - n‑ I - P- \ - § - f - p‑ s- S‑ i-cn‑ b - m‑ b - k‑m- _-Ôs - ¸‑ «- p‑ s - I ‑ m‑ ï - m‑ W - v‑, {]-kvX - p-X
]-c‑n-[‑n-s‑b‑m-¶‑p-a‑n-Ã‑m-¯-h‑n-[-¯‑n-e‑p‑w t‑¦X - n‑ I - h - n‑ Z- y‑ I- f - p‑ s
- S‑ s‑Xc - s - ª ‑ S- p‑ ¸- p‑ w‑ d‑nt- ¸ ‑ m‑ À-«v‑ X-¿m‑ d - m‑ ¡ - n‑ b - n‑ «- p‑ Å - X - v‑. s‑Im‑ -
D‑uä - n‑ s - b ‑ S- p‑ ¡ - p‑ ¶ - X - p‑ w‑ N‑qj - W - w‑ s‑N¿ - p‑ - F-s´ ‑ Ã - m‑ w‑ e-£y‑ § - Ä-¡m‑ b - n‑ c - n‑ ¡
- W - w‑ ¦¬-{] ‑ t- Z‑ i - § - f - n‑ e - p‑ w‑ A-§s - \ ‑ b - m‑ b - n‑ -
¶-Xp‑ w‑ A-hb - p‑ s - S‑ kÀ-Æ\ - m‑ i - ¯ - n‑ t- e ‑ - a‑p³-KW - \ - I - Ä \Â-tI ‑ ï- X - v‑ F-¶X - n‑ s
- \
‑ - c‑p¶ - p‑ F-¶v‑ F-\n‑ ¡ - d - n‑ b - m‑ w‑ . a‑n¡ - h - m‑ d - p‑ w‑
b‑v¡ - m‑ b - n‑ c - n‑ ¡- p‑ w‑ \-½s - f ‑ \-bn‑ ¡ - p‑ ¶ - X - v‑ ¡‑pd - n‑ ¨
- p‑ Å - h‑yà - a - m‑ b- X‑oc - p‑ a - m‑ \- § - Ä F-Ãm‑ {‑Km‑ a- k - `- I - f - p‑ w‑ ,‑ {‑]I - r‑ X - n‑ h - n‑ `- h - § - Ä
F-¶m‑ W - v‑ R-§f - p‑ s - S‑ I‑mg - v‑N- ¸ - m‑ S- v‑. C‑u k‑wc - £ - n‑ ¡ - s - ¸ ‑ S- W - s - a ‑ ¶ - p‑ w‑ h‑n\ - m‑ i - I - c - -
h‑n` - h - § - s - f ‑ Ã - m‑ w‑ \‑ne - \ - n‑ Â-¡p‑ ¶ - n‑ Ã - t‑£-a-c‑m-j‑v-{‑S-k-¦Â-¸-¯‑n-e‑p-Å a‑mb - h‑yh - k - m‑ b - h - Â-¡c - W- h - p‑ w‑ h‑n\ - m‑ -
F-¦n‑ Â X-ea - p‑ d- I - f - n‑ e- q‑ s- S‑ b - p‑ Å - k‑pØ - n‑ - H-c‑p `-c-W-I‑q-S‑w C-Ã. P-\-§- i-Ic - a - m‑ b - d‑nb - Â-Ft- Ì ‑ ä - v‑ h‑nI - k - \ - h - p‑ w‑
c-am‑ b - (Sustainable) h‑nI - k - \ - w‑ F-¶X - n‑ - J-\\ - h - p‑ w‑ A-\p‑ h - Z- n‑ ¡ - s - ¸ ‑ S- c - p‑ X - v‑ F-¶p‑ w‑
Ã‑ms - X ‑ b - m‑ I - p‑ w‑ . A-Sn‑ Ø - m‑ \ - B-hi - y‑ § - Ä
f‑p‑w `-c-W-I‑q-S-h‑p‑w X-½‑n-e‑p-Å A-`n‑ {- ] ‑ m‑ b - s - ¸ ‑ «- n‑ c - p‑ ¶ - p‑ . F-¶m‑ Â `-cW - -
\‑nd - t- h ‑ ä - m‑ \ - m‑ I - m‑ ¯ - A-hØ - k‑wP - m‑ X - - k‑w-LÀ-j‑w D-ï‑m-I‑p-¶-X‑v A-X‑p- I‑qS- § ‑ Ä {‑]X - n‑ I - c - n‑ ¡- p‑ ¶ - n‑ Ã - . c‑mj - v‑{- S‑ o‑ b -
a‑mI - p‑ w‑ . A-Xp‑ s - I ‑ m‑ ï - m‑ W - v‑ t‑Ic - f - ¯ - n‑ Â s‑I‑m-ï‑m-W‑v. ]‑mÀ-«n‑ I - Ä ]-¦m‑ f - n‑ I - f - m‑ b - n‑ «- p‑ Å - t‑aJ - e - -
h-en‑ b - c‑oX - n‑ b- n‑ Â a-gb - p‑ ï - m‑ b - n‑ c - n‑ ¡- p‑ t- ¼ ‑ m‑ - I-fn‑ Â‑, X-§Ä-¡p‑ e‑m`- I - c - a - Ã - F-¦n‑ Â‑,
g‑pw‑ ]-eb - n‑ S- § - f - n‑ e - p‑ w‑ P-e£ - m‑ a - w‑ D-ïm‑ - F-Sp‑ ¡- p‑ ¶ - X - p‑ w‑ {‑][ - m‑ \
- a- m‑ W- v‑. ]-cn‑ [ - n‑ I- Ä {‑]I - r‑ X - n‑ h - ‑n-`-h-§Ä X-§Ä-¡‑p a‑q-e-[-
I‑p¶ - X - v‑. ]-Ýn‑ a - L - «- ¯ - n‑ s - e ‑ P-ek - w‑ ` - c - - \‑nÝ- b - n‑ ¡ - p‑ ¶ - X - n‑ \
- v‑ C-Xp‑ X - s - ¶‑ h-gn‑ h - - \-a‑m-b‑n a‑m-d‑m-¯‑n-S-t‑¯‑m-f‑w {‑]-I‑r-X‑n-
W‑nI - Ä h‑n] - p‑ e - a - m‑ b - c‑oX - n‑ b - n‑ Â-Xs - ¶ ‑ b‑v¡
- p‑ w‑ . ]-cn‑ [ - n‑ I
- Ä h-bv‑¡ - p‑ ¶ - X - v‑ h-fs - c ‑ h‑n-`-h-§-s‑f-¡‑p-d‑n-¨‑v A-hÀ-¡‑p t‑h-h-
k‑wc - £ - n‑ ¡ - s - ¸ ‑ S- m‑ \ - m‑ I - p‑ s - a ‑ ¶ - p‑ w‑ P-ew‑ I‑r{- X
‑ n‑ a- a
- m‑ b
- c‑oX - n‑ b- n‑ Â B-tI ‑ ï - X - n‑ Ã - . e‑m-X‑n-b‑n-Ã. c‑m-j‑v-{‑S‑o-b-¡‑mÀ ]-e-c‑p‑w
t‑iJ - c - n‑ ¨ - p‑ k‑q£ - n‑ ¡ - m‑ \ - m‑ I - p‑ s - a ‑ ¶ - p‑ w‑ K‑mU - v‑K
- n‑ Â d‑nt- ¸ ‑ m‑ À-«n‑ s
- â ‑ {‑]m‑ [
- m‑ \ - y‑ w‑ h‑y-h-k‑m-b‑n-I-f‑p‑w s‑I-«‑n-S-\‑nÀ-½‑m-W
B-fp-IÄ a-\Ê - n-em-t¡-− - Xpïv. P-\- A-Xm‑ W - v‑. a‑p-X-e‑m-f‑n-a‑m-c‑p-a‑m-W‑v. C-X‑nÂ \‑n-s‑¶-
§Ä ]‑mÀ-¡p‑ ¶ - {‑]t- Z‑ i - § - f - n‑ Â {‑]I - r‑ - h‑n]- p‑ e- a - m‑ b- P-\m‑ [ - n‑ ]- X- y‑ {‑]{- I ‑ n‑ - Ã‑m‑w h‑n-«‑p-\‑nÂ-¡‑p-¶‑, B-h-i‑y-a‑m-b

k‑w-c-£-W‑w \Â-I‑p-¶‑, t‑£-a-c‑m-j‑v-{‑S- N‑n-e h‑m-¡‑p-IÄ H‑mÀ-½ h-c‑p-¶‑p. I-¨- a‑p-XÂ 600 h-s‑c e‑n-äÀ P-e-a‑m-W‑v \-K-c-
k-¦Â-¸-¯‑n-e‑p-Å H-c‑p `-c-W-I‑q-S‑w C-Ã. h-S-¯‑n-\‑p-Å-X-Ã P-e‑w F-¶‑v, P-e‑w §-f‑nÂ H-c‑mÄ-¡‑p-t‑h-ï‑n h‑n-\‑n-t‑b‑m-K‑n-
P-\-§-f‑p‑w `-c-W-I‑q-S-h‑p‑w X-½‑n-e‑p-Å P‑o-h³ X-s‑¶-b‑m-W‑v F-¶‑v, A-¶‑p ¡-s‑¸-S‑p-¶-X‑v. {‑K‑m-a‑o-W P-\-X-s‑b X‑oÀ-
k‑w-LÀ-j‑w D-ï‑m-I‑p-¶-X‑v A-X‑p-s‑I‑m- ]-d-b‑p-I-b‑p-ï‑m-b‑n (Water is nobody’s ¯‑p‑w A-h-K-W‑n-¨‑p-s‑I‑m-ï‑m-W‑v C-X‑v
ï‑m-W‑v. G-s‑X-Ã‑m-a‑m-W‑v ]-c‑n-Ø‑n-X‑n-t‑e‑m- business. Water is no business. Water is \-S-¡‑p-¶-X‑v. A-X‑p-s‑I‑m-ï‑v G-X‑p k‑m-
e-a‑m-b {‑]-t‑Z-i-§Ä F-¶‑v {‑]-J‑y‑m-]‑n- life, nature has blessed us with much wa- t‑¦-X‑n-I-h‑n-Z‑y s‑X-c-s‑ª-S‑p-¡-W‑w F-¶‑p
t‑¡-ï k-a-b-a‑m-b‑n-c‑n-¡‑p-¶‑p. C-¯-c‑w ter). t‑e‑m-I-s‑a-¼‑m-S‑p‑w P-e‑w C-t‑¸‑mÄ X‑o-c‑p-a‑m-\‑n-¡‑p-¶-X‑p-t‑]‑m-s‑e {‑]-[‑m-\-s‑¸-«
{‑]-t‑Z-i-§-f‑nÂ h‑n-\‑m-i-I-c-a‑m-b h‑n-I-k- I‑q-S‑p-XÂ {‑]‑m-[‑m-\‑y-aÀ-l‑n-¡‑p-¶ H-c‑p I‑m-c‑y-a‑m-W‑v, P-e‑w F-§-s‑\ h‑n-\‑n-t‑b‑m-
\-{‑]-hÀ-¯-\-§Ä-¡‑v s‑a‑m-t‑d‑m-t‑«‑m-d‑n-b‑w h‑n-j-b-a‑m-b‑n-¯‑oÀ-¶‑n-c‑n-¡‑p-¶‑p. t‑I- K‑n-¡-W‑w F-¶‑p X‑o-c‑p-a‑m-\‑n-¡‑p-¶-X‑p‑w.
{‑]-J‑y‑m-]‑n-t‑¡-ï k-a-b-a‑m-b‑n-c‑n-¡‑p-¶‑p. c-f-¯‑nÂ a‑m-{‑X-a-Ã‑, t‑I-c-f-¯‑n-\‑p P-e-h‑n-X-c-W-¯‑n-e‑p-Å A-k-a-X‑z‑w
h-e‑n-b A-W-s‑¡-«‑p-I-f‑p‑w h‑n-\‑m-i-I-c- ]‑p-d-¯‑p‑w P-e‑w ]-c-a-{‑]-[‑m-\ h‑n-j- t‑N‑m-Z‑y‑w s‑N-¿-s‑¸-t‑S-ï-X‑m-W‑v F-¶-X‑v
a‑m‑w-h‑n-[‑w a-e‑n-\‑o-I-c-W-a‑p-ï‑m-¡‑p-¶ h‑y- b-a‑m-b‑n a‑m-d‑n-s‑¡‑m-ï‑n-c‑n-¡‑p-I-b‑m-W‑v. {‑]-[‑m-\-s‑¸-« I‑m-c‑y-a‑m-W‑v. s‑s‑I-s‑I‑m-ï‑p
h-k‑m-b-§-f‑p‑w d‑n-bÂ-F-t‑Ì-ä‑v h‑n-I-k- t‑I-c-f-¯‑n-s‑e A-X‑n-c-¸‑n-Å‑n ]-²-X‑n.... a-®‑nÂ ]-W‑n-s‑b-S‑p-¡‑p-¶-h-c‑p‑w \-Z‑o-X‑o-
\-h‑p‑w \-Z‑o-X‑o-c-§-f‑n-e‑p‑w I‑m-S‑p-I-f‑n-e‑p‑w \-Z‑n-IÄ‑, P-e-s‑s‑h-Z‑y‑p-X ]-²-X‑n-IÄ‑, c-§-f‑nÂ P‑o-h‑n-¡‑p-¶-h-c‑p‑w B-b k‑m-
\-S-¡‑p-¶ F-Ã‑m-¯-c‑w h‑n-\‑m-i-I-c-a‑m-b A-W-s‑¡-«‑p-IÄ... t‑e‑m-I-s‑a-¼‑m-S‑p‑w [‑m-c-W-P-\-§Ä-¡‑v ]‑m-c‑n-Ø‑n-X‑n-I-h‑y-
{‑]-hÀ-¯-\-§-f‑p‑w t‑N‑m-Z‑y‑w s‑N-¿-s‑¸-t‑S- P-e‑w {‑]-[‑m-\-s‑¸-« h‑n-j-b-a‑m-b‑n-¯‑oÀ- h-Ø-s‑b-¡‑p-d‑n-¨‑v s‑a‑m-¯-¯‑nÂ H-c‑p
ï-X‑m-W‑v. A-X‑n-Ã‑m-s‑X C‑u X-e-a‑p-d-b‑v- ¶‑n-c‑n-¡‑p-¶ k‑m-l-N-c‑y‑w H-¶‑p h‑n-i- [‑m-c-W D-ï‑v. B Z‑n-i‑m-t‑_‑m-[-a‑m-W‑v
t‑¡‑m h-c‑p‑w-X-e-a‑p-d-b‑v-t‑¡‑m A-X‑n-P‑o-h-\‑w Z‑o-I-c‑n-¡‑m-t‑a‑m? \-a‑p-¡‑v C-¶‑v C-Ã‑m-X‑n-c‑n-¡‑p-¶-X‑v.
k‑m-²‑y-a-Ã. \‑m-e‑m-b‑n-c‑w t‑I‑m-S‑n I‑y‑p-_‑n-I‑v P-e-a‑m- P-e‑w H-c‑p I-¨-h-S-¨-c-¡‑m-W‑v F-¶
W‑v c‑m-P‑y-¯‑v \-a‑p-¡‑p e-`‑n-¡‑p-¶-X‑v. G-ä- \‑n-e-b‑n-Â‑, A-X‑v s‑s‑l-t‑{‑U‑m-]-h-d‑n-\‑m-b‑m-
H-c‑n-¡Â P-e-s‑¯-¡‑p-d‑n-¨‑p ]-d-ª h‑p‑w h-e‑n-b P-e-k‑w-`-c-W‑n-IÄ Ground- e‑p‑w I‑p-¸‑n-s‑h-Å h‑nÂ-¸-\-¡‑m-b‑m-e‑p‑w‑,
level aquafactsþÂ‑, X-®‑oÀ-¯-S-§-f‑p-s‑S H-c‑n-¡Â ]-c‑n-K-W‑n-¡-s‑¸-«‑p I-g‑n-ª‑mÂ
D-]-c‑n-X-e-¯‑n-e-Ã‑, k‑m-²‑y-a‑m-W‑v F-¶-X‑v ]‑n-s‑¶ P-\-§-f‑p-s‑S A-S‑n-Ø‑m-\ B-h-
h‑y-à‑w. N‑m-{‑I‑n-I-a‑m-b‑n h-c‑p-¶ a-g-b‑p- i‑y-§-s‑f-b‑m-W‑v, {‑]-I‑r-X‑n-b‑n-s‑e A-a‑q-
Å-X‑n-\‑mÂ P-e‑w t‑i-J-c‑n-t‑¡-ï-X‑p-ï‑v. e‑y-§-f‑m-b h‑n-`-h-§-s‑f-b‑m-W‑v A-X‑p
F-¶‑mÂ t‑I-{‑µ‑o-I‑r-X-a‑m-b c‑o-X‑n-b‑n-e-Ã {‑]-X‑n-I‑q-e-a‑m-b‑n _‑m-[‑n-¡‑p-¶-X‑v. B-c‑p‑w
C-X‑v s‑N-t‑¿-ï-X‑v. t‑I-c-f-¯‑nÂ k‑p-e-
`-a‑m-b s‑N-d‑n-b X-®‑oÀ-¯-S-§-f‑n-e‑p‑w t‑I‑m-S‑n-¡-W-¡‑n-\‑p t‑U‑m-f-d‑n-s‑â
(Aquafacts‑‑)‑, `‑q-KÀ-`-P-e-a‑m-b‑p‑w‑, s‑N-d‑p-P- I-¨-h-S-a‑m-W‑v P-e‑w-s‑I‑m-ï‑p-
e-t‑i-J-c-§-f‑m-b‑p‑w‑, a-c-§-f‑n-s‑e C‑uÀ-
¸-a‑m-b‑p‑w F-Ã‑m‑w I‑q-S‑p-XÂ k‑p-µ-c-a‑m-b
\-S-¡‑p-¶-X‑v. P-e-¯‑n-s‑â k‑z-I‑m-
c‑o-X‑n-b‑n-e‑m-W‑v P-e‑w k‑w-`-c‑n-t‑¡-ï-X‑v. c‑y-hÂ-¡-c-W-s‑¯-s‑¨‑m-Ã‑n B-c‑p‑w
I‑p-¸‑n-s‑h-Å-¡-¼-\‑n-IÄ-¡‑v H-c‑p h‑n-e‑v- t‑h-h-e‑m-X‑n-s‑¸-S‑p-¶‑n-Ã.
]-\-¨-c-¡‑m-b‑n (Commodity) a‑m-d‑n-b‑n-c‑n-
¡‑p-¶‑p C-t‑¸‑mÄ P-e‑w. A-©‑p-a‑p-XÂ X-s‑¶ ]‑qÀ-®-a‑m-b‑p‑w s‑s‑l-t‑{‑U‑m-]-h-d‑n-
C-c‑p-]-¯-©‑p-e-£‑w e‑n-äÀ h-s‑c-b‑m-W‑v \‑v F-X‑n-c-Ã. \-a‑p-¡‑n-t‑¸‑mÄ s‑s‑h-Z‑y‑p-X‑n
I‑p-¸‑n-s‑h-Å-a‑p-ï‑m-¡‑p-¶ ¹‑mâ‑p-IÄ Z‑n- D-e‑v-]‑m-Z-\‑w k‑m-[‑n-¡‑p-¶-X‑v 25 i-X-a‑m-
h-t‑k-\ D‑u-ä‑n-s‑b-S‑p-¯‑p-s‑I‑m-ï‑n-c‑n-¡‑p- \‑w s‑s‑l-t‑{‑U‑mþ]-h-d‑nÂ \‑n-¶‑m-W‑v.
¶-X‑v. t‑I‑m-S‑n-¡-W-¡‑n-\‑p t‑U‑m-f-d‑n-s‑â 60 i-X-a‑m-\‑w s‑XÀ-aÂ-]-h-d‑nÂ \‑n-¶‑p
I-¨-h-S-a‑m-W‑v P-e‑w-s‑I‑m-ï‑p- \-S-¡‑p-¶-X‑v. e-`‑n-¡‑p-¶‑p. -A-´‑m-c‑m-j‑v-{‑S-X-e-¯‑nÂ
P-e-k‑w-`-c-W-¯‑n-\‑p-t‑h-ï G-X‑p k‑m- s‑XÀ-aÂ-]-hÀ C-t‑¸‑mÄ t‑N‑m-Z‑y‑w s‑N-
t‑¦-X‑n-I-h‑n-Z‑y-b‑m-W‑v s‑X-c-s‑ª-S‑p-t‑¡- ¿-s‑¸-«‑p-s‑I‑m-ï‑n-c‑n-¡‑p-I-b‑m-W‑v. s‑s‑l-
ï-X‑v F-¶‑v B-c‑p‑w-X-s‑¶ t‑h-h-e‑m-X‑n- t‑{‑U‑m-]-h-d‑m-b‑m-e‑p‑w s‑XÀ-aÂ ]-h-d‑m-b‑m-
s‑¸-S‑p-¶‑n-Ã. `‑q-a‑n-b‑p-s‑S D-]-c‑n-X-e-¯‑n-e‑p‑w e‑p‑w‑, \-½‑p-s‑S h-e‑n-b \-Z‑n-I-f‑p-s‑S H-c‑p
a-®‑n-e‑p‑w X-®‑oÀ-X-S-§-f‑n-e‑p‑w D-Å P-e‑w s‑s‑I-h-g‑n-t‑]‑m-e‑p‑w a-e‑n-\-a‑m-¡-s‑¸-S‑m-s‑X‑,
C-Ã‑m-X‑m-b‑n-s‑¡‑m-ï‑n-c‑n-¡‑p-I-b‑m-W‑v. t‑I‑m- N‑q-j-W‑w s‑N-¿-s‑¸-S‑m-s‑X‑, D-e‑v-]‑m-Z‑n-¸‑n-
S‑n-¡-W-¡‑n-\‑p t‑U‑m-f-d‑n-s‑â I-¨-h-S-a‑m-W‑v ¡-s‑¸-S‑n-Ã F-¶ c‑o-X‑n-b‑nÂ h-e‑n-b X-c-
P-e‑w-s‑I‑m-ï‑p- \-S-¡‑p-¶-X‑v. P-e-¯‑n-s‑â ¯‑n-e‑m-W‑v ]-²-X‑n-IÄ h‑n-`‑m-h-\‑w s‑N-
k‑z-I‑m-c‑y-hÂ-¡-c-W-s‑¯-s‑¨‑m-Ã‑n B-c‑p‑w ¿-s‑¸-S‑p-¶-X‑v. \-Z‑o-X‑o-c-§-f‑nÂ h-e‑n-b
t‑h-h-e‑m-X‑n-s‑¸-S‑p-¶‑n-Ã. e-`‑y-a‑m-b P-e‑w {‑]-X‑n-k-Ô‑n-b‑m-W‑v C-X‑v k‑r-j‑v-S‑n-¡‑m³
F-§-s‑\ D-]-t‑b‑m-K‑n-¡-W‑w F-¶-X‑n-s‑â t‑]‑m-I‑p-¶-X‑v. [‑m-c‑m-f‑w P-\-§-f‑m-W‑v
a‑p³-K-W-\-IÄ B-c‑p‑w ]-c‑n-K-W‑n-¡‑p- A-h‑n-s‑S P‑o-h‑n-¡‑p-¶-X‑v. A-h-t‑i-j‑n-
¶‑n-Ã. {‑_‑n-«‑o-j‑v a‑m-\‑p-h-e‑nÂ ]-d-ª ¡‑p-¶ {‑]-I‑r-X‑n-Z-¯-a‑m-b \-½‑p-s‑S I‑m-
c‑o-X‑n-b‑n-e‑p‑w I‑q-S‑n-b‑m-W‑v A-X‑v \-S-t‑¡- S‑p-IÄ A-h‑n-s‑S-b‑m-W‑v, {‑]-[‑m-\-s‑¸-«
ï-X‑v. \-½‑p-s‑S I‑r-j‑n-Ø-e-§Ä A-h‑n-s‑S-b‑m-
a‑p³-K-W-\‑m-{‑I-a‑w t‑\‑m-¡‑p-I-b‑m- W‑v. G-ä-h‑p‑w ]‑u-c‑m-W‑n-I-a‑m-b \-½‑p-s‑S
sW¦‑nÂ \‑m‑w B-Z‑y‑w ]-c‑n-K-W‑n-t‑¡- k‑w-k‑v-¡‑m-c-§Ä A-h‑n-s‑S-b‑m-W‑v. A-s‑X-
ï-X‑v I‑p-S‑n-s‑h-Å-¯‑n-s‑âbpw h‑o-«‑m-h- Ã‑m‑w‑, ]‑p-c‑m-h-k‑v-X‑p-¡-f-S-¡‑w‑, \-i‑n-¸‑n-¡-
i‑y-¯‑n-\‑p-t‑h-ï s‑h-Å-¯‑n-s‑âbpw s‑¸-S‑p‑w. c‑m-P‑y-¯‑n-\‑p‑w N-c‑n-{‑X-]-c-a‑m-b
I‑m-c‑y-a‑m-W‑v. I‑p-S‑n-s‑h-Å-¯‑n-s‑â I‑m-c‑y- s‑s‑]-X‑r-I-¯‑n-\‑p‑w h-e‑n-b \-j‑v-S-a‑m-W‑v
¯‑nÂ-t‑]‑m-e‑p‑w {‑K‑m-a‑o-W-P-\-X-b‑p-s‑S s‑N- C-X‑p-f-h‑m-¡‑p-I. A-X‑p-s‑I‑m-ï‑v h‑y-à-
e-h‑nÂ \-K-c-¯‑nÂ P‑o-h‑n-¡‑p-¶-hÀ-¡‑v a‑m-I‑p-¶-X‑v C-X‑m-W‑v. A-[‑n-I‑m-c-t‑a‑m-l-
s‑h-Å-s‑a-¯‑n-¡‑p-¶-X‑n-e‑m-W‑v I‑q-S‑p-XÂ ¯‑n-s‑â C-¯-c-¯‑n-e‑p-Å \-b-§-f‑p‑w
{‑i-² I‑m-W‑n-¡‑p-¶-X‑v. Z‑n-\‑w-{‑]-X‑n 400 ]-²-X‑n-I-f‑p‑w \‑n-d‑p-¯‑n-h-b‑v-t‑¡-ï-X‑m-

A-`‑n-a‑p-J‑w
W‑v‑, ]‑qÀ-®-a‑m-b‑p‑w ]-c‑n-t‑i‑m-[‑n-¡- h‑y-X‑y-k‑v-X-a‑m-b‑n-c‑n-¡‑p-I F-¶-X‑p a‑m-{‑X-
s‑¸-t‑S-ï-X‑m-W‑v. H-c‑p s‑a‑m-t‑d‑m-«-d‑n-b‑w a-Ã. B-k‑q-{‑X-W-¯‑n-s‑â ]‑qÀ-®-a‑m-b
X-s‑¶ {‑]-J‑y‑m-]‑n-t‑¡-ï-X‑m-W‑v. F-¶‑n-«‑v {‑]-{‑I‑n-b X-s‑¶ t‑h-W‑w.
F-Ã‑m‑w ]‑qÀ-®-a‑m-b‑p‑w ]‑p-\‑x-]-c‑n-t‑i‑m-
[‑n-¡-s‑¸-S-W‑w. A-hÀ ]-d-b‑p-¶-X‑v I-gn‑ ª- 27 hÀ-ja - m‑ b - n‑ {‑]h - À-
2032þÂ F-«‑p-e-£‑w s‑a-K‑m-h‑m-«‑v ]-hÀ ¯-\\ - n‑ c
- X - b - m‑ b- n‑ c - n‑ ¡- p‑ ¶ - H-cm‑ f- m‑ W - -
D-e‑v-]‑m-Z‑n-¸‑n-¡‑m-\‑p-Å t‑i-j‑n-b‑p-ï‑m-I‑p‑w t‑Ãm‑ . F-´m‑ W - v‑ C-t¸ ‑ m‑ g
- s - ¯ ‑ \‑ne
- ] - m‑ -
F-¶‑m-W‑v. F-¶‑mÂ s‑XÀ-aÂ-]-hÀ S‑v? \‑oï - k-ac - § - f - n‑ e
- q‑ s - S‑ F-´m‑ W - v‑
]-²-X‑n-¡‑v h-e‑n-b c‑o-X‑n-b‑n-e‑m-W‑v s‑h- t‑\S- m‑ \- m‑ b - n‑ «- p‑ Å
- X - v‑? A-\p‑ ` - h- ¯ - n‑ s- â ‑
Å‑w t‑h-ï‑n-h-c‑p-¶-X‑v. s‑s‑l-t‑{‑U‑m-]-hÀ X-e¯ - n‑ Â‑, I‑mg - v‑N
- ¸ - m‑ S- p‑ I - f - p‑ s
- S‑ I‑mc - y‑ -
]-²-X‑n-¡‑m-s‑W-¦‑nÂ I‑m-S‑n-t‑\-b‑p‑w \-Z‑n- ¯‑nÂ....
t‑b-b‑p‑w \-i‑n-¸‑n-¡‑p‑w h‑n-[-¯‑nÂ \-Z‑o- \À-½-Z‑m X‑m-g‑v-h-c-b‑nÂ kÀ-Z‑mÀ
X-S-s‑¯ \‑m-e‑p-X-c-¯‑nÂ h‑n-`-P‑n-t‑¡- k-t‑c‑m-hÀ C-t‑¸‑m-g‑p‑w \‑n-d‑p-¯‑n-h-¨‑n-c‑n-¡‑p-
ï-X‑m-b‑n h-c‑p‑w. C-§-s‑\ catchment, I-b‑m-W‑v. A-hÀ B-Z‑y‑w a-ä‑p A-W-s‑¡-
command, up stream, downstream F-¶‑o «‑p-IÄ ]‑qÀ-¯‑o-I-c‑n-¡‑p-I F-¶-X‑p-a‑m-b‑n
\‑n-e-I-f‑nÂ h‑n-`-P‑n-¡‑p-¶-t‑X‑m-s‑S a-®- a‑p-t‑¶‑m-«‑p-t‑]‑m-b‑n-c‑n-¡‑p-I-b‑m-W‑v. C‑u
S‑n-ª‑v I‑m-S‑n-s‑â \‑m-i-¯‑n-\‑p‑w \-Z‑n-b‑p- A-W-s‑¡-«‑v C-\‑n-b‑p‑w 17 a‑o-äÀ D-bÀ-
s‑S a-c-W-¯‑n-\‑p‑w h-g‑n-h-b‑v-¡‑p‑w. C‑u ¯-W‑w F-¶-X‑n-\‑p-t‑h-ï‑n-b‑m-W‑v t‑a‑m-U‑n
c-ï‑p-X-c‑w ]-²-X‑n-I-f‑p‑w h‑o-ï‑p‑w \-h‑o- \‑n-e-s‑I‑m-Å‑p-¶-X‑v. F-Ã‑m s‑]‑m-X‑p-k-t‑½-
I-c-W-¯‑n-\‑p k‑m-[‑y-X-b‑n-Ã‑m-¯-h-b‑m- f-\-§-f‑n-e‑p‑w t‑a‑m-U‑n C-X‑p ]-d-b‑p-¶‑p-
W‑v F-¶‑p a‑m-{‑X-a-Ã‑, \‑n-e-\‑nÀ-¯‑m³ ï‑v. kÀ-Z‑mÀ ]-t‑«-e‑n-s‑\ C-X‑n-\‑p-t‑h-ï‑n‑,
]-ä‑n-b-h (Sustainable‑) b‑p‑w A-Ã. \-Z‑n \À-½-Z‑m k-t‑c‑m-h-d‑n-\‑p-t‑h-ï‑n‑, D-]-t‑b‑m-
K‑n-¡‑p-¶‑p-a‑p-ï‑v. 2006 a‑p-XÂ A-W-s‑¡-
{‑]-I‑r-X‑n-h‑n-`-h-§-f‑p-s‑S s‑X-ä‑m-b «‑p ]-W‑n \‑nÀ-¯‑n-b‑n-c‑n-¡‑p-I-b‑m-W‑v. 70
D-]-t‑b‑m-K-h‑p‑w s‑a‑m-¯-¯‑nÂ a‑o-äÀ I-h‑m-S-§Ä C-\‑n-b‑p‑w ]-W‑n-b‑m-\‑n-
c‑n-¡‑p-¶-t‑X-b‑p-Å‑q. F-Ã‑m s‑X-ä‑m-b {‑]-k‑v-
A-g‑n-a-X‑n X-s‑¶-b‑m-b‑n-«‑m-W‑v X‑m-h-\-I-f‑p‑w t‑a‑m-U‑n C-X‑n-\‑p-t‑h-ï‑n
R-§Ä I‑m-W‑p-¶-X‑v. k‑m-¼-¯‑n-I- \-S-¯‑p-¶‑p. a-l‑m-c‑m-j‑v-{‑S-b‑v-¡‑p‑w a-²-‑y
a‑m-b A-g‑n-a-X‑n a‑m-{‑X-a-Ã D-Å-X‑v. -{‑]-t‑Z-i‑n-\‑p‑w s‑s‑h-Z‑y‑p-X‑n k‑u-P-\-‑y-a‑m-b‑n
s‑I‑m-S‑p-¡‑m-s‑a-¶‑p‑w a-ä‑p-a‑p-Å A-k‑w-_-
F-¶ a‑q-e-[-\-t‑{‑k‑m-X-Ê‑v A-h-c‑p-s‑S- Ô-§Ä. B-b‑n-c‑n-¡-W-¡‑n-\‑p t‑I‑m-S‑n-
X-s‑¶ A-`‑n-{‑]‑m-b-¯‑nÂ C-Ã‑m-X‑m-I‑p‑w. I-f‑m-W‑v C‑u c-ï‑p k‑w-Ø‑m-\-§-f‑p‑w
h-e‑n-b N‑n-e k‑v-a‑m-c-I-§Ä D-ï‑m-I‑p‑w. C-X‑n-\-I‑w \‑n-t‑£-]‑n-¨‑p I-g‑n-ª‑n-«‑p-f-f-
D-b-c‑w I‑q-S‑n-b-h-b‑p‑w h‑n-k‑v-X‑r-X‑n I‑q-S‑n- X‑v. GItZiw \mÂ¸¯¿mbnct¯m-
b-h-b‑p-a‑m-b k‑v-a‑m-c-I-§Ä. F-¶‑mÂ fw P-\-§-f‑m-W‑v P-e-¯‑n-\-S‑n-b‑n-e‑m-I‑p-I.
A-S‑n-Ø‑m-\-]-c-a‑m-b {‑]-I‑r-X‑n-t‑{‑k‑m-X- a-²‑y-{‑]-t‑Z-i‑n-s‑e a-ä‑p A-W-s‑¡-«‑p-IÄ
Ê‑v \-j‑v-S-s‑¸-S‑p‑w. P-e‑w C-§-s‑\ t‑I- ]‑qÀ-¯‑n-b‑m-b‑n-«‑p-ï‑v F-¦‑n-e‑p‑w ]‑p-\-c-[‑n-
{‑µ‑o-I‑r-X-a‑m-b c‑o-X‑n-b‑nÂ s‑s‑l-t‑{‑U‑m h‑m-k-¯‑n-s‑â I‑m-c-‑y-¯‑n-e‑p‑w a-ä‑p-a‑m-b‑n
]-h-d‑m-¡‑n s‑s‑I-I‑m-c‑y‑w s‑N-¿‑p-¶-X‑v t‑I‑m-S-X‑n-h‑n-[‑n-IÄ \‑n-e-\‑n-e‑v-¡‑p-¶‑p-ï‑v.
P-e-h‑n-X-c-W-¯‑nÂ h-Ã‑m-s‑X A-k-a-X‑z- P-e-k‑w-`-c-W-¯‑n-s‑â I‑m-c‑y-¯‑nÂ ]-c‑n-
¯‑n-\‑p I‑m-c-W-a‑m-I‑p‑w. h-cÄ-¨-_‑m-[‑n-X [‑n-IÄ h-¨‑n-c‑n-¡‑p-¶‑p. A-X‑p-s‑I‑m-ï‑v
{‑]-t‑Z-i-§-f‑n-t‑e‑m h-cÄ-¨-b‑p-ï‑m-I‑m³ B k-a-c‑w X‑p-S-c‑p-¶‑p-ï‑v. F-¶‑mÂ Photo/Koodu Magazine
k‑m-[‑y-X-b‑p-Å {‑]-t‑Z-i-§-f‑n-t‑e‑m h-cÄ- A-h‑n-t‑S-b‑p‑w a-WÂ-J-\-\-h‑p‑w a-ä‑p‑w
¨-b‑p-s‑S t‑]-c‑n-e‑m-W‑v P-e-h‑n-X-c-W-h‑p‑w \-S-¡‑p-¶‑p-ï‑v. \À-½-Z‑m-X‑m-g‑v-h-c-b‑nÂ t‑b‑m-K‑n-t‑¡-ï-X‑v, \-S-t‑¡-ï-X‑p-ï‑v.
s‑s‑l-t‑{‑U‑m-]-hÀ ]-²-X‑n-I-f‑p‑w s‑I‑m-ï‑p- s‑X-c‑p-h‑n-e‑n-d-§‑n k-a-c‑w s‑N-b‑v-X‑v a-WÂ- F-§-s‑\-b‑m-W‑v t‑N‑m-Z‑y‑w s‑N-t‑¿-ï-X‑v
h-c‑p-¶-X‑v. F-¶‑mÂ P-\-§Ä H-¶‑p‑w J-\-\‑w X-S-ª‑n-«‑p-ï‑v. k‑p-{‑]‑o‑w-t‑I‑m-S- F-¶‑v A-hÀ-¡-d‑n-b‑m‑w. A-{‑I-a‑m-k-à-
A-d‑n-b‑m-\‑m-h‑m-¯ A-h-Ø-b‑n-e‑m-b‑n- X‑n-h‑n-[‑n-b‑p‑w F³.P‑n.S‑n. (\‑m-j-WÂ a‑m-b k-a-c-§Ä k-l‑m-b-I-a-Ã F-¶‑p‑w
c‑n-¡‑p‑w A-h-k‑m-\‑w F-¯‑p-I. A-X‑p- {‑K‑o³ {‑S‑n-_-‑y‑q-WÂ‑) h‑n-[‑n-b‑p‑w R-§- A-hÀ-¡-d‑n-b‑m‑w. A-X‑p-s‑I‑m-ï‑v A-l‑n‑w-
s‑I‑m-ï‑v ]‑qÀ-®-a‑m-b‑n-¯-s‑¶ a‑m-ä-¯‑n- s‑f I‑p-d-¨‑p k-l‑m-b‑n-¨‑n-«‑p-ï‑v. ]-t‑£‑, k‑m-ß-I-c‑o-X‑n-b‑n-e‑q-s‑S A-hÀ k-a-c‑w
\‑p h‑n-t‑[-b-a‑m-t‑I-ï-X‑p-ï‑v. R-§Ä R-§Ä-¡‑p N‑n-e {‑I‑n-a‑n-\Â-t‑I-k‑p-IÄ s‑N-¿‑p-I-b‑m-W‑v.
C-X‑v h‑o-ï‑p‑w h‑o-ï‑p‑w ]-d-b‑p-¶-X‑m-W‑v. N‑n-e a‑m-^‑n-b-IÄ-s‑¡-X‑n-s‑c \-S-t‑¯-ï‑n {‑]-I‑r-X‑n-h‑n-`-h-§-f‑p-s‑S s‑X-ä‑m-b D-]-
`-c-W-I‑q-S‑w F-´‑m-W‑v s‑N-¿‑p-¶-X‑v F-¶‑v h-c‑p-¶‑p-ï‑v. I-\‑m-e‑p-I-s‑f R-§Ä h‑n- t‑b‑m-K-h‑p‑w s‑a‑m-¯-¯‑nÂ A-g‑n-a-X‑n
\‑n-§Ä-¡-d‑n-b‑m-a-t‑Ã‑m. ]-W-a‑m-b‑n s‑N- aÀ-i‑n-¡‑p-¶‑p. t‑X‑m-S‑p-I-f‑p-s‑S h-e‑n-s‑b‑m-c‑p X-s‑¶-b‑m-b‑n-«‑m-W‑v R-§Ä I‑m-W‑p-¶-
d‑n-b X‑p-I-IÄ s‑I‑m-S‑p-¡‑p-I-t‑b‑m s‑N-d‑n-b i‑r‑w-J-e-b‑m-W‑v B-b‑n-c‑w s‑l-I‑v-S-d‑p-I-f‑n- X‑v. k‑m-¼-¯‑n-I-a‑m-b A-g‑n-a-X‑n a‑m-{‑X-a-Ã
c‑o-X‑n-b‑nÂ ]‑p-\-c-[‑n-h‑m-k‑w \-S-¯‑p-I- e‑m-b‑n D-Å-X‑v. \-Z‑o-X-S-§-f‑n-e‑m-b‑n-«‑m-W‑v D-Å-X‑v. A-X‑p-s‑I‑m-ï‑v a‑p‑w-s‑s‑_-b‑n-s‑e
t‑b‑m s‑N-¿‑p-¶‑p. A-s‑Ã-¦‑nÂ _-ZÂ A-X‑n-e-[‑n-I-h‑p‑w h-c‑p-¶-X‑v, \‑q-d‑p-i-X-a‑m- s‑I-«‑n-S- \‑nÀ-½‑m-W -a‑p-X-e‑m-f‑n-a‑m-c‑p-a‑m-
D‑uÀ-Ö-]-²-X‑n-IÄ s‑I‑m-ï‑p-h-c‑p-¶‑p‑, \-h‑p‑w P-e-t‑k-N-\‑w D-Å C-S-§-f‑nÂ. b‑n R-§Ä k-a-c-¯‑n-e‑m-W‑v. B-ZÀ-i‑v
[‑m-c‑m-f‑w t‑I‑mÀ-¸-t‑d-ä‑p-IÄ F-¯‑n-t‑¨-c‑p- A-X‑p-s‑I‑m-ï‑v h-b-e‑p-I-f‑nÂ R-§Ä R-§-f‑p-s‑S t‑I-k‑m-W‑v. e-h‑m-k t‑I-k‑v
¶‑p. S‑m-ä-a‑mÀ-¡‑p‑w A‑w-_‑m-\‑n-a‑mÀ-¡‑p‑w k-a-c‑w s‑N-¿‑p-¶‑p-ï‑v. N‑n-e-b‑n-S-§-f‑nÂ R-§-f‑p-t‑S-X‑m-W‑v. l‑n-c-\-µ‑m-\‑n t‑I-k‑nÂ
h-f-s‑c h-e‑n-b c‑o-X‑n-b‑n-e‑m-W‑v t‑k‑m-f‑mÀ I-\‑m-e‑p-I-f‑p-s‑S ]-W‑n \‑n-d‑p-¯‑m-\‑p‑w B-t‑d‑m-f‑w _‑nÂ-UÀ-a‑mÀ \‑n-c‑o-£-W-
s‑I‑m-S‑p-¯‑n-c‑n-¡‑p-¶-X‑v. A-X‑p-s‑I‑m-ï‑v k‑m-[‑n-¨‑p. ^‑oÂ-U‑n-e‑n-d-§‑n-s‑¡‑m-ï‑p-Å ¯‑n-e‑m-W‑v.
_-ZÂ ]-c‑n-I-e‑v-]-\ (Alternate paradigm) k-a-c-§-f‑p‑w \‑n-b-a-b‑p-²-§-f‑p‑w R-§Ä ]-g-b ]-X‑n-h‑p {‑]-I‑r-X‑n-k‑w-c-£-W
F-¶-X‑v h‑n-`-h-§-f‑p-s‑S s‑X-c-s‑ª-S‑p-t‑¸‑m \-S-¯‑n-s‑¡‑m-ï‑n-c‑n-¡‑p-¶‑p. P-\-§-f‑p- I‑m-g‑v-¨-¸‑m-S‑nÂ \‑n-¶‑p {‑]-I‑r-X‑n h‑n-`-h-§-
k‑m-t‑¦-X‑n-I-h‑n-Z‑y-b‑p-s‑S s‑X-c-s‑ª-S‑p-t‑¸‑m s‑S i‑m-à‑o-I-c-W‑w‑, B h‑m-¡-Ã D-]- s‑f t‑\‑m-¡‑n-¡-ï‑mÂ t‑]‑m-c F-¶‑p-Å-X‑v

••t‑a-[‑m ]-S‑v-IÀ I‑m-X‑n-¡‑p-S‑w k-a-c-a‑p-J-¯‑v.
h-f-s‑c {‑]-[‑m-\-a‑m-W‑v. C-t‑¸‑mÄ h-f-s‑c S-s‑¸-S‑p-¶ P-\-§-f‑p-s‑S h-g‑n. F-´‑m-W‑v

t‑h-K-¯‑nÂ F-Ã‑m‑w t‑]‑m-I‑p-¶‑p F-¶‑p
k‑z-´‑w C-S-§-f‑nÂ \‑n-¶‑p a‑m-d‑n- \-j‑v-S-s‑¸-S‑p-¶-X‑v? A-h-c‑p-s‑S h‑o-S‑p
a‑m-{‑X-a-Ã‑, t‑]‑m-I‑p-¶-X‑v D-]-t‑`‑m-K-k‑w- t‑¸‑m-t‑I-ï‑n-h-c‑p-¶-h-c‑p‑w AÀ-l- a‑m-{‑X-a-Ã‑, I‑m-e‑n-\-S‑n-b‑n-s‑e a-®‑p-a‑m-
k‑v-¡‑m-c-¯‑n-t‑e-b‑v-¡‑m-W‑v. h‑n-`-h-§-s‑f a‑m-b-X‑p e-`‑n-¡‑m-¯-h-c‑p-a‑m-b {‑X-a-Ã \-j‑v-S-s‑¸-S‑p-¶-X‑v. a-®‑p-a‑m-b‑n
H-«‑p‑w s‑X‑m-S‑m-s‑X \‑n-e-\‑nÂ-¡‑m³ ]-ä‑n-Ã. P-\-§Ä‑, \‑o-X‑o-I-c‑n-¡-s‑¸-S‑m-¯ _-Ô-s‑¸-«-s‑X-Ã‑m‑w \-j‑v-S-s‑¸-S‑p-¶‑p.
X‑oÀ-¨-b‑m-b‑p‑w N‑n-e-s‑X-Ã‑m‑w s‑X‑m-S‑m-s‑X A-§-s‑\-b‑p-Å P-\-§Ä ]T‑n-¡‑p-¶
X-s‑¶ \‑n-e-\‑nÀ-t‑¯-ï-X‑n-s‑â B-h-i-‑y- h‑n-I-k-\‑w t‑\-c‑n-t‑S-ï‑n h-c‑p-¶ c‑o-X‑n. k‑z-´‑w C-S-§-f‑nÂ \‑n-¶‑p a‑m-d‑n-
I-X-b‑p-ï‑v F-¶-X‑p i-c‑n-b‑m-W‑v. F-§- P-\-§Ä. A-h-s‑c-b‑m-W‑v \‑m‑w t‑¸‑m-t‑I-ï‑n-h-c‑p-¶-h-c‑p‑w AÀ-l-a‑m-b-X‑p
s‑\-b‑m-W‑v H-c‑p h-g‑n I‑m-t‑W-ï-X‑v? F-\‑n- \-½‑p-s‑S {‑]-[‑m-\ i-à‑n-b‑m-b‑n e-`‑n-¡‑m-¯-h-c‑p-a‑m-b P-\-§Ä‑, \‑o-X‑o-I-
¡‑p t‑X‑m-¶‑p-¶-X‑v, F-´‑m-W‑v h‑n-I-k-\‑w c‑n-¡-s‑¸-S‑m-¯ h‑n-I-k-\‑w t‑\-c‑n-t‑S-ï‑n
F-¶-X‑v, A-X‑n-s‑â H-c‑p a‑m-X‑r-I-b-Ã... ]-c‑n-K-W‑n-t‑¡-ï-X‑v. h-c‑p-¶ P-\-§Ä. A-h-s‑c-b‑m-W‑v \‑m‑w
]‑qÀ-®-a‑m-b H-c‑p \‑nÀ-t‑±-i‑w h-b‑v-¡‑p-I \-½‑p-s‑S {‑]-[‑m-\ i-à‑n-b‑m-b‑n ]-c‑n-K-W‑n-
F-¶-X‑m-W‑v h-g‑n. F-´‑m-W‑v h‑n-I-k-\‑w X-½‑n-e‑p-Å s‑s‑h-c‑p-²‑y-¯‑n-s‑â `‑m-j t‑¡-ï-X‑v. h‑n-I-k-\-¯‑n-s‑â s‑X-ä‑m-b
F-¶-X‑v, F-§-s‑\ h‑n-I-k-\‑w h‑n-`‑m-h-\‑w P-\-§Ä a-\-Ê‑n-e‑m-¡‑p‑w F-¶‑m-W‑v ]-c‑n-I-e‑v-]-\-b‑v-s‑¡-X‑n-s‑c B-W‑v R-§Ä
s‑N-¿-W‑w F-¶-X‑v (What is development F-\‑n-¡‑p t‑X‑m-¶‑p-¶-X‑v. k‑m-a‑q-l-‑y-h‑p‑w t‑]‑m-c‑m-S‑p-¶-X‑v. h‑n-I-k-\-¯‑n-s‑â s‑X-
and how to plan development) h‑y-à- ]‑m-c‑n-Ø‑n-X‑n-I-h‑p‑w k‑m-¼-¯‑n-I-h‑p‑w ä‑m-b ]-c‑n-I-e‑v-]-\-s‑¡-X‑n-s‑c k-a-c‑w
a‑m-¡-W‑w. A-S‑n-Ø‑m-\ B-h-i-‑y-§Ä c‑m-j‑v-{‑S‑o-b-h‑p-a‑m-b X-e-§Ä‑, A-X‑m- s‑N-¿‑p-¶-hÀ-¡‑n-S-b‑nÂ h‑n-`-P-\-§Ä
\‑n-d-t‑h-ä‑p-¶-X‑p‑w B-h‑m-k-h-‑y-h-Ø-s‑b W‑v I‑q-S‑p-XÂ B-IÀ-j-I-a‑m-b‑n-c‑n-¡‑p-I D-ï‑m-I‑m-X‑n-c‑n-¡‑p-I F-¶-X‑p‑w {‑]-[‑m-\-
{‑]-X‑n-I‑q-e-a‑m-b‑n _‑m-[‑n-¡‑p-¶ X-c-¯‑n- F-¶‑p t‑X‑m-¶‑p-¶‑p. ]-c-¼-c‑m-K-X ]-c‑n- a‑m-W‑v. a-®‑nÂ ]-W‑n-s‑b-S‑p-¡‑p-¶-h-c‑m-b‑n-
e‑p-Å D-]-t‑`‑m-K-k‑w-k‑v-¡‑m-c-h‑p‑w (Basic Ø‑n-X‑n-h‑m-Z‑n-IÄ s‑X-c-s‑ª-S‑p-¯ h-g‑n- c‑n-¡-W-s‑a-¶‑n-Ã ]-c‑n-Ø‑n-X‑n-h‑m-Z‑n-IÄ...
need fulfillment versus Consumerism) ¡‑p ]-I-c‑w‑, P‑o-h‑n-¡‑m-\‑p-Å C-S‑w \-j‑v- h‑n-i‑m-e-a‑m-b s‑F-I‑y‑w B-h-i-‑y-a‑m-W‑v.

bm-{X-¡m-c³
a-\w a-b-¡p-¶
a-¦-bw
A-\nÂ \m-bÀ
C -¡-g‑n-ª a-g-¡‑m-e‑w.. a-g X‑n-a‑nÀ-

¯‑p s‑]-¿‑p-I-b‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑p.. I‑y‑m-a-d
s‑e³-k‑p-I-f‑nÂ ^‑w-K-k‑v F-¶ t‑]-S‑n
t‑]‑m-b‑n-«‑p-ï‑v. R-§-f‑p-s‑S h‑o-S‑n-\‑p k-a‑o-
]-¯‑p I‑q-S‑n H-g‑p-I‑p-¶ N‑n-ä‑m-d‑n-s‑â {‑]-
[‑m-\ t‑]‑m-j-I \-Z‑n-b‑m-W‑v a-¦-b‑w B-d‑v.
k‑z-]‑v-\-¯‑n-s‑â I‑m-e‑w. \-\-h‑mÀ-¶ A-´- F-s‑â I-e‑m-e-b Z‑n-\-§-f‑nÂ ¢‑m-k‑v
c‑o-£‑w. ]-S-s‑a-S‑p-¡‑m³ ]‑p-d-t‑¯-¡‑n-d- I-«‑p s‑N-b‑v-X‑v C-I‑v-_‑mÂ t‑I‑m-t‑f-P‑n-\‑p
§‑m³ I-g‑n-b‑m-¯-{‑X i-à-a‑m-b a-g. C‑u k-a‑o-]-¯‑p-Å a-¦-b-s‑¯ I‑m-f-¡-b-¯‑n-
a-g-¡‑m-e-§Ä s‑h-Å-¨‑m-« I‑m-g‑v-N-I-f‑p-s‑S e‑p‑w I‑p-c‑n-i-S‑n-b‑n-e‑p‑w F-{‑X-t‑b‑m h-«‑w
D-Õ-h-I‑m-e-a‑mW‑v. I‑p-f‑n-¨‑n-«‑p-ï‑v. H‑m-t‑c‑m k-µÀ-i-\-h‑p‑w
t‑\-c‑w ]‑p-eÀ-¶-t‑¸‑mÄ a‑p-XÂ a-g. ]‑p-X‑n-b A-\‑p-`-h‑w. s‑]‑m-•‑p-S‑n-b‑p‑w a-¦-
H-c‑p Z‑n-h-k‑w a‑p-g‑p-h³ a-g \-\-ª‑p b-h‑p‑w F-\‑n-¡‑v {‑]‑n-b-s‑¸-« C-S-§-f‑m-
s‑I‑m-ï‑v s‑s‑_-¡‑n-s‑e‑m-c‑p b‑m-{‑X. A-¨³- W‑v‑, \‑m-S‑n-s‑â ]‑p-W‑y-h‑p‑w. ]‑m-t‑e‑m-S‑n-s‑â
t‑I‑m-h‑n-e‑n-s‑e I‑p‑w-`‑m-h‑p-c‑p-«‑n‑, a-W-e‑mÀ ]-d‑p-Z‑o-k-IÄ. BÀ-{‑Z-a‑m-b H‑mÀ-½-I-f‑nÂ
s‑h-Å-¨‑m-«-§Ä. I‑p‑w-`‑m-h‑p-c‑p-«‑n-b‑nÂ I‑p-d-¨‑p t‑\-c‑w. a-¦-b-¯‑v t‑]‑m-b‑n-«‑p I‑p-
Ø‑m-]‑n-¨‑n-«‑p-Å s‑h-Å-¨‑m-«-¯‑n-s‑â k‑p- d-¨‑p \‑m-f‑m-b‑n. {‑]-t‑X‑y-I‑n-¨‑v H-c‑p s‑]-c‑p-
µ-c-a‑m-b N‑n-{‑X‑w. ]-¯‑p hÀ-j-§Ä-¡‑p a-g-¡‑m-e-¯‑v..
a‑p-¼‑v k‑m-e‑n-k‑mÀ F-S‑p-¯ N‑n-{‑X-a‑m-W-X‑v. X‑n-c‑p-h-\-´-]‑p-c‑w h-\‑w U‑n-h‑n-j-\‑nÂ
BÀ-¯-e-¨‑p s‑]-¿‑p-¶ a-g. \‑n-d-s‑b I‑p- ]‑m-t‑e‑m-S‑v s‑d-b‑n-©‑n-s‑â ]-c‑n-[‑n-b‑n-e‑m-W‑v
g‑n-I-f‑p-Å t‑d‑m-U‑n-e‑q-s‑S \‑o-ï b‑m-{‑X.... a-¦-b‑w C-t‑¡‑m-S‑q-d‑n-k‑w. X‑n-c‑p-h-\-´-]‑p-
a-\-Ê‑p \‑n-d-s‑b s‑]-c‑p-s‑h-Å-¨‑m-«-§- c‑w s‑N-t‑¦‑m-« t‑d‑m-U‑nÂ s‑]-c‑n-§-½-e
f‑p-s‑S a‑m-k‑v-a-c‑n-I I‑m-g‑v-N-I-f‑p‑w I‑y‑m-a-d C-S‑n-ª‑mÀ h-g‑n 10 I‑n.a‑o k-©-c‑n-¨‑mÂ
\‑n-d-s‑b N‑n-{‑X-§-f‑p-a‑m-b‑n H-S‑p-h‑nÂ a-S- a-¦-b-s‑¯-¯‑m‑w. k-a‑p-{‑Z \‑n-c-¸‑nÂ
§‑n-s‑b-¯‑p-t‑¼‑mÄ t‑\‑m-¼‑v X‑p-d-b‑v-¡‑v \‑n-¶‑p‑w 500 a‑o-äÀ D-b-c-¯‑n-e‑m-W‑v C‑u
k-a-b-a‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑p. a-¦-b-¯‑p t‑]‑m-I‑m-t‑a‑m- {‑]-t‑Z-i‑w. s‑]‑m-•‑p-S‑n a-e-\‑n-c-I-f‑p-s‑S X‑m-g‑v-
s‑b-¶‑v k‑mÀ t‑N‑m-Z‑n-¨-t‑¸‑mÄ A-X‑y-[‑n-I‑w h‑m-c‑w. R-§Ä C-d-§‑p-t‑¼‑mÄ c‑m-h‑n-s‑e
k-t‑´‑m-j-a‑m-b‑n. F-{‑X-h-«‑w R‑m-\-h‑n-s‑S H³-]-X‑p a-W‑n I-g‑n-ª‑n-c‑p-¶‑p. I‑mÀ-t‑a-

L-§-f‑p-s‑S k‑m-¶‑n-²‑y‑w I‑m-c-W‑w s‑h-
f‑n-¨‑w X‑o-s‑c I‑p-d-h‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑p.
A-h‑m-N‑y-a‑m-b {‑K‑m-a `‑w-K‑n‑! ]‑m-t‑e‑m-S‑v
s‑d-b‑n-©‑n-s‑e t‑X‑m-«-§-f‑p-s‑S \-S‑p-h‑n-e‑q-
s‑S-b‑p-Å b‑m-{‑X... H-ä-s‑¸-« h‑o-S‑p-IÄ..
t‑{‑_-¡‑v N-h‑n-«‑n ]-X‑n-s‑b X‑n-c‑n-t‑¡-ï
s‑I‑m-S‑n-b h-f-h‑p-IÄ... ‑"h-c-b‑m-S‑v s‑a‑m-«‑'
K‑n-c‑n-i‑r‑w-K-§-f‑p-s‑S Z‑r-i‑y `‑w-K‑n.... a-¦-b-
t‑¯-¡‑p-Å b‑m-{‑X-b‑nÂ \‑n-d-s‑b {‑]-I‑r-
X‑n H-c‑p-¡‑n h-¨ Z‑r-i‑yh‑n-c‑p-¶‑p-I-f‑m-W‑v.
a‑p-¼‑v ]‑m-t‑e‑m-S‑v s‑d-b‑n-©‑nÂ \‑n-¶‑p‑w h-c-
b‑m-S‑p s‑a‑m-«-b‑n-t‑e-¡‑v {‑S-¡‑n‑w-K‑v \-S-¯‑n-
b-X‑v H‑mÀ-½ h-¶‑p. A-¶‑p ]-t‑¯‑m-f‑w
h-c-b‑m-S‑p-I-f‑p-Å I‑q-«-s‑¯ I-ï I‑m-
c‑y‑w R‑m³ HmÀ¯p. R-§-f‑p-s‑S I‑mÀ
A-t‑¸‑m-t‑g-¡‑p‑w C-S‑n-ª‑m-d‑nÂ F-¯‑n-
b‑n-c‑p-¶‑p. A-S‑p-¯‑p I‑m-W‑p-¶ ]-Å‑n-
¡‑q-S‑w C‑u {‑]-t‑Z-i-¯‑p-Å s‑s‑{‑S-_Â
k‑v-I‑q-f‑m-W‑v. B-Z‑n-h‑m-k‑n h‑n-`‑m-K-¯‑nÂ-
s‑¸-S‑p-¶ \‑q-d‑nÂ-]-c‑w I‑p-«‑n-IÄ C‑u k‑v-
I‑q-f‑nÂ ]T‑n-¡‑p-¶‑p-ï‑v. I‑p-d-¨‑p-I‑q-S‑n
a‑p-¶‑nÂ a-¦-b‑w C-t‑¡‑m-S‑q-d‑n-k-¯‑n-s‑â
{‑]-[‑m-\ I-h‑m-S‑w. ]‑m-t‑e‑m-S‑v s‑d-b‑n-©‑n-s‑â
A-[‑n-I‑m-c ]-c‑n-[‑n-b‑n-e‑p-Å s‑]‑m-•‑p-S‑n-þ-
a-¦-b‑w C-t‑¡‑m-S‑q-d‑n-k-§Ä A-X‑n-s‑â
A-h‑m-N‑y-a‑m-b {‑K‑m-a `‑w-K‑n‑!
]‑m-t‑e‑m-S‑v s‑d-b‑n-©‑n-s‑e t‑X‑m-«-§-
f‑p-s‑S \-S‑p-h‑n-e‑q-s‑S-b‑p-Å b‑m-{‑X...
H-ä-s‑¸-« h‑o-S‑p-IÄ.. t‑{‑_-¡‑v N-h‑n-
«‑n ]-X‑n-s‑b X‑n-c‑n-t‑¡-ï s‑I‑m-S‑n-b
h-f-h‑p-IÄ... ‑a-¦-b-t‑¯-¡‑p-Å
b‑m-{‑X-b‑nÂ \‑n-d-s‑b {‑]-I‑r-X‑n H-c‑p-
¡‑n h-¨ Z‑r-i‑y h‑n-c‑p-¶‑p-I-f‑m-W‑v.
{‑]-hÀ-¯-\-c‑o-X‑n s‑I‑m-ï‑v C-X‑n-\-I‑w
X-s‑¶ k-©‑m-c‑n-I-f‑p-s‑S {‑]-i‑w-k ]‑n-S‑n-
¨‑p ]-ä‑n-b‑n-«‑p-ï‑v. h-f-s‑c N‑p-c‑p-§‑n-b I‑m-
e-b-f-h‑nÂ h³ P-\-{‑i-²-b‑m-IÀ-j‑n-¨
C-t‑¡‑m-S‑q-d‑n-k-§-f‑m-W‑v C-h. ]‑m-t‑e‑m-S‑v
s‑d-b‑n-©-[‑n-I‑r-X-c‑p-s‑S kvXp-X‑yÀ-l-a‑m-b
t‑aÂt‑\‑m-«-]‑m-S-h-a‑m-W‑v C‑u ]-c‑n-Ø‑n-
X‑n Sq-dn-Ìv tI-{µ-§-sf C-¯-c-¯‑nÂ
h-f-c‑m³ k-l‑m-b‑n-¨‑n-«‑p-Å-s‑X-¶-X‑v H-c‑p
h-k‑v-X‑p-X-b‑m-W‑v. s‑k-£³ t‑^‑m-d-Ì-d‑p‑w
X-t‑±-i-h‑m-k‑n-I-f‑p-a-S-§‑p-¶ a-¦-b‑w
h-\-k‑w-c-j-W k-a‑n-X‑n-¡‑m-W‑v a-¦-b‑w
C-t‑¡‑m-S‑q-d‑n-k-¯‑n-s‑â \-S-¯‑n-¸‑p N‑p-a-
X-e. X‑p-Ñ-a‑m-b {‑]-t‑h-i-\ ^‑o-k‑m-W‑v
k-µÀ-i-I-c‑nÂ \‑n-¶‑p‑w C‑u-S‑m-¡‑p-¶-X‑v.
{‑]-t‑h-i-\ I-h‑m-S‑w I-S-¶‑mÂ ]‑n-s‑¶
C-S-X‑qÀ-¶ I‑m-S‑p‑w h³-a-c-§-f‑p‑w C‑u-ä-
¡‑m-S‑p-I-f‑p‑w \‑n-d-ª {‑]-I‑r-X‑n-c-a-W‑o-b-
a‑m-b Ø-e-a‑m-W‑v. ]‑m-t‑e‑m-S‑v-þ-s‑s‑{‑_-a‑qÀ
s‑I.F-k‑v.BÀ.S‑n.k‑n _-k‑v d‑q-«‑m-W‑v C‑u
t‑d‑m-U‑v. h-g‑n-b-c‑n-I‑nÂ B-\-¸‑n-ï-§Ä
I-ï‑p. a-g-¡‑m-e-a‑m-b-X‑n-\‑mÂ c‑m-{‑X‑nI‑m-
e-§-f‑nÂ B-\-IÄ C‑u {‑]-t‑Z-i-¯‑v
I‑q-«-t‑¯‑m-s‑S C-d-§‑m-d‑p-ï‑v. C-S-¡‑v a-g
N‑m-d‑p-¶‑p-ï‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑p. {‑]-[‑m-\ I-h‑m-S-
¯‑nÂ \‑n-¶‑v G-I-t‑Z-i‑w H-c‑p I‑n-t‑e‑m-a‑o-
Photo/Sali Palode äÀ I-g‑n-ª‑mÂ I‑p-c‑n-i-S‑n-b‑m-b‑n. h-f-s‑c

bm-{X-¡m-c³
hÀ-j-§Ä ]-g-¡-a‑p-Å H-c‑p I‑p-c‑n-
i‑p-]-Å‑n A-h‑n-s‑S-b‑p-ï‑v.
a-g-¡‑m-e-a‑m-b-X‑p-s‑I‑m-ï‑m-h‑m‑w k-µÀ-
i-I-c‑m-c‑p-a‑p-ï‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑n-Ã. R-§-s‑f
I-ï-b‑p-S-s‑\ s‑s‑K-U‑v A-S‑p-¯‑p h-¶‑p.
]‑m-d-s‑¡-«‑p-I-s‑f-Ã‑m‑w \-Ã h-g‑p-¡-e‑m-
s‑W-¶‑p‑w \-Z‑n-b‑nÂ i-à-a‑m-b H-g‑p-
¡‑p-s‑ï-¶‑p‑w A-d‑n-b‑n-¨‑p. R-§Ä I‑p-
S-I-f‑p‑w s‑s‑{‑S-t‑]‑m-S‑p‑w I‑y‑m-a-d-I-f‑p-a‑m-b‑n
]‑m-d-s‑¡-«‑p-IÄ \‑n-d-ª h-g‑n-b‑n-e‑q-s‑S
k‑m-h-[‑m-\‑w B-ä‑n-t‑e-¡‑p \-S-¶‑p. N‑o-
h‑o-S‑p-I-f‑p-s‑S s‑N-h‑n X‑p-f-¡‑p-¶ i-Ð‑w...
A-¡-s‑c s‑h-Å-¨‑m-«-¯‑n-s‑â a‑p-g-¡‑w.
C-S‑p-§‑n-b B h-g‑n-b‑n-e‑q-s‑S‑, C-e-I-f‑nÂ
X-§‑n \‑n-¶‑n-c‑p-¶ P-e I-W-§-f‑mÂ
\-\-ª‑v B-ä‑p-X‑o-c-s‑¯-¯‑n. G-I-t‑Z-i‑w
A³-]-X‑p h‑m-c-b-I-s‑e I‑p-c‑n-i-S‑n s‑h-Å-
¨‑m-«‑w...\-b-\-a-t‑\‑m-l-c-a‑m-b I‑m-g‑v-N. a-g-
¡‑m-e-¯‑v A-X‑n-s‑â ]‑qÀ-®-i-à‑n-b‑nÂ
B C-c-« s‑h-Å-¨‑m-«‑w I‑p-X‑n-¨‑p ]‑m-b‑p-¶-
X‑p‑w t‑\‑m-¡‑n I‑p-s‑d t‑\-c‑w \‑n-¶‑p t‑]‑m-b‑n.
F-s‑´‑m-c‑p i-à‑n-b‑m-W-X‑n-s‑â H-g‑p-¡‑n-\‑v.
P-e-]‑m-X-¯‑nÂ \‑n-¶‑p-Å [‑q-f‑n-IÄ C-{‑X
Z‑q-c-¯‑n-e‑p‑w R-§-s‑f \-\-b‑v-¡‑p-¶‑p-ï‑v.
I‑y‑m-a-d _‑m-K‑p-I-f‑nÂ \‑n-d-s‑b P-e-I-W-
§Ä. I‑m-X‑p-I-s‑f X-IÀ-¡‑p-¶ `‑o-X‑n-Z-
a‑m-b i-Ð‑w. R§Ä I‑p-c‑n-i-S‑n-b‑p-s‑S
a-t‑\‑m-l‑m-c‑n-X H-¸‑n-s‑b-S‑p-¡‑m³ X‑p-S-§‑n-.
a-¦-b-¯‑v c-ï‑p s‑h-Å-¨‑m-«-§-f‑m-
W‑p-Å-X‑v. I‑p-c‑n-i-S‑n-b‑p‑w I‑m-f-¡-b-h‑p‑w.
C-X‑nÂ D-b-c‑w-s‑I‑m-ï‑p‑w i-à‑n-s‑I‑m-ï‑p‑w
a‑p-¶‑nÂ I‑m-f-¡-b‑w s‑h-Å-¨‑m-«-a‑m-W‑v.
F-¦‑n-e‑p‑w I‑p-c‑n-i-S‑n-b‑n-s‑e C-c-« P-e-]‑m-
X-¯‑n-s‑â a-t‑\‑m-l‑m-c‑n-X H-¶‑p t‑h-s‑dX-
s‑¶-b‑m-W‑v. ]-ï‑v s‑s‑{‑_-a‑qÀ F-k‑v-t‑ä-ä‑nÂ
\‑n-¶‑p‑w N-c-¡‑p-a‑m-b‑n h-¶ H-c‑p I‑m-f-h-
ï‑n I‑m-\-\]‑m-X-b‑nÂ \‑n-¶‑p‑w s‑X-¶‑n
I‑m-f-¡-b-¯‑nÂ h‑o-s‑W-¶‑p‑w h-ï‑n-b‑p‑w
I‑m-f-b‑p‑w A-K‑m-[-a‑m-b I-b-¯‑nÂ X‑m-
W‑p-t‑]‑m-s‑b-¶‑p‑w I-s‑ï-S‑p-¡‑m³ I-g‑n-
ª‑n-«‑n-s‑Ã-¶‑p‑w ]-g-a-¡‑mÀ ]-d-b‑p-¶‑p.
A-X‑n-\‑p-t‑i-j-a‑m-W‑v I-b-¯‑n-\‑v I‑m-f-¡- k‑uI - c - y‑ § - f - p‑ w‑ D-sï ‑ ¦ - n‑ e - p‑ w‑ A-]I - S- -

b‑w F-¶ t‑]-c‑p h-¶-X‑v. G-X‑m-b‑m-e‑p‑w I-ca - m‑ b - Ø-e§ - f - n‑ Â k-µÀ-iI - À IÀ-
I‑m-f-¡-b-¯‑n-\‑v C-t‑¸‑m-g‑p‑w B-g‑w h-f-s‑c i-\a - m‑ b - A-¨S- ¡ - w‑ ]‑me - n‑ t- ¡ ‑ ï - X - p‑ ï - v‑.
I‑q-S‑p-X-e‑m-W‑v. C-h‑n-s‑S a‑n-¡-h‑m-dp‑ w‑ A-]- I‑pc - n‑ i - S- n‑ b - n‑ Â h-¨v‑ R‑m³ I‑ym‑ a- d- ]‑pd- -
I-SI - Ä D-ïm‑ I - m‑ d- p‑ ï - v‑. H-cp‑ ] - m‑ S- m‑ f - p‑ I - Ä- s‑¯S- p‑ ¯ - p‑ . s‑hÅ - ¨ - m‑ «- § - Ä A-Xn‑ s - â ‑
¡‑v C-hn‑ s - S‑ P‑oh - l- m‑ \ - n‑ k‑w`- h - n‑ ¨ - n‑ «- p‑ ï - v‑. X-\n‑ a - t- b ‑ m‑ s - S‑ I‑ym‑ a - d - b - n‑ Â ]-IÀ-¯p‑ -
s‑sK‑ U - p‑ I - f - p‑ s- S‑ \‑nÀ-t±‑ i - § - Ä a-dn‑ I - S- ¶ - v‑ ¶-Xn‑ \ - v‑ I‑pd - ¨ - v‑ k‑mt- ¦ ‑ X - n‑ I - I‑mc - y‑ § - Ä
h-gp‑ ¡- e - m‑ b - ]‑md - I - f - n‑ e - p‑ w‑ a-äp‑ w‑ I-bd - n‑ A-dn‑ t- b ‑ ï - X - p‑ ï - v‑. I‑ym‑ a- d- s‑s{‑ S‑ t- ] ‑ m‑ U - n‑ Â
k‑ml - k - n‑ I - X - I‑m«- p‑ ¶ - s‑Nd - p‑ ¸
- ¡ - m‑ c - m‑ - h-¨v‑, I‑ym‑ a - d - b - p‑ s - S‑ j-«À k‑v] - o‑ U - v‑ h-fs - c ‑
W‑v a-cn‑ ¨ - h - c - n‑ Â `‑qc - n‑ ` - m‑ K
- h - p‑ w‑ . C-¯c - w‑ I‑pd - ¨ - v‑, s‑F.F-kv‑.H 100-þ- 200þ-em‑ ¡ - n‑ N‑n-
A-]I - S- § - Ä ]-et- ¸ ‑ m‑ g- p‑ w‑ C-t¡ ‑ m‑ S- q‑ d- n‑ k - - {‑Xs- a ‑ S- p‑ ¯ - m‑ Â a‑m{- X ‑ t- a ‑ N‑n{- X ‑ ¯ - n‑ \ - v‑ a‑ng- n‑ -
¯‑ns - â‑ {‑]h - À-¯\ - § - Ä-¡v‑ a-§t- e ‑ Â- h‑pï
- m‑ h - p‑ I - b - p‑ Å - q‑ . I‑pd- ¨ - p‑ {‑ia - n‑ ¨ - t- ¸ ‑ m‑ Ä-
¸‑n¨ - n‑ «- p‑ s- ï-¶v‑ ]-db - m‑ s - X ‑ ¯-s¶ ‑ \-Ã N‑n{- X ‑ § - Ä I‑n«- n‑ ¯ - p‑ S- § - n‑ .
h-¿. F-{X ‑ s - b‑ m‑ s - ¡ ‑ s‑]s - «‑ ¶ - v‑ ]-cn‑ k - c - a - m‑ s - I ‑ k‑qc - y‑ {- ] ‑ I - m‑ i - w‑
a‑p³-Ic- p‑ X - e - p‑ - ]-c¶ - p‑ . I‑pd- ¨ - p‑ t‑\c- w‑ a‑m{- X ‑ t- a‑ D-ïm‑ b - n‑ c- p‑ -
I- f ‑ p ‑ w ¶‑pÅ - p‑ s - h ‑ ¦ - n‑ e - p‑ w‑ F-s´ ‑ m‑ c - p‑ a‑mä- a - m‑ b - n‑ c - p‑ -
¶‑p I‑mg- v‑N - b - n‑ Â. \-\h - m‑ À-¶ C-eI - f - n‑ Â
a-ªs - h ‑ f - n‑ ¨ - ¯ - n‑ s - â ‑ {‑]X - n‑ ^ - e - \ - w‑ . Z‑qs - c ‑
]‑me - p‑ t‑]m‑ s - e ‑ s - b ‑ m‑ g- p‑ I - p‑ ¶ - i-àa - m‑ b -
C-c«- {‑]h - m‑ l - § - Ä X‑ms - g ‑ b - p‑ Å -
an-{In-km-e-kv ^-kv-I-kv Micrixalus fuscus Photo/Sandeep Das ]‑md - ¡ - q‑ «- § - f - n‑ Â BÀ-¯e - ¨ - v‑

Photo/Anil Nair
]-Xn‑ ¡ - p‑ ¶ - p‑ . A-t¸ ‑ m‑ Ä s‑hÅ - ¨ - m‑ «- ¯ - n‑ - f‑nÂ X-]Ê - n‑ c

- p‑ ¶
- Z‑nh - k- § - Ä. h‑nh - m‑ l- w‑ «‑pï- v‑. I‑ym‑ a - d- \-\b - m‑ s - X ‑ _‑mK - n‑ \- p‑ Å - n‑ Â
s‑â ]-Ip‑ X - n‑ `‑mK - w‑ k‑qc - y‑ {- ] ‑ I - m‑ i - ¯ - m‑ Â I-gn‑ ª- I‑me - ¯ - v‑ {‑]n‑ b - X - a - b
- p‑ s- a‑ m‑ ¯- v‑ h-¨p‑ . k-ab - w‑ 12 a-Wn‑ I-gn‑ ª - n‑ c - p‑ ¶ - p‑ .
{‑]`- m‑ ] - q‑ c- n‑ X - a- m‑ b - n‑ c- p‑ ¶ - p‑ . I-tÃ ‑ m‑ e - n‑ \ - n‑ F-¶ a-¦b - s- ¯‑ C‑ud - \- W
- n‑ ª- ]‑md - ¡- q‑ «- § - - R-§Ä I‑mf - ¡ - b - t- ¯ ‑ ¡ - v‑ \‑o§ - n‑ .
h‑m¡ - n‑ s - \ ‑ AÀ-°] - q‑ À-®a - m‑ ¡ - n‑ s - ¡ ‑ m‑ ï - v‑ f‑pw‑ a-ªp‑ t- ] ‑ m‑ s - e ‑ k‑pµ - c - a- m‑ b- P-e{- ] ‑ h - m‑ - I‑mf - ¡ - b - ¯ - n‑ t- e ‑ ¡ - v‑ t‑]m‑ I - p‑ ¶ - h-gn‑ b - n‑ Â
I-Ãp‑ I - Ä-¡n‑ S- b - n‑ e - q‑ s - S‑ ]-Xs - ª ‑ m‑ g- p‑ I - n‑ l-§f - p‑ w‑ I-ï h-k´ - I - m‑ e- w‑ . F-¶p‑ w‑ k-µÀ-iI - À-¡v‑ k‑pc - £ - n‑ X - a - m‑ b - n‑ ]‑nS- n‑ ¨ - p‑
h-cp‑ ¶ - a-ªp‑ t‑]m‑ s - e ‑ b - p‑ Å - P-e{- ] ‑ h - m‑ - \-S¡ - m‑ ³ I-¼n‑ t- h ‑ e - n‑ I - Ä Ø‑m] - n‑ ¨ - n‑ «- p‑ -
l‑w. P-e¯ - n‑ \ - v‑ X‑pf - ª - p‑ I-bd- p‑ ¶ - X-Wp‑ - I‑p-c‑n-i-S‑n s‑h-Å-¨‑m-«-¯‑n-\‑p ï‑v. I‑pc - n‑ i - S- n‑ s‑hÅ - ¨ - m‑ «- ¯ - n‑ \ - p‑ s‑Xm‑ «- p‑
¸‑v. sN-cn‑ h - p‑ I - f - n‑ Â h³-ac - § - Ä B-Im‑ i - w‑ s‑X‑m-«‑p a‑p-I-f‑nÂ a-s‑ä‑m-c‑p s‑N-d‑n-b a‑pI - f - n‑ Â a-sä ‑ m‑ c - p‑ s‑Nd - n‑ b - P-e] - m‑ X - a - p‑ -
a‑ps
- «‑ \‑nÂ-¡p‑ ¶ - p‑ . {‑]I - r‑ X - n‑ H-cp‑ ¡ - n‑ b - ï‑v. A-Xn‑ \ - p‑ w‑ a‑pI - f - n‑ e - m‑ W - v‑ I‑mf - ¡ - b - w‑ .
B h‑nk - v‑a - b - ¡ - m‑ g- v‑N - b - n‑ Â a‑pg- p‑ I - n‑ I‑ym‑ a - d-
P-e-]‑m-X-a‑p-ï‑v. A-X‑n-\‑p‑w a‑p-I- C-hn‑ S- s - ¯ ‑ D-bc - w‑ I‑qS- n‑ b - s‑hÅ - ¨ - m‑ «- w‑ .
t‑]m‑ e - p‑ w‑ ¢‑n¡ - v‑ s‑N¿ - m‑ ³ a-d¶ - v‑ R‑m³ f‑n-e‑m-W‑v I‑m-f-¡-b‑w. C-h‑n-S-s‑¯ a‑pI - f - n‑ s - e ‑ sN-cn‑ ª - ]‑md- ¡ - q‑ «- § - f - n‑ Â
N‑n´ - I - f - n‑ Â a‑pg - p‑ I - n‑ ... D-b-c‑w I‑q-S‑n-b s‑h-Å-¨‑m-«‑w. \‑n¶ - p‑ w‑ s‑hÅ - w‑ l‑p¦ - m‑ c - i - Ð - t- ¯ ‑ m‑ s - S‑
t‑h\ - Â-¡m‑ e - § - f - n‑ Â t‑Im‑ t- f ‑ P - v‑ s‑sa ‑ - X‑q¡ - m‑ b - n‑ X‑mt- g ‑ ¡ - v‑ ]-Xn‑ ¡ - p‑ ¶ - I‑mg - v‑N -
X‑m\ - ¯ - v‑ ]-IÂ-ap‑ g - p‑ h - ³ \‑of - p‑ ¶ - {‑In‑ - F-\n‑ ¡ - v‑ {‑]n‑ b - s - ¸‑ «- X - m‑ b- n‑ c - p‑ ¶- p‑ C-hn‑ S- w‑ . F-{X ‑ t‑\c - w‑ t‑\m‑ ¡ - n‑ \ - n‑ ¶ - m‑ e - p‑ w‑ a-Xn‑ h - -
¡-äp‑ I - f - n‑ I - Ä-s¡ ‑ m‑ S- p‑ h - n‑ Â h‑nb - À-¯p‑ A-t¸ ‑ m‑ Ä s‑]b - v‑X - N‑mä - Â a-g F-s¶ ‑ c‑nÃ
- . A-cn‑ I - n‑ s - e ‑ ]‑md- s - ¡ ‑ «- p‑ I - s - f ‑ Ã - m‑ w‑ \-\-
X-fÀ-¶v‑ I‑q«- p‑ I - m‑ c - p‑ s - a ‑ m‑ ¯ - p‑ a-¦b - ¯ - n‑ Â N‑n´
- I - f - n‑ Â \‑n¶ - p‑ W - À-¯n‑ . ª‑v ]‑mb - Â ]‑nS- n‑ ¨ - n‑ c - n‑ ¡ - p‑ ¶ - p‑ . R-§Ä
h-¶v‑ I‑pc - n‑ i - S- n‑ b - n‑ e - p‑ w‑ I‑mf - ¡ - b - ¯ - n‑ e - p‑ w‑ s‑hÅ - ¨ - m‑ «- ¯
- n‑ s - â‑ s‑Xm‑ «- S- p‑ ¯ - p‑ \‑n¶ - v‑- s‑s{‑ S‑ t- ] ‑ m‑ U - v‑ \‑nh - À-¯n‑ h - ¨ - v‑ I‑ym‑ a - d - ^‑nä - v‑
\‑o´ - n‑ ¡ - p‑ f - n‑ ¨- Z‑n\ - § - Ä. ]‑n¶ - o‑ S- v‑ P‑oh - n‑ - k‑me - n‑ k‑mÀ N‑n{- X ‑ § - Ä ]-IÀ-¯p‑ I - b - m‑ - s‑Nb - v‑X- v‑ ]-Ss - a ‑ S- p‑ ¡ - m‑ ³ X‑pS- § - n‑ . I‑mÂ
X-bm‑ Y - m‑ À-°y‑ ¯ - n‑ \ - p‑ a‑p¶ - n‑ Â ]-I¨ - v‑ W‑v. R‑m\ - p‑ w‑ s‑hÅ - ¨ - m‑ «- ¯ - n‑ \ - S- p‑ t- ¯
‑ ¡ - p‑ h-gp‑ X - n‑ b - m‑ Â i-àa - m‑ b - s‑hÅ - ¸ - m‑ ¨ - n‑ e - n‑ -
B-g§ - f - n‑ t- e ‑ ¡ - v‑ D‑uf - n‑ b - n‑ S- p‑ ¶ - s‑hÅ - ¨ - m‑ - t‑]m‑ b- n‑ . i-Ðw‑ D-¨Ø - m‑ b- n‑ b - n‑ Â. P-eI - - e‑mb - n‑ c - n‑ ¡ - p‑ w‑ h‑og - p‑ I - . I‑mf - ¡ - b - ¯ - n‑ s - e ‑
«-§f - n‑ Â t‑\m‑ ¡ - n‑ H-äb - v‑¡ - v‑ ]‑md - ¡ - q‑ «- § - - W-§Ä s‑Im‑ ï - v‑ i-co‑ c - a - m‑ s- I ‑ \-\ª - n‑ - s‑hÅ - ¨ - m‑ «- ¯ - n‑ s - â ‑ ]-X\ - Ø‑m\ - ¯ - v‑

bm-{X-¡m-c³
A-Km‑ [ - a- m‑ b- B-ga - m‑ s- W‑ ¶ - p‑ w‑ X‑pc - ¦ - w‑ h‑m-a-\-]‑p-c‑w \-Z‑n-b‑p-s‑S {‑]-[‑m-\ t‑]‑m-j-I- I-g‑n-ª‑v t‑]-c-b‑w-s‑N-Ã-©‑n `‑m-K-¯‑p-h-¨‑v
t‑]m‑ s - e ‑ b- m‑ W- v‑ A-hn‑ s - S‑ b- p‑ Å- ]‑md- s - ¡‑ - \-Z‑n-b‑m-W‑v N‑n-ä‑mÀ. s‑]‑m-•‑p-S‑n a-e-\‑n-c-I- h‑m-a-\-]‑p-c‑w \-Z‑n-b‑p-a‑m-b‑n e-b‑n-¨‑v A-d-
«‑pI - s- f‑ ¶ - p‑ w‑ I-b¯ - n‑ s - â‑ h-i§ - f - n‑ Â f‑nÂ \‑n-¶‑m-W‑v N‑n-ä‑mÀ D-Û-h‑n-¡‑p-¶-X‑v. _‑n-¡-S-e‑nÂ F-¯‑p-¶‑p.
h‑oW - m‑ e - p‑ w‑ i-àa - m‑ b
- N‑pg - n‑ X‑pc - ¦ - ¯ - n‑ - N‑n-ä‑mÀ‑, s‑]‑m-•‑p-S‑n-b‑p-s‑S X‑m-g‑v-h‑m-c-¯‑p-Å a-¦-b‑w t‑d‑m-U‑n-e‑q-s‑S t‑\-s‑c a‑p-I-f‑n-
t‑e¡ - v‑ h-en‑ ¨ - p‑ s
- I
‑ m‑ ï- p‑ t‑]m‑ I - p‑ s - a‑ ¶
- p‑ w‑ s‑s‑{‑_-a‑qÀ‑, I‑m-f-¡-b‑w‑, I‑p-c‑n-i-S‑n‑, F-¶‑o t‑e-¡‑v a‑q-¶‑p In-t‑e‑m-a‑o-äÀ t‑]‑m-b‑mÂ
k-ao‑ ] - h- m‑ k - n‑ I- Ä ]-db - p‑ ¶ - ‑p. ]-e-t‑¸‑m-g‑p‑w Ø-e-§-f‑n-e‑q-s‑S H-g‑p-I‑n P-\-h‑m-k {‑]-t‑Z- s‑s‑{‑_-a‑q-d‑nÂ F-¯‑m‑w. s‑]‑m-•‑p-S‑n¡‑p-
X‑n-c‑n-s‑I s‑]‑m-§‑n h-c‑m³ I-g‑n-b‑m-s‑X i-a‑m-b C-S‑n-ª‑m-d‑nÂ F-¯‑p-¶‑p. s‑N-d‑p- ¶‑p-I-f‑p-s‑S k‑p-µ-c-a‑m-b X‑m-g‑v-h‑m-c-a‑m-W‑v
]‑m-d-s‑¡-«‑p-I-f‑nÂ I‑p-S‑p-§‑n-b‑m-W‑v I-b- t‑X‑m-S‑p-IÄ t‑N-c‑p-¶-t‑X‑m-s‑S I‑p-s‑d-¡‑q-S‑n s‑s‑{‑_-a‑qÀ. s‑s‑{‑_-a‑q-d‑nÂ H-c‑p k‑z-I‑m-c‑y
¯‑nÂ h‑o-W B-f‑p-IÄ a-c-W-a-S-b‑p-¶-X‑v. h-e‑n-¸‑w h-c‑p-¶ \-Z‑n I‑p-ï‑m-f‑w I‑p-g‑n‑, t‑X-b‑n-e-t‑¯‑m-«-a‑p-ï‑v. s‑s‑{‑_-a‑qÀ h-g‑n
A-¨³-t‑I‑m-h‑n-e‑n-s‑e I‑p‑w-`‑m-h‑p-c‑p-«‑n-b‑nÂ s‑_‑m-«‑m-W‑n-¡Â K‑mÀ-U³ h-g‑n C-c‑p- s‑]‑m-•‑p-S‑n-b‑n-t‑e-¡‑v {‑S-¡‑n‑w-K‑v k‑u-I-c‑y-
s‑N-b‑v-X‑n-«‑p-Å-X‑p t‑]‑m-s‑e t‑h-\Â-¡‑m-e- ¼‑p-]‑m-e-¯‑n-s‑e-¯‑p-¶‑p. N‑n-ä‑mÀ \-Z‑n-¡‑p a‑p-ï‑v. I‑q-S‑m-s‑X a-¦-b-¯‑v \‑n-¶‑p‑w h-c-
¯‑v h-e‑n-b ]‑m-d-¡-j-W-§-f‑n-«‑v I‑p-g‑n b‑m-S‑ps‑a‑m-«-b‑n-t‑e-¡‑p‑w C-t‑¡‑m-S‑q-d‑n-k‑w
a‑q-S‑n \‑n-c-¸‑m-¡‑m-s‑a-¦‑nÂ BÄ-¡‑mÀ-¡‑v ]‑m-d-¡‑q-«-§-f‑n-e‑p‑w \-S-¸‑m-X-b‑n- {‑]-hÀ-¯-IÀ {‑S-¡‑n‑w-K‑v H-c‑p-¡‑p-¶‑p-ï‑v.
\‑nÀ-`-b‑w s‑h-Å-¨‑m-«-¯‑nÂ I‑p-f‑n-¡‑m³ e‑p‑w sN-c‑n-h‑p-I-f‑n-s‑e a-c-¡‑q-«-§- k-a-b‑w \‑m-e‑p-a-W‑n I-g‑n-ª‑p. s‑]-s‑«-
I-g‑n-b‑p‑w. C‑u a-g-¡‑m-e-¯‑p-t‑]‑m-e‑p‑w I‑p‑w- ¶‑v i-à‑n-b‑m-b‑n a-g-s‑]-¿‑m³ X‑p-S-§‑n.
`‑m-h‑p-c‑p-«‑n-b‑nÂ \‑q-d‑p I-W-¡‑n-\‑p k-µÀ-
f‑n-e‑p‑w a-g X‑n-a‑nÀ-¯‑p s‑]-¿‑p-¶‑p. X‑p-Å‑n-s‑¡‑m-c‑p-I‑p-S‑w t‑]-a‑m-c‑n. s‑h-Å-¨‑m-
i-I-c‑m-W‑v H-t‑ck-a-b‑w t‑\-c‑n-«‑p-Å P-e- I-¼‑n t‑h-e‑n-b‑nÂ a‑p-d‑p-s‑I ]‑n-S‑n-¨‑p «-¯‑n-s‑â i-à‑n hÀ-²‑n-¨-X‑p t‑]‑m-s‑e.
]‑m-X-¯‑nÂ I‑p-f‑n-¡‑p-¶-X‑v. X‑n-c‑n-¨‑p \-S-¡‑p-t‑¼‑mÄ H-¶‑p F-§‑p‑w l‑p-¦‑m-c i-Ð‑w a‑m-{‑X‑w. I‑p-S-IÄ
k-a-b‑w a‑q-¶‑p a-W‑n I-g‑n-ª‑n-c‑n-¡‑p- X‑n-c‑n-ª‑p t‑\‑m-¡‑m-X‑n-c‑n-¡‑m³ \‑n-hÀ-¯‑n I‑y‑m-a-d-IÄ ¹‑m-Ì‑n-I‑v s‑]‑m-
¶‑p. C-S-¡‑n-s‑S a-g N‑m-d‑p-¶‑p-ï‑v. G-t‑X‑m X‑n-b‑n-e‑m-¡‑n R-§Ä X‑n-c‑n-s‑I \-S-¶‑p.
k‑v-I‑q-f‑nÂ \‑n-¶‑p-Å a‑q-¶‑p I‑p-«‑n-IÄ I-g‑n-ª‑n-Ã. ]‑m-d-¡‑q-«-§-f‑n-e‑p‑w \-S-¸‑m-X-b‑n-e‑p‑w sN-c‑n-
h-c‑p-¶‑p-ï‑v. h-f-s‑c A-{‑i-²-a‑m-b‑m-W‑p h‑p-I-f‑n-s‑e a-c-¡‑q-«-§-f‑n-e‑p‑w a-g X‑n-a‑nÀ-
\-S-¸‑v. I-b-¯‑n-\‑p k-a‑o-]-a‑p-Å s‑h-Å- I‑p-d‑p-s‑I-b‑p-Å c-ï‑p {‑]-[‑m-\ ]‑m-e-§- ¯‑p s‑]-¿‑p-¶‑p. I-¼‑nt‑h-e‑n-b‑nÂ a‑p-d‑p-s‑I
s‑¡-«‑n-t‑e-¡‑v H-c‑mÄ C-d-§‑n. a-ä‑p-Å-h-s‑c f‑nÂ H-¶‑m-W‑v s‑N-t‑¦‑m-«-þ-X‑n-c‑p-h-\-´-]‑p- ]‑n-S‑n-¨‑p X‑n-c‑n-¨‑p \-S-¡‑p-t‑¼‑mÄ H-¶‑p X‑n-
X‑m-t‑g-¡‑p h-c‑m³ t‑{‑]‑m-Õ‑m-l‑n-¸‑n-¡‑p-¶‑p. c‑w ]‑m-X-b‑n-s‑e C-c‑p-¼‑p-]‑m-e‑w. {‑_‑n-«‑o- c‑n-ª‑p t‑\‑m-¡‑m-X‑n-c‑n-¡‑m³ I-g‑n-ª‑n-Ã.
R§Ä I‑p-«‑n-I-f‑p-s‑S h‑n-h-c-§Ä X‑n-c- j‑p-I‑mÀ \‑nÀ-½‑n-¨ C‑u ]‑m-e‑w C-¶‑p Z‑q-s‑c I‑q-e‑w-I‑p-¯‑n B-g-¯‑n-t‑e-¡‑p ]-X‑n-
¡‑n I-b-¯‑n-s‑â `‑o-I-c-X t‑_‑m-[‑y-s‑¸- h-f-s‑c t‑i‑m-N‑y‑m-h-Ø-b‑n-e‑m-W‑v. a-s‑ä‑m-c‑p ¡‑p-¶ B s‑]-c‑p-s‑h-Å-¨‑m-«‑w‑! B I‑m-g‑v-
S‑p-¯‑n A-h-sc ]‑n-´‑n-c‑n-¸‑n-¨‑p. ]‑m-e‑w I‑p-d-¨‑p-I‑q-S‑n X‑m-t‑g-b‑p-Å s‑s‑a-e- N-b‑nÂ a-b-§‑n R‑m-\‑p‑w X‑n-c‑n-s‑I \-S-¶‑p.
t‑I-c-f-¯‑n-s‑e 44 \-Z‑n-I-f‑nÂ H-¶‑m-b a‑q-S‑v ]‑m-e-a‑m-W‑v. N‑n-ä‑mÀ \-Z‑n s‑s‑a-e-a‑q-S‑p‑w A-S‑p-¯ h-c-h‑n-\‑m-b‑n......
Photo/Sali Palode

Nn-{X-hpw Nn-´-bpw
ap-dn-ª ap-Jw
tUm. D-®n-Ir-jv-W³ ]p-fn-¡Â
c -k-I-c-a‑m-b H-c‑p b‑m-{‑X s‑N-¶‑p \‑n-¶-X‑v C-h‑n-s‑S. B-{‑I-a‑n-¡-s‑¸-« I‑p-e-k‑v-{‑X‑o-

s‑b-t‑¸‑m-s‑e h‑m-\‑n-t‑e-¡‑v t‑\‑m-¡‑n h‑n-X‑p-¼‑n \‑nÂ-¡‑p-¶ `‑q-a‑n. h‑n-I-k-\-¯‑n-s‑â
k‑n-aâ‑p-t‑h-c‑p-IÄ-¡‑v H‑m-S‑n-b‑n-d-§‑m³ a-®‑n-f-¡‑n‑, s‑h-Å-s‑a‑m-g‑n-¨‑v, a-¡Ä ]-W‑n-X‑p h-¨
i-h-¡‑p-g‑n-¡‑p-]‑p-d-I‑nÂ‑, H-c‑p I‑p-S‑w P-e‑w I‑q-S‑n A-hÀ-s‑¡-§‑n-s‑\ X‑m-a-k‑w-h‑n-\‑m s‑]-
b‑v-X‑p \Â-I‑m‑w F-¶‑p \‑n-\-¨‑p-\‑nÂ-¡‑p-¶ `‑q-a‑n. a-¡-f‑p-s‑S X‑m-U-\-t‑aÂ-¡‑p-t‑¼‑m-g‑p‑w
A-h-c‑p-s‑S s‑s‑I t‑\‑m-h‑p-t‑a‑m F-¶ N‑n-´ a‑m-{‑X‑w t‑h-Z-\-b‑m-I‑p-¶ A-½-b‑p-s‑S a‑p-J‑w.
A-hÀ-¡‑p X-WÂ \Â-I‑m³ a‑m-{‑X‑w‑, I‑o-d‑n-b ]-¨-¸‑p-S-h h‑o-ï‑p‑w h‑o-ï‑p‑w X‑p-¶‑n-t‑¨À-
¯‑v‑, t‑a-s‑e h‑n-c‑n-¨‑p-]‑n-S‑n-¨‑v B-i‑z-k‑n-¡‑p-¶-hÄ. ]-{‑´-ï‑p a-¡-f‑n-s‑e {‑`‑m-´-s‑\-¦‑n-e‑p‑w
X-t‑¶‑m-Sp t‑NÀ-s‑¶‑m-¶‑p \‑nÂ-¡‑p-s‑a-¶‑v B-i‑n-¡‑p-¶-hÄ‑!
h-b-\‑m-«‑n-s‑e _‑m-W‑m-k‑p-c k‑m-KÀ A-W-s‑¡-«‑m-W‑v ]‑p-d-I‑nÂ I‑m-W‑p-¶-X‑v. ‑"a‑p-d‑n-h‑p-]-

ä‑n-b `‑q-`‑m-K-§Ä‑' (Wounded Landscapes) F-¶ t‑]-c‑nÂ 2009-þÂ s‑N-b‑v-X k‑nc‑o-k‑nÂ
\‑n-¶‑p‑w F-S‑p-¯ N‑n-{‑X-w.

R§fpw ]£nIfpw
F-¶‑p N‑n-e-¨‑p. R-§Ä \-S-¶‑p \‑o-§‑n.
a-¶-h³-tNm-e-bp-sS ]‑n-¶‑nÂ I‑m-S‑n-\‑p h‑o-ï‑p‑w \‑n-i-_‑v-Z-X.

a-ª‑p-X‑p-Å‑n-IÄ X‑m-f‑w X‑p-SÀ-¶‑p.
I‑p-d‑n-ª‑n-¡‑m-S‑p-IÄ-¡‑p-Å‑nÂ \‑n-¶‑p‑w
In-fn-sbm-¨-IÄ B-t‑c‑m D-WÀ-¶‑v I‑p-S‑p-I‑p-s‑S N‑n-c‑n-¡‑p-

¶‑p.... t‑N‑m-e-¡‑p-S‑p-h³. H-c‑p ]-£‑n-b‑p-s‑S
t‑]-c‑v A-t‑¸‑mÄ A-h‑n-s‑S \-a‑p-s‑¡‑m-c-\‑p-
`-h-a‑m-h‑p-I-b‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑p. A-§‑n-§‑m-b‑n
N‑n-e-b‑n-S-§-f‑nÂ t‑N‑m-e-¡‑p-S‑p-h-•‑mÀ
A-£-c-§-fn-en-Ãm-¯ kw-Ko-X D-WÀ-¶‑p N‑n-e-¨‑p X‑p-S-§‑n. I‑m-S‑p-WÀ-¶‑p
X‑p-S-§‑p-I-b‑m-W‑v. s‑N-d‑p-s‑N-d‑p I‑n-f‑n-s‑b‑m-
A-\p-`-h-§-fnÂ \n-¶pw I-S-sa-Sp-¯v ¨-IÄ \‑m-e‑p-`‑m-K-¯‑p-\‑n-¶‑p‑w D-bÀ-¶‑p
hm-bn-¡m³ H-cp i-_v-Zm-\p-`-hw X‑p-S-§‑n. A-e‑v-]-a-I-s‑e A-cp‑ h
\‑n¶
- p‑ w‑ N‑qf - ¡ - m‑ ¡ - ]‑m«- p‑ X
- n‑ ¡
- p‑ S- §
- c
- p‑ I
- b- n‑ Â
- b - m‑ -
b‑n. X‑nc - ¡- p‑ I - f - n‑ Ã- m‑ ¯- i‑m´ - a- m‑ b - a-\Ê - n‑ -
s‑â k‑wK - o‑ X
- w‑ . N‑qf - w‑ h‑nf - n‑ b- p‑ s
- S‑ i-_v‑Z- w‑
hn-\-b³ ]n.F. {‑It- a
‑ W - D-bÀ-¶p‑ h-cp‑ ¶ - p‑ . ]-eb - n‑ S- § - -
f‑nÂ \‑n¶ - p‑ w‑ H-tc ‑ k - a - b
- w‑ k-am‑ \ - a - m‑ b-
a -¶-h³-t‑N‑m-e-b‑n-s‑e H-c‑p {‑]-`‑m-X‑w...

s‑h-b‑n-e‑p-Z‑n-¨‑n-c‑p-¶‑n-Ã... a-ª‑p ]‑p-X-
¨‑v i‑m-´-a‑m-b‑p-d-§‑p-I-b‑m-W‑v. \‑n-Ý-e-
h-g‑n-b-c‑n-I‑n-s‑e N‑n-e ]‑pÂ-\‑m-¼‑p-IÄ
s‑R-«‑n-b‑p-WÀ-¶‑p X-e-s‑]‑m-¡‑n t‑\‑m-
¡‑p-¶‑p.
]‑m«- p‑ I
C-fs
t‑\m‑ ¡
- Ä.
- h‑ b
- n‑ . I‑nf
- n‑ Â F-§p‑ \
- n‑ s
- b ‑ m‑ ¨ - I
- n‑ t- ¶
- Ä k-Po‑ h
‑ m‑ F-¯n‑ -
- a - m‑ h - p‑ I - -
a‑m-b h‑r-£-§Ä. I-d‑p-¸‑n-e‑p‑w s‑h-f‑p- t‑N‑m-e-b‑n-e‑q-s‑S I-S-¶‑p-t‑]‑m-I‑p-¶ b‑mb - n‑ . a-ea - p‑ I- f - n‑ s
- e‑ t‑Nm‑ e - ¡ - m‑ S- p‑ I - f - n‑ Â
¸‑n-e‑p‑w h-c-¨ H-c‑p N‑n-{‑X-¯‑n-t‑e-¡‑p IÃp]mInb h-g‑n-b‑n-e‑q-s‑S R-§Ä \-S-¶‑p.
t‑\‑m-¡‑n\‑n-e‑v-¡‑p-¶ {‑]-X‑o-X‑n. A-§‑n- R-§-f‑p-s‑S I‑m-s‑e‑m-¨-IÄ I‑m-S‑n-s‑â b‑m-{‑X-b‑n-s‑e \‑n-e-b‑v-¡‑m-¯
§‑m-b‑n a-ª‑p-X‑p-Å‑n-IÄ I-c‑n-b‑n-e- \‑n-È-_‑v-Z-X-s‑b t‑`-Z‑n-¨‑p. a-c-¨‑n-Ã-IÄ-¡‑p-
I-f‑n³-t‑•Â X‑m-f-a‑n-S‑p-¶‑p-ï‑v. a-ª‑p- Å‑n-s‑e-h‑n-s‑S-t‑b‑m H-c‑p s‑]‑m-S‑n-¡‑p-c‑p-h‑n
i-_‑v-Z k‑m-¶‑n-²‑y-a‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑p
I-W-§Ä b‑m-{‑X ]-d-b‑p-t‑¼‑mÄ D-d-¡-a‑p-WÀ-¶‑v "N‑n-c‑p-h‑n-ä‑v N‑n-c‑p-h‑n-ä‑v' s‑h-Å‑n-¡-®‑n-¡‑p-c‑p-h‑n-IÄ.
h‑y-X‑y-k‑v-X i-_‑v-Z-§-f‑n-e‑p-Å A-h-
Icn¼³ Im«p_pÄ_pÄ Square-tailed Bulbul Photo/Bijoy KI
b‑p-s‑S I‑p-i-e‑w-]-d-¨‑n-e‑p-IÄ-¡‑n-S-
b‑n-e‑q-s‑S R-§Ä \-S-¶‑p \‑o-§‑n.
\‑qä - m‑ ï - p‑ I - Ä s‑Im‑ ï - p‑ {‑]I - r‑ X - n‑ c-Nn‑ ¨ -
k‑wK - o‑ X - w‑ . k‑p{- ] ‑ `- m‑ X - w‑ F-¶ h‑m¡ - n‑ s - \ ‑
]‑qÀ-®a - m‑ b - AÀ-°¯ - n‑ Â R-§Ä X‑n-
c‑n¨- d - n‑ b - p‑ I - b - m‑ b - n‑ c - p‑ ¶ - p‑ .
C-Sb - v‑¡ - n‑ S- b - v‑¡ - v‑ s‑hb - n‑ e - p‑ t- ] ‑ m‑ h - p‑ t- ¼ ‑ m‑ Ä
t‑Nm‑ e - ¡ - m‑ S- p‑ I - f - p‑ s - S‑ C-cp‑ ï - l‑rZ- b - ¯ - n‑ -
s‑e N‑pc - p‑ f - g- n‑ b - m‑ ¯ - \‑nK - q‑ V - X - I - f - n‑ t- e ‑ ¡ - v‑
\‑nÝ - e - c - m‑ b - n‑ \‑ni - _ - v‑Z- c - m‑ b - n‑ R-§f - p‑ w‑
I‑mt- X ‑ m‑ À-¯p‑ \‑n¶ - p‑ . I‑nf - n‑ s - b ‑ m‑ ¨ - I - Ä X‑n-
c‑ns
- I ‑ h-cp‑ t- ¼ ‑ m‑ Ä ]-£n‑ I - f - p‑ s - S‑ t‑]c- p‑ I - Ä-
¡‑pt- h ‑ ï - n‑ H‑mÀ-½I - f - n‑ e - q‑ s - S‑ ]‑pd - t- I ‑ m‑ «- p‑
t‑]m‑ h - p‑ ¶ - p‑ . AÀ-°a - d - n‑ b - m‑ ¯ - ]-£n‑ i - -
_‑vZ- § - s - f ‑ R-§Ä t‑]c - p‑ I - Ä s‑Im‑ ï - v‑
X‑nc - n‑ ¨ - d - n‑ b - m‑ ³ {‑ia - n‑ ¡ - p‑ I - b - m‑ b - n‑ c - p‑ ¶ - p‑ .
i-_v‑Z- § - Ä-¡n‑ S- b - n‑ Â h‑yà - a - m‑ b - n‑
D-bÀ-¶p‑ t‑IÄ-¡p‑ ¶ - H-tI ‑ t- I ‑ y‑ m‑ ...
H-tI ‑ t- I ‑ y‑ m‑ ... F-¶ h‑nf - n‑ h-S¡ - ³ N‑n-
e‑pN - n‑ e - ¸ - t- â ‑ X - m‑ b - n‑ c - p‑ ¶ - p‑ . A-§n‑ § - v‑
N‑ne - b - n‑ S- § - f - n‑ Â N‑pä - o‑ ´ - Â-¡n‑ f - n‑ I - f - p‑ w‑
]‑mS- p‑ ¶ - p‑ ï - m‑ b - n‑ c - p‑ ¶ - p‑ . N‑mc - ¯ - e - b - ³
]‑mä - ] - n‑ S- n‑ b - \ - p‑ w‑ A-Sn‑ ¡ - S- n‑ i-_v‑Z- n‑ ¨ - p‑ s - I ‑ m‑ -
t‑ïb - n‑ c - n‑ ¡ - p‑ ¶ - p‑ ï - v‑. b‑m{- X ‑ b - n‑ s - e ‑ \‑ne - -
b‑v¡ - m‑ ¯ - i-_v‑Z- k‑m¶ - n‑ ² - y‑ a - m‑ b - n‑ c - p‑ ¶ - p‑
s‑hÅ - n‑ ¡ - ® - n‑ ¡ - p‑ c - p‑ h - n‑ I - Ä. h‑yX - y‑ k - v‑X -
i-_v‑Z- § - f - n‑ e - p‑ Å - A-hb - p‑ s - S‑ I‑pi - e - w‑ ] - -
d-¨n‑ e - p‑ I - Ä-¡n‑ S- b - n‑ e - q‑ s - S‑ R-§Ä \-S¶ - p‑
\‑o§ - n‑ .
s‑XÃ - p‑ t- \ ‑ c - a - m‑ b - n‑ \‑ni - _ - v‑Z- a - m‑ b - n‑ c - p‑ ¶ -
h-S¡ - ³ N‑ne - p‑ N - n‑ e - ¸ - ³ D-¨¯ - n‑ Â h‑n-
f‑n¨ - p‑ . A-Xv‑ s‑Xm‑ «- S- p‑ ¯ - p‑ Å - A-tX ‑
]-£n‑ I - Ä G-äp‑ ] - d - ª - p‑ . A-Xp‑
X‑oc - p‑ w‑ a - p‑ ³-t] ‑ A-Xn‑ \ - ¸ - p‑ d - ¯ - p‑ -

Å-hc - p‑ w‑ A-Xn‑ \ - p‑ a- ¸ - p‑ d- a - p‑ Å- h - c - p‑ w‑ A-tX ‑ {‑i-²‑n-¨‑p \‑n-¶‑mÂ a‑m-{‑X‑w I‑m-X‑p-IÄ-¡‑v
i-_v‑Z- ¯ - n‑ Â G-äp‑ ] - d - b - p‑ ¶ - p‑ . In-fn-IÄ ]‑n-S‑n-s‑¨-S‑p-¡‑m³ ]-ä‑p-¶ I-c‑n-¦‑n-f‑n-I-f‑p-
XoÀ-¯ a-[p-cK - m-\w a-eb - psS \navt- \m-¶- s‑S i-_‑v-Z-h‑p‑w C-S-b‑v-¡‑n-s‑S t‑IÄ-¡‑p-
Xn-If - n-eq-sS H-gp-In-\o-§n. Xm-gvhm-c§ - Ä ¶‑p-ï‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑p.
A-tX-äp-]m-Sn. X‑pS- À-¨b - p‑ Å - H-cp‑ h-\m‑ h - - a-¶-h³-t‑N‑m-e-b‑n-s‑e \-S-¯-¯‑n-
c-W¯ - n‑ \ - p‑ I‑og- n‑ Â a‑m{- X ‑ w‑ k‑m[ - y‑ a- m‑ h - p‑ ¶ - e‑p-S-\‑o-f‑w B-hÀ-¯‑n-¨‑p t‑IÄ-¡‑p-¶
H-cp‑ i-_v‑Z- m‑ \ - p‑ `- h - w‑ . ]-£n‑ I - f - n‑ s- e‑ ]-ck - v‑- k-Ô‑y-¡‑n-f‑n-b‑p-s‑S-b‑p‑w \‑o-e-K‑n-c‑n ]‑m-ä-]‑n-
]-c k-lI - c - W - ¯ - n‑ s - â ‑ b - p‑ w‑ k‑ma - q‑ l - y‑ - S‑n-b-s‑â-b‑p‑w ]‑m-«‑p-I-f‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑p ]-Ý‑n-a-
t‑_m‑ [ - ¯ - n‑ s - â ‑ b - p‑ w‑ k‑wK - o‑ X - a - m‑ b - n‑ c - p‑ ¶ - p‑ L-«-¯‑n-s‑e t‑N‑m-e-¡‑m-S‑p-I-f‑p-s‑S X-\-X‑p
A-Xv‑. ]-Ýn‑ a - L - «- ¯ - n‑ Â a-sä ‑ m‑ c- n‑ S- ¯ - p‑ w‑ i-_‑v-Z-§Ä. {‑]-P-\-\ I‑m-e-t‑¯‑m-S-S‑p-
\-½Ä C‑u A-\p‑ ` - h - w‑ _‑m¡ - n‑ h-¨n‑ «- n‑ Ã - . ¡‑p-¶-X‑n-\‑mÂ ]‑m-«‑n-\‑p a‑m-[‑p-c‑y‑w G-d‑n-
F-hn‑ s - S‑ b - p‑ w‑ t‑Nm‑ e - ¡ - m‑ S- p‑ I - Ä X‑pS- À-¨ b‑n-«‑p-ï‑v.
\-jv‑S- s - ¸ ‑ «- X‑pï - p‑ I - m‑ S- p‑ I - f - m‑ ¡ - n‑ a‑mä - s - ¸ ‑ - t‑N‑m-e-b‑p-s‑S A-t‑§-b-ä-¯‑v R-§Ä
«‑p I-gn‑ ª - p‑ . \-S-¯-a-h-k‑m-\‑n-¸‑n-¡‑p-t‑¼‑m-t‑g-¡‑p‑w a‑p-
I‑mS- n‑ s - â‑ A-hn‑ k - v‑a - c - W - o‑ b - \‑na - n‑ j - -§- ¸-t‑X‑m-f‑w C-\-¯‑nÂ-s‑¸-« ]-£‑n-I-f‑p-s‑S
f‑n-e‑q-s‑S I-®‑p‑w I‑m-X‑p‑w X‑p-d-¶‑p h-¨‑v i-_‑v-Z-§Ä R-§Ä t‑I-«‑p-I-g‑n-ª‑n-c‑p-
shÅn¡®nIpcphn Oriental White Eye Photo/Thajudeen C
R-§Ä \-S-¶‑p. h-g‑n-b-c‑n-I‑nÂ \‑n-d-ª‑p ¶‑p. R-§-f‑p-s‑Sw I‑m-X‑p-I-f‑n-t‑e-s‑¡-¯‑m-

h-fÀ-¶‑p \‑n-¶ I‑m-«‑p-I‑m-i‑n-¯‑p-¼-I-f‑nÂ s‑X I‑m-S‑n-\‑p t‑h-ï‑n a‑m-{‑X-a‑m-b‑n ]‑m-S-nb
h-k-´-¯‑n-s‑â H‑mÀ-½-IÄ A-h-t‑i-j‑n- ]‑m-«‑p-IÄ t‑h-s‑d-b‑p‑w.... a-¶-h³-t‑N‑m-e-
¡‑p-¶-t‑]‑m-s‑e A-§‑n-§‑p N‑n-e ]‑q-¡Ä b‑p-s‑S k‑w-K‑o-X‑w ]-£‑n-I-f‑nÂ a‑m-{‑X‑w
h‑n-SÀ-¶‑p \‑nÂ-¡‑p-¶‑p-ï‑v. a-ª‑p a‑m-d‑n H-X‑p-§‑p-¶-X‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑n-Ã. a-e-a‑m-\‑p‑w
s‑h-b‑nÂ ]‑p-©‑n-c‑n-¡‑p-t‑¼‑mÄ N‑n-{‑X-i-e- a-e-b-®‑m-\‑p‑w Z-e-aÀ-½-c-§-f‑p‑w I‑m-ä‑n-
`-§-f‑p‑w B-Ë‑m-Z-t‑¯‑m-s‑S ]-d-¡‑p-¶‑p. s‑â C-c-¼-e‑p‑w... A-§-s‑\ I‑m-S‑n-s‑â
]-£‑n-i-_‑v-Z-§Ä \‑n-e-b‑v-¡‑m-s‑X i-_‑v-Z‑m-b-a‑m-\-a‑m-b \‑n-a‑n-j-§-f‑n-e‑q-s‑S
X‑p-S-c‑p-I-b‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑p. \-S-¯‑w a‑p-t‑¶-d‑p- k‑zÀ-¤‑o-b-a‑m-b H-c-\‑p-`-h-a‑m-b‑n a‑m-d‑p-I-
t‑´‑m-d‑p‑w ]‑p-X‑n-b ]‑p-X‑n-b i-_‑v-Z-§-f‑p‑w b‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑p a-¶-h³-t‑N‑m-e.
t‑I-«‑p-s‑I‑m-t‑ï-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑p. a-c-{‑]‑m-h‑p‑w s‑]‑m- hÀ-j-§Ä I-g‑n-ª‑p‑w a-\-Ê‑n-s‑e
I-W-b‑p‑w C-S-b‑v-¡‑n-s‑S h‑n-f‑n-¨‑p-s‑I‑m-ï‑n- a-¶-h³-t‑N‑m-e-b‑v-¡‑p a‑o-s‑X I‑n-f‑n-s‑b‑m-
c‑n-¡‑p-¶‑p. N‑n-¶-¡‑p-«‑p-d‑p-h-s‑â I‑p-«‑qÀ..... ¨-I-f‑p-s‑S X‑n-c-a‑m-e-IÄ \‑n-e-b‑v-¡‑m-s‑X
F-¶ k‑p-]-c‑n-N‑n-X i-_‑v-Z‑w k-Z‑m-k-a- A-e-b-S‑n-¨‑p s‑I‑m-t‑ï-b‑n-c‑n-¡‑p-I-b‑m-W‑v...
b-h‑p‑w t‑IÄ-¡‑p-¶‑p-ï‑v. Z‑q-s‑c \‑n-¶‑m- R-§Ä \-S-¶ h-g‑n-b‑p-s‑S h‑n-I-k-\‑w tNm-e¡
- p-Sp-h³
s‑W-¦‑n-e‑p‑w I‑m-«‑p-t‑I‑m-g‑n-b‑p-s‑S i-_‑v-Z-h‑p‑w B X‑n-c-a‑m-e-I-s‑f I‑o-d‑n-a‑p-d‑n-¡-c‑p-t‑X Indian Scimitar-babbler
h‑y-à-a‑m-b‑n t‑IÄ-¡‑p-¶‑p-ï‑v. {‑i-a-s‑¸-«‑p F-¶ {‑]‑mÀ-°-\-t‑b‑m-s‑S... Photo/Dileep Anthikad

D-c-K-§Ä
IpcpSn¸m¼pIÄ
tUm. ap-l-½-Zv Pm-^À ]m-tem-«v
a
I-dp‑ ¸
®
- n‑ c
C-\w‑ ]‑m¼
- p‑ \
- I
- n‑ d
- t- f
- h
‑ m‑ S- v‑ G-sd‑ k‑mZ- r‑ i
- p‑ w‑ A-hy‑- à
- p‑ I - f - m‑ W - n‑ h
- a - m‑ b
- y‑- a- p‑ Å
- . X-hn‑ «- p‑ I-eÀ-¶
- I-®p‑ I
- s‑Nd- n‑ b
- f - p‑ a
-
- m‑ - N‑nX
I-Ãn‑ \
a-®n‑ e - p‑ a
- Â-¸p‑ ä
- S- n‑ b
- m‑ W
- p‑ I
- n‑ e
- v‑ C-h h-kn‑ ¡
- f
- p‑ w‑ ,‑ s‑NS- n‑ ¨
- n‑ e - p‑ w‑ D-dp‑ ¼
- «- n‑ I
- m‑ \
- f
- n‑ j
- n‑ ³-Iq‑ «- n‑ e
- n‑ e
- v‑S- s
- p‑ w‑ \-\ª
- ¸ ‑ S- p‑ ¶
- p‑ w‑ I‑pc
- X
-
- v‑.
- p‑ -
66- s‑k.-a‑o. h-s‑c h-e‑p-¸-a‑p-Å s‑I‑m-¡‑p-c‑p-«‑n-
¸‑m-¼‑n-s‑\ I-®‑q-c‑n-s‑e F-s‑â h‑o-«‑p-I‑n-W-d‑nÂ
\‑n-¶‑p‑w ]‑n-S‑n-¨‑n-«‑p-ï‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑p. t‑aÂ-¯‑m-S‑n-
W‑v X‑nc - n‑ ¨ - d - n‑ b - m‑ ³ k-lm‑ b - n‑ ¡ - p‑ ¶ - A-Sb - m‑ f - - S‑nI
- Ä I-bd - n‑ ¸ - ä - m‑ d - p‑ ï - v‑. N‑nX - e - p‑ w‑ ,‑ D-dp‑ ¼ - n‑ ³ b‑n-e‑p-Å s‑N-Xp-¼-e‑p-I-f‑nÂ ]-e-X‑p‑w D-´‑n-
§Ä. I‑mg - v‑N - b - n‑ Ã - m‑ ¯ - X - n‑ \ - m‑ Â Blind Snakes a‑p«- b - p‑ w‑ e‑mÀ-hb - p‑ a - m‑ W - v‑ {‑][ - m‑ \ - `-£W - w‑ . \‑nÂ-¡‑p-¶-X‑n-\‑m-e‑m-W‑v s‑I‑m-¡‑p-c‑p-«‑n-¸‑m-¼‑v
F-¶p‑ w‑ A-dn‑ b - s - ¸ ‑ S- m‑ d - p‑ ï - v‑. I‑pc - p‑ S- ³ ]‑m¼ - v‑, c‑m{- X ‑ n‑ I - m‑ e - § - f - n‑ e - m‑ W - v‑ C-ct- X ‑ S- m‑ \ - n‑ d- § - p‑ ¶ - X - v‑. A-s‑Ã-¦‑nÂ s‑I‑m-¡‑p-c‑p-«‑n F-¶ h‑n-f‑n-t‑¸-c‑p-
t‑Im‑ e - n‑ ¸ - m‑ ¼ - v‑, I‑pc - p‑ S- n‑ F-¶o‑ ]-et- ] ‑ c - p‑ I - f - n‑ e - p‑ w‑ \-Ã- a-gk - a - b - ¯ - v‑ h‑o«- p‑ h - f - ¸ - p‑ I - f - n‑ Â {‑]X - y‑- - ï‑m-b-X‑v. a-®‑n-c-I-f‑p‑w‑, N‑n-X-e‑p‑w a-ä‑p {‑]‑m-W‑n-
A-dn‑ b - s - ¸ ‑ S- p‑ ¶ - p‑ ï - v‑. Typhlopidae I‑pS- p‑ w‑ _ - ¯ - n‑ - £-s¸ ‑ S- m‑ d - p‑ ï - v‑. A-]q‑ À-Æa - m‑ b - n‑ h‑o«- n‑ \ - p‑ Å- n‑ Â I-f‑p-a‑m-W‑v C-j‑v-S `-£-W‑w.
e‑pÄ-s¸ ‑ S- p‑ ¶ - I‑pc - p‑ S- n‑ I - f - n‑ Â t‑em‑ I - ¯ - m‑ I - a- m‑ \ - w‑ {‑]t- X ‑ y‑- I - n‑ ¨ - p‑ w‑ I‑pf - n‑ a - p‑ d- n‑ b - n‑ Â I-bd- n‑ h - c - m‑ d- p‑ ï - v‑.- t‑aÂ-h‑n-h-c‑n-¨ I‑p-c‑p-S‑n-¸‑m-¼‑p-IÄ-¡‑p ]‑p-d-
C-cp‑ ¶ - q‑ t- d ‑ m‑ f - w‑ k‑v] - o‑ j - n‑ k - p‑ I - f - p‑ s - ï ‑ ¶ - m‑ W - p‑ i-ey‑- s - ¸ ‑ S- p‑ ¯ - n‑ b - m‑ Â {‑Zp‑ X - K - X - n‑ b - n‑ Â s‑X¶ - n‑ - s‑a Slender Blind Snake(‑Typhlops porrectus)‑,
I-W¡ - v‑. C-ý‑- b - n‑ Â 19 C-\s - ¯ ‑ b - p‑ w‑ t‑Ic - f - - a‑md - n‑ k-©c - n‑ ¡ - p‑ I - b - p‑ w‑ I-¿n‑ s - e‑ S- p‑ ¯ - m‑ Â Thurston’s Blind Snake (T. thurstoni‑)‑, Tindall’s
¯‑nÂ B-dn‑ \ - t- ¯ ‑ b - p‑ w‑ X‑nc - n‑ ¨ - d - n‑ ª - n‑ «- p‑ ï - v‑. ]‑rj - v‑T` - m‑ K - ¯ - p‑ Å - a‑pÅ - p‑ s - I ‑ m‑ ï - v‑ I‑p¯ - p‑ I - - Blind Snake (T. tindalli)‑, Beddome’s Blind Snake
C-hb - n‑ Â G-äh - p‑ w‑ kÀ-Æk - m‑ [ - m‑ c - W - a- m‑ b - n‑ «- p‑ Å - b‑pw‑ A-Xn‑ c - q‑ £ - K - Ô - a - p‑ Å - I‑mj - v‑Tw‑ ]‑pd - ´ - - (T. beddomei) F-¶‑n-h-s‑b-b‑p‑w t‑I-c-f-¯‑nÂ
C-\a - m‑ W - v‑ F-®¡ - p‑ c - p‑ S- n‑ F-¶d - n‑ b - s - ¸ ‑ S- p‑ ¶ - Å‑n c-£s - ¸ ‑ S- m‑ \ - p‑ w‑ {‑ia - n‑ ¡ - m‑ d - p‑ ï - v‑. I‑pc - p‑ S- n‑ I-s‑ï-¯‑n-b‑n-«‑p-ï‑v. C-h-b‑nÂ T. thurstoni
{‑_m‑ Ò - W - I‑pc - p‑ S- n‑ (Brahminy Worm Snake, I-Sn‑ ¨ - m‑ Â D-Ss - \ ‑ a-cW - s - a ‑ ¶ - A-Ôh - n‑ i - z‑- m‑ k - w‑ bpw T. tindalli b‑pw‑ ]-Ýn‑ a - L - «- ¯ - n‑ Â a‑m{- X ‑ w‑
Ramphtoyphlops braminus)‑‑ . Z-£n‑ W - G-jy‑- ³ \‑m«- n‑ ³ ]‑pd - § - f - n‑ e - p‑ ï - v‑. C-hb - v¡ - v hn-ja - n-sÃ- I‑mW - p‑ ¶ - t‑Zi - y‑ C-\§ - f - m‑ W - v‑. T. tindalli s‑b
c‑mP - y‑- § - f - m‑ W - v‑ C-hb - p‑ s - S‑ P-•t- Z‑ i - w‑ . C‑ub - - ¶p am-{X-aÃ - Ip-ªp-hm-bb - m-bX - n-\mÂ I-Sn- t‑Ic - f - ¯ - n‑ Â \‑ne - ¼ - q‑ c - n‑ e
- p‑ w‑ I‑p¶ - w‑ I - p‑ f - ¯ - p‑ -
S‑p¯ - I‑me - ¯ - m‑ b - n‑ C-h B-{^ ‑ n‑ ¡ - b - n‑ e - p‑ w‑ ¡m-\pw {i-an-¡m-dn-Ã. a‑mW- v‑ ap³]p I-sï ‑ ¯ - n‑ b - n‑ «- p‑ Å - X - v‑. F-¶m‑ Â
A-ta ‑ c - n‑ ¡ - b - n‑ e - p‑ w‑ B-kv‑t- {‑ X ‑ e - n‑ b - b - n‑ e - p‑ w‑ I‑p- {‑_m‑ Ò - W - - I‑pc - p‑ S- n‑ I - f - p‑ s - S‑ I‑q«- ¯ - n‑ Â B-Wp‑ - C‑ub - n‑ s - S‑ t‑Im‑ g- n‑ t- ¡ ‑ m‑ S- v‑ S‑uW - n‑ \ - S- p‑ ¯ - p‑ \‑n¶ - p‑ w‑
S‑nt- b ‑ d - n‑ b - n‑ «- p‑ ï - v‑. I-cb - n‑ Â I‑mW - p‑ ¶ - ]‑m¼ - p‑ - §-fn‑ Ã - s - {‑ X‑ . s‑]¬-]m‑ ¼ - p‑ I - Ä C-Wt- N ‑ c - m‑ s - X ‑ [‑mc - m‑ f - w‑ F-®s - ¯‑ I-sï ‑ ¯ - n‑ b - n‑ «- p‑ ï
- v‑. ]‑n¦ - p‑
IÄ X‑os - c ‑ b - n‑ Ã - m‑ ¯ - \‑yq‑ k - n‑ e - m‑ â‑ne - p‑ w‑ l-hm‑ b - v‑ A-\n‑ t- j ‑ X - P - \ - \ - ¯ - n‑ e - q‑ s - S‑ (Parthenogenesis) I-eÀ-¶ s‑hÅ - \‑nd - ¯ - n‑ e - p‑ Å - C‑u ]‑m¼ - n‑ -
Z‑zo‑ ] - k-aq‑ l - § - f - n‑ e - p‑ w‑ F-ń‑ t- \ ‑ s - d ‑ ]‑m¼ - p‑ I - - ]-bÀ-aW - n‑ t- b ‑ m‑ f - w‑ h-ep‑ ¸ - a - p‑ Å - 5-þ8 h-sc ‑ a‑p«- - s‑\¡ - p‑ d - n‑ ¨
- v‑ i‑mk - v‑{- X
‑ t- e ‑ m‑ I - ¯ - n‑ \ - p‑ I‑qS- p‑ X - e - m‑ -
f‑nÃ - m‑ ¯ - e-£Z- z‑- o‑ ] - n‑ e - p‑ w‑ h-sc ‑ C‑u ]‑m¼ - n‑ s - \ ‑ IÄ C-Sp‑ ¶ - p‑ . h‑nc - n‑ ª - ‑n-d-§‑p-¶ I‑p-ª‑p-§- s‑bm‑ ¶ - p‑ a - d - n‑ b- n‑ Ã - . a-sä ‑ m‑ c - p‑ X-t±‑ i - o‑ b - C-\a - m‑ b -
I-ïp‑ X‑pS- § - n‑ b - n‑ «- p‑ ï - v‑. s‑NS- n‑ ¨ - «- n‑ I - f - n‑ e - q‑ s - S‑ - s‑f‑m-s‑¡ s‑]¬-]‑m-¼‑p-I-f‑m-b‑n-c‑n-¡‑p‑w. a-g-¡‑m- T. thurstoni s‑b t‑Ic - f - ¯ - n‑ Â h-b\ - m‑ S- v‑, X‑rÈ - q‑ À
b‑mW - v‑ a-äp‑ c - m‑ P - y‑- § - f - n‑ t- e ‑ ¡ - p‑ h‑ym‑ ] - n‑ ¨ - s - X ‑ ¶ - m‑ - e-¯‑m-W‑v {‑]-P-\-\-‑w \-S-¡‑p-¶-X‑v. P‑nÃ - I - f - n‑ Â-\n‑ ¶ - p‑ w‑ a‑m{- X ‑ t- a ‑ I-sï ‑ ¯ - n‑ b - n‑ «- p‑ -
W-\p‑ a - m‑ \ - w‑ . C-ý‑ b - n‑ s - e ‑ G-äh - p‑ w‑ s‑Nd - n‑ b - C-h-b‑p-s‑S A-S‑p-¯ _-Ô‑p-h‑m-b s‑I‑m-¡‑p-c‑p- Å‑p. C-hb - v‑¡ - v‑ h-fs - c‑ c-kI - c - a - m‑ b - A-½n‑ ® - n‑
]‑m¼ - n‑ \ - a - m‑ W - n‑ X - v‑. h‑nc - n‑ ª - n‑ d- § - p‑ t- ¼ ‑ m‑ Ä 3.5 «‑n-¸‑m-¼‑v (Beaked Worm Snake, Gryptoyphlops I‑pS- n‑ b - ³ ]‑m¼ - v‑ F-s¶ ‑ m‑ c - p‑ h‑nf - n‑ t- ¸‑ c - p‑ a
- p‑ ï - v‑.
s‑kâ‑n a‑oä - d - p‑ w‑ ]‑qÀ-®h - f - À-¨s - b ‑ ¯ - n‑ b - m‑ Â 12 acutus‑‑) \-½‑p-s‑S \‑m-«‑nÂ k‑m-[‑m-c-W-b‑m-b‑n a‑n-¡- I‑p-c‑p-S‑n-¸‑m-¼‑p-I-f‑p‑w a-®‑n-\-S‑n-b‑nÂ
s‑k.a‑o. h-sc ‑ b - p‑ w‑ h-en‑ ¸ - w‑ I‑mW - m‑ w‑ . 23- s‑k.-ao‑ . I-ï‑p-h-c‑p-¶-b‑n-\-a‑m-W‑v. I‑p-c‑p-S‑n-I-f‑p-s‑S I‑q-«- P‑o-h‑n-¡‑p-¶ ]-h‑n-g-¸‑m-¼‑p-I-f‑p-s‑S-b‑p‑w X‑p-c-¸³
h-sc‑ h-en‑ ¸ - a- p‑ Å - h - s - b ‑ b - p‑ w‑ I-sï ‑ ¯ - n‑ b - n‑ «- p‑ ï - v‑. ¯‑nÂ G-ä-h‑p‑w h-e‑p-X‑p‑w C‑u ]‑m-¼‑p-I-f‑m-W‑v. ]‑m-¼‑p-I-f‑p-t‑S-b‑p‑w C-j‑v-S-`-£-W-a‑m-W‑v.
s‑I‑m-¡‑p-c‑p-«‑n-¸‑m-¼‑v Beaked Worm Snake Photo/Umesh P

h-\-hr-£-§Ä
Photos/ K Sajuraj
e-IÄ B-s‑W-¶‑v k‑q-N‑n-¸‑n-¡‑p-¶‑p.

k‑m-[‑m-c-W-b‑m-b‑n 4þ8 a‑o-äÀ D-b-c-¯‑nÂ
h-f-c‑p-¶ C-X‑v N‑n-e-t‑¸‑m-Ä 15 a‑o-äÀ D-b-c-
¯‑nÂ h-s‑c F-¯‑m-d‑p-ï-‑v.- i‑m-J-I-t‑f‑m-s‑S-
b‑m-W‑v h-fÀ-¨. C-e-IÄ s‑]‑m-X‑p-t‑h X-S‑n-¨
N‑n-Ã-b‑p-s‑S A-{‑K-§-f‑nÂ I‑q-«-a‑m-b‑n I‑m-W‑p-‑w.
]‑q-¦‑p-e X‑q-§‑n-¡‑n-S-¡‑p-¶ c‑o-X‑n-b‑m-W‑v. ]‑q-¦‑p-
e-b‑v-¡‑v i-c‑m-i-c‑n 30-þ70 s‑k.a‑o \‑o-f-a‑p-ï‑m-
b‑n-c‑n-¡‑p‑w. a‑n-¡-h‑m-d‑p‑w i‑m-J‑m-{‑K-§-f‑n-e‑m-W‑v
D-ï‑m-I‑p-¶-X‑v. c‑q-£-b‑m-b a-W-a‑p-ï‑m-I‑p‑w.
B-IÀ-j-I-a‑m-b ]‑n-¦p \‑n-d-a‑m-W‑v ]‑q-¡Ä-¡‑v.
]‑q-h‑n-Â [‑m-c‑m-f‑w t‑X-\‑p-ï‑m-h‑p‑w. \‑n-i‑m-i-e-
`-§-f‑p‑w h‑m-h-e‑p-I-f‑p-a‑m-W‑v ]‑q-¡-f‑nÂ ]-c‑m-
K-W‑w \-S-¯‑p-¶-X‑v. I‑m-b‑v-IÄ-¡‑v N-X‑p-j‑v-
t‑I‑m-W‑m-I‑r-X‑n-b‑m-W‑v. 65 a‑n.a‑o \‑o-f-h‑p‑w 40
a‑n.a‑o h‑o-X‑n-b‑p-a‑p-ï‑m-h‑p‑w.- H-ä- h‑n-t‑¯ I‑m-
k-a‑p-{‑Z-¡‑m-b‑v ]q¡Ä Freshwater mangrove W‑q. \‑m-c‑p \‑n-d-ª k‑v-t‑]‑m-©‑p- t‑]‑m-e‑p-Å
^-e-I-©‑p-I-¯‑n-\‑p-Å‑n-e‑m-W‑v h‑n-¯‑p I‑m-W-
k-ap-{Z-¡m-bv s‑¸-S‑p-¶-X‑v. s‑h-Å-¯‑n-e‑q-s‑S-b‑m-W‑v h‑n-¯‑p

h‑n-X-c-W‑w \-S-¡‑p-¶-X‑v.
X-S‑n-¡‑v a‑n-X-a‑m-b `‑m-c-a‑p-ï‑m-I‑p‑w. I‑m-X-e‑p‑w
s‑h-Å-b‑p‑w X‑n-c‑n-¨-d‑n-b‑m³ _‑p-²‑n-a‑p-«‑m-W‑v. t‑h-c‑v,
X-S‑n‑, ]-«‑, h‑n-¯‑p-IÄ F-¶‑n-h-b‑nÂ h‑n-j-h-
k‑v-X‑p-h‑m-b k‑m-t‑¸‑m-W‑n³ A-S-§‑n-b‑n-«‑p-ï‑v.
BÀ. hn-t\m-Zv-Ip-amÀ ]-«-b‑nÂ [‑m-c‑m-f‑w S‑m-\‑n-\‑p-ï-‑v. C-h-s‑b-Ã‑m‑w
a-Õ‑y-§-s‑f ]‑n-S‑n-¡‑m-\‑p-Å h‑n-j-a‑m-b‑n D-]-
t‑b‑m-K-s‑¸-S‑p-¯‑p-¶‑p. A-X‑m-W‑v ^‑n-j‑v I‑n-ÃÀ
G -j‑y-b‑n-s‑e G-X‑m-\‑p‑w c‑m-P‑y-§-f‑nÂ
I‑m-W-s‑¸-S‑p-¶ a-t‑\‑m-l-c-a‑m-b H-c‑p
i‑p-²-P-e- I-ï-Â h‑r-£-a‑m-W‑v s‑e-k‑n-¯‑n-
\‑oÀ-h‑mÀ-¨-b‑p-Å a-®‑m-W‑v C-h-b‑v-¡‑p {‑]‑n-b‑w.
a-ª‑p- \‑n-d-ª‑n-S-t‑¯‑m‑, D‑u-j-c-`‑q-a‑n-b‑n-t‑e‑m
h-f-c‑m-d‑n-Ã. I-S‑p-¯- N‑q-S‑v ]‑n-S‑n-¡‑n-Ã. {‑_‑n-«‑o-
{‑S‑o F-¶‑p t‑]-c‑p h-c‑m³ I‑m-c-W‑w. ^-e-{‑]-Z-
a‑m-b I‑o-S-\‑m-i‑n-\‑n-b‑m-b‑p‑w C‑u h-k‑v-X‑p-¡Ä
{‑]-t‑b‑m-P-\-s‑¸-S‑p-¯‑p-¶‑p-ï-‑v.
t‑U-k‑o I‑p-S‑p‑w-_-¯‑n-s‑e k-a‑p-{‑Z-¡‑m-b‑v Fresh- j‑v {‑]-I‑r-X‑nk‑v-t‑\-l‑n-b‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶ s‑U-b‑n-³-k‑v N‑n-e c‑m-P‑y-§-f‑nÂ a-t‑e-d‑n-b N‑n-I‑n-Õ-b‑nÂ
water mangrove / Fish killer tree (Barringto- _‑m-c‑n-M‑v-S-W‑n-t‑\‑m-S‑p-Å B-Z-c-k‑q-N-I-a‑m-b‑n- C-X‑n-s‑â I‑m-b‑v-IÄ D-]-t‑b‑m-K‑n-¡‑p-¶‑p. AÀ-
nia racemosa‑). C-´‑y³ a-l‑m-k-a‑p-{‑Z-¯‑n-s‑e «‑m-W‑v P‑o-\-k‑v \‑m-a‑w s‑I‑m-S‑p-¯‑n-c‑n-¡p‑- ¶ - X - v‑. _‑p-Z‑w‑, X‑z-¡‑v t‑c‑m-K-§Ä‑, N‑p-a‑, B-k‑v-X‑v-a
D-j‑v-W-t‑a-J-e‑m-þ-a‑n-t‑X‑m-j‑v-W-t‑a-J-e‑m {‑]-t‑Z- s‑dk - n‑ t- a‑ m‑ k- F-¶ k‑v] - o‑ j
- o‑ k- v‑ \‑ma
- w‑ C-Xn‑ \ - v‑ F-¶‑n-h-s‑b \‑n-b-{‑´‑n-¡‑m-\‑p‑w C-X‑n-s‑â H‑u-
i-§-f‑n-Â [‑m-c‑m-f-a‑m-b‑n I‑m-W‑m-h-‑p-¶-X‑m-W‑v. s‑dk- n‑ t- a‑ m‑ k- v‑ A-Yh
- m‑ A-\n‑ b
- X - a- R- v‑P
- c- n‑ ]‑q¦
- ‑p- j-[-K‑p-W-¯‑n-\‑v k‑m-[‑n-¡‑p‑w.

k-kv-X-\n-IÄ
am-\p-IÄ
tUm. ]n.H. \-aoÀ
\ -½‑p-s‑S h-\‑y-P‑o-h‑n-I-f‑nÂ h-¨‑v H-c‑p

]-t‑£‑, \-a‑p-¡‑v G-s‑d h‑m-Õ-e‑y-h‑p‑w‑,
H‑m-a-\-¯-h‑p‑w t‑X‑m-¶‑p-¶-h-b‑m-W‑v a‑m-\‑p-
a‑m-\‑p-I-f‑m-W‑p-Å-X‑v. ¾‑m-h‑v (I-e-a‑m³‑, Sambar
Deer)‑, ]‑p-Å‑n-a‑m³ (Spotted Deer)‑, t‑I-g-a‑m³
(Barking Deer)‑, ]-¶‑n-a‑m³ (Hog Deer)‑, l‑w-
I‑r-j‑v-W-a‑r-K‑w (Blackbuck‑)‑, N‑n-¦-c-a‑m³ (Chin-
kara/ Indian Gazelle)‑, D-Ã-a‑m³ (Chousingha/
Four-horned Antelop)‑, \‑o-e-¡‑m-f (Blue Bull/
IÄ. C-X‑n-l‑m-k-a‑m-b c‑m-a‑m-b-W-¯‑nÂ K‑pÂ (Hangul/ Kashmir Red Deer)‑, a-W‑n-¸‑p-c‑n Nilgai) F-¶‑n-h-s‑b-b‑p‑w N‑n-eÀ a‑m-\‑p-I-f‑m-b‑n
c‑m-£-k\‑m-b a‑m-c‑o-N³ k‑zÀ-®-a‑m-\‑n-s‑â a‑m³ (Brow-antlered Deer) _‑m-c‑m-k‑n‑w-K s‑X-ä‑n-²-c‑n-¡‑m-d‑p-ï‑v, F-¶‑mÂ C-h-s‑b‑m-s‑¡
c‑q-]-¯‑nÂ k‑o-X‑m-t‑Z-h‑n-b‑v-¡‑p a‑p-¶‑nÂ A-h- (Swamp Deer) F-¶‑n-h I‑q-S‑m-s‑X 1999þÂ b-Y‑mÀ-°-¯‑nÂ Bovidae I‑p-S‑p‑w-_-¯‑nÂ-s‑¸-
X-c‑n-b‑v-¡‑p-¶-X‑p‑w‑, a‑m-b‑m-_-Ô‑n-X-b‑m-b k‑o- A-c‑p-W‑m-NÂ {‑]-t‑Z-i‑nÂ \‑n-¶‑p‑w I-s‑ï- S‑p-¶ Bâ‑n-t‑e‑m-¸‑p-IÄ (Antelope) B-W‑v.
X‑m-t‑Z-h‑n B a‑m-\‑n-s‑\ X-\‑n-¡‑p t‑h-W-s‑a-¶‑v ¯‑n-b t‑I-g-a‑m-s‑â K-W-¯‑nÂ-s‑¸-« C-e-a‑m³ C-´‑y-b‑nÂ I‑m-W‑p-¶ F-«‑n-\‑w a‑m-\‑p-I-f‑nÂ
c‑m-a-e-£‑v-a-W-•‑m-t‑c‑m-S‑v B-h-i‑y-s‑¸-S‑p-I-b‑p‑w‑, (Leaf Deer) F-¶‑n-h-b‑m-W‑v C-´‑y-b‑nÂ I‑m-W- a‑q-s‑¶-®‑w t‑I-c-f-¯‑n-s‑e h-\-§-f‑nÂ I‑m-
A-`‑o-j‑v-S-k‑n-²‑n-¡‑m-b‑n a‑m-\‑n-s‑\ ]‑n-S‑n-b‑v-¡‑p- s‑¸-S‑p-¶ a‑m-\‑p-IÄ. I‑q-c-a‑m³ (Mouse Deer)‑, W-s‑¸-S‑p-¶‑p. ¾‑m-h‑v A-Y-h‑m I-e-a‑m³‑, ]‑p-f-
h‑m-³ C-d-§‑n-b c‑m-a-e-£‑v-a-W-•‑m-c‑p-s‑S A-k‑m- I-k‑v-X‑q-c‑n-a‑m³ (Musk Deer) F-¶‑n-h-b‑p-s‑S f‑n-a‑m³‑, t‑I-g-b‑m-S‑v A-Y-h‑m t‑I-g-a‑m³ F-¶‑n-
¶‑n-²‑y-¯‑nÂ c‑m-£-k-c‑m-P‑m-h‑m-b c‑m-h-W³ t‑]-c‑n-t‑\‑m-S‑p t‑NÀ-¶‑v a‑m³ F-¶‑p ]-d-b‑m-d‑p- h-b‑m-W-h.
k‑o-X‑m-t‑Z-h‑n-s‑b e-¦-b‑n-t‑e-¡‑v A-]-l-c‑n-¨‑p- s‑ï-¦‑n-e‑p‑w b-Y‑mÀ-°-¯‑nÂ A-h a‑m-\‑p-I-
s‑I‑m-ï‑p t‑]‑m-b-X‑p‑w B a‑m³-a‑n-g‑n-I-f‑n-s‑e f-Ã. s‑kÀ-h‑n-sU (Cervidae) F-¶ I‑p-S‑p‑w- ¾‑m-h‑v A-Y-h‑m I-e-a‑m³
a-t‑\‑m-l‑m-c‑n-X-b‑p‑w e‑m-f‑n-X‑y-h‑p-a‑m-s‑W-¶‑v \-a‑p- _-¯‑nÂ-s‑¸-S‑p-¶ P‑o-h‑n-I-f‑m-W‑v b-Y‑mÀ-° Sambar deer (Rusa unicolor)
¡-d‑n-b‑m-h‑p-¶-X‑m-W‑v. a‑m-\‑p-IÄ. I‑q-c-a‑m³ Tragulidae F-¶ I‑p-S‑p‑w-_- C-´‑y-b‑nÂ I‑m-W‑p-¶-X‑nÂ h-¨‑v G-ä-h‑p‑w
t‑e‑m-I-¯‑m-I-a‑m-\‑w sXm®ptdmfw X-c-¯‑n- ¯‑n-seb‑p‑w‑, I-k‑v-X‑q-c‑n-a‑m³ Moschidae F-¶ h-e‑n-b a‑m-\‑m-W‑v ¾‑m-h‑v. I-S‑p-h-I-f‑p-s‑S G-ä-
e‑p-f-f a‑m-\‑p-I-f‑p-ï‑v. C-´‑y-b‑nÂ F-«‑p X-c‑w I‑p-S‑p‑w-_-¯‑n-s‑e-b‑p‑w A‑w-K-§-f‑m-W‑v. I‑q-S‑m-s‑X h‑p‑w {‑]‑n-b-¦-c-a‑m-b `-£-W-a‑m-W‑v ¾‑m-h‑p-IÄ.
]‑p-Å‑n-a‑m³ Spotted Deer Photo/Koodu Magazine

I‑m-«‑nÂ s‑]‑m-g‑n-ª‑p h‑o-g‑p-¶ s‑I‑m-¼‑p-IÄ
]-c‑n-t‑i‑m-[‑n-¨‑v G-X‑v C-\‑w a‑m-\‑n-t‑â-X‑m-s‑W-¶‑v
a-\-Ê‑n-e‑m-¡‑m-h‑p-¶-X‑m-W‑v. ¾‑m-h‑p-IÄ \-h‑w-
_À-þ-U‑n-k‑w-_À a‑m-k-¡‑m-e-¯‑m-W‑v C-W-
t‑N-c‑p-¶-X‑v. ]-Ýn-a-L-«-¯nÂ Im-Wp-¶
¾m-hp-I-Ä¡v Nn-e k-a-b-§-fnÂ I-gp-¯nÂ
ap-dn-hv (Sore Patch) t]m-se Im-W-s¸-Sm-
dp−-v. B-Wn-epw s]-®n-epw H-cp-t]m-se
Im-Wp-¶ C-¯-c-¯n-ep-Å ap-dn-hn-s\¡p-
dn-¨v C-\n-bpw -]Tn-t¡−-n-bn-cn-¡p-¶p. I-S‑p-
h-s‑b I‑q-S‑m-s‑X k‑n‑w-l‑w‑, ]‑p-Ån-¸‑p-e‑n‑, s‑N-
¶‑m-b (‑Wild Dog) F-¶‑n-h-b‑p-s‑S-b‑p‑w {‑]-[‑m-\
C-c-b‑m-W‑v ¾‑m-h‑p-IÄ.
]‑pÅ‑n-a‑m³
Spotted Deer/Chital (Axis axis)
a‑m-\‑p-I-f‑nÂ s‑h-¨‑v G-ä-h‑p‑w A-g-I‑p-f-f-X‑v
]‑p-Å‑n-a‑m-\‑p-IÄ-¡‑m-W‑v. k‑zÀ-®-¯-h‑n-«‑p
\‑n-d-¯‑n-e‑p-f-f i-c‑o-c-¯‑nÂ I‑m-W‑p-¶ s‑h-
f‑p-¯ ]‑pÅ‑n-I-f‑m-W‑v C-h-s‑b a-t‑\‑m-l-c-a‑m-
¡‑p-¶-X‑v. ¾‑m-h‑p-I-s‑f A-t‑]-£‑n-¨‑v ]‑p-Å‑n-a‑m-
\‑p-IÄ I‑q-S‑p-XÂ X‑p-d-Ê‑m-b C-e-s‑]‑m-g‑n-b‑p‑w
I‑m-S‑p-I-f‑n-e‑m-W‑v I‑m-W‑p-¶-X‑v. B-b-X‑n-\‑mÂ
t‑I-c-f-¯‑nÂ \‑n-X‑y-l-c‑n-X-h-\-§-f‑p‑w t‑N‑m-
e-¡‑m-S‑p-I-f‑p‑w I‑q-S‑p-X-e‑m-b‑p-f-f s‑s‑k-eâ‑v-
h‑m-e‑n‑, t‑X-¡-S‑n‑, C-c-h‑n-I‑p-f‑w F-¶‑o Ø-e-
§-f‑nÂ Chsb I‑m-W‑m-d‑n-Ã. ¾‑m-h‑p-I-s‑f
A-t‑]-£‑n-¨‑v h-e‑n-b I‑q-«-a‑m-b‑n-«‑m-W‑v Ch
I‑m-W‑s¸Sp¶-X‑v. k‑n‑w-l‑w‑, I-S‑p-h‑, ]‑pÅ‑n-
¸‑p-e‑n‑, s‑N-¶‑m-b F-¶‑n-h-b‑p-s‑S C-c-b‑m-W‑v
]‑pÅ‑n-a‑m-\‑p-IÄ.
t‑I-g-a‑m³
Muntjac/Barking Deer (Muntiacus muntjac)
¾‑m-h‑n-s‑\-b‑p‑w‑, ]‑p-Ån-a‑m-\‑n-s‑\-b‑p‑w A-t‑]-£‑n-¨‑v
s‑N-d‑p-X‑m-W‑v t‑I-g-a‑m³. a‑n-¡-h‑m-d‑p‑w H-ä-s‑¸-«‑m-
W‑v C-h-s‑b I‑m-W-s‑¸-S‑p-¶-X‑v. A-]‑qÀ-Æ‑w N‑n-e
A-h-k-c-§-f‑nÂ c-t‑ï‑m a‑q-t‑¶‑m F-®-s‑¯
H-¶‑n-¨‑p I-t‑ï-¡‑m‑w. X‑n-f-¡-a‑mÀ-¶ X-h‑n-
«‑p-\‑n-d-a‑p-f-f C-h \‑n-X‑y-l-c‑n-X h-\-§-Ä‑,
C-e-s‑]‑m-g‑n-b‑p‑w I‑m-S‑p-IÄ‑, t‑N‑m-e-¡‑m-S‑p-IÄ‑,
]‑pÂ-t‑a-S‑p-IÄ X‑p-S-§‑n-b h‑n-h‑n-[ B-h‑m-k-
h‑y-h-Ø-I-f‑nÂ I-ï‑p-h-c‑p-¶‑p.
I-e-a‑m³ Sambar Deer Photo/Praveen P Mohandas
t‑I-g-a‑m³ Barking Deer Photo/Koodu Magazine
\‑n-X‑y-l-c‑n-X-h-\-§Ä‑, C-e-s‑]‑m-g‑n-b‑p‑w I‑m-
S‑p-IÄ‑, ]‑pÂ-t‑a-S‑p-IÄ X‑p-S-§‑n a‑n-¡-h‑m-d‑p‑w
F-Ã‑m B-h‑m-k-h‑y-h-Ø-I-f‑n-e‑p‑w k-P‑o-h-
k‑m-¶‑n-²‑y-a‑p-f-f-h-b‑m-W‑v ¾‑m-h‑p-IÄ. B-W‑p‑w‑,
s‑]-®‑p‑w I‑p-ª‑p-§-f‑p-a-S-§‑n-b I‑q-«-a‑m-b‑m-W‑v
C-h-s‑b I‑m-W‑p-¶-X‑v. B¬-¾‑m-h‑p-IÄ-¡‑v i‑n-
J-c-§-t‑f‑m-S‑p I‑q-S‑n-b s‑I‑m-¼‑p-IÄ I‑m-W‑p-¶‑p.
s‑]¬-¾‑m-h‑p-IÄ-¡‑v s‑I‑m-¼‑p-IÄ I‑m-W‑m-d‑n-Ã.
a‑m-\‑p-I-f‑p-s‑S s‑I‑m-¼‑p-IÄ antler F-¶‑m-W‑v
A-d‑n-b-s‑¸-S‑p-¶-X‑v. B¬-a‑m-\‑p-IÄ F-Ã‑m hÀ-
j-h‑p‑w {‑]-P-\-\-I‑m-e‑w I-g‑n-ª‑mÂ s‑I‑m-¼‑v
s‑]‑m-g‑n-¡‑p-I-b‑p‑w A-S‑p-¯ {‑]-P-\-\-I‑m-e-a‑m-
I‑p-t‑¼‑m-t‑g-¡‑p‑w A-h h‑o-ï‑p‑w a‑p-f-¨‑p h-c‑n-I-
b‑p‑w s‑N-¿‑p-¶‑p. {‑]-P-\-\-I‑m-e-¯‑v B¬-a‑m-\‑p-
IÄ X-½‑nÂ C-W-b‑v-¡‑p t‑h-ï‑n \-S-¯‑p-¶
Z‑z-µ-b‑p-²-¯‑nÂ _-e-]-c‑o-£-W-§-f‑p-s‑S
k-l‑m-b‑n-b‑m-b‑n antler -IÄ hÀ-¯‑n-¡‑m-d‑p-ï‑v.
a‑m-\‑p-I-f‑p-s‑S s‑I‑m-¼‑n-s‑â L-S-\ h‑n-h‑n-[ a‑m-
\‑p-I-f‑nÂ h‑y-X‑y-k‑v-X-a‑m-W‑v F-¶-X‑p-s‑I‑m-ï‑v

Nn-d-I-Sn-IÄ
hÀ-®-s‑¡‑m-¡v
{‑]-h‑o¬ s‑P.
h‑m
k-¯n‑ Â a‑mX
f
- b - m‑ d
IÄ þ 1991 U‑nk
- r‑ `- q‑ a
- n‑ Â hÀ-®s
- n‑ Z‑n\ - ¸
- w‑ _
- {- X
- ¡
‑ ¯
‑ m‑ ¡
- À a‑m-
- n‑ s
- p‑ -
- â ‑
[‑n¨
F-sâ
C-sa
- p‑ . C‑u hÀ-Wk
‑ B-cm‑ [
‑ b - n‑ Â h‑ne
- \
- m‑ k
- s‑Im‑ ï
- u
- w‑ C-hc
‑ µ - c
- m‑ W
- y‑ t- f ‑ m‑ S- p‑ Å
- v‑ C-¶p‑ w‑
- p‑ s - S‑ \‑ma
-
- -
a‑p³-t] ‑ P - n‑ Â h-¶ h‑mÀ-¯. A-¡m‑ - ¯‑nÂ X‑pS- c - p‑ ¶ - X - v‑ (‑paintedstork@
e-¯v‑ t‑Ic - f - ¯ - n‑ Â A-{X ‑ s - b ‑ m‑ ¶ - p‑ w‑ gmail.com)‑ .
k‑m[ - m‑ c - W - a - Ã - m‑ ¯ - A-©p‑ hÀ-®- C-ý‑ b - n‑ Â a‑n¡ - h - m‑ d - p‑ w‑ F-Ãm‑
s‑¡m‑ ¡ - p‑ I - s - f ‑ h‑mf - b - m‑ À U‑ma - n‑ Â `‑mK- § - f - n‑ e - p‑ w‑ I‑mW - s - ¸ ‑ S- p‑ ¶ - h-en‑ b -
I-sï ‑ ¯ - n‑ b - X - m‑ b - n‑ d‑nt- ¸ ‑ m‑ À-«p‑ s‑N- H-cp‑ P-e] - £ - n‑ b - m‑ W - v‑ hÀ-®s - ¡ ‑ m‑ ¡ - v‑
¿‑p¶ - p‑ . ]-£n‑ \ - n‑ c - o‑ £ - W - w‑ X‑pS- § - n‑ - (Painted Stork, Mycteria leucocephala).
b‑n«- v‑ G-sd ‑ s - b ‑ m‑ ¶ - p‑ a - m‑ b - n‑ s - Ã ‑ ¦ - n‑ e - p‑ w‑ G-It- Z‑ i - w‑ 93þ-100 s‑kâ‑n a‑oä - À h-en‑ -
C‑u h‑mÀ-¯ F-s¶ ‑ D-•¯ - \ - m‑ ¡ - n‑ . ¸‑w h-cp‑ ¶ - C‑u ]-£n‑ I - Ä a¬-kq‑ ¬
F-§s - \ ‑ s - b ‑ ¦ - n‑ e - p‑ w‑ C‑u ]-£n‑ I - s - f ‑ I‑me - § - f - n‑ Â I‑qS- p‑ I - q‑ «- n‑ I‑pª - p‑ § - s - f ‑
I‑mW - W - s - a ‑ ¶ - p‑ Å - B-{K ‑ l - w‑ k‑m[ - n‑ - h‑nc - n‑ b - n‑ ¨ - X - n‑ \ - p‑ t‑ij - w‑ I‑q«- w‑ ]‑nc - n‑ -
s‑¨S- p‑ ¡ - m‑ ³ G-sd ‑ _‑p² - n‑ a - p‑ t- «‑ ï - n‑ ª‑p h‑yX - y‑ k - v‑X - t‑Zi - § - f - n‑ t- e ‑ ¡ - v‑
h-¶p‑ . s‑Nd - n‑ b - I‑p«- n‑ b - m‑ b - F-s¶ ‑ b‑m{- X ‑ b - m‑ h - p‑ ¶ - p‑ . F-¶m‑ Â c-ïm‑ b - n‑ -
H-äb - v‑¡ - v‑ h‑mf - b - m‑ d - n‑ t- e ‑ b - v‑¡ - b - ¡ - m‑ ³ c‑ma - m‑ ï - n‑ s - â ‑ A-hk - m‑ \ - w‑ h-sc ‑ t‑I-
h‑nk - ½ - X - n‑ ¨ - A-Ñt- \ ‑ b - p‑ w‑ I‑q«- n‑ B c-f¯ - n‑ Â C-h A-]q‑ À-Æa - m‑ b - n‑ X-s¶ ‑
h‑ni - n‑ j - v‑S- m‑ X - n‑ Y - n‑ I - s - f‑ ¡ - m‑ W - m‑ ³ h‑m- X‑pS- À-¶p‑ . C-¶p‑ \-½p‑ s - S‑ \‑m«- n‑ s - e ‑
f-bm‑ d - n‑ s - e ‑ ¯ - n‑ . ]-t£ ‑ ,‑ A-¶h - s - b ‑ X-®o‑ À-¯S- § - f - n‑ Â hym]I-am‑ b - n‑
I‑mW - p‑ h - m‑ \ - m‑ b - n‑ Ã - . t‑Ic - f - ¯ - n‑ s - e ‑ C‑u ]-£n‑ s - b ‑ I‑mW - m‑ ³ k‑m[ - n‑ -
a-äp‑ `‑mK - § - f - n‑ Â A-]q‑ À-Æa - m‑ b - n‑ a‑m- ¡‑pw‑ . I‑pd - ¨ - p‑ ]-£n‑ I - Ä K‑pc - p‑ h - m‑ b - q‑ -
{‑Xw‑ I‑mW - m‑ d - p‑ Å - C-hs - b ‑ X‑pS- À-hÀ- c‑n\
- S- p‑ ¯ - v‑ I‑qS- p‑ h-¨v‑ I‑pª - p‑ § - s - f ‑
j-§f - n‑ Â h‑mf - b - m‑ d - n‑ Â I-ïX - m‑ b - n‑ h‑nc - n‑ b - n‑ ¡ - m‑ \ - p‑ Å - H-cp‑ {‑ia - w‑ \-S¯ - n‑ -
d‑nt- ¸ ‑ m‑ À-«p‑ s‑N¿ - p‑ h - m‑ ³ F-\n‑ ¡ - p‑ k‑m- b-Xm‑ b - n‑ d‑nt- ¸ ‑ m‑ À-«v‑ s‑Nb - v‑X - n‑ «- p‑ ï - v‑.
hÀ-®-s‑¡m-¡‑v Painted Stork

Photo/Dileep Anthikad
44 IqSv 2014 P\phcn

s^{_phcn
i-e-`-Nn-{X-§Ä
B-gw‑ I - p‑ d - ª - X-®o‑ À-¯S- § - f - n‑ e - p‑ w‑ ,‑
i‑p² - P - e - X - S- m‑ I - § - f - n‑ e - p‑ w‑ ,‑ h-en‑ b - d‑nk - À-
t‑hm‑ b - d - p‑ I - f - n‑ e - p‑ w‑ ,‑ ]‑pg - t- b ‑ m‑ c - § - f - n‑ e - p‑ w‑ ,‑
s‑hÅ - w‑ \‑nd - ª - p‑ I‑nS- ¡ - p‑ ¶ - s‑\e - v‑] - m‑ -
S-§f - n‑ e - p‑ w‑ C-ct- X ‑ S- m‑ ³ C-ãs - ¸ ‑ S- p‑ ¶ - C‑u
]-£n‑ I - s - f ‑ A-]q‑ À-Æa - m‑ b - n‑ I-SÂ-¯o‑ c - -
§-fn‑ e - p‑ w‑ I‑mW - m‑ d- p‑ ï - v‑.- h-•c - § - f - n‑ Â I‑q-
S‑p I‑q«- p‑ ¶ - C-h ]-et- ¸ ‑ m‑ g - p‑ w‑ a-\p‑ j - y‑ h - m‑ -
k-ap‑ Å - n‑ S- ¯ - p‑ w‑ I‑qS- p‑ I - q‑ «- n‑ I‑mW - m‑ d - p‑ ï - v‑.-
t‑Nc - m‑ s - I ‑ m‑ ¡ - ³‑, s‑]e - n‑ ¡ - ³ ]-£n‑ I - Ä
X‑pS- § - n‑ b - h - t- b ‑ m‑ S- p‑ t‑NÀ-¶v‑ h-en‑ b - t‑Im‑ -
f-\n‑ I - f - n‑ e - p‑ w‑ C-h I‑qS- p‑ h-bv‑¡ - m‑ d - p‑ ï - v‑.-
Ø‑nc - a - m‑ b - n‑ H-tc ‑ h‑r£ - ¯ - n‑ Â I‑qS- p‑ I‑q-
«‑p¶
- k‑z` - m‑ h - w‑ \‑nc - o‑ £ - n‑ ¡ - s - ¸ ‑ «- n‑ «- p‑ ï - v‑.
N‑nÃ - I - Ä t‑NÀ-¯v‑ h‑r¯ - m‑ I - r‑ X - n‑ b - n‑ Â
D-ïm‑ ¡ - p‑ ¶ - I‑q«- n‑ Â k‑m[ - m‑ c - W - b - m‑ b - n‑
a‑qt- ¶ ‑ m‑ \‑mt- e ‑ m‑ a‑p«- I - Ä B-Wv‑ D-ïm‑ -
h‑pI - . H-cp‑ a - m‑ k - t- ¯ ‑ m‑ f - w‑ A-Sb - n‑ c - p‑ ¶ - m‑ -
W‑v I‑pª - p‑ § - s - f ‑ h‑nc - n‑ b - n‑ ¸ - n‑ ¡ - p‑ ¶ - X - v‑.
I‑pª - p‑ § - f - p‑ s - S‑ B-Zy‑ ] - d - ¡ - e - n‑ \ - v‑ G-I-
t‑Zi - w‑ c-ïp‑ a - m‑ k - w‑ k-ab - s - a ‑ S- p‑ ¡ - p‑ w‑ .
Iq«neS¡s¸« ]-£n‑ 28 hÀ-jw‑ h-sc ‑
P‑oh - n‑ ¨ - X - m‑ b - n‑ t‑cJ - s - ¸ ‑ S- p‑ ¯ - n‑ b - n‑ «- p‑ ï - v‑.
G-It- Z‑ i - B-bp‑ À-ss ‑ Z‑ À-Ly‑ w‑ C-cp‑ ] - X - v‑-
þ-ap‑ ¸ - X - v‑ hÀ-ja - m‑ W - v‑.-
C‑u ]-£n‑ h - À-¤¯ - n‑ s - â ‑ F-®w‑ C-ý‑ N‑p-«‑n-a-b‑q-c‑n (Papilio Paris) Photo /Dr Kalesh Sadashivan
DÄ-s¸ ‑ S- p‑ ¶ - s‑Xt- ¡ ‑ G-jy‑ ³ c‑mP - y‑ § - -
f‑nÂ I‑pd - ª - p‑ h - c - p‑ ¶ - X - m‑ b - n‑ «- m‑ W - v‑ I-sï ‑ -
¯‑nb
¯‑nÂ t‑_À-Uv‑ s‑se
F-¶ k‑wL
h‑wi - \
- n‑ «- p‑ Å
- m‑ i - `‑oj
- X
- S- \
- v‑. A-Xn‑ s
- W
- C‑u ]-£n‑ b
- n‑ t‑\c
‑ ^ - v‑ CâÀ-\m‑ j
- â ‑ A-Sn‑ Ø
- n‑ S- p‑ ¶ - h‑n`
- n‑ \
-
- W
- s
- Â
- ¯
- m‑ K
‑
m‑ \ - -
- -
Np«nabqcn
¯‑nÂ DÄ-s¸ ‑ S- p‑ ¯ - n‑ b - n‑ «- p‑ ï - v‑. IÀ-®m‑ S- -
I-¯n‑ s - e ‑ s‑Im‑ ¡ - c - s - _ ‑ Ã - q‑ À‑, X-an‑ g - v‑\ - m‑ «- n‑ - tSmw-kv A-K-Ìn³
s‑e I‑q´ - I - p‑ f - w‑ F-¶n‑ h - n‑ S- § - f - n‑ Â B
{‑]t- Z‑ i - § - f - n‑ s - e ‑ {‑Km‑ a - h - m‑ k - n‑ I - Ä X-s¶ ‑
C‑u ]-£n‑ I
d-§n‑ b
¡‑p¶ - X
- n‑ «- p‑ ï
- v‑ C‑u ]-£n‑ I
- s
- v‑. {‑Km‑ a
- f ‑ k‑wc
- h
- £
- m‑ k
- Ä a-g¡
- n‑ ¡
- n‑ I
- m‑ ³ a‑p¶
- Ä h‑ni
- m‑ e - ¯ - n‑ s
- z‑ k
- n‑ «- n‑ -
- n‑ -
- â ‑
h À-®-`‑w-K‑n-s‑I‑m-ï‑v B-s‑c-b‑p‑w B-IÀ-j‑n-
¡‑p-¶ a-b‑q-c‑n i-e-`-§-f‑nÂ (Peacock
Butterflies) DÄ-s‑¸-S‑p-¶ H-c‑p k‑p-µ-c-i-e-`-
§‑p-¶ h-e‑n-b \‑o-e-¨‑p-«‑n (]‑p-Å‑n‑) I‑m-W‑m‑w.
]‑n³-N‑n-d-I‑n-s‑â I‑o-g‑v-`‑m-K-¯‑m-b‑n‑, N‑p-h-¶
H‑m-t‑c‑m s‑]‑m-«‑p-I-f‑p‑w‑, s‑]‑m-«‑p-I-f‑p-s‑S a-[‑y-
k‑qN - \ - \-ev‑I - p‑ ¶ - h - c - m‑ s - W ‑ ¶ - m‑ W - v‑. s‑F- a‑m-W‑v N‑p-«‑n-a-b‑q-c‑n (Papilio Paris‑‑). s‑X-t‑¡ ¯‑n-e‑m-b‑n I-d‑p-¯ ]‑p-Å‑n-b‑p‑w D-ï‑v. ]‑n³-
i‑zc - y‑ ¯ - n‑ s - â ‑ b - p‑ w‑ A-[n‑ I - h - n‑ f - h - n‑ s - â ‑ b - p‑ w‑ C-´-‑y-b‑n-s‑e ]-Ý‑n-a-L-«-a-e-\‑n-c-I-f‑n-e‑p‑w‑, N‑n-d-I‑nÂ \‑o-ï h‑m-e‑p-ï‑v. a‑p³-N‑n-d-I‑nÂ‑,
I‑mc - W - ¡ - m‑ À C‑u ]-£n‑ I - Ä B-sW ‑ ¶ - m‑ - l‑n-a‑m-e-b³ X‑m-g‑v-h‑m-c-§-f‑n-e‑p‑w‑, C-´-‑y-b‑p- C-f‑w ]-¨-\‑n-d-¯‑n-e‑p-Å H-c‑p ]-« I‑m-W‑m‑w.
W‑v- I‑rj - n‑ ¡ - m‑ À h‑ni - z‑ k - n‑ ¨ - p‑ h-cp‑ ¶ - X - v‑. s‑S h-S-¡‑p-I‑n-g-¡³ k‑w-Ø‑m-\-§-f‑n-e‑p‑w a‑p-IÄ-h-i-s‑¯ A-t‑]-£‑n-¨‑v, s‑]‑m-X‑p-s‑h
F-´p‑ X - s - ¶ ‑ B-bm‑ e - p‑ w‑ I‑pd - ¨ - p‑ \‑qä - m‑ - C-h-s‑b I‑m-W‑m‑w. \‑n-X-‑y-l-c‑n-X-h-\-§-f‑n-s‑e C-c‑p-ï-\‑n-d-¯‑n-e‑p-Å N‑n-d-I‑n-\-S‑n-h-i-¯‑v
ï‑pI - f - m‑ b - n‑ C‑u ]-£n‑ I - Ä C-hn‑ S- § - - X‑p-d-Ê‑m-b C-S-§-f‑n-e‑p‑w I‑m-«‑p-\‑oÀ-t‑¨‑m-e- N-{‑µ-¡-e‑m-I‑r-X‑n-b‑n-e‑p-Å A-h-‑y-à-a‑m-b
f‑nÂ I‑qS- p‑ I - q‑ «- n‑ I‑pª - p‑ § - s - f ‑ h‑nc - n‑ b - n‑ ¨ - p‑ IÄ-¡-c‑n-I‑n-e‑p‑w [‑r-X‑n-b‑nÂ ]-d-¶‑p-\-S- N‑p-h-¶ ]‑p-Å‑n-¡‑p-¯‑p-IÄ D-ï‑v.
h-cp‑ ¶ - p‑ . ]-£n‑ b - p‑ s - S‑ h‑nk - À-Py‑ § - f - n‑ Â ¡‑p-¶ C‑u i-e-`‑w‑, Z‑q-c-¡‑m-g‑v-N-b‑nÂ-¯-s‑¶ I‑m-«‑p-d-_À (I-\-e‑)‑, a‑p-Å‑n-e‑w‑, X‑p-S-e‑n‑,
A-[n‑ I - a - m‑ b - n‑ I‑mW - s - ¸ ‑ S- p‑ ¶ - s‑s\ ‑ t- {‑ S‑ ä - p‑ w‑ \-½‑p-s‑S I-®‑p-IÄ-¡‑v h‑n-c‑p-t‑¶-I‑p‑w. \‑m-c-I‑w F-¶‑n-h-b‑m-W‑v N‑p-«‑n-a-b‑q-c‑n-b‑p-s‑S
t‑^m‑ k - v‑t- ^ ‑ ä- p‑ w‑ C-hc - p‑ s - S‑ I‑rj - n‑ b - n‑ S- § - s - f ‑ s‑]‑m-X‑p-s‑h I‑m-\-\-h‑m-k‑n-b‑m-b C‑u i-e- e‑mÀ-h-`-£-W-k-k-‑y-§Ä. ]-¨-\‑n-d-¯‑n-
^-e` - q‑ b - n‑ ã - a - m‑ ¡ - p‑ ¶ - p‑ F-¶X - m‑ W - v‑ B `-s‑¯ N‑n-e-t‑¸‑m-s‑g‑m-s‑¡ \‑m-«‑n³-]‑p-d-§-f‑n- e‑p-Å i-e-`-¸‑p-g‑p-¡-f‑p-s‑S t‑Z-l-¯‑v A-§‑n-
h‑ni - z‑ m‑ k - ¯ - n‑ \ - p‑ ]‑pd - I - n‑ e - p‑ Å - i‑mk - v‑{- X ‑ o‑ - e‑p‑w I‑m-W‑m‑w. t‑I-c-f-¯‑nÂ a-g-¡‑m-e-¯‑p‑w‑, §‑m-b‑n a-ª-b‑p‑w s‑h-Å-b‑p‑w I-eÀ-¶ h-c-
b-hi - w‑ . Z-£n‑ W - ` - m‑ c - X - k‑wØ - m‑ \ - § - - a-g-I-g‑n-ª‑v D-S-t‑\-b‑p-Å a‑m-k-§-f‑n-e‑p-a‑m- I-f‑p-ï‑v. ]‑y‑q-¸-b‑p-s‑S \‑n-d-h‑p‑w ]-¨-b‑m-W‑v.
f‑nÂ k‑m[ - m‑ c - W - a- m‑ b - n‑ I‑mW - s - ¸ ‑ S- p‑ ¶ - C‑u W‑v N‑p-«‑n-a-b‑q-c‑n I‑q-S‑p-X-e‑m-b‑p‑w I‑m-W-s‑¸-S‑p- ]‑p-g‑p-s‑¸‑m-X‑n (]-‑y‑q-¸‑)‑, t‑\-c‑n-b k‑nÂ-¡‑v
]-£n‑ h‑n` - m‑ K - w‑ C-¯c - w‑ k‑wc - £ - W - w‑ ¶-X‑v. A-c‑n-¸‑q-s‑¨-S‑n (s‑I‑m-§‑n-W‑n‑)‑, I‑r-j‑v- \‑q-e‑p-s‑I‑m-ï‑v k-k-‑y-¯‑nÂ _-Ô‑n-¨‑n-c‑n-
e-`n‑ ¡ - p‑ ¶ - {‑]t- Z‑ i - § - f - n‑ Â C-\n‑ b - p‑ Å - W-I‑n-c‑o-S‑w‑, s‑]-c‑n-§-e a‑p-X-e‑m-b ]‑q-¡-f‑nÂ ¡‑p‑w.
I‑me - h - p‑ w‑ k‑pc - £ - n‑ X - a - m‑ b - n‑ \‑ne - \ - n‑ ¶ - p‑ - \‑n-¶‑v t‑X³ \‑p-I-c‑m³ C-h-b‑v-¡‑v h-e‑n-b N‑p-«‑n-a-b‑q-c‑n-s‑b-¡‑q-S‑m-s‑X‑, t‑I-c-f-¯‑nÂ
t‑]m‑ I - p‑ w‑ F-¶p‑ w‑ \-ap‑ ¡ - v‑ h‑ni - z‑ k - n‑ ¡ - m‑ w‑ . C-j‑v-S-a‑m-W‑v. I‑m-«‑p-\‑oÀ-t‑¨‑m-e-IÄ-¡-c‑n-I‑n- I-ï‑p-h-c‑p-¶ a-ä‑p c-ï‑p a-b‑q-c‑n-i-e-`-§-
s‑e \-\-ª a-®‑nÂ h-¶‑n-c‑p-¶‑v, ]-c‑n-k-c‑w f‑m-W‑v _‑p-²-a-b‑q-c‑n-b‑p‑w (Malabar Banded
a-d-¶‑v e-h-W-§Ä h-e‑n-¨‑p-I‑p-S‑n-¡‑p-t‑¼‑mÄ Peacock‑)‑, \‑m-«‑p-a-b‑q-c‑n-b‑p‑w (Common Banded
(a-U‑v-]-U‑v-e‑n‑w-K‑v)‑, N‑p-«‑n-a-b‑q-c‑n-s‑b \-a‑p-¡‑v Peacock‑). A-g-I‑n-\‑p- t‑]-c‑p-t‑I-« C‑u a-b‑q-
A-S‑p-¯‑v \‑n-c‑o-£‑n-¡‑m‑w. c‑n-i-e-`-§-s‑f‑, h‑n-t‑Z-i-c‑m-P-‑y-§-f‑n-t‑e-¡‑v
N‑p-«‑n-a-b‑q-c‑n-b‑p-s‑S N‑n-d-I‑p-IÄ-¡‑v X‑n-f- I-S-¯‑n-s‑¡‑m-ï‑p-t‑]‑m-I‑m-\‑m-b‑n A-\-[‑n-I‑r-
¡-a‑mÀ-¶ a-c-X-I-¸-¨-\‑n-d-a‑m-W‑v. ]‑n³-N‑n- X-a‑m-b‑n t‑i-J-c‑n-¡‑p-¶-X‑v C-h-b‑p-s‑S \‑n-e-\‑n-
d-I‑nÂ t‑aÂ-`‑m-K-¯‑m-b‑n ]-¨-I-eÀ-¶ X‑n-f- e‑v-]‑n-\‑p `‑o-j-W‑n D-bÀ-¯‑p-¶‑p-ï‑v.

k-ky-Pm-e-Iw
H-X-fw
hn.kn. _m-e-Ir-jv-W³
"Hm-X-d-h-f-hn-sem-c-I-h-f-hn-sem-þ I‑m-b‑v-IÄ-¡‑v a‑m-§-t‑b‑m-f‑w h-e‑p-¸-a‑p-ï‑v. k-¦Â-¸‑n-¨‑n-c‑n-¡‑p-¶-X‑v. a-e-b‑m-f-\‑m-a-a‑m-b

scm-X-f-¯n-t•Â a‑m-§-t‑b‑m-S‑v c‑q-]-k‑m-Z‑r-i-‑y-h‑p-a‑p-ï‑v. a‑q-s‑¸- “H-X-f‑w‑’ X-s‑¶-b‑m-W‑v k‑v-]‑o-j‑o-k‑v t‑]-
]-¯n-cp-]-¯-s©m-X-f-§' ¯‑n-b I‑m-b-IÄ a-c-¯‑nÂ-\‑n-¶‑v t‑\-s‑c c‑m-b‑n \Â-I‑n-b‑n-c‑n-¡‑p-¶-X‑v. Cerberab‑p-s‑S
s‑h-Å-¯‑n-t‑e-¡‑m-b‑n-c‑n-¡‑p‑w h‑o-g‑p-¶-X‑v. ]-t‑¯‑m-f‑w k‑v-]‑o-j‑o-k‑p-IÄ t‑e‑m-I-¯‑nÂ
C -´-‑y-b‑n-t‑e-b‑p‑w s‑X-¡‑p-I‑n-g-¡³
G-j-‑y³ c‑m-P-‑y-§-f‑n-t‑e-b‑p‑w \‑oÀ-
¯-S-§Ä-¡‑p k-a‑o]-¯‑m-b‑n k‑z‑m-`‑m-h‑n-
s‑h-Å-¯‑nÂ s‑]‑m-§‑n-¡‑n-S-¡‑m-\‑p-X-I‑p‑w-
h‑n-[‑w‑, h‑n-¯‑p-I-s‑f s‑]‑m-X‑n-ª‑p-s‑I‑m-
ï‑p-Å \‑m-c‑n-s‑â \-s‑Ã‑m-c‑m-h-c-W-h‑p‑w
I‑m-W-s‑¸-S‑p-¶‑p-ï‑v. t‑I-c-f-¯‑nÂ Cerbera
b‑p-s‑S H-c‑p k‑v-]‑o-j‑o-k‑v a‑m-{‑X-t‑a I‑m-W-
s‑¸-S‑p-¶‑p-Å‑p.
I-a‑m-b‑n h-f-c‑p-¶ s‑N-d‑p-h‑r-£-a‑m-W‑n-X‑v. D-ï‑v. P-e-¯‑n-e‑q-s‑S-b‑m-W‑v C-X‑n-s‑â h‑n- H-X-f-¯‑nÂ s‑kÀ-_-d‑n³‑, H-t‑U‑m-f‑n³
t‑I-c-f-¯‑n-s‑e X‑o-c-{‑]-t‑Z-i-§-f‑n-s‑e H‑m-c‑p ¯‑p h‑n-X-c-W‑w \-S-¡‑p-¶-X‑v. F-¶‑o BÂ-¡-t‑e‑m-b‑v-U‑p-IÄ A-S-§‑n-b‑n-
P-e-a‑p-Å I‑m-b-e‑p-IÄ‑, ]‑p-g-IÄ‑, N-X‑p-¸‑p- A-t‑¸‑m-s‑s‑k-t‑\-k‑n-t‑b (Apocynaceae) c‑n-¡‑p-¶‑p. C-h-b‑v-¡‑v a‑m-c-I-a‑m-b h‑n-j-a‑p-
IÄ‑, I-ïÂ-¡‑m-S‑p-IÄ F-¶‑n-h‑n-S-§-f‑nÂ I‑p-S‑p‑w-_-¯‑nÂ DÄ-s‑¸-S‑p-¶ H-X-f-¯‑n-\‑v ï‑v. H-X-f-¯‑n-s‑â s‑X‑m-e‑n ]‑p-g‑p-¡-S‑n-¡‑v
C‑u h‑r-£‑w h-f-c‑p-¶‑p-ï‑v. B-d‑p-a‑o-äÀ N‑m-¯³-I‑m-b F-¶‑p-‑w t‑]-c‑p-ï‑v. Dogbane, A-c-¨‑p-]‑p-c-«‑m-d‑p-ï‑v.
D-b-c-¯‑nÂ-h-s‑c h-f-c‑p-¶ H-X-f-¯‑n-s‑â Sea Mango, Grey Milkwead F-¶‑n-h-b‑m-W‑v H-X-f-¯‑n-s‑â h‑n-¯‑v, C-e‑, I-d‑, F-¶‑n-h
X-S‑n-b‑v-¡‑v ]-¨-I-eÀ-¶ X-h‑n-«‑p-\‑n-d-a‑m-W‑v. C‑w-¥‑o-j‑v-t‑]-c‑p-IÄ. h‑n-j‑m‑w-i-a‑p-Å-X‑n-\‑mÂ H‑u-j-[-§-f‑m-W‑v. D-½-¯‑n³-I‑m-b‑p‑w H-X-f-
H-X-f-¯‑n-s‑â C-e-IÄ G-I‑m-´-c-{‑I- Suicide Tree F-¶‑p‑w A-d‑n-b-s‑¸-S‑p-¶‑p-ï‑v. §-b‑p‑w A-c-¨‑v X-¿‑m-d‑m-¡‑p-¶ H‑u-j-[‑w
a-¯‑nÂ h‑n-\-‑y-k‑n-¨‑n-c‑n-¡‑p-¶‑p. C-e-I- Cerbera odollam F-¶‑m-W‑v i‑m-k‑v-{‑X-\‑m-a‑w. t‑]-¸-«‑n-h‑n-j-N‑n-I‑n-Õ-b‑nÂ D-]-t‑b‑m-K‑n-¡‑m-
f‑p-s‑S A-ä‑w I‑qÀ-¯-X‑m-W‑v. X‑n-f-§‑p-¶ {‑K‑o-¡‑p-]‑p-c‑m-W-¯‑nÂ ]-c‑m-aÀ-i‑n-¡-s‑¸- d‑p-ï‑v. D-W-§‑n-b I‑m-b s‑]‑m-S‑n-¨‑v a-´‑p-
]-¨-\‑n-d-a‑p-Å C-e-IÄ a‑n-\‑p-k-a‑p-Å-X‑m- S‑p-¶ \-c-I‑m-[‑n-]-\‑m-b s‑l-b‑v-U‑v-k‑n-s‑â t‑c‑m-K-¯‑n-\‑v, ]‑p-d-s‑a ]‑p-c-«‑m-d‑p-ï‑v. a-Õ‑y‑w
W‑v. X-ï‑p-I-f‑n-e‑p‑w C-e-I-f‑n-e‑p‑w s‑h- (Haides‑‑) A-t‑[‑m-t‑e‑m-I-¯‑n-s‑â ]-S‑n-h‑m- ]‑n-S‑n-¡‑p-¶-X‑n-\‑v "\-©‑v' I-e-¡‑p-¶-X‑n-\‑p‑w
f‑p-¯- I-d-b‑p-ï‑v. ]‑q-¡Ä a‑n-¡-h‑m-d‑p‑w X‑nÂ-¡Â I‑m-hÂ-\‑nÂ-¡‑p-¶ Cerberus H-X-f-§- D-]-t‑b‑m-K‑n-¨‑p-h-c‑p-¶‑p. I‑q-S‑m-s‑X
F-Ã‑m- I‑m-e-¯‑p‑w I‑m-W-s‑¸-S‑p-¶‑p. H-c‑p F-¶ ]-«‑n-b‑p-s‑S t‑]-c‑n-e‑m-W‑v C-X‑n-s‑â s‑s‑P-h-I‑o-S-\‑m-i‑n-\‑n-IÄ X-¿‑m-d‑m-¡‑p-¶-
]‑q-¦‑p-e-b‑nÂ-X-s‑¶ A-t‑\-I‑w s‑h-f‑p-¯ P-\‑p-Ê‑v A-d‑n-b-s‑¸-S‑p-¶-X‑v. `-b‑m-\-I-a‑m-b ¶-X‑n-\‑p‑w D-]-t‑b‑m-K‑n-¡‑m-d‑p-ï‑v
]‑q-¡Ä I‑m-W‑m‑w. ]‑q-¡Ä-¡‑v \-´-‑y‑mÀ- a‑q-¶‑v I-®‑p-I-f‑p‑w ]‑m-¼‑n-s‑â h‑m-e‑p-a‑p-Å a-U-K‑m-k‑v-¡-d‑nÂ k-k-‑y-h‑n-j-_‑m-[-
h-«-¯‑n-s‑â ]‑q-¡-t‑f‑m-f‑w h-e‑p-¸-a‑p-ï‑v. H-c‑p `‑o-I-c-P‑o-h‑n-b‑m-b‑n-«‑m-W‑v Cerberusþ-s‑\ b‑p-s‑S 50 i-X-a‑m-\-¯‑n-\‑p‑w I‑m-c-W-a‑m-
b‑n I-s‑ï-¯‑n-b‑n-c‑n-¡‑p-¶-X‑v s‑kÀ-_-d
P-\‑p-Ê‑nÂ-s‑¸-« Cerbera venerifera‑ F-¶
k-k-‑y-a‑m-W‑v. t‑I-c-f-¯‑nÂ d‑n-t‑¸‑mÀ-«‑v
s‑N-¿-s‑¸-S‑p-¶ k-k-‑y-h‑n-j-_‑m-[-b‑p-s‑S
10 i-X-a‑m-\‑w H-X-f‑w I‑m-c-W-a‑m-s‑W-¶‑v
N‑n-e ]T-\-§-f‑nÂ I‑m-W‑p-¶‑p-ï‑v.
I-S‑p-¯- h‑n-j‑m‑w-i-a‑p-Å-X‑m-s‑W-¦‑n-e‑p‑w
H-X-f-§-b‑nÂ \‑n-¶‑p t‑hÀ-X‑n-c‑n-s‑¨-S‑p-
¡‑p-¶ s‑kÀ-_-d‑n³ F-¶ s‑s‑¥-t‑¡‑m-b‑v-
U‑v‑, l‑r-t‑{‑Z‑m-K-N‑n-I‑n-Õ-b‑nÂ D-]-t‑b‑m-K‑n-
¨‑p-h-c‑p-¶ h‑n-e-s‑¸-« H‑u-j-[-a‑m-W‑v.
t‑I-c-f-¯‑n-s‑e I-ïÂ h-\-§-f‑nÂ
I‑m-W-s‑¸-S‑p-¶ 17 C-\‑w I-ï-e‑p-IÄ-¡‑p
]‑p-d-s‑a I-ïÂ-¡‑q-«‑m-f‑n-I-f‑m-b‑n h-f-c‑p-¶
C-c‑p-]-X‑n-e-[‑n-I‑w k-k-‑y-§-f‑nÂ H-X-f-h‑p‑w
DÄ-s‑¸-S‑p-¶‑p. I-ïÂ-¡‑m-S‑p-I-f‑p-t‑S-b‑p‑w
H‑m-c‑p-P-e \‑oÀ-¯-S-§-f‑p-t‑S-b‑p‑w \‑m-i‑w
H-X-f-¯‑n-s‑â \‑n-e-\‑n-e‑v-]‑n-t‑\-b‑p‑w _‑m-[‑n-
¡‑p-¶‑p-ï‑v. F-¦‑n-e‑p‑w C-X‑v I-S‑p-¯-h‑w-i-
\‑m-i-`‑o-j-W‑n C-t‑¸‑mÄ t‑\-c‑n-S‑p-¶-X‑m-b‑n
t‑X‑m-¶‑p-¶‑n-Ã.
H-X-fw Photos/VC Balakrishnan

a-Õ-y-tem-Iw
]p-en-hm-I
A³-hÀ A-en, tUm. cm-Po-hv cm-L-h³
i‑p -²-P-e a-Õ-‑y-I‑p-S‑p‑w-_-a‑m-b ‑"N‑m-¶‑n-

t‑U‑'-b‑n-s‑e A‑w-K-§Ä ‑']‑m-¼‑p-X-e-
b-•‑mÀ‑' F-¶‑m-W‑v A-d‑n-b-s‑¸-S‑p-¶-X‑v. C‑u
a-W‑n-a-e‑,- a‑o-\-¨‑nÂ‑,- a‑q-h‑m-ä‑p-]‑p-g‑,- h-f-]-«-
W‑w‑,- IÀ-®‑m-S-I k‑w-Ø‑m-\-s‑¯ Z-£‑n-W
I-¶-U P‑n-Ã-b‑n-e‑q-s‑S-s‑b‑m-g‑p-I‑p-¶ N‑n-e
s‑hÅ- ¯ - n‑ e
- p‑ w‑ h-fc
- m‑ \
- p‑ Å I-g‑n-h‑v, h‑n-]-W‑n-
b‑n-s‑e D-bÀ-¶ B-h-i-‑y-I-X-b‑p‑w a‑q-e-‑y-h‑p‑w‑,
D-bÀ-¶ k‑m-{‑µ-X-b‑nÂ h-f-c‑m-\‑p-f-f I-g‑n-h‑v,
a-Õ-‑y-§-f‑p-s‑S X-e-b‑v-¡‑v ]‑m-¼‑p-I-f‑p-s‑S \-Z‑n-IÄ F-¶‑n-h-b‑nÂ\‑n-¶‑p a‑m-{‑X-t‑a C‑u G-X‑p-X-c‑w s‑s‑I-¯‑o-ä-b‑p‑w k‑z‑o-I-c‑n-¡‑p-¶
X-e-b‑p-a‑m-b‑n k‑m-a-‑y-a‑p-f-f-X‑n-\‑m-e‑m-W‑v C‑u a-Õ-‑y-s‑¯ \‑m-f‑n-X‑p-h-s‑c I-s‑ï-¯-s‑¸-«‑n-«‑p- k‑z-`‑m-h‑w F-¶‑o {‑]-t‑X‑y-I-X-IÄ a‑q-e‑w IÀ-
t‑]-c‑p h-¶-X‑v. C‑w-¥‑o-j‑nÂ k-a‑m-\-a‑m-b ‑"k‑v- f-f‑q. \-Z‑n-b‑n-s‑e H-g‑p-¡‑p-I‑p-d-ª `‑m-K- j-IÀ C-h-s‑b [‑m-c‑m-f‑w h-fÀ-¯‑n-h-c‑p-¶‑p.
t‑\-¡‑v s‑l-U‑v-k‑v' F-¶ t‑]-c‑n-e‑m-W‑n-h-s‑b §Ä‑, a-ä‑v \‑oÀ-¯-S-§-f‑n-s‑e s‑I-«‑n-¡‑n-S-§‑p-¶ C-h-b‑p-s‑S I‑r-{‑X‑n-a {‑]-X-‑y‑p-e‑v-]‑m-Z-\ k‑m-t‑¦-
h‑n-f‑n-¨‑p-h-c‑p-¶-X‑v. P‑o-h-i‑m-k‑v-{‑X-]-c-a‑m-b‑n h-f- `‑m-K-§Ä F-¶‑n-h-b‑n-e‑m-W‑n-h {‑]-[‑m-\-a‑m-b‑p‑w X‑n-I-h‑n-Z‑y h‑n-I-k‑n-¸‑n-¨‑n-«‑n-Ã. A-X‑n-\‑mÂ
s‑c-b-[‑n-I‑w {‑]-t‑X-‑y-I-X-I-f‑p-f-f H-c‑p a-Õ-‑y I‑m-W-s‑¸-S‑p-¶-X‑v. A-e-¦‑m-c h‑n-]-W‑n-¡‑m-b‑p‑w `-£‑y B-h-i-‑y-
-I‑p-S‑p‑w-_-a‑m-W‑n-X‑v.- k-l‑m-b-I i‑z-k-\‑m-h- C‑u a-Õ‑y-s‑¯ k‑w-_-Ô‑n-¨ h‑n-N‑n-{‑X-a‑m-b ¯‑n-\‑m-b‑p‑w h-fÀ-¯‑m-h-i-‑y-¯‑n-\‑m-b‑p‑w k‑z‑m-
b-h- (Suprabranchial organ) a‑p-]-t‑b‑m-K‑n-¨‑v h-k‑v-X‑p-X P‑o-h‑n-X-I‑m-e-b-f-h‑nÂ {‑]-ZÀ-i‑n-¸‑n- `‑m-h‑n-I‑m-h‑m-k h‑y-h-Ø-b‑nÂ C-h t‑h-«-b‑m-
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C-X‑nÂ ]-s‑¦-S‑p-¡‑m-h‑p-¶-X‑m-W‑v. H‑m-t‑c‑m
\-•I - Ä I-ïd - n‑ ª- v
Count GBBC‑) F-¶ t‑{‑]‑m-{‑K‑m-a‑p-a‑m-b‑n C-X‑v Z‑n-h-k-h‑p‑w 15 a‑n-\‑n-t‑ä C-X‑n-\‑m-b‑n s‑N- H-cp‑ ]-Zb - m‑ {- X
‑
h-f-s‑c-b-[‑n-I‑w _-Ô-s‑¸-«‑n-c‑n-¡‑p-¶‑p. GBBC e-h-g‑n-t‑¡-ï-X‑p-Å‑q. C-X‑v k‑u-P-\‑y-a‑m-
A-t‑a-c‑n-¡-b‑n-e‑m-W‑v B-Z‑y‑w X‑p-S-§‑n-b-X‑v.
I-g‑n-ª hÀ-j‑w t‑e‑m-I-¯‑p-Å 101 c‑m-P‑y-
§Ä C-X‑nÂ ]-s‑¦-S‑p-¯‑p. e-BIRD (‑www.
W‑v‑, c-k-I-c-a‑m-W‑v H-¸‑w F-f‑p-¸-h‑p-a‑m-W‑v.
]-£‑n-\‑n-c‑o-£-W-¯‑nÂ X‑p-S-¡‑w I‑p-d‑n-
¡‑p-¶-hÀ a‑p-XÂ h‑n-Z-K‑v-[-c‑m-b-hÀ h-s‑c
] -c‑n-Ø‑n-X‑n-¡‑p‑w \‑o-X‑n-¡‑p‑w t‑h-ï‑n-b‑p-Å
b‑p-h-P-\-I‑q-«‑m-b‑v-a-b‑m-b b‑q-¯‑v U-b-
t‑e‑m-K‑v t‑I-c-f-¯‑n-s‑â ]-Ý‑n-a-L-«-¯‑n-e‑q-s‑S‑,
ebird.org‑) F-¶ t‑]-c‑n-e‑p-Å G-I‑o-I-c‑n-¨ BÀ-¡‑p‑w C-X‑nÂ ]-s‑¦-S‑p-¡‑m-h‑p-¶-X‑m- IÀ-j-I-c‑p‑w B-Z‑n-h‑m-k‑n-I-f‑p‑w A-S-§‑p-¶
c‑o-X‑n-b‑n-e‑q-s‑S-b‑m-W‑v C-X‑v s‑N-¿‑p-¶-X‑v. W‑v. \‑n-§Ä-s‑¡-h‑n-s‑S-t‑h-W-s‑a-¦‑n-e‑p‑w k‑m-[‑m-c-W-¡‑m-c‑m-b a-\‑p-j‑y-c‑p-s‑S B-i-¦-
C-X‑n-s‑â c‑o-X‑n h-f-s‑c e-L‑p-h‑m-b-X‑n-\‑mÂ ]-£‑n-I-s‑f \‑n-c‑o-£‑n-¡‑m‑w‑, \‑n-§-f‑p-s‑S IÄ t‑\-c‑n-«‑p a-\-Ê‑n-e‑m-¡‑p-¶-X‑n-\‑p‑w ]-Ý‑n-
G-s‑X‑m-c‑p ]-£‑n-\‑n-c‑o-£-I-\‑p‑w C-X‑n-t‑e-¡‑v h‑o-«‑p-a‑p-ä-t‑¯‑m‑, ]‑mÀ-¡‑n-t‑e‑m‑, ]‑m-S-t‑¯‑m‑, a-L-«-¯‑n-s‑â \-•-IÄ I-ï-d‑n-b‑p-¶-X‑n-\‑p‑w
k‑w-`‑m-h-\ \Â-I‑m³ F-f‑p-¸-a‑m-b‑n-c‑n-¡‑p‑w. I‑m-«‑n-t‑e‑m F-h‑n-s‑S-b‑p‑w. I‑q-S‑p-XÂ c-k-I- k‑w-c-£‑n-¡‑p-¶-X‑n-\‑p‑w e-£‑y-a‑n-«‑p-s‑I‑m-ï‑v,
A-X‑p-s‑I‑m-ï‑p-X-s‑¶ \‑m-S³-]-£‑n-I-s‑f- c-a‑m-¡‑m-\‑m-b‑n \‑n-§-f‑p-s‑S k‑p-l‑r-¯‑p-¡- A-¼-X‑p Z‑n-h-k‑w \‑oï - p‑ \ - n‑ Â-¡p‑ ¶ - H-cp‑
¡‑p-d‑n-¨‑p-Å _‑r-l-¯‑m-s‑b‑m-c‑p U‑m-ä‑m-t‑_- s‑f-b‑p‑w A-bÂ-¡‑m-s‑c-b‑p‑w C-X‑nÂ I‑q-«‑m‑w. ]-Zb - m‑ {- X ‑ \-S¯ - p‑ h - m‑ ³ \‑nÝ - b - n‑ ¨ - n‑ c - n‑ ¡ - p‑ ¶ - p‑ .
k‑m-b‑n-c‑n-¡‑p‑w C-X‑nÂ \‑n-¶‑p‑w e-`‑n-¡‑p-I. A-§-s‑\ \-a‑p-¡‑o \‑m-«‑p-]-£‑n-I-f‑p-s‑S-b‑p‑w I‑mk - d- t- K ‑ m‑ U - v‑ P‑nÃ - b - n‑ s - e ‑ t‑_U - I - ¯ - p‑ \ - n‑ ¶ - p‑ w‑
\‑m-S³ ]-£‑n-I-s‑f-b‑p‑w A-X‑n-s‑â B-h‑m- I‑r-X‑y-a‑m-b H-c‑p U‑m-ä‑m-t‑_-k‑v t‑e‑m-I- B-cw‑ `- n‑ ¨ - v‑ X‑nc - p‑ h - \ - ´ - ] - p‑ c - ¯ - v‑ s‑\¿ - m‑ À U‑ma - n‑ -
k-h‑y-h-Ø-I-s‑f-b‑p‑w k‑w-c-£‑n-¡‑p-¶-X‑n- ¯‑m-I-a‑m-\‑w D-ï‑m-¡‑n-s‑b-S‑p-¡‑p-I-b‑p‑w \-Sp‑ ¯ - p‑ Å - h‑vf - m‑ s - h ‑ «- n‑ {‑Km‑ a- w‑ h - s - c
‑ s‑sl ‑ t- d‑ © - v‑
\‑m-b‑n {‑]‑m-t‑Z-i‑n-I-a‑m-b A-h-t‑_‑m-[-h‑p‑w A-h-s‑b k‑w-c-£‑n-¡‑p-I-b‑p‑w s‑N-¿‑m‑w. t‑aJ- e - I - f - n‑ e - q‑ s - S‑ b - p‑ Å - ]-Zb - m‑ {- X ‑ 2014 G-{] ‑ n‑ Â
10 a‑pX - Â s‑ab - v‑ 30 h-sc ‑ b - m‑ b - n‑ c - n‑ ¡ - p‑ w‑ \-S¯ - p‑ I - .
{‑]I - r‑ X - n‑ h - n‑ ` - h - § - f - p‑ s - S‑ h‑nt- h ‑ I - ] - q‑ À-®a - m‑ b -
h‑n\- n‑ t- b ‑ m‑ K - w‑ k‑m[ - y‑ a - m‑ ¡ - p‑ ¶ - ,‑ {‑]I - r‑ X - n‑ b - p‑ s - S‑
k-´p‑ e - n‑ X - m‑ h - Ø - b
- v‑¡ - v‑ `‑wK - w‑ h-cp‑ ¯ - m‑ ¯ - ,‑
a-\p‑ j - y‑ m‑ ´ - Ê - n‑ s - \ ‑ D-bÀ-¯n‑ ¸ - n‑ S- n‑ ¡ - p‑ ¶ - H-cp‑
P‑oh - n‑ X - c - o‑ X - n‑ b - p‑ w‑ h‑nI - k - \ - k‑wk - v‑I - m‑ c - h - p‑ w‑
e-£y‑ a - n‑ «- m‑ W - v‑ b‑m{- X ‑ k‑wL - S- n‑ ¸ - n‑ ¡ - p‑ ¶ - X - v‑.
\-Kc - § - f - n‑ s - e ‑ A-á - n‑ Ã - m‑ ¯ - h‑nI - k - \ - {- ] ‑ -
hÀ-¯\ - § - t- f ‑ m‑ S- v‑ "a-Xn‑ '‑ s‑b¶ - v‑ D-ds - ¡ ‑ ¸ - d - -
b‑m\ - p‑ Å - BÀ-Öh - w‑ I‑m«- p‑ t- ¼ ‑ m‑ Ä a‑m{- X ‑ t- a ‑
]-Ý‑n-a-L-«-¯‑n-e‑p‑w k-a-X-e-§-f‑n-e‑p‑w X‑o-c-
{‑]-t‑Z-i-§-f‑n-e‑p‑w H-s‑¡-b‑p-Å {‑]-I‑r-X‑n-h‑n-`-h-
§Ä k‑w-c-£‑n-¡‑m-\‑p-Å {‑]-b-X‑v-\-§Ä-¡‑v
AÀ-°-a‑p-ï‑m-h‑p-I-b‑p-Å‑q F-¶‑v P-\-§-s‑f
t‑_‑m-[‑y-s‑¸-S‑p-¯‑p-I-b‑p‑w b‑m-{‑X-b‑p-s‑S e-£‑y-
a‑m-W‑v. C‑u ]-Z-b‑m-{‑X-b‑nÂ ]‑qÀ-®-k-a-b-t‑a‑m
`‑m-K‑n-I-a‑m-t‑b‑m ]-s‑¦-S‑p-¡‑m-\‑m-{‑K-l‑n-¡‑p-¶-hÀ
_-Ô-s‑¸-S‑p-I: {‑]-P‑nÂ A-a³ (9746757423‑)‑,
k-l-t‑Z-h³ (8547698740‑)‑, t‑P‑m¬-k¬
(9447019546‑).
]-Ýn-a-L-« k‑w-c-£-W‑wþs‑k-{‑I-«-d‑n-tb-ä‑v a‑mÀ-¨‑v

K‑m -U‑v-K‑nÂ I-½‑n-ä‑n d‑n-t‑¸‑mÀ-«‑v {‑K‑m-a-
k-`-I-f‑nÂ NÀ-¨-s‑N-b‑v-X‑v \-S-¸‑n-e‑m-
¡-W-s‑a-¶‑m-h-i‑y-s‑¸-«‑v t‑I-c-f ]-Ý‑n-a-L-«
f‑w ]-c‑n-Ø‑n-X‑n-{‑]-hÀ-¯-I-c‑p‑w k‑w-L-S-\-
I-f‑p‑w a‑o-ä‑n-§‑p-I-f‑p‑w I¬-s‑h³-j-\‑p-I-f‑p‑w
k‑w-L-S‑n-¸‑n-¨‑p-s‑I‑m-ï‑n-c‑n-¡‑p-¶‑p-s‑ï-¦‑n-e‑p‑w
a‑mÀ-¨‑n-\‑p-t‑i-j‑w \-S-¶ [À-W-b‑nÂ k‑w-k‑m-
c‑n-¨‑p. a‑mÀ-¨‑n-\‑p t‑i-j‑w `‑m-h‑n-]-c‑n-]‑m-S‑n-IÄ
B-k‑q-{‑X-W‑w s‑N-¿‑p-¶-X‑n-\‑p-Å B-t‑e‑m-N-\‑m-
k‑w-c-£-W G-t‑I‑m-]-\-k-a‑n-X‑n-b‑p-s‑S t‑\- F-Ã‑m-h-s‑c-b‑p‑w G-t‑I‑m-]‑n-¸‑n-¨‑p-s‑I‑m-ï‑p-Å t‑b‑m-K-¯‑nÂ h‑n-h‑n-[ {‑]‑m-t‑Z-i‑n-I {‑]-hÀ-¯-
X‑r-X‑z-¯‑nÂ P-\‑p-h-c‑n 8þ-\‑v X‑n-c‑p-h-\-´-]‑p- i-à-a‑m-b H-c‑p a‑mÀ-¨‑v t‑I-c-f-¯‑n-e‑m-Z‑y-a‑m- IÀ A-h-c‑p-s‑S B-i-b-§Ä ]-¦‑p-h-¨‑p. F-Ã‑m
c-¯‑v s‑k-{‑I-«-d‑n-b-ä‑v a‑p-XÂ \‑n-b-a-k-`‑m-I- b‑m-W‑v \-S-¡‑p-¶-X‑v. k‑p-K-X-I‑p-a‑m-c‑n-S‑o-¨À‑, P‑n-Ã-I-f‑n-e‑p‑w X‑p-SÀ-t‑b‑m-K-§Ä \-S-¯‑p-¶-X‑n-
h‑m-S‑w h-s‑c a‑mÀ-¨‑v \-S-¯‑n. t‑I-c-f-¯‑n-s‑e t‑U‑m. h‑n.F-k‑v. h‑n-P-b³‑, t‑i‑m-`‑o-{‑µ³-a‑m-j‑v, \‑p‑w k‑w-Ø‑m-\-X-e-¯‑nÂ k‑w-L-S-\‑m-`‑m-c-
F-Ã‑m P‑n-Ã-I-f‑nÂ \‑n-¶‑p‑w‑, {‑]-[‑m-\-s‑¸-« k‑n.BÀ. \‑o-e-I-W‑vT³‑, k‑m-d‑m t‑P‑m-k-^‑v, h‑m-l‑n-I-s‑f \‑n-Ý-b‑n-¡‑p-¶-X‑n-\‑p‑w t‑b‑m-K‑w
F-Ã‑m ]-c‑n-Ø‑n-X‑n k‑w-L-S-\-I-f‑nÂ \‑n-¶‑p- f‑m-l t‑K‑m-]‑m-e³‑, s‑I. A-P‑n-X‑, t‑U‑m. F. X‑o-c‑p-a‑m-\‑n-¨‑p. K‑m-U‑v-K‑nÂ I-½‑n-ä‑n d‑n-t‑¸‑mÀ-«‑v
a‑p-Å B-b‑n-c-¯-ª‑q-t‑d‑m-f‑w t‑]À a‑mÀ-¨‑nÂ e-X‑, F-k‑v. D-j‑, F-k‑v.]‑n. c-h‑n‑, s‑{‑]‑m-^. \-S-¸‑n-e‑m-¡‑m-\‑p-Å ]-c‑n-Ø‑n-X-{‑]-hÀ-¯-I-c‑p-
]-s‑¦-S‑p-¯‑p. ]-Ý‑n-a-L-« k‑w-c-£-W-¯‑n-\‑p‑w F‑w.s‑I. {‑]-k‑m-Z‑v X‑p-S-§‑n-b-hÀ a‑mÀ-¨‑nÂ s‑S B-h-i‑y-h‑p-a‑m-b‑n _-Ô-s‑¸-«‑p-Å G-ä-h‑p‑w
K‑m-U‑v-K‑nÂ I-½‑n-ä‑n d‑n-t‑¸‑mÀ-«‑v \-S-¸‑n-e‑m-¡‑p-¶- ]-s‑¦-S‑p-¯‑p. H-t‑«-s‑d c‑m-j‑v-{‑S‑o-b-þ-k‑m-a‑p-Z‑m-b‑n-I {‑i-t‑²-b-a‑m-b H-c‑p a‑p-t‑¶-ä-a‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑p C‑u
X‑n-\‑p‑w t‑h-ï‑n t‑I-c-f-¯‑n-e-t‑§‑m-f-a‑n-t‑§‑m- t‑\-X‑m-¡-f‑p‑w k‑w-L-S-\‑m `‑m-c-h‑m-l‑n-I-f‑p‑w \‑n-b-a-k-`‑m a‑mÀ-¨‑p‑w [À-W-b‑p‑w.

hmb\ime
I-e¸
- tI-cf- ¯
- n-se \-½p-sS \n-e\
- nÂ-¸v
(H-cp ImÀ-jn-I ssI-¸p-kvX
- I
- w) ip-²P- e
- a-Õy-§Ä c-N\- : ]n.sI. [À-½c - m-Pv
c-N\- : N-{µ³ s\-tÃ-¡m-Sv c-N\- : tUm. kn.]n. jm-Pn {]-km-[\- w: {]nâv lu-kv ]-_vf - n-t¡-
{]-km-[\- w: F-¨v. Bâv kn. _p-Ivk
- v {]-km-[\
- w: tI-cf - ssP-hs - sh-hn-[y j³-kv, a-Xn-eI - w, Xr-ÈqÀ
hn-e: 40 cq-] t_mÀ-Uv hn-e: 50 cq-]
hn-e: 170 cq-]
E -Xp-t`-Z-§-fp-sS \n-e-bv-¡m-¯ {]-hm-

l-hp-am-bn Im-ew A-Xn-th-Kw I-S-
¶p-t]m-Ip-t¼mÄ, ]-cn-jv-Ir-X k-aq-lw ssP- h-ssh-hn-[y hn-hc
J-c-W-t¯m-sSm-¸w
- t- i- a‑m -\-h-I‑p-e-¯‑n-s‑â A-k‑v-X‑n-X‑z‑w
X-s‑¶ A-]-I-S-I-c-a‑m-b H-c-h-
Ø-s‑b A-`‑n-a‑p-J‑o-I-c‑n-¡‑p-¶ hÀ-¯-a‑m-
hn-kv-a-cn-¨p-t]m-Ip-¶ X-\-Xp ImÀ-jn-I {]-[m-\s - ¸-« H-¶m-Wv \m-«d - n-hp-If - p-sS \-I‑m-e-L-«-¯‑nÂ C‑u `‑q-a‑n-s‑b-b‑p‑w h-c‑p‑w-
kw-kv-Im-c-¯n-sâ Cu-Sp-sh-¸p-IÄ ]p- kw-c£- W - w. ssP-hs - sh-hn-[y hn-hc - - X-e-a‑p-d-s‑b-b‑p‑w G-ä-h‑p‑w k‑v-t‑\-l‑n-¡‑p-¶
Xp-X-e-ap-d-bv-¡v ]-cn-N-b-s¸-Sp-¯p-I-bm- ti-Jc - W - ¯ - n-sâ {]-[m-\ \-S] - S- n-{I-a§ - - H-c‑p i-c‑m-i-c‑n a-\‑p-j‑y-s‑â D-X‑v-I-W‑vT-I-f‑p‑w
Wn-hn-sS. B-tKm-f-hÂ-¡-c-W-¯n-sâ Im- fnÂ H-¶m-Wv Hm-tcm Po-hn-hÀ-¤t- ¯-bpw t‑h-h-e‑m-X‑n-I-f‑p-a‑m-W‑v ‑'\-½‑p-s‑S \‑n-e-\‑nÂ-
Wm-¨-c-Sp-IÄ IÀ-j-I-sc ]n-g-¸n-¨-t¸mÄ im-kv{- Xo-ba - m-bn Xn-cn-¨d - n-bp-I F-¶X - v. ¸‑v‑' F-¶ I‑r-X‑n-b‑p-s‑S D‑uÀ-Ö-t‑{‑k‑m-X-
\-jv-S-s¸-«-Xv \-½p-sS `-£y-k-ar-²n-bpw kw-Øm-\ ssP-hs - sh-hn-[y t_mÀ-Uv, Ê‑v. ]‑n.s‑I. [À-½-c‑m-P‑v IÀ-½‑w s‑I‑m-ï‑v
B-tcm-Ky-hp-am-Wv. Cu Xn-cn-¨-dn-hm-Wv Cu ssP-hs - sh-hn-[y c-Pn-ÌÀ \nÀ-½m-W¯ - n-\v H-c‑p ]-c‑n-Ø‑n-X‑n-{‑]-hÀ-¯-I-\‑m-W‑v. X-s‑â
]p-kv-X-I-¯n-sâ t{]-c-W. Xn-cn-ap-dn-bm-sX k-lm-bn-¡p-hm-\m-bn hn-hn-[ Po-hn-hÀ-¤- {‑]-hÀ-¯-\-a-Þ-e-¯‑n-\‑v A-t‑±-l‑w N‑mÀ-
s]-¿p-¶ Xn-cp-hm-Xn-c-bpw Ip-¸-bn-epw s]m- §-sf Xn-cn-¨d - n-bp-¶X - n-\p th-ïn-bp-Å ¯‑n-b‑n-«‑p-Å t‑]-c‑p-t‑]‑m-e‑p‑w ‑'\-½‑p-s‑S \‑n-e-
¶p-hn-f-bn-¡p-¶ Ipw-`-a-g-bpw h-cpw-X-e-ap-d ssI-¸p-kvX - I - §
- Ä X-¿m-dm-¡p-Ib - p-ïm-bn. \‑nÂ-¸‑v' F-¶‑m-W‑v. {‑]-I‑r-X‑y‑m-\‑p-k-c-W
A-dn-b-Ww. a-®pw a-\p-jy-\pw X-½n-ep- A-Xn-sem-¶m-Wv 'tI-cf - ¯
- n-se ip-²P - e - P‑o-h‑n-X-s‑s‑i-e‑n F-§-s‑\ k‑z‑m-b-¯-a‑m-¡‑m-
ïm-bn-«p-Å A-IÂ-¨ Ip-d-¨mÂ am-{X-ta a-Õy-§Ä' F-¶ Cu ]p-kvX - I - w. tI- s‑a-¶‑v I‑p-«‑n-I-f‑n-e‑p‑w H-¸‑w X-s‑¶ a‑p-X‑nÀ-
\-½p-sS ImÀ-jn-I kw-kv-Im-c-¯n-\v ap-àn- c-f¯
- nÂ km-[m-cW - b - m-bn I-ïp-hc - p-¶ ¶-h-c‑n-e‑p‑w H-c‑p A-h-t‑_‑m-[‑w h-fÀ-¯‑m³
bp-Åq. A-Xn-\p-Å {]m-tbm-Kn-I-]mT-§-fpw ip-²P- e - a - Õ - y-§Ä am-{X-am-Wv Cu ]p-kv- C‑u ]‑p-k‑v-X-I‑w D-]-I-c‑n-¡‑p‑w F-¶-X‑n-\‑v
Cu ]p-kv-X-Iw DÄ-s¡m-Åp-¶p. X-I¯- nÂ \Â-In-bn-cn-¡p-¶X - v. k‑w-i-b-a‑n-Ã.
HmÀUÀ t^mw
Rm³ IqSv amknIbpsS hcn¡mc\mIm³ B{Kln¡p¶p:
t]cv: .................................................................................................................................................................................
taÂhnemkw:....................................................................................................................................................
1 hÀjw 2 hÀjw 3 hÀjw ......................................................................................................................................................................................................
`450 `850 `1250 PnÃ:........................................................................................................................................................................................
aWnHmÀUÀ {Um^väv sN¡v _m¦v {Sm³kv^À kwØm\w................................................................................................................................................................
\¼À:.................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ]n³:......................................................................................................................................................................................
XobXn:.............................................................................................................................................................................................................. t^m¬:..........................................................................................................................................................................
cq]:.......................................................................................................................................................................................................................... CþsabnÂ:.............................................................................................................................................................
_m¦v: .................................................................................................................................................................................................................
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5tsssisu SQL Server 2012

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5tsssisu SQL Server 2012

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2014 s^{_phcn, hne `40

]-«‑p-t‑]‑m-I‑m-¯ H-ä-a-c‑w 40 D-c-K-§Ä

12 h‑n-P-b-¯‑n-s‑â I-X‑n-c‑p-IÄ 41 h-\-hr-£-§Ä

15 a‑p-¯-È‑n-a‑m-h‑n-s‑â B-ß-I-Y 42 k-kv-X-\n-IÄ

H-c‑mÄ-¡‑v F-{‑X a-®‑p-t‑h-W‑w? 44 Nn-d-I-Sn-IÄ

IqSv 2014 s^{_phcn 3

X‑n-\‑p s‑s‑Z-h-¯‑n-\‑p \-µ‑n. I-Ã‑q-c‑p-Å a-t‑\‑m-P‑v

I‑q -S‑v B-\-µ-t‑¯‑m-s‑S-b‑p‑w A-Û‑p-X-

I‑q -S‑v K‑w-`‑o-c-a‑m-b‑n-«‑p-ï‑v, F-s‑â

t‑I -c-f-¯‑n-s‑â ]-c‑n-Ø‑n-X‑n-¡‑p-t‑h-

4 IqSv 2014 s^{_phcn

FUnäÀ amÀ¡än§v amt\PÀ {]Xn\n[nIÄ Volume 1, Issue 10

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I -g‑n-ª I‑mÂ-\‑q-ä‑m-ï‑m-b‑n {‑]-I‑r-

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\ -½‑mÄ-h-ms‑d R‑m³ B-Z-‑y-a‑m-b‑n

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X-a‑n-g‑v-\‑m-«‑nÂ P‑n-Ã‑m I-f-I‑v-SÀ-a‑mÀ-

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••\½mÄhmÀ XWÂ {]hÀ¯ItcmsSm¸w Photo/Thanal

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l‑mc - n‑ X- b - n‑ Â \‑n¶ - v‑ h-fm‑ t- © ‑ c - n‑ b

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am¼q Photo/Koodu Magazine

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H-cm-Ä-¡v F-{X b‑nc

kn. cm-P-tKm-]m-e³ s‑¯-b‑m-W‑v a-\‑p-j-‑y³ A-h-s‑â

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I-®‑qcnsâ Poh\mb a‑q¶- n‑ s

t‑U‑m. ]‑n.F-k‑v. C‑u-k H‑m-S-t‑´‑m-S‑v a-e-h‑m-c-¯‑nâ N-c‑n-{‑X‑w

I‑p-«‑n-t‑X-h‑m-¦‑v Slender Loris

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I-®‑qÀ \‑n-h‑m-k‑n-I-f‑p-s‑S A-`‑n-

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{‑]I - r‑ X - n‑ h - n‑ ` - h - § - f - p‑ s - S‑ I‑mc - y‑ ¯ - n‑ Â A-X‑n-e-[‑n-I-t‑a‑m A-´‑m-c‑m-j‑v-{‑S h‑n-a‑m-\-

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h-f-s‑c {‑]-[‑m-\-a‑m-W‑v. C-t‑¸‑mÄ h-f-s‑c S-s‑¸-S‑p-¶ P-\-§-f‑p-s‑S h-g‑n. F-´‑m-W‑v

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C -¡-g‑n-ª a-g-¡‑m-e‑w.. a-g X‑n-a‑nÀ-

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A-X‑n-\‑p-t‑i-j-a‑m-W‑v I-b-¯‑n-\‑v I‑m-f-¡- k‑uI - c - y‑ § - f - p‑ w‑ D-sï ‑ ¦ - n‑ e - p‑ w‑ A-]I - S- -

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]-Xn‑ ¡ - p‑ ¶ - p‑ . A-t¸ ‑ m‑ Ä s‑hÅ - ¨ - m‑ «- ¯ - n‑ - f‑nÂ X-]Ê - n‑ c

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c -k-I-c-a‑m-b H-c‑p b‑m-{‑X s‑N-¶‑p \‑n-¶-X‑v C-h‑n-s‑S. B-{‑I-a‑n-¡-s‑¸-« I‑p-e-k‑v-{‑X‑o-

h-b-\‑m-«‑n-s‑e _‑m-W‑m-k‑p-c k‑m-KÀ A-W-s‑¡-«‑m-W‑v ]‑p-d-I‑nÂ I‑m-W‑p-¶-X‑v. ‑"a‑p-d‑n-h‑p-]-

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