1

FINAL EXAM

Corporación Universitaria Minuto de Dios

Ingles

Nrc 882

Administración de Empresas

Bogotá 08 de diciembre de 2018

Final Exam

elaborate a comparative table on the before and now of Bogotá in terms of: Culture - Politics - Security - Edu-
cation - Sports and History.

Solution

BEFORE NOW
 2

HISTORY The Bogotá

The first Metro will be the largest infrastructure

settlers of Bogotá were the Muiscas, be- project in the history of Colombia. Alt-

longing to the Chibcha linguistic family. hough the design and bidding have not

Upon the arrival of the conquistadors, it been free of controversy and politiciza-

is estimated that there were half a million tion, it is necessary to remember some

Indians of this group. They occupied the advances that this structuring has had and

highlands and temperate skirts between some demands that arise from the multi-

the Sumapaz massif in the southwest and lateral banking, which leverages the pro-

the Cocuy nevado in the northeast, cover- ject, and the District itself, as the main re-

ing an area of some 25,000 km2 that en- sponsible for the same.

compasses the Bogotá highlands, part of

the current department of Boyacá and a Behind this

small region of Santander. structuring and bidding have been work-

In this area, ing for more than a year several techno-

the population was organized into two crats with great experience in the design

federations, each under the command of a of major projects and even recruited one

leader: the southwestern zone was domi- of the brains behind the Medellin Metro,

nated by the Zipa, whose center was in the technical manager, Jorge Mario To-

Bacatá, now Bogotá. The northeastern bón, who was working 32 years in that

zone constituted the domain of the system.

Zaque, whose center was the region of

Hunza, present Tunja. However, the

 3

Muisca population, unlike the Tairona, As part of

did not develop large cities. the journalistic exercise to evaluate how

The Muis- the subway went, a great interest was

cas, eminently farmers, formed a dis- found by the international construction

persed population that occupied numer- companies. As for the local firms, it is

ous small villages and hamlets. In addi- clear that these may participate more as

tion, there were some free isolated tribes: executors of the work, than as members

that of Iraca or Sugamuxi, that of Tun- of the concessionaire.

dama and that of Guanentá. Agriculture

was complemented by hunting and fish- "There is

ing. Its main crops were corn, potatoes, not a local construction company with

beans, pumpkins, tomatoes, cubans, cas- enough muscle to participate in the con-

sava, tobacco, arracacha, sweet potatoes, cession, which is why we have asked the

as well as various fruits and vegetables. District to incorporate a clause in the ten-

In the field of mining, the exploitation of der that defines the role of national engi-

salt and emeralds was essential for their neering in this project," says Mario.

own use and to trade with other tribes Huertas Cotes, founder and president of

that supplied them with gold and cotton. MHC, one of the most important engi-

neering firms in the country and which -

obviously - is interested in the execution

of the project.

EDUCATION EDUCATION
 4

As in the The city has

rest of Hispanic America, religious orders an educational system that covers the ele-

were fundamental in the field of educa- mentary, secondary and university levels.

tion. The first two university chairs are Due to the constant migration of people

due to the Dominican friars (1563 and to the country's capital, the availability of

1573). In 1592 the Seminary School of quotas to access the education offered by

San Bartolomé was founded to provide the State is often insufficient. The city

higher education to children of Spanish also has a varied system of private

Llos; the Jesuits directed this school in schools and colleges, including bilingual,

1605 and founded the Colegio Máximo, military, technical, rural, religious com-

located in one of the corners of the Plaza munities, as well as in different school

Mayor. calendars and study schedules.

In 1580 the

Dominicans founded the Pontifical Uni- According

versity of Santo Tomás de Aquino for to the National Higher Education Infor-

Arts and Philosophy, and in 1621 the Jes- mation System of the Ministry of Educa-

uits started the courses at the University tion, the city has a total of 104 higher ed-

of San Francisco Javier or Javeriana. In ucation institutions, both public and pri-

1653, Friar Cristóbal de Torres founded vate.

the Colegio Mayor de Nuestra Señora del

Rosario. In 1783 the first educational It has

community and the first school for the 450,000 students of higher education and

education of women in New Granada 70,000 graduates of higher education.

 5

were started: the school of La Enseñanza,

of the community of María. From that

moment, they started school lessons for

women, a right that until then was re-

served for men

SECURITY On average,

In 1950, the Bogotá is the scene of three homicides on

profiles of a state security model emerged a daily basis; 266 complaints for theft

based on the state of exception created by and 55 for personal injuries. In a city of

the bogotazo and the fear manipulation eight million inhabitants, these figures do

that followed. In that year, fifty decrees not seem so high. However, three out of

of a dictatorial court issued by the natio- every five city residents say they feel in-

nal government on November 9, 1949, secure in the city. So what do the authori-

appeared to bear fruit, on the basis of ties do in this scenario and how do they

which: a) the public order and state of focus their actions?

siege of the entire nation was declared to

be disturbed; b) In the effort to limit the Part of that

control of constitutionality, three quarters responsibility corresponds to the office of

of the votes of the Supreme Court were Analysis of Information and Strategic
 6

required to declare the law unconstitutio- Studies, of the Secretariat of Security, re-

nal, that is, the minority was vetoed; c) sponsible for organizing and studying

the activities of the Congress of the Re- criminal statistics, to then propose and

public, the Departmental Assemblies and recommend how to direct efforts. To do

the Municipal Councils were suspended this, the unit has access to multiple data-

for an indefinite period; d) press and bases of the Police, Public Prosecutor's

broadcasting censorship was established; Office, Line 123, other district entities,

e) public meetings were prohibited; f) the and with the same authorities in the field.

censors of the written press were appoin-

ted (one per newspaper) and, g) the juris- The analy-

diction of the courts of war was extended sis and organization of this information

to certain offenses attributable to civi- has allowed them to determine where

lians. more cars are stolen in Kennedy and

Puente Aranda, especially on Saturdays

To publi- and Sundays at night; that the neighbor-

cize the public order based on official hoods most affected by theft to resi-

documents in the crucial period of La Vi- dences are Galerias, Bosa Occidental and

olencia is impossible since at the begin- Kennedy Central (usually, Wednesdays

ning of 1967 a group of high officials of at dawn), or that the theft of people is en-

the Ministry of Government resolved, ap- cysted in a corridor between Los Már-

parently motu proprio, to incinerate "79 tires, Santa Fe and Chapinero, in the

bags containing the file of the years from mornings on Wednesdays, Thursdays and

Fridays.
 7

1949 to 1958 with ordinary correspond-

ence ". The Chief of File and Corre-

spondence of the Ministry requested "to

remove said bags that only contain a dead

file, in this office it is impossible to keep

them, there is no space and the appear-

ance of the office is horrible and the at-

mosphere of unbearable smell"

The few

documents saved from the pyre show the

extraordinary historical importance of the

incinerated documentation and, among

the minor tasks that can no longer be un-

dertaken is the reconstruction of the tra-

jectory of the format of the Police reports

to the Minister of Government

SPORT

In the Co- 2018 will be a new opportunity for the

lombian capital, the sport that motivates consolidation of Colombia as a world

the most is soccer, with Millonarios and sporting power. To materialize that

Santa Fe being the two teams with the dream, national representatives will give
 8

longest trajectory in the First Division their all in their actions at the internatio-

and two of the only ones to have played nal level. Next, the sports calendar of the

all the tournaments. Both sets dispute the year, which highlights the main participa-

classic capital. tion of Colombians, both in conventional

La Equidad and paralympic performance.

is the promoted team in condition of With a delegation of 30 athletes in 4

champion of the Second Division in 2006 sports, Colombia added 38 medals in the

and third representative of the city in the South American Scholastic Games of

First Division. Another representative of Arequipa, Peru. The 13 golden medals

Primera A that comes from the Second leave us in third place in the general me-

Division is the Tigres F.C team; Alt- dals table.

hough its roots are from the neighboring

municipality of Soacha, its debut in the

top category in 2017 was made in the

capital of the republic, where its adminis-

trative headquarters also operates.

The Boyacá

Chicó Fútbol Club, formed in honor of

the neighborhood of the same name,

played in the city until 2004, when for

reasons of sponsorship and governmental

economic support, it moved to the city of

 9

Tunja, located 157 km from Bogotá (90

minutes away).

Other foot-

ball teams in the city that make their his-

tory in the Second Division are Fortaleza

and Bogotá F.C.

Of the city

and its metropolitan area, 11 teams com-

peted in the former Category C: In Zone

1, District Independent, Football Club

Facatativa, Christian Sports Association,

Compensate and team B of La Equidad.

In Zone 2 they competed Caterpillar Mo-

tor, Super World Soccer Club, Chia Soc-

cer Club, Real Madrid and the equipment

B of Millionaires and Santa Fe.

It can not be

overlooked that in Bogotá the most tradi-

tional amateur soccer tournament in Co-

lombia, the Olaya Hexagonal, which has

been played for 57 years in the months of

 10

December and January in the Olaya Her-

rera Stadium Park south of the city, is

played. .

CULTURAL

Bogotá was From December 6 to the 30 of the same

a city isolated by communication routes month, emblematic places of Bogota,

that were very precarious. Only at the end Medellin and Cali, will be the spaces in

of the century did this isolation give way which outdoor exhibitions of sculptures

thanks to the railroad and some roads that made by young people, in which outstan-

put it in contact with the Magdalena ding Colombians are honored, will be ap-

River and through it with the Caribbean preciated.

coast. Scotiabank Colpatria leads an initiative

In the 1960, that exalts 12 Colombians from different

writers of diverse tendencies grouped regions who, thanks to their work in

themselves around the Mosaico maga- science, medicine, art, among others,

zine, founded and directed by José María have excelled in Colombia and the world.

Vergara and Vergara, and formed one of This initiative is developed under the

the first attempts to chronicle Colombian "More to achieve" campaign with which

literature and consolidate the country's the Canadian bank Scotiabank brought its

cultural identity. new Scotiabank Colpatria brand to Co-

lombia since July of this year. "Art and

 11

The cultural outdoor exhibitions are a great opportu-

life of the city was concentrated in the lit- nity to make visible all the positive im-

erary gatherings that during the XIX cen- pact that can be achieved in our society

tury allowed the Bogota citizens to attend by working for others, creating and deve-

musical presentations and dramatic loping good actions that transcend bor-

works. Theater and opera performances ders, as these have done. 'heroes' that we

were held at the Maldonado Theater and want to exalt with a phrase that summa-

at the end of the 19th century Bogotá had rizes our feelings with the Colombians:

two important theaters: the Teatro de More to achieve, "said Jaime Alberto

Cristóbal Colón, inaugurated in 1892, Upegui Cuartas, president of Scotiabank

and the Municipal Theater, inaugurated Colpatria.

in 1895, which offered zarzuelas and mu-

sic magazines.

During the

nineteenth century the traditions and cus-

toms of the colonial era were preserved,

combined with some European influ-

ences. In the meetings the chocolate was

imposed with snacks and sweets elabo-

rated in the houses that were served at

night, and the ajiaco became the typical

dish. On the evening evenings, the musi-

cal pieces of local composers were

 12

played on the piano, and in the most nu-

merous meetings the hall was danced, a

form of quick waltz named after the short

steps that were given when performing

the dance.

RELIGION In Bogota

After hav- there are more than 2,000 registered reli-

ing dominated the Indians through the gious entities, from Buddhist and Jewish,

war, began the conquest of consciences to Muslim and Krishnas. Everyone has a

by religion with the help of religious or- different way of seeing the world. And

ders that were established since the six- everyone demands respect for their be-

teenth century throughout the territory of liefs.

present-day Colombia. Churches and

convents were built by the Franciscan, Pope Francisco is a character that,

Dominican, Augustinian and later, in without a doubt, will be reflected in his-

1604, Jesuits, Capuchins and Poor Clare, tory. Not only because of his message of

Dominican and Discalced Carmelite peace and reconciliation, but also because

nuns. he managed, with his charisma and spon-

These com- taneity, to impact on two generations. On

munities marked the spirit and customs of the one hand, traditional Catholics, al-

the Santa Feños, because they exercised ready in the majority of adulthood, recog-

nize him as the leader of a community

 13

an ideological, political and cultural do- that has more than 1,280 million faithful

main that was barely a little diminished in the world. On the other, it has a great

when, in 1767, Carlos III ordered the ex- acceptance in young people who, beyond

pulsion of the Jesuits from the colonies of religion, agree that the maximum repre-

Spain in America. sentative of the Catholic Church is an

example to follow.

POLITICS

The Mayor of Bogotá D.C. It is the

The founder Gonzalo Jiménez de Que- highest administrative authority of the

sada instituted the Cabildo de Santa Fe city of Bogotá. It is currently elected by

on April 27, 1539, with the capacity to popular vote, with the simple majority

elect a mayor of first and second vote. system, for a period of four years. It is

The mayor of the outgoing first vote pro- the second most popular elected office in

posed the name of his successor, which Colombia.

could be supported or objected. The elec-

tion had to be endorsed by the Pretorial The office

Audience. has had different denominations through-

The politi- out the history of the city, each one with

cal upheaval in the colonies of Spain in different characteristics, obligations and

Latin America, had in New Granada se- way of choosing. To date, 619 people

veral demonstrations that accelerated the have held the position in any of its ver-

independence process. One of the most sions, including Enrique Peñalosa, who
 14

important was the Revolution of the Co- was re-elected and started on January 1,

muneros, popular uprising initiated in the 2016.

Villa del Socorro - current department of

Santander - in March 1781. The move-

ment was repressed by the Spanish autho-

rities and José Antonio Galán, its leader,

was executed . However, he left a mark

that followed, in 1794 Antonio Nariño,

precursor of the independence with the

translation and publication in Santafé, of

the Rights of Man and the Citizen, and

the leaders of the movement of July 20,

1810. This cry for independence it origi-

nated in a seemingly inconsequential dis-

pute between creoles and Spaniards, for

the loan of a vase, but soon it became a

popular uprising. It has been given the

name of Patria Boba to the period bet-

ween 1810 and 1815, because during

these years the criollos clashed with each

other in search of ideal forms of govern-

 15

ment, appeared the first ideological strug-

gles and the first two Republican parties-

Federalists and centralists .