Sol Cap 05 - Edicion 8 PDF

COSMOS: Complete Online Solutions Manual Organization System
Chapter 5, Solution 1.
\
A, mm 2 x , mm y , mm xA, mm3 yA, mm3

1 200 × 150 = 30000 −100 250 − 30 000000 6 750 000
2 400 × 300 = 120000 200 150 24 000 000 18000000
Σ 150 000 21000 000 24 750000
ΣxA 21 000000
Then X = = mm or X = 140.0 mm
ΣA 150000
ΣyA 24 750000
Y = = mm or Y = 165.0 mm
ΣA 150 000
Vector Mechanics for Engineers: Statics and Dynamics, 8/e, Ferdinand P. Beer, E. Russell Johnston, Jr.,
Elliot R. Eisenberg, William E. Clausen, David Mazurek, Phillip J. Cornwell
© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies.
A,in 2 x ,in. y ,in. xA,in 3 yA,in 3
1 10 × 8 = 80 5 4 400 320
2 1 13 4 702 216
× 9 × 12 = 54
2
Σ 134 1102 536
ΣxA 1102
Then X = = or X = 8.22 in.
ΣA 134
ΣyA 1102
and Y = = or Y = 4.00 in.
ΣA 134
A, mm 2 x , mm xA, mm3
1 1 2 729 000
× 90 × 270 = 12 150 ( 90 ) = 60
2 3
2 1 1 2 460 375
× 135 × 270 = 18 225 90 + (135) = 135
2 3
Σ 30375 3 189 375
ΣxA 3189375
ΣA 30375
For the whole triangular area by observation:
1
Y = ( 270 mm ) or Y = 90.0 mm
3
1 1
( 21)( 24 ) = 252 2
( 21) = 14 40 − ( 24 ) = 32
1 2 3 3528 8064
3
1
(13)( 40 ) = 520 21 + (13) = 27.5 14 300 10 400
2 2 20
Σ 17 828 18 464
772
ΣxA 17828
Then X = = in. or X = 23.1 in.
ΣA 772
ΣyA 18464
Y = = in. or Y = 23.9 in.
ΣA 772
π ( 225 )
2 4 ( 225 ) 95.493 − 3 796 900 3 796 900
1 = 39 761 − = − 95.493
4 3π
1 125 75 5 273 500 3 164 100

2 ( 375)( 225) = 42 188
2
81 949 1 476 600 6 961 000

Σ
ΣxA 1476600
ΣA 81 949
ΣyA 6961 000
Y = = mm or Y = 84.9 mm
ΣA 81 949

1 17 × 9 = 153 8.5 4.5 1300.5 688.5
π 2 4 × 4.5 4 × 4.5
− × ( 4.5 ) = −15.9043 8 − = 6.0901 9 − = 7.0901 − 96.857 −112.761
2 4 3π 3π
π − 298.19 −182.466
3 − ( 6 )2 = − 28.274 10.5465 6.4535
4
Σ
108.822 905.45 393.27
ΣxA 905.45
Then X = = or X = 8.32 in.
ΣA 108.822
ΣyA 393.27
and Y = = or Y = 3.61 in.
ΣA 108.22
A,in 2 x ,in. xA,in 3
π (16 )
2
4 (16 )
1 = 201.06 = 6.7906 1365.32
4 3π
2 − ( 8 )( 8 ) = − 64 4 − 256
Σ 137.06 1109.32
ΣxA 1109.32
ΣA 137.06
and Y = X by symmetry or Y = 8.09 in.

1 35 343 63.662 0 2 250 006 0
2 − 4417.9 31.831 − 31.831 −140 626 140 626.2
Σ 30925.1 2 109 380 140 626.2
ΣxA 2109 380

Then X = = or X = 68.2 mm
ΣA 30 925.1
ΣyA 140 625
and Y = = or Y = 4.55 mm
ΣA 30 925.1
A x xA
π2 4r1  π 2  4r1  r13

1 − r12  − r1  =−
4 3π  4  3π  3
π 4r2  π 2  4r2  2r23

2 r22  r2  =
2 3π  2  3π  3
π 1
Σ
4
( 2r 2
2
− r12 ) 3
(
2r23 − r13 )
ΣxA 4r1
Therefore, for X = = :
ΣΑ 3π
  r 3 
r13  2  2  − 1
4r1
=
(
4 2r23 − r13 ) =
4   r1 



3π (
3π 2r22 − r12 ) 3π  r  2 
r12  2  2  − 1
  r1  
 
2ρ 3 − 1 r
or π = 2
, where ρ = 2
2ρ − 1 r1
or 2 ρ 3 − 2πρ 2 + (π − 1) = 0.
r2
Solving numerically for ρ and noting that ρ > 1: = 3.02
r1
First, determine the location of the centroid.
2 sin 2 − α (π )
From Fig. 5.8A: y2 = r2 π A2 = ( π2 − α ) r22
3 2
−α ( )
2 cos α
= r2 π
3 2 (
−α )
2 cos α
Similarly y1 = r1 π A1 = ( π2 − α ) r12
3 2 (
−α )
2 cosα  cosα 
Then Σ yA = r2 π ( π2 − α ) r22  − 23 r1 ( π2 − α ) r12 
3 2 (
−α  ) ( π
2 )
−α 
=
2 3
3
(
r2 − r13 cosα )
π  π 
and Σ A =  − α  r22 −  − α  r12
2  2 
π 
=  − α  r22 − r12
 2 
( )
Now Y Σ A = Σ yA
 π   2 3
(
Y  − α  r22 − r12  =
 2   3
)
r2 − r13 cos α ( )
2 r23 − r13 cos α
Y =
3 r22 − r12 π2 − α
1
Using Figure 5.8B, Y of an arc of radius ( r1 + r2 ) is
2
Y =
1 sin − α
( r1 + r2 ) π 2
(π )
2 2
−α ( )
1 cos α
= (r1 + r2 ) π (1)
2 2 (
−α )
Now
r23 − r13
=
(
( r2 − r1 ) r22 + r1 r2 + r12 )
r22 − r12 ( r2 − r1 )( r2 + r1 )
r22 + r1 r2 + r12
=
r2 + r1
Let r2 = r + ∆
r1 = r − ∆
1
Then r = ( r1 + r2 )
2
2 2
and
r23 − r13
=
( r + ∆ ) + ( r + ∆ )( r − ∆ ) + ( r − ∆ )
2
r2 − r1 2
(r + ∆) + (r − ∆)
3r 2 + ∆ 2
=
2r
In the limit as ∆ → 0 (i.e., r1 = r2 ), then
r23 − r13 3
2 2
= r
r2 − r1 2
3 1
= × (r1 + r2 )
2 2
2 3 cos α 1 cos α
so that Y = × ( r1 + r2 ) π or Y = ( r1 + r2 ) π !
3 4 2
−α 2 2
−α
Which agrees with Eq. (1).
A,in 2 x ,in. xA,in 3

1 27 8.1962 221.30
2 15.5885 3.4641 54.000
3 −18.8495 3.8197 −71.999
Σ 23.739 203.30
ΣxA 203.30
Then X = = or X = 8.56 in.
ΣA 23.739
and by symmetry Y =0

1
1 ( 240 )(150 ) = 18 000 160 50 2 880 000 900 000
2
1 3 3
2 − ( 240 )(150 ) = 12 000 ( 240 ) = 180 (150 ) = 45 −2160000 −540 000
3 4 10
Σ 6000 720 000 360 000
ΣxA 720000
ΣA 6000
ΣyA 360000
Y = = mm or Y = 60.0 mm
ΣA 6000
1 (18)(8) = 144 −3 4 − 432 576

1
2 ( 6 )( 9 ) = 27 2 −3 54 −81
2
π
3 (12 )( 9 ) = 84.823 −5.0930 −3.8197 − 432.00 − 324.00
4
Σ 255.82 −810.00 171.00
ΣxA −810.00
Then X = = in. or X = − 3.17 in.
ΣA 255.82
ΣyA 171.00
Y = = in. or Y = 0.668 in.
ΣA 255.82
First, by symmetry X = 90 mm
A, mm 2 y , mm yA, mm3
1 (180 )(120 ) = 21 600 60 1 296 000

π 4 × 120
2 − ( 90 )(120 ) = − 8482.3 120 − = 69.070 −585 870
4 3π
π 4 × 120
3 − ( 90 )(120 ) = − 8482.3 120 − = 69.070 −585 870
4 3π
Σ 4635.4 124 260
ΣyA 124 260

Y = = or Y = 26.8 mm
ΣA 4635.4

1 18 240 −4 12 72 960 218 880
2 −1920 − 56 54 107520 −103 680
3 − 4071.5 − 41.441 − 41.441 168 731 186 731
Σ 12 248.5 −134171 −53 531.1
ΣxA −134171
Then X = = or X = −10.95 mm
ΣA 12 248.5
ΣyA −53 531
and Y = = or Y = − 43.7 mm
ΣA 12 248.5

\

2
1 ( 200 )( 200 ) = 26 667 75 70 2 000 000 1866 690
3
2
2 − (100 )( 50 ) = − 3333.3 37.5 − 20 −125 000 66 666
3
Σ 23 334 1875 000 1 933 360
ΣxA 1875 000

ΣA 23 334
ΣyA 1 933 360

Y = = mm or Y = 82.9 mm
ΣA 23 334
Locate first Y :
Note that the origin of the X axis is at the bottom of the whole area.
A, in 2 y , in. yA, in 3
1 8 × 15 = 120 7.5 900
2 − 4 × 10 = − 40 8 − 320
Σ 80 580
ΣyA 580
Then Y = = = 7.2500 in.
ΣA 80
Now, to find the first moment of each area about the x-axis:
Area I:
7.75 5.75
QI = ΣyA = (8 × 7.75) +  − ( 4 × 5.75 )  , or QI = 174.125 in 3 !
2 2 
Area II:
7.75 4.25
QII = ΣyA = − (8 × 7.25) −  − ( 4 × 4.25 )  , or QII = −174.125 in 3 !
2 2 
Note that Q( area ) = QI + QII = 0 which is expected as y = 0 and Q( area ) = yA since x is a centroidal axis.
A, mm 2 y , mm yA, mm3
1 (80 )( 20 ) = 1600 90 144 000
2 ( 20 )(80 ) = 1600 40 64 000
Σ 3200 208 000
ΣyA 208 000

Then Y = = = 65.000 mm
ΣA 3200
Now, for the first moments about the x-axis:
Area I
QI = ΣyA = 25 ( 80 × 20 ) + 7.5 ( 20 × 15 ) = 42 250 mm3 , or QI = 42.3 × 103 mm3 !
Area II
QII = ΣyA = − 32.5 ( 20 × 65 ) = 42 250 mm3 , or QII = 42.3 × 103 mm3 !
Note that Q( area ) = QI + QII = 0 which is expected as y = 0 and Q( area ) = yA since x is a centroidal axis.
(a) With Qx = Σ yA and using Fig. 5.8 A,
(
 2 r sin π − θ  )
Qx =  3 π 2
 − θ 
(
  r 2 π2 − θ  −
 ) ( 32 r sin θ )  12 × 2r cos θ × r sin θ 
 2 
2
(
= r 3 cos θ − cos θ sin 2 θ
3
)
2 3
or Qx = r cos3 θ
3
(b) By observation, Qx is maximum when θ =0
2 3
and then Qx = r
3
From the problem statement: F is proportional to Qx . Therefore:
FA FB
= , or
( Qx ) A ( Qx )B
( Qx )B
FB = F
( Qx ) A A
For the first moments:
 12 
( Qx ) A =  225 +  ( 300 × 12 ) = 831 600 mm3
 2
 12 
( Qx )B = ( Qx ) A + 2  225 −  ( 48 × 12 ) + 2 ( 225 − 30 )(12 × 60 ) = 1 364 688 mm 3
 2
1364688
Then FB = ( 280 N ) , or FB = 459 N
831600
Because the wire is homogeneous, its center of gravity will coincide with the centroid for the
corresponding line.
L, mm x , mm y , mm xL, mm 2 yL, mm 2
1 400 200 0 80 000 0
2 300 400 150 120 000 45 000
3 600 100 300 60 000 180 000
4 150 − 200 225 − 30 000 33 750
5 200 −100 150 − 20 000 30 000
6 150 0 75 0 11 250
Σ 1800 210 000 300 000
ΣxL 210 000

Then X = = = 116.667 mm or X = 116.7 mm
ΣL 1800
ΣyL 300 000
and Y = = = 166.667 mm or Y = 166.7 mm
ΣL 1800
L, in. x , in. y , in. xL, in 2 y , in 2

1 19 9.5 0 180.5 0
2 15 14.5 6 217.5 90
3 4 10 10 40 40
4 10 5 8 50 80
5 8 0 4 0 32
Σ 56 488 242
ΣxL 488
Then X = = or X = 8.71 in.
ΣL 56
ΣyA 242
and Y = = or Y = 4.32 in.
ΣA 56
Because the wire is homogeneous, its center of gravity will coincide with the centroid for the
corresponding line.
1 600 75 0 45 000 0
2 187.5 112.5 81 998 49 199
3752 + 2252 = 437.32
3 π 2 2 − 50 625 50 625
( 225) − ( 225) ( 225)
2 π π
Σ 1390.75 76 373 99 824
ΣxL 76 373
ΣL 1390.75
ΣyL 99 824
and Y = = or Y = 71.8 mm
ΣL 1390.75
1 75 37.5 0 2812.5 0
2 150 0 75 0 11 250
3 (150 )π = 471.24 95.492 0 45 000 0
4 75 0 −112.5 0 − 8437.5
5 π 47.746 − 47.746 5625.0 − 5625.0

( 75) = 117.81
2
Σ 889.05 53 437 − 2812.5
ΣxL 53 437
Then X = = , or X = 60.1 mm
ΣL 889.05
ΣyA − 2812.5
and Y = = or Y = − 3.16 mm
ΣA 889.05
From Figure 5.8 b:
r =
( 20 in.) sin 30° =
60
in.
π π
6
Note also that triangle ABO is equilateral, where O is the origin of the coordinate system in the
figure.
For equilibrium:
  60  
(a) ΣM A = 0:  20 in. −  in.  cos 30° (1.75 lb ) − ( 20 in.) sin 60° TBC = 0
 π  
Solving for TBC :
TBC = 0.34960 lb or TBC = 0.350 lb
(b) ΣFx = 0: Ax + ( 0.34960 lb ) cos 60° = 0
Ax = − 0.174800 lb
ΣFx = 0: Ay − 1.75 lb + ( 0.34960 lb ) sin 60° = 0
Ay = 1.44724 lb
Therefore:
A = 1.458 lb 83.1°
The wire supported only by the pin at B is a two-force body. For equilibrium the center of gravity
of the wire must lie directly under B. Also, because the wire is homogeneous the center of gravity
will coincide with the centroid. In other words, x = 0, or ΣxL = 0.
2 (150 mm )  200 mm   150 mm 

ΣxL = − π (150 mm )  +   ( 200 mm ) +  200 mm − cosθ  (150 mm )
π  2   2 
or
5000
cosθ =
11250
or θ = 63.6°
The wire supported only by the pin at B is a two-force body. For equilibrium the center of gravity
of the wire must lie directly under B. Also, because the wire is homogeneous the center of gravity
will coincide with the centroid. In other words, x = 0, or ΣxL = 0.
2 (150 mm )  200 mm   150 mm 

ΣxL = − π (150 mm )  +   ( 200 mm ) +  200 mm − cosθ  (150 mm )
π  2   2 
or
l 2 + 300l − 197602 = 0.
Solving for l : l = 319.15, and l = − 619.15, and discarding the negative root
l = 319 mm
The centroid coincides with the center of gravity because the wire is homogeneous.
L x xL
1 r r r2
− −
2 2
2 2θ r r sin θ − 2r 2 sin θ
−
θ
3 l l l2
2 2
ΣxL
Then X = = 0 ⇒ ΣxL = 0 and
ΣL
r2 l2
− − 2r 2 sin θ + = 0, or l = r 1 + 4sin θ
2 2
(a) θ = 15° :
l = r 1 + 4sin15° or l = 1.427 r
(b) θ = 60° :
l = r 1 + 4sin 60° or l = 2.11 r
ΣyA
Then y =
ΣA
a  (a + h) 
( ab ) −    kb ( a − h ) 
2  2 
or y =
ba − kb ( a − h )
1 a (1 − k ) + kh
2 2
=
2 a(1 − k ) + kh
h
Let c =1− k and ζ =
a
a c + kζ 2
Then y = (1)
2 c + kζ
Now find a value of ζ (or h) for which y is minimum:
a 2kζ ( c + kζ ) − k c + kζ
2
( )
dy
dζ
=
2 ( c + kζ ) 2
=0 or ( )
2ζ ( c + kζ ) − c + kζ 2 = 0 (2)
2 2 2
Expanding (2) 2cζ + 2ζ − c − kζ =0 or kζ + 2cζ − c = 0
− 2c ± ( 2c )2 − 4 ( k ) ( c )
Then ζ =
2k
Taking the positive root, since h > 0 (hence ζ > 0 )
2
− 2 (1 − k ) + 4 (1 − k ) + 4k (1 − k )
h=a
2k
2
− 2 (1 − 0.2 ) + 4 (1 − 0.2 ) + 4 ( 0.2 )(1 − 0.2 )
(a) k = 0.2: h=a or h = 0.472a !
2 ( 0.2 )
2
− 2 (1 − 0.6 ) + 4 (1 − 0.6 ) + 4 ( 0.6 )(1 − 0.6 )
(b) k = 0.6: h=a or h = 0.387a !
2 ( 0.6 )
From Problem 5.29, note that Eq. (2) yields the value of ζ that minimizes h.
Then from Eq. (2)
c + kζ 2
We see 2ζ = (3)
c + kζ
Then, replacing the right-hand side of (1) by 2ζ , from Eq. (3)
a
We obtain y = ( 2ζ)
2
h
But ζ=
a
So y =h Q.E.D.

\
h
Note that y1 = − x+h
a
h
= (a − x)
a
Choose the area element (EL) as
h
dA = ( h − y1 ) dx = xdx
a
a
h a h 1  1
Then A= ∫ 0
xdx =  x 2  = ah
a a  2 0 2
1
Now, noting that xEL = x, and yEL = ( h + y1 )
2
a
1 2 a h  2 1  2
x = ∫ xdA = ∫ x
0 
xdx  = 2  x3  = a
A ah a  a  3 0 3
2 h 1  2 1 a 2
y =
1 1
A 2    
(
∫ ( h + y1 ) dA = ah ∫ 0  2 ( h + y1 )  ( h − y1 ) dx  = ah  2  ∫ 0 h − y1 dx
2
)
A
1 a  2 h2 2 h  1  1  3 h 1  2
= ∫ 0 
h − 2 ( a − x )  dx =  x +   2  ( a − x )  =  a − a  = h
ah  a  a  3  a  0 a 3  3
2
Therefore: x = a!
3
2
y = h!
3
First determine k:
For x = a, y = 0 and therefore
( )
0 = h 1 − ka3 or k = a −3 , and therefore
 x3 
y = h 1 − 3 
 a 
Choosing an area element as in the figure:
y
xEL = x, yEL = , and dA = ydx
2
a
a a  x3   x4  3
A = ∫ dA = ∫ ydx = ∫
0
h 1
0 
− 3 dx = h  x − 3  = ah
 a   4a  0 4
a
a a  x4   x2 x5  3 2
∫ xEL dA = ∫ 0
xydx =∫ 0 
h x − 3  dx = b  − 3  = ab
 a  2 5a  0 10
2 a
a y  1 a 2 x3  b2 a  2 x3 x 6  b2  x4 x7  9
∫ EL
y dA = ∫0  2  ydx = ∫ 0 
h x − 3
 dx = ∫ 0  1 − 3
+ 6
 dx =  x − 3
+ 6
= ab 2
  2  a  2  a a  2  2a 7 a 0 28
Now
1 4 3a 2b 2
x = ∫ EL
x dA = = a
A 3ab 10 5
and
1 4 9ab 2 3
y = ∫ yEL dA = = b
A 3ab 28 7
2
Therefore: x = a
5
3
y = b
7
For the element (EL) shown

h
At x = a, y = h: h = k1a3 or k1 =
a3
a
a = k 2 h3 or k2 =
h3
Hence, on line 1
h 3
y = x
a3
and on line 2
h 1/3
y = x
a1/3
Then
 h h  1  h 1/3 h 3
dA =  1/3 x1/3 − 3 x3  dx and yEL =  1/3 x + 3 x 
a a  2 a a
a
h 1/3a h   3 1  1
∴ A = ∫ dA = ∫ 1/3
x − 3 x3  dx = h  1/3 x 4/3 − 3 x 4  = ah
0
a a   4a 4a 0 2
a
a  h 1/3 h   3 1  8 2
∫ xEL dA = ∫ x
0  1/3
x − 3 x3  dx = h  1/3 x 7/3 − 3 x5  = a h
a a   7a 5a  0 35
a  1 h 1/3 3 h 1/3 h 3 h

∫ yEL dA = ∫ 0 2  a1/3 x + a3 x  a1/3 x − a3 x  dx
  
a
h 2 a  x 2/3 x 6  h 2  3 x5/3 1 x 6  8 2
= ∫ 0
−  dx =  −  = ah
2  a 2/3
a 
6
2  5 a5/3 7 a 6  35
0
 ah  8 2 16
From xA = ∫ xEL dA: x   = a h or x = a
 2  35 35
 ah  8 2 16
and yA = ∫ yEL dA: y   = ah or y = h
 2  35 35
Choose as an area element (EL) the shaded area shown:

π 
dA =  r  dr
2 
2r
xEL = and
π
r
r π  π 1  2 π 2
A = ∫r 2  r  dr =  r 2  =
1  2  2  2  r1 4
r2 − r12 ( )
Then
r
1 4 r2  2r   π  4 1 3 2 4 r23 − r13
x = ∫ EL
x dA = ∫   rdr  =  r  or x =
A ( )
π r22 − r12 r1  π   2 (
π r22 − r12  3  r1 ) 3π r22 − r12
4 r23 − r13
and by symmetry y =
3π r22 − r12
b b
Note that y1 = − x + b = ( a − x ) , and
a a
b 2
y2 = a − x2
a
Then for the shaded area element:
b 2
dA = ( y2 − y1 ) dx = a − x 2 − ( a − x )  dx and
a  
a
b 2 b  1   x  1 2
a − x 2 − ( a − x )  dx =   x a 2 − x 2 + a 2 sin −1    + ( a − x ) 
a
A = ∫ dA = ∫ 0
a 
 
 a  2   a  2  0
b  1 π 1 2  ab
=  × − a = (π − 2 )
a2 2 2  4
1
Noting that xEL = x, and that yEL = ( y1 + y2 ):
2
1 4 ab
∫ xELdA = ab π − 2 ∫ 0 a  x x − a − x ( a − x )dx
2 2
x =
A ( )
a
 21 3
 1 1   1  3
 1 1 
=
4
−   a2 − x2
ab (π − 2 )  3  2 
( ) 2 +  − ax 2 + x3  
 2 3  
=
4
a (π − 2 )  3 
2 ( )
  a 2 2 +  − a3 + a3 
 2 3  
0
2a
or x = !
3 (π − 2 )
continued
1 4 a 1 
0  ( 2
y = ∫ yEL dA = ∫ y + y1 )  ( y2 − y1 ) dx 
A ab (π − 2 )  2 
ab 2
2
b2
=
2
ab (π − 2 )
( 2 2
∫ y2 − y1 = ) 2
a 2 (π − 2 )
∫ 0  2 ( )
a2 − x2 − 2(
a − x )  dx
a a 
a
1 2 1 3
= 3
2b
a (π − 2 )
∫
a
0 (
2 ax − x 2 dx = 3 )
4b
a (π − 2 )
∫
a
0
ax − x 2 dx = 3
4b
(
a (π − 2 )  2
)
ax − x 
3 0
2b
or y = !
3 (π − 2 )
First note that symmetry implies x =0

y = R cos θ, x = R sin θ
dx = R cos θ d θ
dA = ydx = R 2 cos 2θ dθ
Hence
α
α  θ sin 2θ  1 2
A = ∫ dA = 2∫ 0 R 2 cos 2 θ dθ = 2R 2  +  = R ( 2α sin 2α )
2 4 0 2
α
1 2
∫ yEL dA = 2∫ 0
α R
2
( )  3 3

cosθ R 2 cos 2 θ dθ = R3  cos 2 θ sin θ + sin θ 
0
R3
=
3
(
cos 2 α sin α + 2sin α )
R3
3
(
cos 2 α sin α + 2sin α )
But yA = ∫ yEL dA so y =
R2
( 2α + sin 2α )
2
or
2
y = R sin α
(
cos 2 α + 2 )
3 ( 2α + sin 2α )
2 3 − sin 2 α
Alternatively, y = R sin α
3 2α + sin 2α
At x = 0, y = b
b
b = k (0 − a)
2
or k =
a2
b 2
2(
Then y= x − a)
a
y b
2(
x − a)
2
Now xEL = x, yEL = =
2 2a
b
and dA = ydx = ( x − a )2 dx
a2
b b  a 1
a 2 3
Then A = ∫ dA = ∫ 0 2 ( x − a ) dx = 
2  ( x − a ) 

= ab
a 3a 0 3
∫ xEL dA = ∫ 0 x  a 2 ( x − a ) dx  = a 2 ∫ 0 ( x − 2ax + a x )dx

a  b 2  b
a 3 2 2
and
 
b  x4 2 3 a2 2  1 2
=  − ax + x  = ab
a 2  4 3 2  12
a
a b 2 b 2  b2  1 5
2(
∫ yEL dA = ∫ 0 x − a )  2 ( x − a ) dx  = 4  (
x − a) 
2a a  2a  5 0
1 2
= ab
10
1  1 2 1
Hence xA = ∫ xEL dA: x  ab  = ab x = a
 3  12 4
1  1 2 3
yA = ∫ yEL dA: y  ab  = ab y = b
 3  10 10
For the element (EL) shown on line 1 at

b
x = a, b = k 2 a 2 or k2 =
a2
b 2
∴ y = x
a2
−2b
On line 2 at x = a, −2b = k1a3 or k2 =
a3
−2b 3
∴ y = x
a3
 b 2b 
dA =  2 x 2 + 3 x3  dx
a a 
a
b  a 2 x3  b  x3 2 x 4 
Then A = ∫ dA = ∫ 2  x 2 +  dx = 2  + 
a  0
x  a  3 4a 
0
1 1 5
= ab  +  = ab
3 2 6
a
a  b 2 2b 3  b  x 4 2 x5  2 1 2
and ∫ xEL dA = ∫ x
0  2
x + 3 x  dx = 2  +  = a b  + 
a a  a  4 5a 0  4 5 
13 2
= ab
20
a1 b 2 2b 3   b 2 2b 3  
∫ yEL dA = ∫ 0 2  a 2 x − a3 x   a 2 x + a3 x  dx 
    
a
2 2
1  b 2 
a  2b  b 2  x5 2 
=∫ 0
 2 x  −  3 x 3   dx = 4
 − 2 x 7 
2  a  a   2a  5 7a 0
 1 2 13
= b 2a5  −  = − ab 2
 10 7  70
 5  13 2 39
Then xA = ∫ xEL dA: x  ab  = ab or x = a
 6  20 50
 5  13 2 39
yA = ∫ yEL dA: y  ab  − ab or y = − b
 6  70 175
Using the area element shown:

y
xEL = x, yEL = , and dA = ydx
2
L
L  x x2   x 2 2 x3  5
A = ∫ dA = ∫ h 1
0 
+ − 2 2  dx = h  x + − 2
= hL
 L L   2L 3 L  0 6
L
L  x x2  L x2 x3   x 2 1 x3 2 x 4  1 2
∫ xEL dA = ∫ 0 xh 1 + L − 2 L2  dx = h∫ 0  x + L − 2 L2  dx = h  2 + 3 L − 4 L2  = 3 hL
     0
2
1 2 h2 L  x x2  h2 L  x2 x4 x x2 x3 
∫ yEL dA = 2 ∫ y dx = 2 ∫ 0 1 + L − 2 L2  dx = 2 ∫ 0 1 + L2 + 4 L4 + 2 L − 4 L2 − 4 L3  dx
   
L
h2  x3 4 x5 x 2 4 x3 x 4  4 2
= x + 2 + 4 + − 2 − 3 = h L
2  3L 5L L 3L L  0 10
Now
1 6 1 2 2
x = ∫ xEL dA = 5hL  3 hL  = 5 L and
A  
1 6  4 2  12
y = ∫ yEL dA = 5hL  10 h L  = 25 h
A  
2
Therefore: x = L
5
12
y = h
25
Note that y1 = 0 at x = a, or
( )
0 = 2b 1 − ka 2 , i.e. k =
1
a2
− 3b
Also, note that the slope of y2 is and y2 = 0 at x = 2a. Therefore
a
3b
y2 = ( 2a − x ) .
a
Pick the area element dA ( EL ) such that:
for 0 ≤ x ≤ a
1
dA = ( 3b − y1 ) dx, and xEL = x, yEL = ( 3b + y1 )
2
and for a ≤ x ≤ 2a
1
dA = y2 dx, and xEL = x, yEL = y2
2
Then:
a 
2a

2b
a 
( 2 a 3b
A = ∫ dA = ∫ 0 ( 3b − y1 ) dx + ∫a y2dx = ∫ 0 3b − 2 a 2 − x 2  dx + ∫a
a
a
)
( 2a − x ) dx =
2a
a
a 2b  2 a 3b
( 2a − x ) dx = b  x + 2 x3  +  −  ( 2a − x )2
2 3b 1
∫0
+ 2 x 2 dx + ∫a
b =
 a  a  3a 0 a  2
a
continued
 2  3b  19
− ( 2a − a )  =
2
ab 1 +  −  ab
 3  2 a   6
Now for the centroid:
1 6  a  2 2 3b 2a 
x =
A
∫ xdA = 19ab b∫ 0 x 1 + a 2 x  dx + a ∫a x ( 2a − x ) dx  =
   
6  1 2
a 2a 
6  1 1  1 
 x + 2 x 4  +  ax 2 − x3  
1 3 1 8
=  =   +  + 3  4 − − 1 + 
19a  2 2a 0 a 3 a  19  2 2   3 3 

18
or x = a!
19
6  a1
( 3b + y1 )( 3b − y1 ) dx + ∫ a2a y2 y2dx 
1 1
y =
A
∫ yEL dA =  ∫
19ab  2 0
2 
1 6  a1 2a 1 2 
= ∫
2 19ab  0 2
( )
9b 2 − y12 dx + ∫ a
2
y2 dx  =

1 6  a 1  2 4b 2 2 2 
2 
( 2a 9b
)
2 2
=  ∫ 0 9b − 4 a − x  dx + ∫a 2 ( 2a − x ) dx 
2 19ab  2  a  a 
3b  a  8 4  2a 9 2 
=  ∫ 0
5 + 2 x 2 − 4 x 4  dx + ∫ a 2 ( 2a − x ) dx 
19a   a a  a 
3b  2a 
a
 5 x + 2 x3 − 4 x5  + 2  −  ( 2a − x ) 
8 4 9 1 3
=
19a  3a 5a 0 a  3 a 
 
3b  8 4 3
=   5 + −  + 3 (1) 
19  3 5 
148
y = b!
95
a
For y2 at x = a, y = b : a = kb2 or k =
b2
b 1/2
Then y2 = x
a
Now xEL = x
a y b x1/2 x1/2
and for 0≤ x≤ : yEL = 2 = , dA = y2dx = b dx
2 2 2 a a
a 1 b  x 1 x1/2 
For ≤ x ≤ a : yEL = ( y1 + y2 ) =  − + 
2 2 2a 2 a 
 x1/2 x 1 
dA = ( y2 − y1 ) dx = b  − +  dx
 a a 2
a/2 x1/2 a  x1/2 x 1 

Then A = ∫ dA = ∫ 0 b dx + ∫a/2 b  − +  dx
a  a a 2
a/2 a
b  2 3/2   2 x3/2 x2 1 
=  x  + b − + x
a 3 0 3 a 2a 2  a/2
2 b  a  a 
3/2 3/2
3/2
=   + ( a ) −   
3 a  2   2  

 1  a  1
2
 a  
( )
+ b  −  a 2 −    + ( a ) −    
 2a   2   2   2  

13
= ab
24
a/2  x
1/2  a   x1/2 x 1  
and ∫ EL
x dA = ∫0  x  b dx  + ∫ x  b − +   dx
 a  a/2   a a 2  
a/2 a
b  2 5/2   2 x5/2 x3 x 4 
= 5 x  + b  − + 
a  0 5 a 3a 4  a/2
continued
2 b  a  a 
5/2 5/2
5/2
=   + ( a ) −   
5 a  2   2  
2 
 1  3  a   1  2  a   
3
+ b  − ( a ) −    + ( a ) −    
 3a   2   4   2   

71 2
= ab
240
a/2 b x1/2  x1/2 
∫ yEL dA = ∫ 0 2 b dx 
a a 
a b x 1 x1/2    x1/2 x 1  
+ ∫ a/2  − +  b  − +  dx 
2a 2 a    a a 2  
a
b 2  x 2 1  x 1  
a/2 3
b2  1 2 
= x +   −  −  
2a  2  0 2  2a 3a  a 2   
  a/2
b  a   a   b2  a 1 
2 2 3
2
=   + ( a ) −    −  − 
4a  2   2   6a  2 2 
11 2
= ab
48
 13  71 2 17
Hence xA = ∫ xEL dA: x  ab  = ab x = a = 0.546a !
 24  240 130
 13  11 2 11
yA = ∫ yEL dA: y  ab  = ab y = b = 0.423b !
 24  48 26
First note that because the wire is homogeneous, its center of gravity
coincides with the centroid of the corresponding line
Now xEL = r cos θ and dL = rd θ
7π /4 7π /4 3
Then L = ∫ dL = ∫π /4 rdθ = r [θ ]π /4 = πr
2
7π /4
and ∫ xEL dL = ∫π /4 r cosθ ( rdθ )
7π /4  1 1 
= r 2 [sin θ ]π /4 = r 2  − − 2
 = −r 2
 2 2
3  2 2
Thus xL = ∫ xdL : x  π r  = −r 2 2 x =− r
2  3π
SOLUTION 5.43 CONTINUED
( ) ( −x )
dy 1/2
Then = a 2/3 − x 2/3 −1/3
dx
Now xEL = x
2 1/2
 2
 dy 
( ) ( −x ) 
 1/2 
and dL = 1 +   dx = 1 +  a 2/3 − x 2/3 −1/3
  dx
 dx    
a
a a1/3 3  3
Then L = ∫ dL = ∫ 0 1/ 3
dx = a1/3  x 2/3  = a
x 2 0 2
1/3 a
a a  1/3  3 5/3  3 2
and ∫ EL
x dL = ∫ 0  x1/3 
x  dx  = a 5 x  = 5a
   0
3  3 2
Hence xL = ∫ xEL dL : x  a  = a 2 x = a
2  5 5
Now xEL = a cos3 θ and dL = dx 2 + dy 2
Where x = a cos3 θ : dx = −3a cos2 θ sin θ dθ
y = a sin 3 θ : dy = 3a sin 2 θ cosθ dθ

1/2

( ) + (3a sin θ cosθ dθ ) 
2 2
Then dL =  −3a cos 2 θ sin θ dθ 2

( )
1/2
= 3a cosθ sin θ cos 2 θ + sin 2 θ dθ
= 3a cosθ sin θ dθ
π /2
π /2 1 
∴ L = ∫ dL = ∫0 3a cosθ sin θ dθ = 3a  sin 2 θ 
2 0
3
= a
2
π /2
∫ xELdL = ∫0 a cos θ ( 3a cosθ sin θ dθ )
3
and
π /2
 1  3 2
= 3a  − cos5 θ 
2
= a
 5 0 5
3  3 2
Hence xL = ∫ xEL dL : x  a  = a 2 x = a !
2  5 5
Alternative solution
2/3
 x
x = a cos3 θ ⇒ cos 2 θ =  
 a
2/3
 y
y = a sin 3 θ ⇒ sin 2 θ =  
 a
2/3 2/3
 x  y
( )
3/2
∴   +  =1 or y = a 2/3 − x 2/3
a a
dy
( ) ( −x )
1/2
−1/3
Then = a 2/3 − x 2/3
dx
Now xEL = x
1/2
 dy 
2  2


( ) ( −x ) 
1/2
−1/3
and dL = 1 +   dx = 1 +  a 2/3 − x 2/3   dx
 dx    
a
a a1/3 3  3
Then L = ∫ dL = ∫ 0 1/ 3
dx = a1/3  x 2/3  = a
x 2 0 2
a
a a 
1/3
1/3  3 5/3  3 2
and ∫ EL
x dL = ∫ 0  x1/3 
x  dx  = a 5 x  = 5a
   0
3  3 2
Hence xL = ∫ xEL dL : x  a  = a 2 x = a !
2  5 5
1
Have at x = a, y = a : a = ka 2 or k =
a
1 2 2
Thus y = x and dy = xdx
a a
2 2
 dy  2 
Then dL = 1 +   dx = 1 +  x  dx
 dx  a 
a
4 x 4x2 a 2 4x2 
a
∴ L = ∫ dL = ∫ 1 + 2 x 2 dx =  1 + 2 + ln  x + 1 + 2 
0
a 2 a 4 a a 
  0
=
a
2
a
(
5 + ln 2 + 5 = 1.4789a
4
)
a
a
 4x2   2  a2   4
3/2
 
∫ xEL dL = ∫ x
0 
1 + 2 dx  =    1 + 2 x 2  
a   3  8  a  
   0
a 2 3/2
=
12
( )
5 − 1 = 0.8484a 2
Then xL = ∫ xEL dL: x (1.4789a ) = 0.8484a 2 x = 0.574a
1 πx
Have xEL = x, yEL = x sin
2 L
and dA = ydx
L/2
L/2 πx  L2 πx L πx L2
A = ∫ dA = ∫0 x sin dx =  2 sin − x cos  =
L π L π L 0 π2
L/2  πx 
and x = ∫ xEL dA = ∫0 x  x sin dx 
 L 
L/2
 2 L2  π x  2 L3  π x  L 2  π x  L3 L3
=  2 x sin   + 3 cos   − x sin   = −2
π  L  π  L  π  L  0 π2 π3
L/2 1 πx πx 
Also y = ∫ yEL dA = ∫0 x sin  x sin dx 
2 L  L 
L/2
1  2 L2 πx  L 2 L3  πx
=  2 x sin −  x − 3  cos 
2  π L π π  L 
0
1  1  L3  L2  L   L3
=    − 2 
2  6  8  4π  2 
 ( −1)  =
 96π
2
6 + π2 ( )
 L2   1 z 
Hence xA = ∫ xEL dA: x  2  = L3  2 − 3 
π  π π 
or x = 0.363L !
 L2  L3  1 2 
yA = ∫ yEL dA: y  2  = 2 2
− 3
 π  96π  π π 
or y = 0.1653L !
First note that by symmetry y = 0.
Using the area element shown in the figure,
2 2
xEL = r cosθ = R cos 2θ cosθ
3 3
1 2 1
dA = r dθ = R 2 cos 2 2θ dθ
2 2
π π π
1 1
A = ∫ dA = R 2 ∫ 4π cos 2 θ dθ = R 2 ∫ 04 cos 2 θ dθ = R 2 ∫ 04 (1 + cos 4θ ) dθ
2 − 2
4
π
1  1 4 1
= R 2 θ + sin 4θ  = π R 2
2  4 0 8
π π
 2  2 21  2 3 2
∫ xEL dA = ∫−4π  3 R cos 2θ cosθ  2 R cos 2θ dθ  = 3 R ∫ 04 cos 2θ cosθ dθ
ρ
  
π π
2 3 4 2 3 4
( ) ( )
3
= R ∫ 0 1 − 2sin 2 θ cosθ dθ = R ∫ 0 1 − 6sin 2 θ + 12sin 4 θ − 8sin 6 θ cosθ dθ
3 3
π
2  12 8 4
= R3 sin θ − 2sin 3 θ + sin 5 θ − sin 7 θ 
3  5 7 0
2 3 2 2 12 1 8 1  16 2 3
= R 1− + − = R
3 2  2 5 4 7 8  105
Now:
1 8  16 2 3  128 2
x= ∫ xEL dA = 2
 R  = R
A π R  105  105π
or x = 0.549 R
y =0
From the solution to problem 5.2:
A = 134 in 2 , ΣxA = 1102 in 3, ΣyA = 536 in 3
and from the solution of problem 5.22
L = 56 in., and ΣxL = 488 in 2
Applying the theorems of Pappus-Guldinus, we have

(a) Rotation about the x-axis:
(
Volume = 2π yarea A = 2πΣyA = 2π 536 in 3 = 3367.8 in 3 ) or V = 1.949 ft 3
Area = 2π ylength L = 2πΣyL = 2π 6 (15 ) + 10 ( 4 ) + 8 (10 ) + 4 (18 )  = 1520.53 in 2
or A = 10.56 ft 2
(b) Rotation about x = 19 in.:
(
Volume = 2π (19 − xarea ) A = 2π (19 A − ΣxA ) = 2π (19 in ) 134 in 2 − 1102 in 3 
  )
= 9072.9 in 3 or V = 5.25 ft 3
Area = 2π (19 − xline ) L = 2π (19L − ΣxL ) = 2π (19 in.)( 56 in.) − 488 in 2 
= 3619.1 in 2
or A = 25.1 ft 2
From the solution to problem 5.4:

A = 772 in 2 , ΣxA = 17828 in 3 , ΣyA = 18464 in 3 ( Area )
and for the line
L x y xL yL
1 13 27.5 0 357.5 0
2 40 34 20 1360 800
3 34 17 40 578 1360
4 10.5 28 334.85 892.92
212 + 242 = 31.890
5 16 21 8 336 128
Σ 134.89 2966.4 3180.9
(a) ( )
V = 2π xarea A = 2πΣxA = 2π 17828 in 3 = 112 017 in 3 or V = 64.8 ft 3 !
( )
A = 2π xline L = 2πΣxL = 2π 2966.4 in 2 = 18 638.1 in 2 or A = 129.4 ft 2 !
continued
(b)
V = 2π ( 40 − yarea ) A = 2π ( 40 A − ΣyA )
( )
= 2π ( 40 in.) 772 in 2 − 18 464 in 3  = 78 012 in 3
 
or V = 45.1 ft 3 !
A = 2π ( yline ) y = 40 L = − 2π ΣL ( y − 40 )  = − 2π ( ΣLy − 40ΣL )
= − 2π ( 3180.9 − 40 × 134.89 ) = 13 915.3 in 2
or A = 96.6 ft 2 !
From the solution of Problem 5.1:
A = 150000 mm 2 , x A = 140 mm, y A = 165 mm
From the solution of Problem 5.21:

L = 1800 mm, xL = 116.667 mm, yL = 166.667 mm

(a) Rotation about the x-axis:
Ax = 2π yL L = 2π (166.667 mm )(1800 mm ) = 1884 960 mm 2
or A = 1.885 × 106 mm 2
( )
Vx = 2π y A = 2π (165 mm ) 150 000 mm 2 = 155 509 000 mm 3
or V = 155.5 × 106 mm3

(b) Rotation about x = 400 mm:
Ax = 400 mm = 2π ( 400 mm − xL ) L = 2π ( 400 − 116.667 ) mm  (1800 mm ) = 3 204 420 mm 2
or A = 3.20 × 106 mm 2
(
Vx = 2π ( 400 mm − x A ) A = 2π ( 400 − 140 ) mm  150 000 mm 2 = 245 040 000 mm 3)
or V = 245 × 106 mm3
Applying the second theorem of Pappus-Guldinus, we have
(a) Rotation about axis AA′:
 π ab 
Volume = 2π yA = 2π ( a )  2 2
=π a b V = π 2a 2b
 2 
(b) Rotation about axis BB′:
 π ab 
Volume = 2π yA = 2π ( 2a )  2 2
 = 2π a b V = 2π 2a 2b
 2 
(c) Rotation about y-axis:
 4a  π ab  2 2 2 2
Volume = 2π yA = 2π    = πa b V = πa b
 3π  2  3 3
The area A and circumference C of the cross section of the bar are
π
A= d 2 and C = π d .
4
Also, the semicircular ends of the link can be obtained by rotating the cross section through a
horizontal semicircular arc of radius R. Now, applying the theorems of Pappus-Guldinus, we have
for the volume V:
V = 2 (Vside ) + 2 (V end ) = 2 ( AL ) + 2 (π RA) = 2 ( L + π R ) A
π 2
or V = 2 3 in. + π ( 0.75 in.)   ( 0.5 in.)  = 2.1034 in 3 or V = 2.10 in 3
 4 
For the area A:
A = 2 ( Aside ) + 2 ( Aend ) = 2 ( CL ) + 2 (π RC ) = 2 ( L + π R ) C
or A = 2 3 in. + π ( 0.75 in.)  π ( 0.5 in.)  = 16.8270 in 2 or A = 16.83 in 2
Following the second theorem of Pappus-Guldinus, in each case a

specific generating area A will be rotated about the x axis to produce the
given shape. Values of y are from Fig. 5.8A.
(1) Hemisphere: the generating area is a quarter circle
 4a  π 
Have V = 2π yA = 2π   a 2 
 3π  4 
2 3
or V = πa !
3
(2) Semiellipsoid of revolution: the generating area is a quarter ellipse
 4a  π 
Have V = 2π yA = 2π   ha 
 3π  4 
2 2
or V = πa h!
3
(3) Paraboloid of revolution: the generating area is a quarter parabola
 3  2 
Have V = 2π yA = 2π  a  ah 
 8  3 
1 2
or V = πa h!
2
(4) Cone: the generating area is a triangle
 a  1 
Have V = 2π yA = 2π   ha 
 3  2 
1 2
or V = πa h!
3
The required volume can be generated by rotating the area shown about the y axis. Applying the second
theorem of Pappus-Guldinus, we have
 5   1 
V = 2π xA = 2π  + 7.5  mm  ×  × 5 mm × 5 mm 
 3    2 
or V = 720 mm3
Applying the first theorem of Pappus-Guldinus, the contact area AC of a belt is given by:
AC = π yL = π ΣyL
where the individual lengths are the lengths of the belt cross section that are in contact with the
pulley.
(a)
  0.125    0.125 in.  

AC = π  2 ( y1L1 ) + y2 L2  = π  2  3 −  in.   + ( 3 − 0.125 ) in. ( 0.625 in.) 
  2    cos 20°  
or AC = 8.10 in 2
(b)
 0.375    0.375 in. 

AC = π  2 ( y1L1 )  = 2π  3 − 0.08 −  in.  
 2    cos 20° 
or AC = 6.85 in 2
(c)
 2 ( 0.25 )  
AC = π  2 ( y1L1 )  = π  3 −  in. π ( 0.25 in.) 
 π   
or AC = 7.01 in 2
Volume:
The volume can be obtained by rotating the triangular area shown through π radians about the y
axis.
The area of the triangle is:
1
A= ( 52 )( 60 ) = 1560 mm2
2
(
V = π xA = π ( 52 mm ) 1560 mm 2 ) or V = 255 × 103 mm3 !
The surface area can be obtained by rotating the triangle shown through an angle of π radians about
the y axis.
Considering each line BD, DE, and BE separately:

22
Line BD : L1 = 222 + 602 = 63.906 mm x1 = 20 + = 31 mm
2
Line DE : L2 = 52 mm x2 = 20 + 22 + 26 = 68 mm
74
Line BE : L3 = 742 + 602 = 95.268 mm x1 = 20 + = 57 mm
2
continued
Then applying the theorems of Pappus-Guldinus for the part of the surface area generated by the
lines:
AL = πΣxA = π ( 31)( 63.906 ) + ( 68 )( 52 ) + ( 57 )( 95.268 )  = π [10947.6] = 34.392 × 103 mm 2
The area of the “end triangles”:
1 
AE = 2  ( 52 )( 60 )  = 3.12 × 103 mm 2
2 
Total surface area is therefore:
A = AL + AE = ( 34.392 + 3.12 ) × 103 mm 2 or A = 37.5 × 103 mm 2 !
The mass of the escutcheon is given by m = ( density )V , where V is the volume. V can be
generated by rotating the area A about the x-axis.
From the figure:

L1 = 752 − 12.52 = 73.9510 m
37.5
L2 = = 76.8864 mm
tan 26°
a = L2 − L1 = 2.9354 mm
12.5
φ = sin −1 = 9.5941°
75
26° − 9.5941°
α= = 8.2030° = 0.143168 rad
2
Area A can be obtained by combining the following four areas:
Applying the second theorem of Pappus-Guldinus and using Figure 5.8 a, we have
V = 2π yA = 2π ΣyA
continued
Seg A, mm 2 y , mm y A , mm3
.
1 1 1 18 020.1
( 76.886 )( 37.5) = 1441.61 ( 37.5) = 12.5
2 3
2 2
− α ( 75 ) = − 805.32 2 ( 75) sin α −12 265.3
sin (α + φ ) = 15.2303
3α
3 1 1 −1925.81
− ( 73.951)(12.5) = − 462.19 (12.5) = 4.1667
2 3
4 − ( 2.9354 )(12.5 ) = − 36.693 1 − 229.33

(12.5) = 6.25
2
Σ 3599.7
Then
(
V = 2π ΣyA = 2π 3599.7 mm3 = 22618 mm3 )
m = ( density )V
( )(
= 8470 kg/m3 22.618 × 10−6 m3 )
= 0.191574 kg
or m = 191.6 g !
The volume of the waste wood is:

Vwaste = Vblank − Vtop , where
2
Vblank = π ( 22 in.) (1.25 in.) = 1900.664 in 3
Vtop = V1 + V2 + V3 + V4
The volumes Vi can be obtained through the use of the theorem of Pappus-Guldinus:
2 2
Vtop = π ( 21.15 in.) ( 0.75 in.)  + π ( 21.4 in.) ( 0.5 in.) 
   
  ( 4 )( 0.5)  in. × π 0.5 in. 2  + 2π   21.15 + ( 4 )( 0.75)  in. × π 0.75 in. 2 

+ 2π   21.4 +   ( )     ( )
  3π   4    3π   4 
= (1053.979 + 719.362 + 26.663 + 59.592 ) in 3 = 1859.596 in 3
Therefore
Vwaste = 1900.664 in 3 − 1859.596 in 3
= 41.068 in 3
Then
Wwaste = γ woodVwaste N tops
( )( )
= 0.025 lb/in 3 41.068 in 3 ( 5000 tops )
= 5133.5 lb,or
Vwaste = 5.13 kips
The total surface area can be divided up into the top circle, bottom circle, and the edge.
ATotal = ATop circle + ABottom circle + AEdge,or
2 2
ATotal = π ( 21.4 in.)  + π ( 21.15 in.) 
   
  2 ( 0.5 )   π    2 ( 0.75 )   π 
+  2π  21.4 +  in. × ( 0.5 in.)  +  2π  21.15 +  in. × ( 0.75 in.) 
  π   2    π   2 
= (1438.72 + 1405.31 + 107.176 + 160.091)
= 3111.3 in 2
Now, knowing that 1 gallon of lacquer covers 500 ft2, the number of gallons needed, NGallons is
N Gallons = ASurface × coverage × ( number of tops ) × ( number of coats )
1 Gallon
N Gallons = 3111.3 in 2 × × 5000 × 3
( 500 ) (144 in 2 )
= 648.19 gal
or N Gallons = 648
The mass of the lamp shade is given by
m = ρV = ρ At
where A is the surface area and t is the thickness of the shade. The area can be generated by rotating the line
shown about the x axis. Applying the first theorem of Pappus-Guldinus we have
A = 2π yL = 2πΣyL = 2π ( y1L1 + y2 L2 + y3L3 + y4 L4 )
 13 mm 13 + 16 
or A = 2π  (13 mm ) +   mm × ( 32 mm )2 + ( 3 mm )2
 2  2 
 16 + 28   28 + 33  
+  mm × (8 mm )2 + (12 mm )2 +  mm × ( 28 mm )2 + ( 5 mm )2 
 2   2  
= 2π ( 84.5 + 466.03 + 317.29 + 867.51) = 10903.4 mm 2
Then ( )(
m = ρ At = 2800 kg/m 3 10.9034 × 10−3 m 2 ( 0.001 m ) )
or m = 30.5 g
Free-Body Diagram:
First note that the required surface area A can be generated by rotating the
parabolic cross section through 2π radians about the x axis. Applying the
first theorem of Pappus-Guldinus, we have
A = 2π yL
2
Now, since x = ky , 2
at x = a : a = k ( 7.5 )
or
a = 56.25 k (1)
2
At x = ( a + 15 ) mm: a + 15 = k (12.5 )
or
a + 15 = 156.25k (2)
Eq. (2) a + 15 156.25k

Then : = or a = 8.4375 mm
Eq. (1) a 56.25k
1
Eq. (1) ⇒ k = 0.15
mm
dx
∴ x = 0.15 y 2 and = 0.3 y
dy
2
 dx 
Now dL = 1 +   dy = 1 + 0.09 y 2 dy
 dy 
So A = 2π yL and yL = ∫ ydL
12.5
∴ A = 2π ∫7.5 y 1 + 0.09 y 2 dy
12.5
2 1  3/2 
= 2π   (
 1 + 0.09 y
 3  0.18 
2
) 
 7.5
= 1013 mm 2 or A = 1013 mm 2
(a) Note that in the free-body diagram:

1 1
R1 = ( 4.2 m )( 600 N/m ) = 1260 N, and R2 = ( 4.2 m )( 240 N/m ) = 504 N
2 2
Then for the equivalence of the systems of forces:
ΣFy : R = R1 + R2 = 1260 + 504 = 1764 N R = 1764 N
 1    2  
ΣM A : − x (1764 N ) =  2 + 4.2  m  (1260 N ) +  2 + 4.2  m  ( 504 N ) = 3.8000 m
 3    3  
or x = 3.80 m
(b) Equilibrium:
ΣFx = 0: Ax = 0
ΣFy = 0: Ay − 1764 = 0
A = 1764 N
ΣΜ Α = 0: M A − ( 3.80 m )(1764 N ) = 0
M A = 6.70 kN ⋅ m
1
With R1 = ( 20 lb/ft )(18 ft ) = 360 lb, and R2 = ( 60 lb/ft )(18 ft ) = 360 lb:
3
ΣFy : − R = − R1 − R2
or R = 360 lb + 360 lb = 720 lb
R = 720 lb
+ ΣM A : − x ( 720 lb ) = − ( 9 ft )( 360 lb ) − (13.5 ft )( 360 ft )
x = 11.25 ft
R = (1800 N/m )( 3.2 m ) = 5.76 kN
+ ΣM A = 0: − ( 5.76 kN )(1.2 m + 1.6 m ) + By ( 3.6 m ) = 0, or
By = 4.48 kN
B = 4.48 kN
ΣFy = 0: Ay + 4.48 − 5.76 = 0, or
Ay = 1.28 kN
+ ΣFx = 0: Ax = 0
Therefore:
A = 1.28 kN
 kN 
R1 =  1.5  (1.6 m ) = 2.4 kN
 m 
1  kN 
R2 = 3  ( 2.4 m ) = 3.6 kN
2 m 
 kN 
R3 =  3  (1.6 m ) = 4.8 kN
 m 
Equilibrium:
+ ΣFx = 0: Ax = 0
+ ΣM B = 0: ( 4.8 m )( 2.4 kN ) + ( 2.4 m )( 3.6 kN ) + ( 0.8 m )( 4.8 kN ) − ( 4.0 m ) Ay =0
Ay = 6.0000 kN A = 6.00 kN
+ ΣFy = 0: 6 kN − 2.4 kN − 3.6 kN − 4.8 kN + By = 0

By = 4.8000 kN B = 4.80 kN
 lb 
R1 =  240  ( 4.8 ft ) = 1152 lb
 ft 
1 lb 
R2 = 180  ( 3.6 ft ) = 324 lb
2 ft 
Equilibrium:
+ ΣFx = 0: Ax = 0
+ ΣFy = 0: Ay − 1152 lb + 324 lb = 0
Ay = 828.00 lb A = 828 lb
+ ΣM A = 0: M A − ( 2.4 ft )(1152 lb ) + ( 6 ft )( 324 lb ) = 0
M A = 820.80 lb ⋅ ft M A = 821 lb ⋅ ft
The distributed load given can be simplified as in the diagram below with the resultants R1 and R2.
The resultants are:

1
R1 = ( 6 ft )( 30 lb/ft ) = 180 lb, and R2 = ( 4.5 ft )(120 lb/ft ) = 270 lb
2
Now, for equilibrium:
ΣFx = 0: Ax = 0
ΣFy = 0: Ay + 180 − 270 = 0
Ay = 90.0 lb
Therefore: A = 90.0 lb
 2 
ΣM A = 0: M A + ( 3 ft )(180 lb ) − 1.5 + × 4.5  ft × ( 270 lb ) = 0
 3 
or M = 675 lb ⋅ ft
 kN 
R1 = 1.5  ( 2.4 m ) = 3.6 kN
 m 
2  kN 
R2 = 9  ( 2.4 m ) = 14.4 kN
3 m 
Equilibrium:
+ ΣFx = 0: Ax = 0
+ ΣM B = 0: − ( 3.3 m ) Ay − (1.8 m )( 3.6 kN ) + ( 2.1 m )(14.4 kN ) = 0
Ay = 7.2000 kN A = 7.20 kN
+ ΣFy = 0: 7.2 kN + 3.6 kN − 14.4 kN + By = 0
By = 3.6000 kN B = 3.60 kN
The resultants:
2
R1 = ( 3.2 ft )(120 lb/ft ) = 256 lb
3
1
R2 = ( 2.4 ft )(120 lb/ft ) = 96 lb
3
1
R3 = (1.6 ft )( 45 lb/ft ) = 24 lb
3
Then for equilibrium:
ΣFx = 0: Ax = 0
 3 
ΣM B = 0: − ( 7.2 ft ) Ay +  4 + × 3.2  ft × ( 256 lb )
 8 
 3  1 
+  1.6 + × 2.4  ft × ( 96 lb ) +  × 1.6 ft  ( 24 lb = 0 )
 4   4 
Ay = 231.56 lb
A = 232 lb
ΣFy = 0: 23.56 − 256 − 96 − 24 + By = 0
B = 144.4 lb
1
Have RI = ( 9 m )( 2 kN/m ) = 9 kN
2
RII = ( 9 m )(1.5 kN/m ) = 13.5 kN
Then ΣFx = 0: C x = 0
ΣM B = 0: − 50 kN ⋅ m − (1 m )( 9 kN ) − ( 2.5 m )(13.5 kN ) + ( 6 m ) C y = 0
or C y = 15.4583 kN C = 15.46 kN
ΣFy = 0: By − 9 kN − 13.5 kN + 15.4583 = 0
or By = 7.0417 kN B = 7.04 kN
Chapter 5, Solution70.
1
Have RI = ( 9 m ) ( 3.5 − w0 ) kN/m  = 4.5 ( 3.5 − w0 ) kN
2
RII = ( 9 m ) ( w0 kN/m ) = 9w0 kN
(a) Then ΣM C = 0: − 50 kN ⋅ m + ( 5 m )  4.5 ( 3.5 − w0 ) kN  + ( 3.5 m ) ( 9w0 kN ) = 0
or 9w0 + 28.75 = 0
so w0 = − 3.1944 kN/m w0 = 3.19 kN/m
Note: the negative sign means that the distributed force w0 is upward.
(b) ΣFx = 0: C x = 0
ΣFy = 0: − 4.5 ( 3.5 + 3.19 ) kN + 9 ( 3.19 ) kN + C y = 0
or C y = 1.375 kN C = 1.375 kN
The distributed load can be represented in terms of resultants:

R1 = ( 8 m )( 300 N/m ) = 2400 N
1
R2 = ( 8 − a ) m  ( 2400 N/m ) = 1200 ( 8 − a ) N
2
For equilibrium:
1 
ΣM B = 0: − 8 Ay + 4 ( 2400 ) +  ( 8 − a )  1200 ( 8 − a )  = 0
3 
2
Ay = 1200 + 50 ( 8 − a ) (1)
 2 
ΣM A = 0: 8By − 4 ( 2400 ) −  a + ( 8 − a )  1200 ( 8 − a )  = 0
 3 
By = 1200 + 50 (16 + a )( 8 − a ) (2)
(a) ΣFy = 0: Ay + By − 2400 − 1200 ( 8 − a ) = 0 (3)
Using the requirement By = 2 Ay and (1)
3 1200 + 50 ( 8 − a )  − 2400 − 1200 ( 8 − a ) = 0

2
 
or (8 − a )2 − 8 (8 − a ) + 8 = 0, which gives
continued
8± ( − 8 )2 − 4 ( 8 )
(8 − a ) = = 6.82843 m or 1.17157 m
2
a = 1.17157 m or a = 6.82843 m, and therefore
amin = 1.17157 m
or amin = 1.172 m !
(b) ΣFx = 0: Ax = 0
Equation (1) gives:
2
Ay = 1200 + 50 ( 6.82843)
= 3531.4 N
or A = 3.53 kN !
By = 2 Ay gives By = 2 ( 3531.4 N ) , and
B = 7.06 kN !
The distributed load can be represented in terms of resultants:

R1 = ( 8 m )( 300 N/m ) = 2400 N
1
R2 = ( 8 − a ) m  ( 2400 N/m ) = 1200 ( 8 − a ) N
2
For equilibrium:
1 
ΣM B = 0: − 8 Ay + 4 ( 2400 ) +  ( 8 − a )  1200 ( 8 − a )  = 0
3 
2
Ay = 1200 + 50 ( 8 − a ) (1)
 2 
ΣM A = 0: 8By − 4 ( 2400 ) −  a + ( 8 − a )  1200 ( 8 − a )  = 0
 3 
By = 1200 + 50 (16 + a )( 8 − a ) (2)
(a) Dividing Equation (1) by Equation (2):

By 1200 + 50 (16 + a )( 8 − a )
= 2
Ay 1200 + 50 ( 8 − a )
=
(
24 + 128 − 8a − a 2 )
24 + ( 64 − 16a + a ) 2
152 − 8a − a 2
=
88 − 16a + a 2
continued
By
Differentiating :
Ay
d  By
 =
( ) (
 ( − 8 − 2a ) 88 − 16a + a 2 − 152 − 8a − a 2 ( −16 + 2a )
=0
)
da  Ay 
( )
2
 88 − 16a + a 2
2
or a − 20a + 72 = 0
20 ± ( − 20 )2 − 4 ( 72 )
or a=
2
Knowing that a ≤ 8 m: a = 4.7085 m
or a = 4.71 m !
(b) For equilibrium:
ΣFx = 0: Ax = 0
and from (1):
2
Ay = 1200 + 50 ( 8 − 4.7085 )
= 1741.70 N
A = 1.742 kN !
Also,
ΣFy = 0: 1741.70 − 2400 − 1200 ( 8 − 4.7085 ) + By = 0
By = 4608.1 N or B = 4.61 kN !
R1 = ( 3.6 ft )( wA kips/ft ) = 3.6wA kips
1 1
R2 = ( 5.4 ft )  wA kips/ft  = 1.35wA kips
2 2 
1 
R3 = ( 5.4 ft )  wA kips/ft  = 2.7wA kips
 2 
Equilibrium:
+ ΣM C = 0: − (1.8 ft ) ( 3.6wA ) kips  + (1.8 ft ) (1.35wA ) kips 
+ ( 2.7 ft ) ( 2.7 wA ) kips  + ( 2.1 ft )( 6 kips )
− ( 2.4 ft )( 4.5 kips ) − ( 3.6 ft )(1 kip ) = 0
wA = 0.55556 kips/ft or wA = 556 lb/ft
+ ΣFyA = 0: RR − ( 3.6 )( 0.55556 ) kips + 1.35 ( 0.55556 ) kips
+ 2.7 ( 0.55556 ) kips − 6 kips − 4.5 kips − 1 kip = 0
Solving for RR :
RR = 7.2500 kips or RR = 7.25 kips
R1 = ( 3.6 ft )( wA kips/ft ) = 3.6wA kips
1
R2 = ( 5.4 ft )( 0.6wA kips/ft ) = 1.62wA kips
2
R3 = ( 5.4 ft )( 0.4wA kips/ft ) = 2.16wA kips
Equilibrium:
+ ΣM A = 0: − (1.8 ft ) ( 3.6wA ) kips  + ( 3.6 ft ) RR
+ ( 5.4 ft ) (1.62wA ) kips  + ( 6.3 ft ) ( 2.16 wA ) kips  − (1.5 ft )( 6 kips )
− ( 6 ft )( 4.5 kips ) − ( 7.2 ft ) P = 0
or 28.836wA + 3.6RR − 7.2 P − 36 = 0 (1)
+ ΣFy y = 0: RR + 3.6wA + 1.62wA + 2.16wA − 6 − 4.5 − P = 0
or 7.38wA + RR − P − 10.5 = 0 (2)
( 28.836 ) Eq. ( 2 ) − ( 7.38) Eq. (1) = 0 gives

2.268RR − 37.098 + 24.3P = 0
Since RR ≥ 0, the maximum acceptable value of P is that for which RR = 0, and
P = 1.52667 kips or P = 1.527 kips !

(b) Now, from (2):
7.38wA − 1.52667 − 10.5 = 0
or wA = 1.630 kips/ft !
Noting that the weight of a section of the dam is Wi = γ Vi (Vi being the volume of that section ) :
 lb 
W1 = 150 3  (10.5 ft )( 9 ft )(1 ft )  = 14175 lb
 ft 
 lb   1 
W2 = 150 3   (10.5 ft )( 21 ft )(1 ft )  = 16537.5 lb
 ft   2 
 lb 
W3 = 150 3  (18 ft )( 30 ft )(1 ft )  = 81000 lb
 ft 
 lb   1 
W4 = 150 3   ( 3 ft )( 30 ft )(1 ft )  = 6750 lb
 ft  2 
From the free-body diagram:
2
x1 = 5.25 ft, x2 = (10.5 ft ) = 7 ft, x3 = 19.5 ft, and x4 = 29.5 ft
3
For the distance a:
a 3
= , or a = 2.4 ft
24 30
Therefore:
 lb   1 
Ws =  62.4 3   ( 2.4 ft )( 24 ft )(1 ft )  = 1797.12 lb, and
 ft   2 
1
xs = 31.5 − ( 2.4 ) = 30.7 ft
3
Now, for the pressure force P:
1 1
P= PB A = (γ W hB ) A
2 2
1 lb 
=  62.4 3  ( 24 ft ) ( 24 ft )(1 ft ) 
2 ft 
= 17971.2 lb
Then, for equilibrium:
(a) ΣFx = 0: H −P=0
H = 17971.2 lb
or H = 17.97 kips !
ΣFy = 0: V − 14175 − 16537.5 − 81000 − 6750 − 1797.12 = 0
V = 120259.62 lb
or V = 120.3 kips !
(b) From moment equilibrium:
1 
ΣM A = 0: x (120259.62 lb ) +  × 24 ft  (17971.2 lb ) − ( 5.25 ft )(14175 lb ) − ( 7 ft )(16537.5 lb )
 3 
(19.5 ft )(81000 lb ) − ( 29.5 ft )( 6750 lb ) − ( 30.7 ft )(1797.12 lb ) = 0

or x = 15.63 ft !
(c) free-body diagram for section of water:
continued
For equilibrium:
ΣF = 0: Ws + P + ( − R ) = 0
where R is the force of the water on the face BD of the dam, and
P = 17971.2 lb, and Ws = 1797.12 lb
Then from the force triangle:
R= (17971.2 lb )2 + (1797.12 lb )2 = 18.06 kips
 1797.12 
θ = tan −1   = 5.71°
 17971.2 
Therefore: R = 18.06 kips 5.71° !
Free-Body Diagram:
Locations of centers of gravity:

5  1 
x1 = ( 5 m ) = 3.125 m x2 = 5 + ( 2 )  m = 6 m
8  2 
 1  25  5 
x3 = 7 + ( 4 )  = m x4 = 7 + ( 4 )  = 9.5 m
 3  3  8 
Weights: Wi = ρi gVi
2 
( )( )
W1 = 2400 kg/m3 9.81 m/s 2  ( 5 m )( 8 m )(1 m )  = 627 840 N
 3 
( )( )
W2 = 2400 kg/m3 9.81 m/s 2 ( 2 m )( 8 m )(1 m )  = 376 700 N
1 
( )( )
W3 = 2400 kg/m3 9.81 m/s 2  ( 4 m )( 6 m )(1 m )  = 188 352 N
 3 
2 
( )( )
W4 = 2400 kg/m3 9.81 m/s 2  ( 4 m )( 6 m )(1 m )  = 156 960 N
3 
The pressure force P is:
1 1
( )(
P = Aρ gh = ( 6 m )(1 m )   1000 kg/m3 9.81 m/s 2 ( 6 m )  = 176 580 N
2 2   )
Equilibrium:
(a) + ΣFx = 0: H − 176.580 kN = 0
H = 176.580 kN or H = 176.6 kN !
+ ΣFy = 0: V − 627.84 kN − 376.70 kN − 188.352 kN − 156.960 kN = 0
V = 1349.85 kN or V = 1350 kN !
(b) + ΣM A = 0: x (1349.85 kN ) − ( 3.125 m )( 627.84 kN ) − ( 6 m )( 376.70 kN )
 25 
− m  (188.352 kN ) − ( 9.5 m )(156.960 kN ) + ( 2 m )(176.580 kN ) = 0
 3 
x = 5.1337 m
Thus the point of application of the resultant is: 5.13 m to the right of A. !
(c) Free-body diagram and force triangle for the water section BCD
From the force triangle:
R= (176.580 )2 + (156.960 )2 = 236.26 kN
 156.960 
θ = tan −1   = 41.634°
 176.580 
or on the face BD of the dam R = 236 kN 41.6° !
Free-Body Diagram:
Note that valve opens when B = 0.

Pressures p1 and p2 at top and bottom of valve:
( )( )
p1 = 103 kg/m 3 9.81 m/s 2 ( d − 0.225 m ) = ( 9810d − 2207.3) N/m 2
p2 = (10 3
kg/m )( 9.81 m/s ) ( d ) = ( 9810d ) N/m
3 2 2
Force P1 and P2:

1 1
P1 = p1 A = ( 9810d − 2207.3) N/m 2  ( 0.225 m )( 0.225 m ) 
2 2
= ( 248.32d − 55.872 ) N
1 1
P2 = p2 A = ( 9810d ) N/m 2  ( 0.225 m )( 0.225 m ) 
2 2
= ( 248.32d ) N
+ ΣM A = 0: − ( 0.15 − 0.09 ) m  ( 248.32d − 55.872 ) N  + ( 0.09 − 0.075 ) m  ( 248.32d ) N  = 0
Thus d = 0.30000 m, or d = 300 mm
Free-Body Diagram:
Note that valve opens when B = 0.

Pressures p1 and p2 at top and bottom of valve:
( )( )
p1 = 103 kg/m 3 9.81 m/s 2 ( 0.225 m ) = 2207.3 N/m 2
p2 = (10 3
kg/m )( 9.81 m/s ) ( 0.450 m ) = 4414.5 N/m
3 2 2
Force P1 and P2:

1 1
P1 =
2
p1 A =
2
( )
2207.3 N/m 2 ( 0.225 m )( 0.225 m ) 
= 55.872 N
1 1
P2 =
2
p2 A =
2
( )
4414.5 N/m 2 ( 0.225 m )( 0.225 m ) 
= 111.742 N
+ ΣM A = 0: − ( 0.15 − h ) m  ( 55.872 N ) + ( h − 0.075 ) m  (111.742 N ) = 0
Solving for h: h = 0.100 000 m, or
h = 100.0 mm
Since gate is 4 ft wide:
p1 = 4γ ( h − 3)
p2 = 4γ h
p1′ = 4γ ′ ( d − 3)
p2′ = 4γ ′d
P1′ − P1 =
1
2
( 1
)
( 3 ft ) p1′ − p1 = ( 3 ft ) 4γ ′ ( d − 3) − 4γ ( h − 3) = 6γ ′ ( d − 3) − 6γ ( h − 3)
2
1
2
( 1
)
P2′ − P2 = ( 3 ft ) p2′ − p2 = ( 3 ft ) [ 4γ ′d − 4γ h ] = 6γ ′d − 6γ h
2
This gives the free-body diagram:
+ ΣM A = 0: ( 3 ft ) B − (1 ft ) ( P1′ − P1 ) − ( 2 ft ) ( P2′ − P2 ) = 0
or B=
3
(
1 ′
P1 − P1 −
2 ′
3
) (
P2 − P2 )
1 2
= 6γ ′ ( d − 3) − 6γ ( h − 3)  − [ 6γ ′d − 6γ h ]
3 3
= 2γ ′ ( d − 3) − 2γ ( h − 3) + 4γ ′d − 4γ h
or B = 6γ ′ ( d − 1) − 6γ ( h − 1) (1)
+ ΣFx = 0: ( ) ( )
A + B − P1′ − P1 − P2′ − P2 = 0, or using (1)
A + 6γ ′ ( d − 1) − 6γ ( h − 1)  − 6γ ′ ( d − 3) − 6γ ( h − 3)  − [ 6γ ′d − 6γ h ] = 0, or
A = 6γ ′ ( d − 2 ) − 6γ ( h − 2 ) (2)
Using the given data in (1) and (2):
h = 6 ft, d = 9 ft, γ = 62.4 lb/ft 3 , γ ′ = 64 lb/ft 3
A = 6 ( 64 )( 9 − 2 ) − 6 ( 62.4 )( 6 − 2 )
= 2688 lb − 1497.6 lb = 1190.4 lb
B = 6 ( 64 )( 9 − 1) − 6 ( 62.4 )( 6 − 1)
= 3072 lb − 1872 lb = 1200 lb

A = 1190 lb !
B = 1200 lb !
First, determine the force on the dam face without the silt.
1 1
Have Pw = Apw = A ( ρ gh )
2 2
1
=
2 ( )( )
( 6 m )(1 m )   103 kg/m 3 9.81 m/s 2 ( 6 m ) 

= 176.58 kN
Next, determine the force on the dam face with silt.
1
Have Pw′ =
2  ( )( )
( 4.5 m )(1m )   103 kg/m 3 9.81 m/s 2 ( 4.5 m ) 

= 99.326 kN
( Ps )I ( )( )
= (1.5 m )(1 m )   103 kg/m 3 9.81 m/s 2 ( 4.5 m ) 
 
= 66.218 kN
1
( Ps )II =
2
( )(
(1.5 m )(1 m )   1.76 × 103 kg/m3 9.81 m/s 2 (1.5 m ) 
  )
= 19.424 kN
Then P′ = Pw′ + ( Ps )I + ( Ps )II = 184.97 kN
The percentage increase, % inc., is then given by
% inc. =
P′ − Pw
× 100% =
(184.97 − 176.58) × 100% = 4.7503%
Pw 176.58
% inc. = 4.75%
From Problem 5.80, the force on the dam face before the silt is deposited, is Pw = 176.58 kN. The maximum
allowable force Pallow on the dam is then:
Pallow = 1.5Pw = (1.5 )(176.58 kN ) = 264.87 kN
Next determine the force P′ on the dam face after a depth d of silt has settled.
Have Pw′ =
1
2  ( )( )
( 6 − d ) m × (1 m )   103 kg/m3 9.81 m/s 2 ( 6 − d ) m 

2
= 4.905 ( 6 − d ) kN
( Ps )I ( )( )
=  d (1 m )   103 kg/m3 9.81 m/s 2 ( 6 − d ) m 
 
(
= 9.81 6d − d 2 kN )
( Ps )II =
1
2 ( )( )
 d (1 m )   1.76 × 103 kg/m3 9.81 m/s 2 ( d ) m 

= 8.6328d 2 kN
( ) (
P′ = Pw′ + ( Ps )I + ( Ps )II =  4.905 36 − 12d + d 2 + 9.81 6d − d 2 + 8.6328d 2  kN
  )
= 3.7278d 2 + 176.58 kN
Now required that P′ = Pallow to determine the maximum value of d.
∴ (3.7278d 2
)
+ 176.58 kN = 264.87 kN
or d = 4.8667 m
m
Finally 4.8667 m = 20 × 10−3 ×N
year
or N = 243 years !
Pressure force from the water on board AB:
1
Pi = Api where p1 and p2 are the pressures at the top and bottom of the board:
2
1  kg  m 
P1 = ( 0.5 m )(1.5 m )  103 3  9.81 2  ( 0.6 m )  = 2207.3 N
2  m  s  
1  kg  m 
P2 = ( 0.5 m )(1.5 m )  103 3  9.81 2  (1 m )  = 3678.8 N

2  m  s  
Free-Body Diagram:
Ax denotes the force from one piling and is therefore multiplied by two in the free-body diagram.
1  2 
+ ΣM A = 0: − ( 0.3 m ) B +  ( 0.5 ) m  ( 2207.3 N ) +  ( 0.5) m  ( 3678.8 N ) = 0, or
3  3 
B = 5313.8 N
4 4
+ ΣFx = 0: 2 Ax + ( 2207.3 N ) + ( 3678.8 N ) = 0, or
5 5
Ax = − 2354.4 N
3 3
+ ΣFy = 0: 5318.8 N − ( 2207.3 N ) − ( 3678.8 N ) + Ay = 0, or
5 5
Ay = −1782.14 N
Therefore: (a) A x = 2.35 kN !
(b) A y = 1.782 kN !
(c) B = 5.31 kN !
Pressure force from the water on board AB:
1
Pi = Api where p1 and p2 are the pressures at the top and bottom of the board:
2
1  kg  m 
P1 = ( 0.5 m )(1.5 m )  103 3  9.81 2  ( 0.6 m )  = 2207.3 N
2  m  s  
1  kg  m 
P2 = ( 0.5 m )(1.5 m )  103 3  9.81 2  (1 m )  = 3678.8 N
2  m  s  
Note that the board can move in two ways: by rotating about A if the rope is pulled upward, and by sliding
down at A if the rope is pulled sideways to the left.
Case 1 (rotation about A):
For minimum tension the rope will be perpendicular to the board.
Free-Body Diagram:
1  2 
+ ΣM A = 0: − ( 0.5 m ) TBC +  ( 0.5 ) m  ( 2207.3 N ) +  3 ( 0.5 ) m  ( 3678.8 N ) = 0, or
3   
TBC = 3188.3 N
Case 2 (sliding down at A):
When the board is just about to slide down at A, A y = 0.
continued
Free-Body Diagram:
1  2 
+ ΣM B = 0: − ( 0.4 m ) ( 2 Ax ) −  ( 0.5 ) m  ( 3678.8 N ) −  3 ( 0.5 ) m  ( 2207.3 N ) = 0, or
 3   
2 Ax = − 3372.3 N
4 4
+ ΣFx = 0: − TBC − 3372.3 + ( 2207.3 N ) + ( 3678.8 N ) = 0, or
5 5
TBC = 1336.58 N
Thus: ( TBC )min = 1.337 kN !
Free-Body Diagram:
Force from water pressure:

1
P− ApB where A is the rectangular cross sectional area through line BD, and pB is the pressure at
2
point B. Thus
1 1
2 2  (  )
P = A (γ h ) = (16 ft )(10 ft )   62.4 lb/ft 3 (10 ft )  = 18720.0 lb = 18.72 kips
1
( ) 
W = γ V = 62.4 lb/ft 3  ( 3 ft )( 6 ft )( 6 ft )  = 3369.61 lb = 3.3696 kips
2 
Equilibrium:
20
+ ΣM A = 0: (18.72 kips )  ft  − B ( 3 ft ) + ( 3.3696 kips )( 2 ft ) = 0.
 3 
Solving for B:
B = 43.846 kips, or B = 43.8 kips
+ ΣFx = 0: 18.72 kips + Ax = 0, or
Ax = −18.7200 kips
+ ΣFy = 0: Ay − 3.3693 kips + 43.846 kips = 0, or

Ay = − 40.476 kips
A= ( −18.7200 )2 + ( −40.476 )2 = 44.595 kips

 40.476 
θ = tan −1   = 65.180°
 18.7200 
Therefore: A = 44.6 kips 65.2°
Consider a 1-in. thick section of the gate and a triangular section BDE of water above the gate
Free-Body Diagram:
Pressure force P:
1 1 1
P= ApB = ( d × 1 in.)(γ d ) = γ d 2 lb
2 2 2
Weight of water section above gate:
1 8  4
WW = γ VW = γ  × d × d × 1 in.  = γ d 2 lb
 2 15  15
For impending motion of gate: B y = 0, and for equilibrium:
2 1  8   4 2 d  1 2 
+ ΣM a = 0:  (16 ) −  d    γ d  −  − 6   γ d  = 0, and
3 3  15    15  3  2 
d = 27.301 in., or d = 27.3 in.
Consider a 1-in. thick section of the gate and a triangular section BDE of water above the gate
Free-Body Diagram:
Pressure force P:
1 1 1
P= ApB = ( d × 1 in.)(γ d ) = γ d 2 lb
2 2 2
Weight of water section above gate:
1 8  4
WW = γ VW = γ  × d × d × 1 in.  = γ d 2 lb
 2 15  15
For impending motion of gate: B y = 0, and for equilibrium:
2 1  8   4 2 d  1 2 
+ ΣM a = 0:  (16 ) −  d    γ d  −  − (10 − h )   γ d  = 0, and
 3 3  15   15   3  2 
with d = 30 in.
2 1  8   4 2 d  1 2
 (16 ) −  30    γ 30  −  3 − (10 − h )   2 γ 30  = 0, and
 3 3  15   15    
h = 2.8444 in., or h = 2.84 in.
Free-Body Diagram:
( )
W = (125 kg ) 9.81 m/s 2 = 1226.25 N
Denoting the water pressure at a depth h by ph, the forces due to the water pressure P1, P2, P3, P4 can be
obtained as follows:
1
P1 = ADC p( 0.15 m ) , or with
2
( )( )
p( 0.15 m ) = 1000 kg/m3 9.81 m/s 2 ( 0.15 m ) = 1471.50 N/m 2
= ( 0.15 m )(1 m )  (1471.50 N/m ) = 110.363 N

1 2
P1
2
P2 = ACB p( 0.15 m) , or
( )
P2 = ( 0.6 m )(1 m )  1471.50 N/m 2 = 882.90 N
1
P3 = ABA p( 0.15 m ) , or
2
1
(
P3 = ( 0.6 m )(1 m )  1471.50 N/m 2 = 441.45 N
2
)
1
P4 = ABA p( 0.75 m ) , or with
2
( )( )
p( 0.75 m ) = 1000 kg/m3 9.81 m/s 2 ( 0.75 m ) = 7357.5 N/m 2
P4 =
1
2
( )
( 0.16 m )(1 m )  7357.5 N/m 2 = 2207.3 N
Now from the free-body diagram:

+ ΣM A = 0: − (1.2 m ) D + ( 0.6 m )(1226.25 N ) + ( 0.3 m )(1226.25 N )
− ( 0.6 + 0.05 m )  (110.363 N ) − ( 0.3 m )( 882.90 N ) − ( 0.4 m )( 441.45 N )
− ( 0.2 m )( 2207.3 N ) = 0, or
D = 124.149 N, and D = 124.1 N !
+ ΣFx = 0: Ax + 110.363 N + 441.45 N + 2207.3 N = 0, or
Ax = −2759.1 N
+ ΣFy = 0: Ay − 3 (1226.25 N ) + 882.90 N = 0, or
Ay = 2795.9 N
Then,
A= ( −2759.1)2 + ( 2795.9 )2 = 3930 N, and
2795.9
θ = tan −1 = 45.4°
2759.1
Therefore: A = 3930 N 45.4° !
Free-Body Diagram:
( )
W = (125 kg ) 9.81 m/s 2 = 1226.25 N
Denoting the water pressure at a depth h by ph, the forces due to the water pressure P1, P2, P3, P4 can be
obtained as follows:
1
P1 = ADC p( d − 0.6 m ) , or w
2
1
(
P1 = ( d − 0.6 ) m × (1 m )  γ N/m3 ( d − 0.6 ) m
2
)
1 2
= γ ( d − 0.6 ) N
2
where γ denotes the specific weight of water. In the same way
1
P2 = ACB p( d − 0.6 m) , or
2
( )
P2 = ( 0.6 m ) × (1 m )  γ N/m3 ( d − 0.6 ) m
= 0.6γ ( d − 0.6 ) N
1
P3 = ABA p( d − 0.6 m ) , or
2
1
( )
P3 = ( 0.6 m ) × (1 m )  γ N/m3 ( d − 0.6 ) m
2
= 0.3γ ( d − 0.6 ) N
1
P4 = ABA p( d m ) , or
2
1
(
P4 = ( 0.6 m ) × (1 m )  γ N/m3 ( d m )
2
)
= 0.3γ d N
Now from the free-body diagram:

+ ΣM A = 0: ( 0.6 m )(1226.25 N ) + ( 0.3 m )(1226.25 N )
 1 1 
−  0.6 m + ( d − 0.6) m   γ ( d − 0.6) N  − ( 0.3 m ) 0.6γ ( d − 0.6) N 
2
 3 2 
2  1 
−  ( 0.6 m )  0.3γ ( d − 0.6 ) N  −  ( 0.6 m )  0.3γ ( d − 0.6 ) N + 0.18γ N  = 0, or
 3   3 
1 1103.63
( d − 0.6 )3 + 0.3 ( d − 0.6 )2 + 0.36 ( d − 0.6 ) = − 0.036
6 γ
( )( )
With γ = 1000 kg/m3 9.81 m/s 2 = 9810 N/m3 , this gives
1 1103.63
( d − 0.6 )3 + 0.3 ( d − 0.6 )2 + 0.36 ( d − 0.6 ) = − 0.036 = 0.076501
6 9810 N/m3
Solving for d numerically: d = 0.782 m !
(a)
Free-body diagram for a 24-in. long parabolic section of water:

In the free body diagram force P is:
1 1 1  3  24    3 
P=
2
AP = A (γ h ) = 
2
ft 
2  12  12  
(
 12  
)
ft   62.4 lb/ft 3  ft   = 3.9000 lb
Ww = γ V
 2  4.5  3  24  
( )
= 62.4 lb/ft 3   ft  ft  ft  
 3  12  12  12  
= 7.8000 lb
From the force triangle:
R= P 2 + Ww 2 = ( 3.9 )2 + ( 7.8)2 = 8.7207 lb
Ww 7.8
θ = tan −1 = tan −1 = 63.435°, or
P 3.9
R = 8.72 lb 63.4°
(b) Free-body diagram for a 24-in. long section of the water:
From (a) WW = 7.8000 lb

From the free-body diagram:
By = 7.8000 lb
+ΣM B = 0: M B + ( 2.25 − 1.8 ) in. ( 7.8000 lb ) = 0, or
M B = −3.5100 lb ⋅ in.
Therefore, the force-couple system on the gutter is:
R = 7.8 lb ; M = 3.51 lb ⋅ in.
Note, for the axes shown

V y yV
1 (π R ) ( 2R ) = 2π R
2 3 −R −2π R 4
2 2 3 1 4
− π r3 − r πr
3 8 4
Σ  r3   r4 
2π  R 3 −  −2π  R 4 − 
 3  8 
1
R4 − r 4
Σ yV 8
Y = =−
Then ΣV 1
R − r3
3
3
4
1 r 
1−  
8 R 
= 3
1 r 
1−  
3 R 
4
1 3
1−  
3 3 4
(a ) r = R: y = − 3
R
4 1 3
1−  
3 4
or y = −1.118R
4
1 r 
1−  
8 R 
(b) y = −1.2R : − 1.2R = − 3
R
1 r 
1−  
3 R 
4 3
r r
or   − 3.2   + 1.6 = 0
R
  R
r
Solving numerically = 0.884
R
Labeling the two parts of the body as follows:
V y yV
1 2 h 1 2 2
1 πa h πa h
2 2 4
1 2 h 1
2 πa h π a 2h 2
6 4 24
2 2 7
Σ πa h π a 2h 2
3 24
Then Y =
ΣyV
=
( 7 π a 2h 2
24 ) or Y =
7
h
ΣV (2 π a 2h
3 ) 16
Labeling the two parts of the body as follows:
V z zV
1 1 2 4a 2
πa h − − a 3h
2 3π 3
2 1 2 a 1 3
πa h ah
6 π 6
Σ 2 2 1
πa h − a 3h
3 2
Then Z =
ΣzV
=
(
− 12 a3h ) or Z = −
3a

ΣV (
2 π a 2h
3 ) 4π
V x xV
1 1 2
Rectangular prism Lab L L ab
2 2
1 b 1 1  1 
Pyramid a h L+ h abh  L + h 
3 2 4 6  4 
 1  1  2  1 
Then ΣV = ab  L + h  ΣxV = ab 3L + h  L + h  
 6  6   4 
Now X ΣV = ΣxV so that
  1  1  1 
X  ab  L + h   = ab  3L2 + hL + h 2 
  6  6  4 
 1 h 1  h 1 h2 
or X 1 +  = L  3 + +  (1)
 6 L  6  L 4 L2 
1
(a) X = ? when h = L
2
h 1
Substituting = into Eq. (1)
L 2
2
 1  1  1  1 11 
X 1 +    = L 3 +   +   
 6  2   6   2  4  2  
57
or X = L X = 0.548L
104
h
(b) = ? when X = L
L
 1 h 1  h 1 h2 
Substituting into Eq. (1) L 1 +  = L  3 + + 
 6 L 6  L 4 L2 
1h 1 1h 1 h2
or 1+ = + +
6L 2 6 L 24 L2
h2 h
or = 12 ∴ = 2 3
L2 L
Assume that the machine element is homogeneous so that its center of gravity coincides with the centroid of
the volume.
V , mm3 y , mm z , mm yV , mm 4 zV , mm 4
1 ( 60 )(105)(10 ) = 63000 −5 52.5 − 315 000 3 307 500
2 1 2 −5 4 ( 30 ) − 70 686 1 664 400

π ( 30 ) (10 ) = 14 137.2 105 + =117.732
2 3π
3 (15)( 30 )( 60 ) = 27 000 15 30 405 000 810 000
4 2
− π (19 ) (10 ) = −11 341.1 −5 105 56 706 −1 190 820
5 1 2 4 (19 ) 30 −186 585 −255 180

− π (19 ) (15 ) = − 8505.9 30 − = 21.936
2 3π
Σ 84 290 −110 565 4 335 900
ΣyV −110 565

Then Y = = mm or Y = −1.312 mm
ΣV 84 290
Assume that the machine element is homogeneous so that its center of gravity coincides with the centroid of
the volume.
V , mm3 z , mm zV , mm 4
1 ( 60 )(105)(10 ) = 63000 52.5 3 307 500
2 1 2 4 ( 30 ) 1 664 400
π ( 30 ) (10 ) = 14 137.2 105 + = 117.732
2 3π
3 (15)( 30 )( 60 ) = 27 000 30 810 000
4 2
− π (19 ) (10 ) = −11 341.1 105 −1 190 820
5 1 2 30 − 255 180
− π (19 ) (15 ) = − 8505.9
2
Σ 84 290 4 335 900
ΣzV 4 335 900

Then Z = = mm or Z = 51.4 mm
ΣV 84 290
Assume that the bracket is homogeneous so that its center of gravity coincides with the centroid of the volume.
V , mm3 x , mm xV , mm 4
1 (100 )(88)(12 ) =105600 50 5 280 000
2 (100 )(12 )(88) = 105600 50 5 280 000
3 1 39 616 590
( 62 )( 51)(10 ) = 15 810
2
4 1 2 −1 389 960
− ( 66 )( 45)(12 ) = −17 820 34 + ( 66 ) = 78
2 3
Σ 209 190 9 786 600
ΣxV 9 786 600

ΣV 209190
Assume that the bracket is homogeneous so that it center of gravity coincides with the centroid of the volume.
3
V , mm z , mm zV , mm 4
1 (100 )(88)(12 ) = 105600 6 633 600
2 (100 )(12 )(88) = 105600 12 +

1
(88) = 56
5 913 600
2
3 1 1 458 490
( 62 )( 51)(10 ) = 15 810 12 +
3
( 51) = 29
2
4 1 2 −1 514 700
− ( 66 )( 45)(12 ) = −17 820 55 +
3
( 45) = 85
2
Σ 209 190 5 491 000
ΣzV 5 491 000

Then Z = = mm or Z = 26.2 mm
ΣV 209 190
Assume that the machine element is homogeneous so that its center of gravity coincides with the
centroid of the volume.
V , in 3 x , in. xV , in 4
1 ( 8)( 0.9)( 2.7) = 19.44 4 77.76
2 1 2 34.02
2
( 2.1)( 6)( 2.7) = 17.01
3 1 1.8 22.088
π (1.35) ( 0.9) = 2.5765
2
8+
2 π
4 2
− π ( 0.8 ) ( 0.9 ) = −1.80956 8 −14.4765
Σ 37.217 119.392
ΣxV 119.392
ΣV 37.217
Assume that the machine element is homogeneous so that its center of gravity coincides with the
centroid of the volume.
V , in 3 y , in. yV , in 4
1 ( 8)( 0.9)( 2.7) = 19.44 0.45 8.748
2 1 1.6 27.216
2
( 2.1)( 6)( 2.7) = 17.01
3 1 0.45 1.15943
π (1.35) ( 0.9) = 2.5765
2
2
4 2
− π ( 0.8 ) ( 0.9 ) = −1.80956 0.45 − 0.81430
Σ 37.217 36.309
ΣyV 36.309
Then Y = = in. or Y = 0.976 in.
ΣV 37.217
Labeling the five parts of the body as follows, and noting that the center of gravity coincides with
the centroid of the area due to the uniform thickness.
 4 × 150  π
z5 = −  300 −  = − 236.34, A5 = − (150 )2 = −11 250π = − 35 343
 3π  2
A mm 2 x , mm y , mm z , mm xA,106 mm3 yA, 106 mm3 zA, 106 mm3
1 ( 600 )( 400 ) = 240000 300 200 0 72 48 0
2 ( 300 )( 400 ) = 120000 600 200 −150 72 24 −18
3 − (120 )( 280 ) = − 3360 600 140 − 240 − 20.160 − 4.7040 8.0640
4 ( 600 )( 300 ) = 180000 300 400 −150 54 72 − 27
5 − 35 343 240 400 − 236.34 − 2.7000 − 4.5 2.6588
Σ 471 057 169.358 125.159 − 28.583
continued
Therefore:
ΣxA 169 358 000

X = = = 359.53 mm or X = 360 mm !
ΣA 471 057
ΣyA 125159 000

Y = = = 265.70 mm or Y = 266 mm !
ΣA 471 057
ΣzA − 28 583 000

Z = = = − 60.678 mm or Z = − 60.7 mm !
ΣA 471 057
Assume that the body is homogeneous so that its center of gravity coincides with the centroid of
the area.
A, in 2 x , in. y , in. z , in. xA, in 3 yA, in 3 zA, in 3
1 1 1.5 7 0 10.125 47.25 0

( 4.5)( 3) = 6.75
2
2 ( 4.5)(10 ) = 45 2.25 3 4 101.25 135 180
3 − ( 2.25 )( 5 ) = −11.25 − 2.25 1.125 1.5 6 −12.6563 −16.875 − 67.5
4 π 2.25 0 4 ( 2.25 ) 17.8925 0 71.211

( 2.25)2 = 7.9522 8+
2 3π
Σ 48.452 116.611 165.375 183.71

1
ΣxA 116.611
ΣA 48.452
ΣyA 165.375
Y = = in. or Y = 3.41 in.
ΣA 48.452
ΣzA 183.711
Z = = in. or Z = 3.79 in.
ΣA 48.452
the area.
First note that by symmetry: X = 150 mm !
4 (150 )
For 1: y = 180 + 96 + = 339.7 mm
3π
z =0
2 ( 96 )
For 2: y = 180 + = 241.1 mm
π
2 ( 96 )
z = = 61.11 mm
π
For 3: Length DE = (180 )2 + ( 96 )2 = 204 mm
y = 90 mm, z = 48 mm
A, mm 2 y , mm z , mm yA, mm3 zA, mm3
1 π 339.7 0 12.005 × 106 0

(150 )2 = 35.34 × 103
2
2 π 244.1 61.11 10.907 × 106 2.765 × 106

( 96 )( 300 ) = 45.24 × 103
2
3 ( 204 )( 300 ) = 61.2 × 103 − 2.25 90 48 5.508 × 106 2.938 × 106
Σ 141.78 × 103 28.420 × 106 5.702 × 106
Then
ΣyA 28.420 × 106
Y = = mm or Y = 200 mm !
ΣA 141.78 × 103
ΣzA 5.702 × 106

Z = = mm or Y = 40.2 mm !
ΣA 141.78 × 103
the area.
1 ( 360 )( 270 ) = 97 200 0 135 0 13 122 000
2 ( 339 )( 270 ) = 91 530 168 135 15 377 000 12 356 600
3 1 224 294 2 733 700 3 588 000

( 339 )( 72 ) = 12 204
2
4 ( 360 )( 343.63) = 123 707 168 306 20 783 000 37 854 000
5 1 224 318 1 731 900 2 458 700

( 343.63)( 45) = 7731.73
2
6 7731.7 224 318 1 731 900 2 458 700
7 12 204 224 294 2 733 700 3 588 000
8 91 530 168 135 15 377 000 12 356 600
Σ 443 838 60 468 200 87 782 600
ΣxA 60 468 200

Then X = = mm or X = 136.2 mm !
ΣA 443 838
ΣyA 87 782 600

Y = = mm or Y = 197.8 mm !
ΣA 443 838
Assume that the body is homogeneous so that its center of gravity coincides with the centroid of the
area.
Note that by symmetry X = 9 in.
A, in 2 y , in. z , in. yA, in 3 zA, in 3
1 16.2 1.8 2 29.16 32.4

2 16.2 1.8 2 29.16 32.4
3 97.2 2.7 0 262.44 0
4 1017.876 −15.2789 20.72113 −15552 21091.54
5 1017.876 −15.2789 20.72113 −15552 21091.54
6 − 706.858 −12.7324 23.2676 9000 −16446.9
7 − 706.858 −12.7324 23.2676 9000 −16446.9
8 1017.876 − 22.9183 13.08169 − 23328 13315.54
Σ 1769.511 − 36111.24 22669.6
Therefore
X = 9 in. !
ΣyA − 36111.24
Y = = or Y = − 20.4 in. !
ΣA 1769.511
ΣzA 22669.6
Z = = or Z = 12.81 in. !
ΣA 1769.511
the area.
A, in 2 x , in. y , in. xA, in 3 yA, in 3
1 π ( 8 )(12 ) = 96π 0 6 0 576π
2 π 2 ( 4) 8 10 −128 −160π
− (8)( 4 ) = −16π =
2 π π
3 π 4 ( 4) 16 12 − 42.667 96π
( 4 )2 = 8π − =−
2 3π 3π
4 (8)(12 ) = 96 6 12 576 1152
5 (8)(12 ) = 96 6 8 576 768
6 π 4 ( 4) 16 8 − 42.667 − 64π
− ( 4 )2 = − 8π =
2 3π 3π
7 ( 4 )(12 ) = 48 6 10 288 480
8 ( 4 )(12 ) = 48 6 10 288 480
Σ 539.33 1512.6 4287.4

ΣxA 1514.67
ΣA 539.33
ΣyA 4287.4
Y = = in. or Y = 7.95 in.
ΣA 539.33
First, assume that the sheet metal is homogeneous so that the center of gravity of the awning
coincides with the centroid of the corresponding area.
yII = yVI = 80 +
( 4 )( 500 ) = 292.2 mm
3π
zII = zVI =
( 4 )( 500 ) = 212.2 mm
3π
yIV = 80 +
( 2 )( 500 ) = 398.3 mm
π
zIV =
( 2 )( 500 ) = 318.3 mm
π
π
AII = AVI = ( 500 )2 = 196 350 mm 2
4
π
AIV = ( 500 )( 680 ) = 534 071 mm 2
2
A, mm 2 y , mm z , mm yA, mm3 zA, mm3

I (80)(500) = 40 000 40 250 1.6 × 106 10 × 106
II 196 350 292.2 212.2 57.4 × 106 41.67 × 106
III (80)(680) = 54 400 40 500 0.2176 × 106 27.2 × 106
IV 534 071 398.3 318.3 212.7 × 106 170 × 106
V (80)(500) = 40 000 40 250 1.6 × 106 10 × 106
VI 196 350 292.2 212.2 57.4 × 106 41.67 × 106
Σ 1.061 × 106 332.9 × 106 300.5 × 106
Now, symmetry implies X = 340 mm
and ( )
Y ΣA = Σ yA: Y 1.061 × 106 mm 2 = 332.9 × 106 mm 3
or Y = 314 mm
(
Z ΣA = Σ zA: Z 1.061 × 10 mm 6 2
) = 300.5 × 10 6
mm 3
or Z = 283 mm
the area.
A,in 2 y ,in. z , in. yA, in 3 zA, in 3
1 (15)(14 ) = 120 0 7 0 1470
2 (14)( 2.5) = 35.0 1.25 7 43.75 245
3 (15)( 2.5) = 37.5 1.25 0 46.875 0
4 (14)( 2.5) = 35.0 1.25 7 43.75 245

2
5 − π ( 5 ) = − 78.540 0 6.5 0 − 510.51
1 2 4 (1.5 )
6 − π (1.5 ) = −1.76715 0 13 − = 12.36348 0 −21.848
4 3π
7 ( 4 )(12 ) = 48 6 10 288 480
8 ( 4 )(12 ) = 48 6 10 288 480

Σ 235.43 134.375 1405.79
ΣyA 134.375
Then Y = = in. or Y = 0.571 in.
ΣA 235.43
ΣzA 1405.79
Z = = in. or Z = 5.97 in.
ΣA 235.43
and by symmetry X = 7.50 in.
2 2 2
AB 2 = ( 500 mm ) + ( 750 mm ) + ( 300 mm ) , or
AB = 950 mm
L, mm x , mm y , mm z , mm xL, mm 2 yL, mm 2 zL, mm 2
AB 950 250 375 150 237.5 × 103 356.25 × 103 142.5 × 103
BD 300 500 0 150 150 × 103 0 45 × 103
DO 500 250 0 0 125 × 103 0 0
OA 750 0 375 0 0 281.25 × 103 0
Σ 2500 512.5 × 103 637.5 × 103 187.5 × 103
Then
ΣxL 512.5 × 103
X = = or X = 205 mm
ΣL 2500
ΣyL 637.5 × 103
Y = = or Y = 255 mm
ΣL 2500
ΣzL 187.5 × 103
Z = = or Z = 75 mm
ΣL 2500
the line
L, mm x , mm y , mm z , mm xL, mm 2 yL, mm 2 zL, mm 2
1 300 0 150 0 0 45 000 0

2 280 140 0 0 39 200 0 0
3 260 230 0 120 59 800 0 31 200
π 3  2 × 300  360 600 480
4 ( 300 ) = 150π  = 54 000 90 000 72 000
2 5 π  π π π
Σ 1311.24 153 000 135 000 103 200
Then
ΣxL 153 000
X = = or X = 116.7 mm
ΣL 1311.24
ΣyL 135 000
Y = = or Y = 103.0 mm
ΣL 1311.24
ΣzL 103 200
Z = = or Z = 78.7 mm
ΣL 1311.24
the line.
L,ft x , ft y ,ft xL, ft 2 yL,ft 2

1 10 4cos 45° = 2.8284 5 28.284 50
2 10 4cos 45° = 2.8284 5 28.284 50
3 4π 0 12.5465 0 157.664
2 ( 4) 8
4 4π = 10 32 125.664
π π
2 ( 4) 8
5 2π = 12.5465 16 78.832
π π
Σ 51.416 104.568 462.16
Then
ΣxL 104.568
X = = or X = 2.03 ft
ΣL 51.416
ΣyL 462.16
Y = = or Y = 8.99 ft
ΣL 51.416
and by symmetry:
First note by symmetry:
Z = 3.00 ft
To simplify the calculations replace:
(a) The two rectangular sides with an element of length
L(a) = 2  2 ( 7 ft ) + 2 ( 5 ft )  = 48 ft
and center of gravity at (3.5 ft, 2.5 ft, 3 ft)
(b) The two semicircular members with an element of length
Lb = 2 π ( 3 ft )  = 6π ft
 2×3 
and with center of gravity at  2 ft, 5 + ft, 3 ft  = ( 2 ft, 6.9099 ft, 3 ft )
 π 
(c) The cross members 1 and 2 with an element of length
Lc = 2 ( 6 ft ) = 12 ft
and with center of gravity at ( 2 ft, 5 ft, 3 ft )

(d) This leaves a single straight piece of pipe, labeled (d) in the figure.
Now for the centroid of the frame:
L,ft x , ft y ,ft xL, ft 2 yL,ft 2
(a) 48 3.5 2.5 168 120
(b) 6π = 18.8496 2 6.9099 37.699 130.249
(c) 12 2 5 24 60
(d) 6 7 5 42 30
Σ 85.850 271.70 340.25
ΣxL 271.70
Then X = = or X = 3.20 ft
ΣL 84.850
ΣyL 340.25
Y = = or Y = 4.01 ft
ΣL 84.850
First, note that symmetry implies Y = Z = 0
5 2π
xI =
8
(  3 
)
( 0.5 in.) = 0.3125 in., WI = 0.0374 lb/in 3   ( 0.5 in )3 = 0.009791 lb
( ) 2
xII = 1.6 in. + 0.5 in. = 2.1 in. WII = 0.0374 lb/in 3 (π )( 0.5 in ) ( 3.2 in.) = 0.093996 lb
π 
( 2
)
xIII = 3.7 in. − 1 in. = 2.7 in., WIII = − 0.0374 lb/in 3   ( 0.12 in ) ( 2 in.) = −0.000846 lb
4
 
π 
(4
 
)
2 2
xIV = 7.3 in. − 2.8 in. = 4.5 in., WIV = 0.284 lb/in 3   ( 0.12 in ) ( 5.6 in ) = 0.017987 lb
1 π
xV = 7.3 in. +
4
( 3
)
( 0.4 in.) = 7.4 in., WV = 0.284 lb/in 3   ( 0.06 in )2 ( 0.4 in.) = 0.000428 lb
W , lb x , in. xW , in ⋅ lb
I 0.009791 0.3125 0.003060
II 0.093996 2.1 0.197393
III −0.000846 2.7 −0.002284
IV 0.017987 4.5 0.080942
V 0.000428 7.4 0.003169
Σ 0.12136 0.28228
Have X ΣW = ΣxW : X ( 0.12136 lb ) = 0.28228 in. ⋅ lb or X = 2.33 in.
Determine first the masses of the component pieces:

π
( 4
) ( )

m1 = 8800 kg/m3  0.0162 − 0.0122 m 2 × ( 0.014 m )  = 0.0108372 kg

π
( ) ( )
m2 = 1250 kg/m 3  0.0362 − 0.0162 m 2 × ( 0.014 m )  = 0.0142942 kg
 4 
π
( 4
) ( )
m3 = 1250 kg/m 3  0.0602 − 0.0362 m 2 × ( 0.006 m )  = 0.0135717 kg

π
( 4
) ( )

m4 = 1250 kg/m3  0.0802 − 0.0602 m 2 × ( 0.010 m )  = 0.027489 kg

Now, for the center of mass:
m, kg x , mm xm, kg ⋅ mm
1 0.0108372 7 0.075860
2 0.0142942 7 0.100059
3 0.0135717 3 0.040715
4 0.027489 5 0.137445
Σ 0.066192 0.35408
Σxm 0.35408
Σm 0.066192
Assume that the stone is homogeneous so that its center of gravity coincides with the centroid of the volume
and locate the center of gravity.
To determine the centroid of the truncated pyramid note that:
3 1
y1 = (1.4 m ) = 1.05 m, and V1 = ( 0.3 m )( 0.3 m )(1.4 m ) = 0.042 m3
4 3
3 1
y2 = ( 0.7 m ) = 0.525 m, and V2 = − ( 0.15 m )( 0.15 m )( 0.7 m ) = − 0.00525 m3
4 3
Then Vstone = V1 + V2 = 0.042 m3 − 0.00525 m3 = 0.03675 m3, and
y=
( )
ΣyV (1.05 m ) 0.042 m + ( 0.525 m ) − 0.00525 m
=
3 3
( )
ΣV 0.03675 m3
= 1.12500 m
The center of gravity of the stone is therefore 0.425 m (i.e. 1.125 m – 0.7m) above the base.
Now to determine the center of gravity of the marker:
( )( )(
Wstone = ( ρ gV ) stone = 2570 kg/m3 9.81 m/s 2 0.03675 m3 = 926.53 N )
Wsteel = ( ρ gV ) steel = ( 7860 kg/m )( 9.81 m/s ) ⎡⎣( 0.3 m )( 0.3 m ) h ⎤⎦ = ( 6939.6 h ) N
3 2
continued
Then
ΣyW
ymar ker = , or
ΣW
( 0.425 m )( 926.53 N ) + ( − h2 m ) ( 6939.6 h ) N

0.3 m = , or
( 926.53 + 6939.6 h ) N
h 2 + 0.6 h − 0.033378 = 0.
Solving for h and discarding the negative root, this gives h = 0.051252 m, or
h = 50 mm !
Since the brass plates are equally spaced and by the symmetry of the cylinder:
X =Y =0!
For the pipe:
Specific weight of steel: γ s = 0.284 lb/in 3
y1 = 4 in.
outside diameter: 2.5 in.
Inside diameter: 2.5 in. − 2 ( 0.25 in.) = 2.00 in.
π
Volume: V1 =
4
( 2.5 2
)
− 2.02 8 = 14.137 in 3
Weight: ( )(
W1 = γ sV1 = 0.284 lb/in 3 14.137 in 3 = 4.015 lb )
For each brass plate:
Specific weight for brass: γ B = 0.306 lb/in 3
8
y2 =
2.667 in.
3
1
Volume: V2 = ( 8 )( 4 )( 0.2 ) = 3.2 in 3
2
( )(
Weight: W1 = γ sV1 = 0.306 lb/in 3 3.2 in 3 = 0.979 lb )
continued
For flagpole base:
ΣW = ( 4.015 lb ) + 3 ( 0.979 lb ) = 6.952 lb
ΣyW = ( 4 in.)( 4.015 lb ) + 3 ⎡⎣( 2.667 in.)( 0.979 lb ) ⎤⎦ = 23.892 in.⋅ lb, or
ΣyW 23.892 in.⋅ lb

Y = = = 3.437 in.
ΣW 6.952 lb
Y = 3.437 in. !
Choose as the element of volume a disk of radius r and thickness dx.

Then
dV = πr 2dx, xEL = x
The equation of the generating curve is x 2 + y 2 = a 2 so that
r 2 = a 2 − x 2 and then
(
dV = π a 2 − x 2 dx)
Component 1
a/2
⎡ x3 ⎤
a/2
( )
V1 = ∫0 π a 2 − x 2 dx = π ⎢ a 2 x − ⎥
3 ⎦0
⎣
11 3
= πa
24
∫1 xEL dV = ∫0 x ⎡⎣π ( a − x ) dx ⎤⎦
a/2 2 2
and
a/2
⎡ x2 x4 ⎤
= π ⎢a 2 − ⎥
⎣ 2 4 ⎦0
7
= π a4
64
⎛ 11 ⎞ 7
Now x1V1 = ∫1 xEL dV : x1 ⎜ π a3 ⎟ = π a4
⎝ 24 ⎠ 64
21
or x1 = a!
88
Component 2
a
⎡ x3 ⎤
a
( )
V2 = ∫a /2 π a 2 − x 2 dx = π ⎢ a 2 x − ⎥
3 ⎦ a/2
⎣
⎧ ⎡ 3 ⎤⎫
⎪⎡ 2 a3 ⎤ ⎢ 2 ⎛ a ⎞
= π ⎨⎢a ( a ) − ⎥ − a ⎜ ⎟ −
( a2 )
⎥ ⎪⎬
⎪⎣ 3 ⎦ ⎢ ⎝2⎠ 3 ⎥⎪
⎩ ⎢⎣ ⎥⎦ ⎭
continued
5
= π a3
24
a
⎡ x2 x4 ⎤
and ∫2 xELdV = ∫
a
x ⎡π
a/2 ⎣ ( 2
)
a − x dx ⎤ = π ⎢ a 2
2
⎦
− ⎥
⎣ 2 4 ⎦ a/2
⎧⎡ ⎡ ⎤⎫
( ) ( a2 )
2 4
a ) ⎤ ⎢ 2 a2
2 4
⎪ 2 (a) ( ⎥ ⎪⎬
= π ⎨⎢a − ⎥− a −
⎪ ⎢⎣ 2 4 ⎥ ⎢ 2 4 ⎥⎪
⎩ ⎦ ⎣⎢ ⎦⎥ ⎭
9
= π a4
64
⎛ 5 ⎞ 9
Now x2V2 = ∫2 xELdV : x2 ⎜ π a3 ⎟ = π a4
⎝ 24 ⎠ 64
27
or x2 = a!
40

Then
x2 y2
The equation of the generating curve is + = 1 so that
h2 a 2
a2 2
r2 =
h 2 ( )
h − x 2 and then
a2 2
dV = π
h 2 ( )
h − x 2 dx
Component 1
h/2
a2 2 a2 ⎡ 2 x3 ⎤
V1 = ∫0 π
h/2
h2
(h − x 2
)
dx = π
h2
⎢h x − ⎥
3 ⎦0
⎣
11 2
= πa h
24
h/2 ⎡ a ⎤
2
and ∫1 EL
x dV = π 2 2
∫0 ⎢ h 2 h − x dx ⎥
x ( )
⎣ ⎦
h/2
a2 ⎡ x2 x4 ⎤
= π 2 ⎢h2 − ⎥
h ⎣ 2 4 ⎦0
7
= π a 2h 2
64
⎛ 11 ⎞ 7
Now x1V1 = ∫1 xEL dV : x1 ⎜ π a 2h ⎟ = π a 2h 2
⎝ 24 ⎠ 64
21
or x1 = h!
88
continued
Component 2
h
a2 2 a2 ⎡ 2 x3 ⎤
h
V2 = ∫h/2 π
h2
h(− x 2
dx =)π ⎢
h2 ⎣
h x − ⎥
3 ⎦h/2
⎧ h ⎤⎫
⎡
()
3
a 2 ⎪⎡ 2 ( h) ⎤ ⎢ 2 ⎛ h ⎞
3
2 ⎥⎪
= π 2 ⎨⎢h ( h ) − ⎥− h ⎜ ⎟ − ⎬
h ⎪⎣⎢ 3 ⎥ ⎢ ⎝ 2⎠ 3 ⎥⎪
⎩ ⎦ ⎢
⎣ ⎥
⎦⎭
5
= πa 2 h
24
⎡ a2 ⎤
∫2 xELdV = ∫h/2 x ⎢π h2 ( h − x ) dx ⎥
h 2 2
and
⎣ ⎦
h
a2 ⎡ 2 x2 x4 ⎤
=π ⎢h − ⎥
h2 ⎣ 2 4 ⎦ h/2
⎧ ⎡ ⎤⎫
( ) ( h2 )
2 4
a2 ⎪⎡ 2 ( h ) h ) ⎤ ⎢ 2 h2
2 4
= π 2 ⎨⎢h −
( ⎥− h − ⎥ ⎪⎬
h ⎪⎢ 2 4 ⎥ ⎢ 2 4 ⎥⎪
⎩ ⎣ ⎦ ⎢
⎣ ⎥⎦ ⎭
9
= π a 2h 2
64
⎛ 5 ⎞ 9
⎝ 24 ⎠ 64
27
or x2 = h!
40

Then
h 2
The equation of the generating curve is x=h− y so that
a2
a2
r2 = ( h − x ) and then
h
a2
dV = π ( h − x ) dx
h
Component 1
h/2 a2
V1 = ∫0 π ( h − x ) dx
h
h/2
a2 ⎡ x2 ⎤
= π ⎢ hx − ⎥
h ⎣ 2 ⎦0
3 2
= πa h
8
⎡ a2 ⎤
∫1 xELdV = ∫0 x ⎢π h ( h − x ) dx ⎥
h/2
and
⎣ ⎦
h/2
a2 ⎡ x 2 x3 ⎤
=π ⎢h − ⎥
h ⎣ 2 3 ⎦0
1
= π a 2h 2
12
⎛3 ⎞ 1
⎝ 8 ⎠ 12
2
or x1 = h!
9
continued
Component 2
h
h a2 a2 ⎡ x2 ⎤
V2 = ∫h/2 π ( h − x ) dx = π ⎢hx − ⎥
h h ⎣ 2 ⎦ h/2
⎧ ⎡ ⎤⎫
( h2 )
2
a2 ⎪⎡ h) ⎤ ⎢ ⎛ h ⎞
2
= π ⎨ h (h) −
⎢
( ⎥ − h⎜ ⎟ − ⎥ ⎪⎬
h ⎪⎢ 2 ⎥ ⎢ ⎝2⎠ 2 ⎥⎪
⎩ ⎣ ⎦ ⎢⎣ ⎥⎦ ⎭
1
= πa 2 h
8
h
⎡ a2 ⎤ a 2 ⎡ x 2 x3 ⎤
∫2 xEL dV = ∫h/2 x ⎢π h ( h − x ) dx ⎥ = π h ⎢ h 2 − 3 ⎥
h
and
⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦ h/2
⎧ ⎡ 3 ⎤⎫
( ) ( h2 )
2
a2 ⎪⎡ ( h ) h ) ⎤ ⎢ h2
2 3
( ⎥ ⎪⎬
=π ⎨⎢h − ⎥− h −
h ⎪⎢ 2 3 ⎥ ⎢ 2 3 ⎥⎪
⎩ ⎣ ⎦ ⎢
⎣ ⎥⎦ ⎭
1
= π a 2h 2
12
⎛ 1 2 ⎞ 1 2 2
Now x2V2 = ∫2 xEL dV : x2 ⎜ 8 π a h ⎟ = 12 π a h
⎝ ⎠
2
or x2 = h!
3
First note that symmetry implies y = 0!

z = 0!
Then
⎛ x2 ⎞
Now r = b⎜⎜1 − 2 ⎟⎟ so that
⎝ a ⎠
2
2⎛
x2 ⎞
dV = πb ⎜⎜1 − 2 ⎟⎟ dx
⎝ a ⎠
2
a ⎛ x2 ⎞ a ⎛ 2x2 x4 ⎞
Then V =∫ 0
π b 2 ⎜⎜1
− 2 ⎟⎟ dx = ∫0 π b 2 ⎜⎜1 − 2 + 4 ⎟⎟ dx
⎝ a ⎠ ⎝ a a ⎠
a
2⎛ 2 x3 x5 ⎞
= π b ⎜⎜ x − 2 + 4 ⎟⎟
⎝ 3a 5a ⎠
0
⎛ 2 1⎞
= π ab 2 ⎜1 − + ⎟
⎝ 3 5⎠
8
= π ab 2
15
a 2 ⎛ 2x2 x4 ⎞
and ∫ EL
x dV = ∫0 π b x ⎜
⎜ 1 − + 4 ⎟⎟ dx
⎝ a2 a ⎠
a
2⎛ x2 2x4 x6 ⎞
= π b ⎜⎜ − 2 + 4 ⎟⎟
⎝ 2 4a 6a ⎠
0
continued
⎛1 1 1⎞
= π a 2b 2 ⎜ − + ⎟
⎝2 2 6⎠
1 2 2
= πa b
6
⎛ 8 ⎞ 1
Then xV = ∫ xEL dV : x ⎜ π ab 2 ⎟ = π a 2b 2
⎝ 15 ⎠ 16
15
or x = a!
6
First, note that symmetry implies y = 0

z = 0
Choose as the element of volume a disk of radius r and
thickness dx.
Then
1
Now r = 1 − so that
x
2
 1
dV = π 1 −  dx
 x
 2 1 
= π 1 − + 2  dx
 x x 
3
3  2 1   1
Then V = ∫1 π 1 − + 2  dx = π  x − 2 ln x − 
 x x   x 1
 1  1 
= π  3 − 2 ln3 −  − 1 − 2 ln 1 −  
 3  1 
= ( 0.46944π ) m 3
3
3   2 1    x2 
and ∫ x EL dV = ∫ x π
1  1 − + 2  dx  = π  − 2 x + ln x 
  x x   2 1
  32  13  
= π   − 2 ( 3) + ln 3 −  − 2 (1) + ln1 
  2  2  
= (1.09861π ) m
Now ( )
xV = ∫ x EL dV : X 0.46944π m 3 = 1.09861π m 4
or x = 2.34 m
First, by symmetry:
x =a!
y =0!
Next determine the constants k in y = kx1/3 :
b
At x = a, b = ka1/3 or k =
a1/3
b 1/3 a
Therefore, y = 1/3
x , or x = 3 y 3
a b
Choosing horizontal disks of thickness dy for volume elements ( dV in the figure above)
V = ∫0 π  a 2 − ( a − x ) 
b 2
 
b
(
= π ∫0 2ax − x 2 dy )
b a a2 
= π ∫0  2a × 3 y 3 − 6 y 6  dy
 b b 
b
a2  1 1 1  5
= π 3  2 × y 4 − 3 × y 7  = π a 2b
b  4 b 7  0 14
1
Now y =
V
∫ yELdV , or
14 b   a 2 3 a 2 6  
y= ∫ y π  2 y − b6 y  dy 
5π a 2b 0   b3  
b
14  y5 1 y8 
= 4  2 × − 3 
5b  5 b 8 
0
77
or y= b!
100
First note that by symmetry:

y =0!
z = 0!
Choose as a volume element a disk of radius y and thickness dx. Then:

xEL = x, and
dV = π y 2dx, or
πx
dV = π h 2 cos 2 dx
2a
Using the identity:
1
cos 2 x = (1 + cos 2 x ) , this gives
2
1 2 πx
dV = π h 1 + cos  dx.
2  a 
Then:
a
π h2 a πx π h2  a πx 1
V = ∫ dV = ∫0
1 + cos  dx =  x + sin  = π h 2a.
2  a  2  π a 0 2
continued
Also,
π h2 a πx
∫ xELdV = 2
∫0
x + x cos
a
 dx. Integrating by parts,
 
π h 2   x 2  π x  
a a
a πx
=   +
2   2  0 π 
x sin
a
− ∫ sin 
a  0 
 
π h 2  a 2 π x  
a
a πx a
=  + x sin + cos 
2  2 π  a π a  0 
π h 2  a 2
a 2a   1 2 2  4 
=  + 0 − 0 −   = π a h 1 − 2 
2  2 π π   4  π 
Now,
1 2 1 2 2  4 
x= ∫ xEL dV = 2 
π a h 1 − 2   , or
V πh a 4  π 
1  4 
x= a 1 − 2  !
2  π 
First note that by symmetry:

x =0!
y =0!
Choosing the volume element shown in the figure, i.e. a cylindrical shell of radius r, height h and
thickness dr:
1
yEL = y, and
2
πr
dV = 2π ry dr = 2π r cos dr , and
2a
a πr
V = ∫ dV = 2π h ∫0 r cos dr , or, integrating by parts
2a
a
2a  πr πr 
V = 2π h r sin − ∫ sin dr
π  2a 2a  0
a
 π r 2a πr 
= 4ah  r sin + cos 
 2a π 2a  0
 2a  2  2
= 4ah  a −  = 4a h 1 − 
 π   π
Also,
2 a 2 πr π h2a  πr

∫ yEL dV = π h ∫0 r cos 2a
dr = ∫ r 1 + cos a  dr
2 0  
π h 2   1 π r  
a a
2
a πr
=  r + r sin − ∫ sin dr 
2   2  0 π  a a  0 
continued
π h 2  1 π r  
a
2 a πr a
=  a + r sin + cos 
2  2 π  a π a  0 
π h2  1
2 a 2a   1 2 2  4 
=  a + 0 + 0 −   = π a h 1 − 2 
2 2 π π  4  π 
Now,
1 1 1 2 2  4 
y= ∫ yEL dV =    π a h 1 − 2   , or
V 2
4a 2 h  1 −  
4  π 
 π
y=
(π + 2)
h!
16
Choose as the element of a horizontal slice of thickness dy. For any

number N of sides, the area of the base of the pyramid is given by
Abase = kb 2
where k = k ( N ) ; see note below. Using similar triangles, have
s h− y
=
b h
b
or s= (h − y)
h
b2 2
2(
Then dV = Aslicedy = ks 2dy = k h − y ) dy
h
h
h b2 2 b2  1 3
and V = ∫0 k ( h − y ) dy = k − (h − y) 
h2 h 2  3 0
1 2
= kb h
3
Also yEL = y
2
h  b  b2 h
 h
2
 h
(
so then ∫ y EL dV = ∫0 y k 2 ( h − y ) dy  = k 2 ∫0 h 2 y − 2hy 2 + y 3 dy )
h
b2  1 2 1  1 2 2
= k 2  h 2 y 2 − hy 3 + y 4  = kb h
h 2 3 4 0 12
1  1 2 2
Now yV = ∫ y EL dV : y  kb 2h  = kb h
 3  12
1
or y = h Q.E.D.
4
Note:
1 b
2

Abase = N  × b × 
2 tan πN
 
N
= π
b2
4 tan N
= k ( N ) b2
Since the spherical cup is uniform, the center of gravity will coincide with the centroid. Also, because the cup is
thin, it can be treated like an area in finding the centroid.
An element of area is obtained by rotating arc ds about the y axis. With the y axis pointing downwards,
dA = 2π rds = 2π ( R sin θ ) Rdθ
= 2π R 2 sin θ dθ
yEL = y = R cosθ
φ φ
A = ∫ dA = 2π R 2 ∫0 sin θ dθ = 2π R 2 [ − cosθ ]0 = 2π R 2 (1 − cos φ )
∫ yEL dA = ∫0 ( R cosθ ) ( 2π R sin θ dθ ) = 2π R ∫0 cosθ sin θ dθ

φ 2 3 φ
φ
 1 
(
= 2π R3  − cos 2 θ  = π R3 1 − cos 2 φ
 2 0
)
Then,
1 1
y=
A
3 2
(
∫ yEL dA = 2π R 2 1 − cos φ π R 1 − cos φ , or
( )
)
R
y= (1 + cos φ )
2
Using
R−h h
cos φ = =1− :
R R
R  h  h
y= 1 + 1 −   = R −
2  R  2
The center of gravity is therefore located at a distance of
 h h
R − y = R −  R −  = , above the base.(Q.E.D)
 2 2
(a) Bowl
First note that symmetry implies x = 0!
z = 0!
for the coordinate axes shown below. Now assume that the bowl may be
treated as a shell; the center of gravity of the bowl will coincide with the
centroid of the shell. For the walls of the bowl, an element of area is
obtained by rotating the arc ds about the y axis. Then
dAwall = ( 2π R sin θ )( Rdθ )
and ( yEL ) wall = − R cos θ

π /2 π /2
Then Awall = ∫π /6 2π R 2 sin θ dθ = 2π R 2 [ − cosθ ]π /6
= π 3R 2
and ywall Awall = ∫ ( yEL )wall dA
π /2
(
= ∫π /6 ( − R cosθ ) 2π R 2 sin θ dθ )
π /2
= π R3 cos 2 θ 
π /6
3
= − π R3
4
π 3
By observation Abase = R2, ybase = − R
4 2
Now y ΣA = ΣyA
 π  3 π  3 
or y  π 3R 2 + R 2  = − π R3 + R 2  − R
 4  4 4  2 
or y = −0.48763R R = 350 mm
∴ y = −170.7 mm !
(b) Punch
First note that symmetry implies x = 0!
z = 0!
and that because the punch is homogeneous, its center of gravity will
coincide with the centroid of the corresponding volume. Choose as the
element of volume a disk of radius x and thickness dy. Then
dV = π x 2dy, yEL = y
continued
Now x2 + y 2 = R2 so that (
dV = π R 2 − y 2 dy ) 0
 1 3
Then V = ∫−
0
3/2 R ( )
π R 2 − y 2 dy = π  R 2 y −

y
3  − 3/2 R
  3
3  1 3   3
= −π  R 2  − R − − R  = π 3R3
  2  3  2   8
 
0
 1 2 2 1 4
3/2 R ( )  (
y π R 2 − y 2 ) dy  = π 
0
and ∫ yELdV = ∫− 
R y − y 
2 4 − 3/2 R
 2 4
1  3  1 3   15
= −π  R 2  − R − − R  = − π R4

2  2    
4 2   64
 
3  15
Now yV = ∫ yEL dV : y  π 3 R3  = − π R 4
8  64
5
or y =− R R = 350 mm
8 3
∴ y = −126.3 mm !
The centroid can be found by integration. The equation for the bottom of the gravel is:
y = a + bx + cz, where the constants a, b, and c can be determined as follows:
For x = 0, and z = 0: y = − 3 in., and therefore
3 1
− ft = a, or a = − ft
12 4
For x = 30 ft, and z = 0: y = − 5 in., and therefore
5 1 1
− ft = − ft + b ( 30 ft ) , or b = −
12 4 180
For x = 0, and z = 50 ft: y = − 6 in., and therefore
6 1 1
− ft = − ft + c ( 50 ft ) , or c = −
12 4 200
Therefore:
1 1 1
y = − ft − x− z
4 180 200
Now
x = ∫ EL
x dV
V
A volume element can be chosen as:
dV = y dxdz,
1⎛ 1 1 ⎞
or dV = ⎜1 + x+ z ⎟ dx dz, and
4⎝ 45 50 ⎠
xEL = x
continued
Then
50 30 ⎛ x 1 ⎞ 1
∫ xEL dV = ∫0 ∫0 4 ⎜1 + 45 x + 50 z ⎟ dx dz
⎝ ⎠
30
1 50 ⎡ x 2 1 3 z 2⎤
= ∫0 ⎢ + x + x ⎥ dz
4 ⎣ 2 135 100 ⎦ 0
1 50
= ∫ ( 650 + 9 z ) dz
4 0
50
1⎡ 9 ⎤
= ⎢ 650 z + z 2 ⎥
4⎣ 2 ⎦0
= 10937.5 ft 4
The volume is:
50 30 1 ⎛ 1 1 ⎞
V ∫ dV = ∫0 ∫0 ⎜1 + x+ z ⎟ dx dz
4⎝ 45 50 ⎠
30
1 50 ⎡ 1 2 z ⎤
= ∫0 ⎢ x + x + x dz
4 ⎣ 90 50 ⎥⎦ 0
1 50 ⎛ 3 ⎞
= ∫0 ⎜
40 + z ⎟ dz
4 ⎝ 5 ⎠
50
1⎡ 3 2⎤
= ⎢ 40 z + z
4⎣ 10 ⎥⎦ 0
= 687.50 ft 3
Then
x = ∫ EL
x dV 10937.5ft 4
= = 15.9091 ft
V 687.5 ft 3
Therefore: V = 688 ft 3 W
x = 15.91 ft W
Choosing the element of volume shown, i.e. a filament of sides, y, dx, and dz:
dV = y dx dy, and
z EL = z
b a x z
V = ∫ dV = ∫ 0 ∫ 0  y0 − y1 − y2  dx dz
 a b
a
b x2 zx  b 1 a 
=∫ 0 0
y x − y1 − y2  dz = ∫ 0  y0a − y1a − y2 z  dz
 2a b 0  2 b 
b
 1 a z2   1 1 
=  y0az − y1az − y2  =  y0 − y1 − y2  ab
 2 b 2 0  2 2 
b a  xz z2 
∫ zEL dV = ∫ 0 ∫ 0  y0 z − y1 a − y2 b  dx dz
 
a
b x2 z z2x  b za z 2a 
=∫ 0 0
y zx − y1 − y2  dz = ∫ 0  y0 za − y1 − y2  dz
 2a b 0  2 b 
b
 z 2a z 2a z 3a  1 1 1  2
=  y0 − y1 − y2  =  y0 − y1 − y2  ab
 2 4 3b  0  2 4 3 
continued
Now,
1 1 1 1 1 
z = ∫ z EL dV =  y0 − y1 − y2  ab 2 , or
V  1 1  2 4 3 
 y0 − y1 − y2  ab
 2 2 
1 1 1
y0 − y1 − y2
z = 2 4 3 b
1 1
y0 − y1 − y2
2 2
First note that symmetry implies x =0
Choose as the element of volume a vertical slice of width 2x, thickness dz, and height y. Then
1
dV = 2 xy dz, yEL = y, zEL = z
2
h h h⎛ z⎞
Now x = a2 − z2 and y = − z = ⎜1 − ⎟
2 2a 2⎝ a⎠
⎛ z⎞
So dV = h a 2 − z 2 ⎜1 − ⎟ dz
⎝ a⎠
a
⎪⎧ 1 ⎡ ⎛ z ⎞⎤ ⎫
( )
⎛ z⎞ 1 2 3/2 ⎪
a − z ⎜1 − ⎟ dz = h ⎨ ⎢ z a 2 − z 2 + a 2 sin −1 ⎜ ⎟ ⎥ +
a
Then V =∫ h 2 2
a − z2 ⎬
0
⎝ a⎠ ⎪⎩ 2 ⎣ ⎝ a ⎠ ⎦ 3a ⎭⎪ − a
1 2 ⎡ −1
= a h ⎣sin (1) − sin −1 ( −1) ⎤⎦
2
π
= a 2h
2
a ⎡1 h⎛ z ⎞⎤ ⎡ 2⎛ z⎞ ⎤
∫ yELdV = ∫ − a ⎢ 2 × 2 ⎜1 − a ⎟ ⎥ ⎢h a − z ⎜1 −
2
Then ⎟ dz ⎥
⎣ ⎝ ⎠⎦ ⎣ ⎝ a⎠ ⎦
h2 a 2⎛ z z2 ⎞
= ∫ a 2
− z ⎜
⎜ 1 − 2 + ⎟ dz
4 −a ⎝ a a 2 ⎟⎠
continued
⎧⎪ 1 ⎡ −1 ⎛ z ⎞ ⎤ ⎡2 2 ⎤
h2
( )
3
= ⎨ ⎢ z a − z + a sin ⎜ ⎟ ⎥ + ⎢
2 2 2
a − z2 2
⎥
4 ⎩⎪ ⎣
2 ⎝ ⎠⎦ ⎣
a 3a ⎦
a
1 ⎡ z ⎛ z ⎞ ⎤ ⎪⎫
( ) a2 z 2 a4
3
+ 2 ⎢− a2 − z 2 2
+ a − z 2 + sin −1 ⎜ ⎟ ⎥ ⎬
a ⎣ 4 8 8 ⎝ a ⎠ ⎦ ⎭⎪
−a
5h 2a 2 ⎡ −1
= ⎣ sin (1) − sin −1 ( −1) ⎤⎦
32
⎛ π a2 ⎞ 5h 2a 2
Then yV = ∫ yEL dV : y ⎜⎜ h ⎟⎟ = (π )
⎝ 2 ⎠ 32
5
or y = h
16
a ⎡ 2⎛ z⎞ ⎤
∫ zELdV = ∫ − a z ⎢ h a − z ⎜1 − a ⎟ dz ⎥
2
and
⎣ ⎝ ⎠ ⎦
a
⎪⎧ 1 1⎡ z a 4 −1 ⎛ z ⎞ ⎤ ⎪⎫
( ) ( ) a2z 2
3 3
= h ⎨− a 2 − z 2 2
− ⎢− a 2 − z 2 2
+ a − z2 + sin ⎜ ⎟ ⎥ ⎬
⎩⎪ 3 a⎣ 4 8 8 ⎝ a ⎠ ⎦ ⎭⎪
−a
a3h ⎡ −1
=− ⎣ sin (1) − sin −1 ( −1) ⎤⎦
8
⎛ π a 2h ⎞ π a 3h
zV = ∫ z EL dV : z ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ = −
⎝ 2 ⎠ 8
a
or z = −
4

1 21 × 22 = 462 1.5 11 693 5082
1
2 − ( 6 )( 9 ) = −27 −6 2 162 −54
2
1
3 − ( 6 )(12 ) = −36 8 2 −288 −72
2
Σ 399 567 4956
Σ xA 567 mm 3
Then X = = or X = 1.421 mm
ΣA 399 mm 2
Σ yA 4956 mm 3
and Y = = or Y = 12.42 mm
ΣA 399 mm 2
A, in 2 x , in. y , in. xA, in 3 yA, in 3
1
1 (10)(15) = 50 4.5 7.5 225 375
3
π
2 (15)2 = 176.71 6.366 16.366 1125 2892
4
Σ 226.71 1350 3267
Then X Σ A = Σx A
( )
X 226.71 in 2 = 1350 in 3 or X = 5.95 in.
and Y ΣA = Σy A
( )
Y 226.71 in 2 = 3267 in 3 or Y = 14.41 in.
First note that because the wire is homogeneous, its center of gravity will coincide with the centroid of the
corresponding line.
1 122 + 62 = 13.416 6 3 80.50 40.25

2 16 12 14 192 224
3 21 1.5 22 31.50 462
4 16 −9 14 −144 224
5 62 + 92 = 10.817 − 4.5 3 − 48.67 32.45

Σ 77.233 111.32 982.7
Then X ΣL = Σx L
X (77.233 mm) = 111.32 mm 2 or X = 1.441 mm
and Y ΣL = Σ y L
Y (77.233 mm) = 982.7 mm 2 or Y = 12.72 mm
First note that for equilibrium, the center of gravity of the wire must lie
on a vertical line through C. Further, because the wire is homogeneous,
its center of gravity will coincide with the centroid of the corresponding
line.
Thus ΣM C = 0, which implies that x = 0
or Σ xi Li = 0
L
Hence ( L ) + ( − 4 in.)(8 in.) + ( − 4 in.)(10 in.) = 0
2
or L2 = 144 in 2 or L = 12.00 in.

h
At x = a, y = h : h = ka3 or k =
a3
a 1/3
Then x= y
h1/3
Now dA = xdy
a 1/3
= y dy
h1/3
1 1 a 1/3
xEL = x= y , yEL = y
2 2 h1/ 3
h
3 a 3
Then A = ∫ dA =∫ 0
h a 1/3
h1/3
y dy =
4 h1/3
( )
y 4/3
0
=
4
ah
h
1 a 1/3  a 1/3  1 a  3 5/3 
h 3 2
and ∫ xEL dA = ∫ 1/30
y  1/3 y dy  = 2/3 
y  = a h
2h h  2 h 5  0 10
h
 a 1/3 
h a  3 7/3  3 2
∫ yEL dA = ∫ y  h1/3 y dy  = h1/3  7 y  = 7 ah
0
   0
3  3 2 2
Hence xA = ∫ xEL dA : x  ah  = a h x = a
 4  10 5
3  3 4
yA = ∫ yEL dA: y  ah  = ah 2 y = h
4  7 7
2b
For y1 at x = a, y = 2b 2b = ka 2 or k =
a2
2b 2
Then y1 = x
a2
b x
By observation y2 = − ( x + 2b) = b  2 − 
a a
Now xEL = x
and for 0 ≤ x ≤ a :
1 b 2b 2
yEL = y1 = 2 x 2 and dA = y1dx = x dx
2 a a2
For a ≤ x ≤ 2a :
1 b x  x
yEL = y2 =  2 −  and dA = y2dx = b  2 −  dx
2 2 a  a 
a 2b 2 2a  x
Then A = ∫ dA = ∫ 0 2
x dx + ∫ a b  2 −  dx
a  a
a 2a
 a 2
2b  x3  x  7
= 2   + b  −  2 −   = ab
a  3 0  2  a   6
0
a  2b 2  2a   x 
and ∫ xEL dA = ∫ 0 x  a 2 x dx  + ∫ a x b  2 − a  dx 
     
a 2a
2b  x 4   2 x3 
= 2   + b x − 
a  4 0  3a  0
=
1 2
2 { 2 2
a b + b ( 2a ) − ( a )  +

1  2
 3a  ( )
3 
2a − ( a )  

7 2
= ab
6
a b 2  2b 2  2a b  x   x 
∫ yEL dA = ∫ 0 a 2 x  a 2 x dx  + ∫ 0 2  2 − a  b  2 − a  dx 
      
a 2a
3
2b 2  x5  b2  a  x 
= 4   + −  2 −  
a  5 0 2  3  a  
a
17 2
= ab
30
7  7
Hence xA = ∫ xEL dA: x  ab  = a 2b x =a
6  6
 7  17 2 17
yA = ∫ yEL dA: y  ab  = ab y = b
 6  30 35
The volume can be generated by rotating the triangle and circular sector shown about the y axis. Applying the
second theorem of Pappus-Guldinus and using Fig. 5.8A, we have
V = 2π xA = 2πΣxA = 2π ( x1 A1 + x2 A2 )
   
 1 1   1 1 3   2R sin 30o 
o π 2

= 2π  × R   × R × R +  cos 30   R  
 2   3 × π
 3 2   2 2   
6 
  6  
 R3 R3  3 3
= 2π  +  = π R3
 16 3 2 3  8
3 3 3
= π (12 in.) = 3526.03 in 3
8
Since 1 gal = 231 in 3
3526.03 in 3
V = = 15.26 gal
231 in 3/gal
V = 15.26 gal
Have RI = ( 9 ft )( 200 lb/ft ) = 1800 lb

1
RII = ( 3 ft )( 200 lb/ft ) = 300 lb
2
Then ΣFx = 0: Ax = 0
ΣM A = 0: − ( 4.5 ft )(1800 lb ) − (10 ft )( 300 lb ) + ( 9 ft ) B y = 0
or By = 1233.3 lb B = 1233 lb
ΣFy = 0: Ay − 1800 lb − 300 lb + 1233.3 lb = 0
or Ay = 866.7 lb A = 867 lb
1
Have RI = ( 4 m )( 2000 kN/m ) = 2667 N
3
1
RII = ( 2 m )(1000 kN/m ) = 666.7 N
3
Then ΣFx = 0: Ax = 0
ΣFy = 0: Ay − 2667 N − 666.7 N = 0
or Ay = 3334 N A = 3.33 kN
ΣM A = 0: M A − (1 m )( 2667 N ) − ( 5.5 m )( 666.7 N )
or M A = 6334 N ⋅ m M A = 6.33 kN ⋅ m
Consider the free-body diagram of the side.

1 1
Have P= Ap = A (γ d )
2 2
d
Now ΣM A = 0: ( 9 ft ) T − P=0
3
Then, for d max:
d max  1
( 9 ft ) ( 0.2 ) ( 40 × 103 lb ) − ( ) 
 (12 ft ) ( d max )  62.4 lb/ft d max  = 0
3
3 2 
or 216 × 103 ft 3 = 374.4 d max

3
3
or d max = 576.92 ft 3 d max = 8.32 ft
First, assume that the machine element is homogeneous so that its center of gravity coincides with the
centroid of the corresponding volume.
V , in 3 x , in. y , in. xV , in 4 yV , in 4
I (4)(3.6)(0.75) = 10.8 2.0 0.375 21.6 4.05
II (2.4)(2.0)(0.6) = 2.88 3.7 1.95 10.656 5.616
III π(0.45)2 (0.4) = 0.2545 4.2 2.15 1.0688 0.54711
2 − 0.7068 − 0.22089
IV − π (0.5) (0.75) = − 0.5890 1.2 0.375
Σ 13.3454 32.618 9.9922
Have X ΣV = Σ x V
( )
X 13.3454 in 3 = 32.618 in 4 or X = 2.44 in.
First, assume that the sheet metal is homogeneous so that the center of gravity of the bracket coincides with
the centroid of the corresponding area. Then (see diagram)
4 ( 6.25 )
zV = 22.5 −
3π
= 19.85 mm
π
AV = − ( 6.25)2
2
= − 61.36 mm 2
A, mm 2 x , mm y , mm z , mm xA, mm3 yA, mm3 zA, mm3
I ( 25)( 60) = 1500 12.5 0 30 18 750 0 45 000
II (12.5)( 60 ) = 750 25 − 6.25 30 18 750 − 4687.5 22 500
III ( 7.5)( 60 ) = 450 28.75 −12.5 30 12 937.5 − 5625 13 500
IV − (12.5 )( 30 ) = − 375 10 0 37.5 − 3750 0 −14 062.5
V − 61.36 10 0 19.85 − 613.6 0 −1218.0
Σ 2263.64 46 074 −10 313 65 720
Have X ΣA = ΣxA
( )
X 2263.64 mm 2 = 46 074 mm 3 or X = 20.4 mm
Y ΣA = Σ yA
or Y = − 4.55 mm
( )
Y 2263.64 mm 2 = −10 313 mm 3
Z ΣA = Σ zA
( )
Z 2263.64 mm 2 = 65 720 mm 3 or Z = 29.0 mm

Sol Cap 05 - Edicion 8 PDF

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COSMOS: Complete Online Solutions Manual Organization System

A, mm 2 x , mm y , mm xA, mm3 yA, mm3

A,in 2 x ,in. y ,in. xA,in 3 yA,in 3

Σ 134 1102 536

Σ 30375 3 189 375

A,in 2 x ,in. y ,in. xA,in 3 yA,in 3

A, mm 2 x , mm y , mm xA, mm3 yA, mm3

1 125 75 5 273 500 3 164 100

81 949 1 476 600 6 961 000

A,in 2 x ,in. y ,in. xA,in 3 yA,in 3

A,in 2 x ,in. xA,in 3

A, mm 2 x , mm y , mm xA, mm3 yA, mm3

ΣxA 2109 380

π2 4r1  π 2  4r1  r13

π 4r2  π 2  4r2  2r23

Chapter 5, Solution 10.

First, determine the location of the centroid.

Which agrees with Eq. (1).

Chapter 5, Solution 11.

A,in 2 x ,in. xA,in 3

Chapter 5, Solution 12.

A, mm 2 x , mm y , mm xA, mm3 yA, mm3

Chapter 5, Solution 13.

A,in 2 x ,in. y ,in. xA,in 3 yA,in 3

1 (18)(8) = 144 −3 4 − 432 576

Chapter 5, Solution 14.

1 (180 )(120 ) = 21 600 60 1 296 000

ΣyA 124 260

Chapter 5, Solution 15.

A, mm 2 x , mm y , mm xA, mm3 yA, mm3

Chapter 5, Solution 16.

A, mm 2 x , mm y , mm xA, mm3 yA, mm3

ΣxA 1875 000

ΣyA 1 933 360

Chapter 5, Solution 17.

Chapter 5, Solution 18.

2 ( 20 )(80 ) = 1600 40 64 000

Σ 3200 208 000

ΣyA 208 000

QI = ΣyA = 25 ( 80 × 20 ) + 7.5 ( 20 × 15 ) = 42 250 mm3 , or QI = 42.3 × 103 mm3 !

QII = ΣyA = − 32.5 ( 20 × 65 ) = 42 250 mm3 , or QII = 42.3 × 103 mm3 !

Chapter 5, Solution 19.

(a) With Qx = Σ yA and using Fig. 5.8 A,

Chapter 5, Solution 20.

From the problem statement: F is proportional to Qx . Therefore:

Chapter 5, Solution 21.

ΣxL 210 000

Chapter 5, Solution 22.

L, in. x , in. y , in. xL, in 2 y , in 2

Chapter 5, Solution 23.

Chapter 5, Solution 24.

5 π 47.746 − 47.746 5625.0 − 5625.0

Chapter 5, Solution 25.

From Figure 5.8 b:

Solving for TBC :

TBC = 0.34960 lb or TBC = 0.350 lb

(b) ΣFx = 0: Ax + ( 0.34960 lb ) cos 60° = 0

ΣFx = 0: Ay − 1.75 lb + ( 0.34960 lb ) sin 60° = 0

Chapter 5, Solution 26.

2 (150 mm )  200 mm   150 mm 

Chapter 5, Solution 27.

2 (150 mm )  200 mm   150 mm 

Chapter 5, Solution 28.