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INTEGRAL
Rješenje.
t3 t5 sin3 x
� � � �
2 3 t = sin x
(a) sin x cos x dx = = t2 (1 − t2 ) dt = − +C = −
dt = cos x dx 3 5 x
sin5 x
+C
5
π π π π
�8 �8 �8 2 �8
1 − cos 2x sin 2x 1
(b) sin4 x cos2 x dx = sin2 x(sin x cos x)2 dx = · dx = sin2 2x dx−
2 4 8
0 0 0 0
√
π
�8
1 3π + 2 2 − 2
sin2 2x cos 2x dx = . . . =
8 384
0
t3 ch 3 x
� � � �
t = ch x3
(c) sh x dx = = (t2 − 1) dt = − t + C = − ch x + C
dt = sh x dx 3 3
�
(d) Označimo In = cosn x dx. Tada je
u = cos xn−1 du = −(n − 1) cosn−2 sin x dx
� � �
n
In = cos x dx = = cosn−1 x sin x+
� dv = cos x dx v = sin x
(n − 1) cosn−2 x sin2 x dx = cosn−1 x sin x + (n − 1)In−2 − (n − 1)In pa vrijedi
n−1 1
rekurzivna relacija: In = In−2 + cosn−1 x sin x.
� n n
Sada je I0 = dx = x + C
1 cos x sin x x cos x sin x
I2 = I0 + = + +C
2 2 2 2
3
3 cos x sin x 3x 3 cos x sin x cos3 x sin x
I4 = I2 + = + + +C
4 4 8 8 4
5 cos5 x sin x 5x 5 cos x sin x 5 cos3 x sin x cos5 x sin x
I6 = I4 + = + + + +C
6 6 16 48 24 6
x 2t
t = tg sin x =
2 1 + t2
2 dt 1 − t2
dx = cos x =
1 + t2 1 + t2
x = 2 arctg t
Provjerimo supstituciju:
2dt
dx =
1 + t2
x x 2 tg x2 2t
sin x = 2 sin cos = 2 x
=
2 2 1 + tg 2 1 + t2
x 2 2 1 − t2
cos x = 2 cos2 − 1 = − 1 = − 1 =
2 1 + tg2 x2 1 + t2 1 + t2
�
(b) Za računanje integrala oblika R(sh x, ch x) dx se koristi univerzalna supstitu-
cija:
x 2t
t = th sh x =
2 1 − t2
2 dt 1 + t2
dx = ch x =
1 − t2 1 − t2
x = 2 Arth t
Provjerimo supstituciju:
2dt
dx =
1 − t2
x x 2 th x2 2t
sh x = 2 sh ch = 2 x =
2 2 1 − th 2 1 − t2
x 2 2 1 + t2
ch x = 2 ch 2 + 1 = + 1 = + 1 =
2 1 − th2 x2 1 − t2 1 − t2
Rješenje.
64 2. INTEGRAL
1 2dt
� �
dx x
(a) = [univerzalna supstitucija t = tg ] = 2 =
(2 + cos x) sin x 2 (2 + 1−t 2 ) 2t 1 + t2
2
� 1+t 1+t
1 + t2 1 dt 2 1
� �
t dt
dt = [rastav na parcijalne razlomke ] = + = ln |t|+
(t + 3)t
2 3 t 3 t +3
2 3
1 2 1 2 1 3x x
ln (t + 3) + C = ln |t(t + 3)| + C = ln | tg + 3 tg | + C
3 3 3 2 2
1 2dt
� �
dx x
(b) = [univerzalna supstitucija t = th ] = 2 =
1 + 2 sh x + 3 ch x 2 (1 + 2 1−t2 + 3 1−t2 ) 1 − t2
2t 1+t
2dt
� �
dt � x �
= = arctg t + 1 + C = arctg th + 1 + C
2t2 + 4t + 4 (t + 1)2 + 1 2
�
2. INTEGRAL 65
Zadaci za vježbu
2.45 Izračunajte integrale:
cos x dx
� � �
(a) sin4 x cos5 x dx (b) 5
tg x dx (c) √
sin 2x
2.46 Izračunajte integrale:
sin x dx
� � �
dx dx
(a) (b) (c) √
sin x − sin a sin (x + a) sin (x + b) 2 sin x + cos x
2.47 Izračunajte integrale:
�0 �π/3 �π/4
dx dx dx
(a) (b) 2 (c) dx
cos x + 2 sin x + 3 sin x cos x cos4 x
−π/4 π/4 0
�2π � �2π
dx dx dx
(a) (b) (c) 4 dx
5 − 4 cos x 2 sin x − cos x + 5 sin x + cos4 x
0 0