AS

VE
R
MI
T
T
XE
E
PT
I
OWAR
CALUR
B
DS
ANI
ZAT
ION
DUSESKYSCRAPE
R
DE
SIGNCONSI
DERAT
IONS
05
ST
RUCT
URALSYST
EMS

ST
RUCT
URALDE
SIGN B
AS EDFRAMESYS
T E
M AND bracedframesorshearwal
ls
,wi
thh
ori
zon
tal
Thek eyi dea i nc on cept uali
z i
ngt hes tructural “out
rigger
”tru
ssesorgir
der
scon
nec
ti
ngth
e
sys t
em f oras l
en dert allbu i
ldingi st othin kof SHEARWAL L
EDFRAME coretotheext
ernalcol
umns
.
i
tasabeamc
t
h e s truct
u r
ant
al en
il
ev
gi
er
n
in
eer
gf
’
romt
s poi
heear
n
t
t of v
h.F r
i
om
e
SYST
w, BRACE
E
M
DF RAMESYST E M
bec au seoft heirincredibl eh eight,laterall oads Br ac ed f rame s ys temsar eu t
il
ized i ns teel
res ul
tingf rom wi n d or ear thqu ake ac tions con struc t
ion.T h
iss ystem isa h i
gh l
yef f
icient
playani mpor tantrolei nt hes tru
c t
ural designof a b c d
an dec onomi cals ystemf orr esist
ingh ori
zon tal
t
al l bu i
ldings. l
oadi ng, an d at tempt st o i mpr ov e t he
Asagen eral rule,wh enot herthingsbei ngequ al
, ef fec t
iven essof a r i
gidf rame by al mos t
t
h et allert h e bu il
din gt he mor en ecessar yi s elimi nat i
ngt he ben ding of c olu mn s an d
t
oi den tif
yt he pr opers tructu
rals ystem f or gir der s,byt h eh elp ofaddi ti
on albr acings.
res i
sti
n gl ater alloads ,inwh i
cht her igidit
yan d I
tbeh av ess tr
u c
tu rallylikeav er t
icalt russ
,an d e f
stabilityr equ ir
emen t
sar e oftent h e domi nant Diff
erentve r
sio
n sofoutr
iggerst
ruc
tur
e:(
a)out
ri
ggerstru
ctu
re
compr i
sesoft heu sualc olumn san d gi rder s
, withcentr
al c
o r
e ;(
b)outr
igge
rs t
ruc
tur
ewithof
fsetc
o r
e;(
c)
fac t
or sint h edes i
gn .Mor eover,thes el
ec t
ionof es sen t
iallyc arryin gt h
e gr av i
tyl oads ,an d diagonalsactin
gaso ut
ri
ggers;(
d)fl
oorgir
deracti
ngas
t
h es t
ru cturals ystem ofat allbu i
ldingi nv olves diagon albr ac i
ngc ompon en t
ss ot hatt het otal outri
ggers;(e)planwithcaptrus
s;(f
)behavi
orofthesys
temwit
h
t
h e f
ollowin g fac t
or s
: captruss(Taranath
, 1998)
setofmember sf or msav erticalcan ti
levert ru s
s
ec
pr
on
oj
omi
ec t;
cc ri
teriar elatedt othebu dgetoft h e to r esist t h e h orizon t
al l oadi ng. E
XTE
RIORBRACE
DSYST
EM
for ou t
side l
ight an d air
. Thiss ys tem c anbeu t
i
lizedi ns t
eel,r einf
or ced
f unctionoft hebu i
lding;
conc rete an d c ompos ite c onst
r uct
ion. By
in t
er nal plan ning;
addi n gmu lt
istorydi agon albr ac i
ngst ot hef ac e
mat erial an dmet hodofc onstru
c t
ion;
oft h et ube ,t her igidi
tyan def fi
cien c
yoft h e
e xter nal arc hi
tectural treatmen t; a b c d framedt u bec anbei mpr ov ed, thustheobt ain ed
pl an nedl oc ationan dr outingoft hes er vi
ce Types of braced frame syst
e ms
:
system,t hee xteri
orbr ac ed t ube ,al s
ok no wn
s ystems ; (
a)Di ago nal–le s
savail
abl espace;(b)X–t heleast
avai
labl espace ;(
c)K–o penin
gspo ssi
bl
e ;(
d)Kne e–large r asdi agon ali
z ed t ubeort russed t ubes ystem,
h eigh tan dpr opor ti
on soft hebu i
lding. openings couldbeu t
il
iz edf orgr eat erh eights,an dal l
o ws
CLASSI
FI
CAT
IONST
RUCT
URAL SHEARWALLEDFRAMESYSTEM l
ar ger s pac ing bet ween t he c olumn s
.
Shearwal
led f
ramesyst
emsar
euti
li
zed i
n I
tof f ersan e x c
el l
ents ol ution by u t
ili
zinga
SYST
EMS bothrei
nfor
ced con
cret
e and c
omposi
te minimu mn u mberofdi agon alsoneac hfac eof
constructi
on.Sh earwal ls,f i
rstu s
edi n1940, the t ube i nt
er s
ecting at t he s ame
may be des cri
bed asv erti
c alc anti
l
ev ered poin t as the cor ner column s
.
F
RAMES
YST
EM beams ,wh i
chr es i
stlater alwi ndan ds eis
mi c I
ns teel bu i
ldin gs,steeldiagon als,areu s
ed, wh ile
l
oadsac ti
ngonabu i
ldingan dt ransmitt
edt o i
n rei nforced con c rete buil
din gs,
BRASE
DFR
AMES YSTE
M thembyt h
efloordi aph ragms . Shearwal lsare diagon al sar ec r
eat ed by f i
lli
ngt he wi ndo w
gen erall
ypar tsoft heel evatoran ds ervi
ce open in gsbyr einf
or cedc on cret es hearwal l
st o
OUTRI
GGERSYSTE
M c
s
or
tr
es
on
,an
ger s
df
t
r
r
u
amest
cture.T
oc
h
reat
es
ea s
e el
t
i
emen
f
feran
t
s c
d
an
ac hi
ev et hes ameef fectasadi agon albr ac i
n g.
Ane xter iorbr ac edt ubeel i
mi n atesth eriskoft h e
BRACE
DSYS
TEM h
c
av
ur
e v
vil
in
ar
ear
i
ouss
, ov al
hapes s
, bo x-lik
u
e
c
h as
,t r
i
,c
angul
irc
ular
ar or
, ex c
es sive axi al l oad t ak en by t hec orn er
column s,on eoft hemai npr obl emsi nt hef r
amed
recti
linear.R einforced c on crete'
s abi l
ityt o tube , by s tiff
en i
ng t h e e xterior f r
ames .
dampen v i
bration an d pr ovide mas st oa Althou ghr epl ac i
ngv erti
calc ol umn swi thclosel y
F
R AMESYST
EM(
RI
GIDF
RAME bu i
l
di ngmak esi tagoodc hoiceofmat erial spac ed di agon alsi n bot h di r
ectionsi st h e
SYSTE
M) mos
ext
tef
er i
f
orbr
ec t
i
ac
vee
edt
xt
u
er
bes
i
or br
ystem i
ac ed t
sn
u
otwi
be ac
delyu
ti
s
on
ed
,
Rigi
df r
ames ys t
emsar eu t
i
lizedi nbothsteel
an d
du et oi t
spr oblemsi nc urtai n wal ldet ai ls
.
rein
forc
ed c oncret
e c onstructi
on. Ri gid
This s ys t
em can be u sed for
frames ys
temsf orresis
ti
ngl ateralan dv er
ti
cal
l
oadsh avel on gbeenac ceptedf orthedesign bu i
ldin gs wi th ov er 100 stories.
ofthebu i
ldi
n gs.Rigidf r
ami ng,n amelymomen t
framin
g, i
sbas edont hefactth atbeam- t
ocol
umn
a b
connect
ionsh av e enoughr igidit
yt oholdt he (
a)Repres
entat
i
veshearwall
edframest
ruc
tur
e(Smit
hand
nearly unc hanged or i
ginal an gles Cou
ll
,1991)(b)T
ypi
calfl
oorplanofcor
est
ruct
urewi
th
between int
ersect
in
g components
. st
eelsu
rroun
ds(Tar
anath
,1998)

OUTRI
GGER
-BE
LTT
RUSS
SYST
EMS a
Ci
ti
corpCe n
te
b
r
,Ne wYork,U.
S.A.
:(
c
a)animageofthe
d
Thi
ssyst
emisamodifiedformofbracedf rame bui
ldi
ng(Bennet
t,1995)
;(b)s
truc
tur
alrepres
ent
ati
ono fthe
syst
ems,andcanonl
ybeu t
il
iz
edinsteel.Asan bui
ldi
ng(Taran
ath,1998)(c)
80T h
irdAvenueBu
il
ding,New
i
n n
ovati
veandef fi
ci
en tst
ruc
tur
alsystem,th e Yor
k ,
U.S
.A.(d)TheOn te
rieCenter
,Chi
cago,U.
S.A.(Ali
,
2001)
outr
igger
-bel
ttru
sssystemcompri
sesac en t
ral
T
ypi
cal
def
ormat
i
onsofar
igi
d core, in
cludin
g either