i;sh

i ii
Y%S {dkdrdu iajdókaø wkqiaurK .%ka: ud,d - wxl 20 O3⁄4u odkhla jYfhka
fkdñf,a fnodyeÍu msKsihs

i;sh m%:u uqøKh

YS%' nq' j' 2546 jH' j 2003
fojk uqøKh
YS%' nq' j' 2558 jH' j 2016

iïmdol
c3⁄4uka cd;sl mQcHmdo wkd,fhda iajdñka jykafia
mßj3⁄4;kh
mQcH WvBßh.u OïuÔj iajdñka jykafia
Èuq;= uqøKd,h
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oyï fmd;a lshùu i|yd msúfikak
hlal, fjí( www.dhammadanabooks.com

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Oïu úphg n,mdk nj fmfka'19
13
wd3⁄4h wIagdx.sl ud3⁄4.fhys tla wx.hla jk iïud
i;sh .ek l:d lsÍfï §" i;sh ZZiïudZZ hk mofhka úfYaIKh
ù ;sîu ie<lsh hq;a;ls'20 ud3⁄4.dx.hla f,i ±lafjk
i;sh fyj;a iïud i;sh wfkl=;a wjia:dj, ±lafjk i;s
ffp;islfhka .=Kd;aul jYfhka fjkila fuys ±kfjk
w;r tu fjki fkd jeo.;a f,i fydA wyïnhla f,i i,lkq
fkdjà' fndfyda iQ;%j, i;sfha u úfYaIs; wdldrhla f,i fuka
u iïud i;shg m%;smCI O3⁄4uh f,i ñÉcd i;sh i|ykaj
we;' 21
uKsNoo iQ;%fha§ nqÿmshdKka jykafia" i;sh Bg
wdfõKsl úúO .=K iys; jQjla jQj;a" yqÿ i;sfhka muKla
ffjrh ch.; fkdyels nj foaYkd fldg we;22' fï wkqj
wl=i,a ffp;isl ch.ekSfuys,d i;shg wu;rjq ;j;a
ffp;isl wjYH lrk nj fmfka' fuu rpkfhka flfia
kuq;a n,dfmdfrd;a;= jkafka i;sh wfkl=;a ffp;islhkaf.ka
fjkafldg ks3⁄4jpkh lsÍula ksid" i;sfha m%Odk ,CIK
fjkafldg y÷kd.ekSu i|yd wfkl=;a ffp;islhkaf.ka
yqol,d fldg ;ksj i,ld n,kq ,efí'
2' i;s ksrEmkh - ms<sôUqj
iQ;% msGlfha úúO Wmud w,xldr yd jK_kd wkqj
i;sh ksrEmKh fldg we;' fïjd úu3⁄4Ykh lsÍfuka tajdhska
ms<sôUq lrk oE Wlyd .ekSfuka nqÿmshdKka jykafia fuka u
iuld,Skhka tod i;sh hk moh f;areï .;a wdldrh ms<sn|
jeä úia;r ,nd .; yelafla h'
oafõOdú;ll iQ;%fha ±lafjk f.damd,l Wmudjg
wkqj meiqKq YiH-fNda. iys; fl;a hdhlg .j /< fkd
nisk f,ig f.damd,lhd n,d lshd .; hq;= fõ' kuq;a wiajekak
fk,d.;a miq f.damd,l f;fï .ila uq, jdä ù úfõlSj .;
lrñka .j /, n,hs 23'
fuu ÿria: jQ;a úfõls jQ;a ne,Su i;sh ksrEmKh
lrhs' fuu Wmudfõ ±lafjk yeisÍï rgdj jvd;a ,sysÉp"
ksõÉp iajNdjhla olajhs' fujka ÿria: uDÿ ksÍCIKhla f,i
14
lrk i;smÜGdk Ndjkdj" f:r .d:djlg wkqj Wia l=¿klg
ke.Sula Wia fõÈldjla u;g ke.Sula yd iulr olajd we;24'
ldu m%jdyhka yd we<S .e<S .; lrk iajNdjfhka yd;amiska
fjkia jQ njla fuu l=¿K Wmudfjka wÕjk w;r" tuÕska
ÿria: jQ;a" uOHia: jQ;a ne,Sula yqjd olajhs' j,a w,sfhl=
yS,E lsÍfï l%shdj,shlg i;smÜGdk Ndjkdj iufldg olajk
oka;N+ñ iQ;%fha§ fuu ÿria: jQ iajNdjh kej;;a wmg u;la
lr fohs' hï fia w¿;ska w,a,d .kakd ,o wixjr w,sfhl=
Wf.a j,a .;sh ÿre lsÍu i|yd l%ufhka ys,E l< hq;= jkafkao"
tfiau i;smÜGdkh NsCIqjla ;u .DydY%s; Ôú;fhka yd tyd
iïnkaO u;lfhka áflka ál wE;a lrhs' 25'
;j;a Wmudjlg wkqj i;sh ztiKSz - l+rlg iudk
fldg olajhs'26 Y,H ffjoHjrhd ;=jd,h ms<sn| jeä úia;r
,nd .ekSug l+r Ndú;d lrk w;r" u;= m%;sldr i|yd;a
th fhdod .kafka hïfiao" tfiau i;sh we;s ieáh u;=lr
.ekSug;a" tuÕska u;= hï ms<shï i|yd fyd| miqìula
ilialr§u o lrhs' fuf,i i;sh u;= lghq;= ioyd miqìu
ieliSu fjk;a kso3⁄4Ykhl f.dúhdf.a yS je, fyj;a k.=,a
M,lhg yd flúgg Wmdud fldg olajhs' fuu Wmudj uÕska"
f.dúrd< flúg wdOdrfhka ySh wLKavj yiqrejdf.k hk
w;r wïnrejka yS mdr Èf.a bÈßhg lrk nj;a" yS je,
fyj;a kÕ=,a o; fï w;rjdrfha fmdf<dj midre lrf.k
lvdf.k hñka wuq mi u;= lr,k nj;a w3⁄4:j;a fjhs' fï
uÕska me<m; f.dhug iß,k fia fl; l,a we;sj iQodkï
flfrhs' tfiau i;sh wLKavj ukisldrfha ^uki& mj;ajhs
kï tu wjia:dfõ wruqK ms<sn|j zls|dZnei ne,Sug wjfndaOh
bv ,nhs' wruqfKka fyj;a j3⁄4;udk ixisoaêfha fkdfmfkk
ienEj ^;s%,CIKh& u;=lr fohs' u;= m%{d îc j3⁄4Okhg bv
i<ihs'
i;sfha m%Odku ,CIK fjka fldg y÷kd .ekSu i|+yd
fuys§ wfkl=;a ffp;islhka f.ka yqol,dfldg ;ksj i,ld
n,kq ,efí'
wfkl=;a wÕ miÕ yd Ndjkd ffp;isl O3⁄4uhka
.,mñka olajk ;j;a Wmudjlg wkqj m%{d my<ùug
Wmldrl iajNdjfhka i;sh l%shd lrk wdldrh olajd we;'
15
tys ,d i;sh ixikaokh fldg we;af;a we;df.a ysi ord isák
f.,gh tys§ we;a ysi hkq m%{djhs29'
nqÿmshdKka jykafiaf.a .=Khla jkakd jQ o we;dg
wdfõKsl fohla jQo zzy;aÓ úf,dalkhZZ" me;a; n,k úg ysi
muKla fkdyrjd uq¿ YÍrh;a iuÕu yeÍu kï jQ .=Kh ksid
fuu f.f<a Wmudj jvd;a w3⁄4:j;a fjhs30' fuuÕska i;sh we;a
ysi fuka hulg uq¨ wjOdkhu fhoùu uq¨ys;skau lsÍug
ie<iaùu kï jQ .=Kfhka hqla; nj lshefõ'
we;a ne,au jkdyS nqÿmshdKka jykafiag u wdfõKsl
.=Khla jk w;r" t<U isá ldrKhg wLKav jQ;a iïmQ3⁄4K jQ;a
wjOdkh fh§u ish¿u ry;ka jykafia,dg fmdÿ ,CIKhls'31'
r: frdaaohl tlu wrhlg i;sh Wmud lrk fjk;a Wmudjla
uÕska f.kyer olajd we;'31' ta wkqj bÈßhg wefok r:hlg
Wmudfldg ry;ka jykafiaf.a ldhsl l%shdldrlï olajk w;r
ta l%shdldrlï ish,a, r: frdaofha t<ô nr orK tlu wrh
fuka jQ i;sfha Wmldrfhka isÿfõ'
iq;a; ksmd; .d:d Ou_hlg wkqj m%{dfõ j3⁄4Okh
i|yd i;sfha Wmldrh kej;;a yqjd olajk w;r" i;sh
f,dalfha we;s úúO zzOdrdjkaZZ uäkakla f,ig olajd we;'
fuf,i uev,Su isÿùu ksid m%{dfjka tajd lmd yeßu myiq
fõ' fuuÕska i;sfha we;s b÷rka yslauùfï lD;Hh ksid
m%{dfõ uQ,sl moku ielfik nj m%lg lrhs'33'
fuu Y,H ffjoHjrhdf.a l+r" k.=,a M,lh" we;a
f., iy Odrdjka uev,Su wd§ Wmud rEmlj,ska lshefjk fmdÿ
,CIKh jkafka úmiaikdj ioyd i;sfha we;s iqodkï lr§fï
lD;Hhs' ta wkqj m%{djg uÕmdok ffp;islh f,i i;sh
±lafõ34'
ixhqla; ksldfha§ jfrl zi;shZ r:dpd3⁄4hjrfhl=g
Wmud fldg we;35' tuÕska bkaøsh" - n, O3⁄4u w;r i;shg
we;s fidhd ne,Sfï lD;Hh yd yeisrùfï lD;Hh isyshg
kxjhs' tuÕska iqmßCIdldÍ nj yd uOHia: ne,aula hk .=K
u;= lr olajhs' i;sfha fuu iunr lsÍfï .=Kh b;du;a
16
úÑ;% f,i fmkajk ;j;a Wmudjlg wkqj" i;sh iudk fldg
olajkafka lg uÜgug f;,a mqrjk ,o Ndckhla ysiska f.k
.uka lrkafkl=gh36'
;j;a kso3⁄4Ykhlg wkqj i;sfha ziaurKZ .=Kh yd
iqmßCIl Ndjh k.rfha m%Odk fodrgq md,lhdg iudk lr
olajhs37' tys§ rc;=ud fj; Tmamq l< hq;= zmhsKavhlaZ iys;
¥;fhl= k.roajdrhg ,Õdjk cjksldjla f.k yermdhs' tys
§ fodrgq md,lhdf.a rdcldßh jkafka rc;=ud neye±lSug hd
yels blaukau uÕ ±laùuhs' fjk;a ;efkl fufiau fodrgq
md<lhdf.a m%;srEmh k.rdrCIdj yd iïnkaO fldg olajd
we;' tu Wmudfõ§ k.rfha n, yuqodj ù3⁄4hhs' zm%{djZ fldgq
;dmamhhs' i;sh keu;s fodrgq md,lhdf.a ld3⁄4h jkafka kshu
wjHdc k.r jeishd y÷kd .ekSu;a" Tyqg we;=,aùug bv ,nd
§u;ah38' fï Wmfïh foflkau t<U isá i;sh we;s wjia:dfõ
mj;sk ;;a;ajh ukdj biau;= fldg olajhs'
fuhska fojekak jkdyS" bkaøsh ixjrh yd iïnkaO
i;s ud;%h bgq lrk yslauúfï fufyjr biau;= lrhs39' hg
±lajQ i;sh i;= f,!lsl iev myrj,a fu,a, lsÍfï lD;Hh
fï fofjks Wmudfjkao isysm;a lr,hs' fodrgq md,lfhl= we;s
ksid wkjirfhka k.rhg we;=¿ùug bvla fkd ,nkakd fia
i;sh t<U isá úg bkaøsh oajdrj, my<jk m%;sl%shd yd wl=i,a
ffp;isl my<ùug" wjirhla fkd ,nk whqre fmfka' i;sh
tlu wdrCIdj-taldrlafLda nj i|yka jk ;j;a mdGhla uÕska
o i;sfha fuu wdrCIl N+ñldj m%isoaO lrhs40' tfukau is;sú,s
yd fÉ;kd úIfhys wêm;slu o i;sfha .=Khls41'
zzwx.=;a;r ksldfhaZZ ±lafjk iQ;%hlg wkqj i;smÜGdk
y;r ms<sn| h:d N+; ±kSu f.damd,lhdf.a ;u .j/, iïnkaO
f.dapr N+ñh ms<sn| oCInj yd iu fldg olajd we;42' fuu
ksoiqk uyd f.damd,l iQ;%fhA§ o yuqfõ' i;smÜGdk Ndjkdfõ
jeo.;alu" fuu Oïu-úkh jDoaê Ndjhg" úmq, Ndjhg m;a
lr,Sug wdOdrlhla f,ig yqjd olajd we;' iq;% msglfhau
fjk;a ;ekl ks;r ovhïlrejka ylal,x .ik ^ießirk&
ia:dkhla j÷rka fk.ejiS uÕ yßk iajNdjh ±laùfuka
fhda.djprhd bÈka wdrCIdùug leu;s kï yeisÍu f.dapr
17
N+ñhg muKla iSud l< hq;= nj;a u;la lr fohs' tfiau
ud3⁄4. m%{dj leu;s fhda.djprhd ;udf.a f.dapr N+ñh f,i
i;smÜGdkfhau yeisÍu l< hq;= nj olajhs' fï ksrEmKh
uÕska i;s ud;%fha we;s wruqKq w,a,d .ekSu iïnkaOj mej;sh
hq;=44 ixjrh biau;= fldg olajhs' wf.dapr N+ñ f,i" mr
úIh f,i hg fþofha ±lafjkafka ldu iqLhhs' ta wkqj"
f.dapr N+ñh i;smÜGdkhhs45'
ihdldr bkaøshkag zwdmd;Z .;jk iq¨ úúO fudayKSh
wruqKq bÈßfha ziqm;sÜÀ;Z i;sh olajk fkdief,k nj" úúO
j,a i;=ka ih fofkl= ne| we;s fmdf<dfõ isgjQ l=¿klg
;j;a ;ekl Wmud fldg olajd we;46' fujka iqm;sÜÀ;
i;shla mqyqKq fldg ke;s" lïmd fkdjk .;shla ke;s
i;smÜGdk Ndjkdfõ úfYaIfhka wdrïNl wjia:dfõ miqjk
fhda.djprhdf.a is; b;d blaukska ldu wruqKqj,g f.dÿreùu
fkdje,elaúh yels isoaêhls' ud;=u iQ;%fha§ msKavmd;fha
jäk NsCIqka jykafia kula fuf,i ukdf,i msysá i;shla
fyda bkaøsh oukhla fkdue;sj msg;g jeãfï isoaêhla jd3⁄4;d
fú' úkS; f,i iNH f,i yeo me<o fkd.;a ldka;djla uqK
.eiSfuka ±ä ldudidj my< ùu ksid Ndjkdfõ Wlg,S jQ tu
NsCIqj thskau isjqre yer .sh isoaêhla" wi;su;alfï wdÈkj
±laùula f,ig jd3⁄4;d fõ47'
i;sfha ,CIK yd ri
i;smÜGdk iQ;%fha ,d bÈßm;a fldg we;s wkqYdikdjka
ie,ls,af,ka mÍCId lsÍfï§ lsisu ;ekl ukig bÈßm;a jk
foaj,aj,g yria lemSula lsÍug fhda.djprhdg Wmfoia §ula
lr ke;s nj fmfkaa' ueÈy;a ùulao wkqu; lr ke;s nj
fmfka' isf;a lsishï u kSjrK O3⁄4uhla mek k.S kï" i;sfha
l3⁄4;jH jkafka tu ndOl O3⁄4uh weia mkd msg uQKg-uQK,d
±l .ekSuhs' tys ksreoaOùulg flfia uÕ mEfoa±hs ±k
.ekSuhs' Bg tyd .sh il%sh odhl;ajhla i;shg whs;s ke;'
we;a; jYfhkau th iïmc{×fha úIh fCIa;%hhs'
nqoaO foaYKdjg wkqj ±k .; hq;= b;du;a jeo.;a
ldrKh jkafka" uQ,sl ksÍCIK wjêh yd ta wkqj l%shd;aulùfï
wjêh y÷kd .ekSuhs48' fuys ,d ir, jQ;a" Rcq jQ;a" ldrKh
jkafka" lsishï ixisoaêhl§ wod, ksis mshjr .ekSug flfkl=g
18
oCI Ndjh ,efnkafka" ZZuq,ska u th b;d iómj ksrjq,aj
ksÍCIKh l< yels úg muKsZZ' hkak jgyd .ekSuhs'
fuf,ig i;sh iuHla jHdhduh i|yd fhduq lrùug
wjYH f;dr;=re iïmdokh lrk kuq;a" mj;sk wvq-jeälï
ms<sn| ;=<kh lsÍulaa ;=<ska ms<shï ms<sn|j fidhd n,k kuq;a
;ud jYfhka uOHia:j uE;lg ù isg ksÍCIKh lsÍfï ;u
.=Kh /lf.k isà" ;udg jvd l%shdYS,s fjk;a ffp;isl iu.
mEys wfkHdkH f,i n,mdñka lghq;= lsÍfï yelshdj i;shg
we;;a" fl,skau ueÈy;a ùula i;sh fkdlrhs49'
tf,i fkdmeg,efjk" ,sys,a ziqL.%dySZ ,CIKhla
i;sh i;=j mj;S' i;sfha ld3⁄4hh jkafka isÿùu ms<sn|j yqÿ
±kqj;a lsÍuhs' ke;sj tajd ÿre lsÍu fkdfõ' ksyvj ksÍCIKh
lrkafka" fm%aCIlfhl= l%Svd ;rÕhla n,kakd fiah' ueÈy;a
ùula tys ke;50' fujka ksYaYío ksÍCIKhlg wl=i, Ou_
uev,Sug ;rï jk ksid t<U isá isysh b;d m%n, wdksixY
f.k foa' tfia jk kuq;a tys lD;Hh jkdyS zzúhqla;ZZ jQ
ksÍCIKhlg iSud fõ' i;sh w;a±lSu fjkia fkdlrhs' ta
fjkqjg th .eUqre lrjhs'
ke. tkakd jQ m%;sl%shd fukau fm<öï meyeÈ,sj ±l
.ekSug kï" fuu ueÈy;a fkdjkiq¿ .=Kh i;sh i;= úh hq;=
fõ' fudkhï whqrlska fyda ueÈy;a ùulg ndOd lsÍula lsÍug"
m%;sl%shdjlg hfula fm<fò kï i;sfha fuu úhqla; .=Kh
tmuKlskau jydu keiS hhs' i;sfha fuu úhqla; jQ ,sys,a jQ"
iqn.%dyS jQ ,CIKh wkqj" flfkl=g ;ud bÈßhg bÈßm;ajk
ixisoaêfhka u|la fjka ù th ±l .; yelsùu ksid ;udf.a
wd;au.; ueÈy;aùu wmCImd;sj ksÍCIKh l< yelsùu
fukau uq¿ ixisoaêfhkau uqla;j isàug o yelshdj ,nkafkah'
fuu úhqla; mrdih jvd;a úIh uQ, ±lSug uÕ mdok w;r"
fï ;=<ska by; ±la jQ l=¿kla uqÿkg keÕ n,k ne,Su w3⁄4:j;a
flf3⁄4'
zzi;smÜGdkfhaZZ fuu zúix.;Z fukau iqL.%dys yeisÍu
jkdyS m%;sl%shd lsÍu yd m%;sfCIam lsÍu hk wka; fol uÕ
yrjd uOHu m%;smodj mdod fohs52' ;udf.au wvq mdvq yd
widOdrK m%;sl%shd fhda.djprhdf.a idjOdk yeisÍu bÈßfha
19
fy<sorjq jkafka iajlSh wd;au m%;srEmh ms<sn| wdfõKsl
<ne¢hdjg mSvd fkdjk fiah' fuf,i t<eU isá isysh mj;sk
úg by< uÜgfï ±kqï mriamr;djhka bjid isàfï yelshdj
<x fjhs' iajlsh wvq mdvq yd ÿj_,;d ±lSfïÈ idudkHfhka
bfígu jf.a wñysß fõokd wvq lr,Sfï m%h;akhlg fyda ta
iïnkaO f;dr;=re úlD;s lr ±laúulg fyda flfkla fm<fò'
kuq;a" i;sh i;= jq jvd;a úIh uQ, jq ,sys,a o3⁄4Ykhlg kefuk
keïu w.;s.dñ fkdjQQ" wúêu;a jQ iajhx ksßCIKhlg
fodr ljq¿ újD; lr fohs' fuu uOHia: jQ;a" wúêu;a jq;a
iajNdjh" i;sfha ffki3⁄4.sl .=Kh" zzÅv~dmfodisldZZ kï jk
foaj ksldhg iïnkaO fldg olajk újrKhl ±lafjkafka
fufiah' tu Åvvdmfodisld kï foúhka ldu .=K-ldu l%Svd j,
u;a jQq l,ays Tjqkaf.a i;sh .s,syS hhs' tf,i wi;su;aùfï
wdÈkjhka f,i Tjqka tu foaj ksldfhka pq;j my;a ksp
Ndjhlg m;aafõ53' fuhg m%;HCI idCIshla olajk ;j;a
iq;%hlg wkqj" m%udÈ NsCIqjla my;a foaj ksldhl m%;sikaêh
,en isysh t<U isá l, jydu Wiia foaj f,dalhlg m;afõ54'
fï ixisoaê folg wkqj i;sh i;= {dkh yd .=Kh ÈhqKq lrk
iajNdjh;a" wdksixih;a olajhs'
i;sh jkdyS zukisldrhZ kï ffp;islhg iómpdÍ
h" wNsO3⁄4u újrKhg wkqj tys uQ,sl lD;Hh jkqfha' ish¨u
is;aj, fhÈ mej;Suhs55' ;u wêldßh jYfhka fuu ukisldrh
kï jk idudkH is; fhduqlrùu uq,au Ñ;a;dl3⁄4IK fhÈu"
^y÷kd .ekSug;a fjkafldg ±k .eksug;a ufkdaNdj ke.Sug;a
l,ska& wruqK ie<lSfï .=Kdx.h úoyd olajhs' i;sh jkdyS
fuu m%:u i,ld ne,Su blaujd .sh ÈhqKqjla" jO_khla f,i
±laúh yel' ta wkqj w;s CIKsl jQ ukisldrh fyj;a wjOdk
ud;%h jvd;a .eUqre ù meyeÈ,sùula i;sh uÕska i,ihs56'
i;sh yd ukisldrh hk ffp;isl fofla we;s o<
jYfhka iudk pßhdj" i;smÜGdk yd fhdaksfidaukisldrh hk
fol w;r we;s iudk;djhg lSm w;lska iudk njla olajhs'
tys,d kSjrK O3⁄4uhkag m%;smË O3⁄4uhka foig wjOdkh
fhduq lrùu;a' m[ap WmdodkialkaOhkays yd wruqKqj,
wks;H;dj ms<sn| idjOdk nj;a" fndc®X. Ou_ ;yjqre
lr<Ssu;a" p;=rd3⁄4h i;Hhka kqjKska fufkys lsßu;a hk lreKq
fhdksfid ukisldrh iïnkaOfhka olajd we;s wjia:d iQ;% j,
20
yuqfõ57'
ukfia we;s bfí flfrk mqreÿ fyj;a weíneysh wkqj
hñka" flfrk lghq;= neyer lr,Su iïnkaOfhka i;sfha fuu
wjOdk ud;%h kï jk prshdj jeo.;a fõ' i;s ud;%h ;=<ska
flfkl=g ;u bfí flfrk l%shd - m%;sl%shd yd Wml,amkj,ska
is; fírdf.k we;a; we;s ieáfhka ±l .ekSug yelshdj
,efnkafkah' bkaøsh {dkhg u uq¨ wjOdkh fhduq flfrk
ksid bfíg fuka mqreoaog fuka lrk m%;spdr ms<sn| f;dr;=re
wkdhdifhkau fy<sfõ' isf;a uq,a neif.k we;s ydkslr mqreÿ
yd krl .;s fjkia lr,Sfï uq,au mshjr f,i fuu bfí
flfrk m%;spdr ±l-±k .ekSu w;HjYHhh'
i;sh i;= fuu zzyqÿ wjOdkhZZ b÷rka ixjr lsßfï§s
úfYaIfhka jeo.;a fõ' wkql%ufhka jefvk fuu jev
ms<sfjf,a § wdÈlïñl fhda.djprhd ihdldr wruqKq ms<sn|j
uq,ska u fuu i;s ud;%h fh§u flfrys Wkkaÿ lrjkq ,efí'
ndOdjlska f;drj fuu i;s ud;%h t<U issá muKskau" is;g
úúO fodrgqj,ska ßx.d .kakd wruqKq úNd. lrñka ne,Su
fyda j3⁄4. lsÍu hï m%udKhlg isÿfõ58' i;smÜGdkh jkdyS
fhda.djprhdg f.dapr N+ñhhs' tys ,d zzi;sh jkdyS fodrgq
md,lhdZZhs hkqfjka ±lajk Wmudj ;=<ska i;sfha wdrCIl
N+ñldj úfYaIfhka bkaøsh ixjrh m%lg lrhs'
iQq;%dka; l%uhg bkaøsh ixjrh jkdys wNsÊ®d-
fodaukii fol ÿre lsÍu i|ydhs' fï foflka f;dr Ndjh
i;smÜGdkfha o uqLH mrud3⁄4:h hs' fï wkqjZZ wNsÊ®d-
fodaukii folg hg ù isÿ lrk m%;sl%shd ÿre lsÍï fyj;a uld
±óu bkaøsh ixjrfha yd i;smÜGdkfha fmdÿ ,CIKh hs59'
fï ksid fuu ld3⁄4hhka foflys ,d iEfyk iu.dñ Ndjhla ±l
.; yel'
idudkH weíneysùï j,g fmdÿ ,CIKhla jk bfí
isÿjk nj fyda mqreoao wkqj" fkd ±kSu isÿjk m%;sl%shd
j,g fl<ska u tÈßj lghq;= lsÍu" hg lS bkaøsh ixjrh yd
i;smÜGdkh hk m%;sm;a;s fofla § u isÿ fõ' i;su;a nj
uq,a wÈhf3⁄4§ u t<U isàu ksid flfkl=g ±k ye¢k.ekSï
iïnkaOj yeisrùfï m%ia:djla ,;a ;eku ,efnk w;r"
21
tuÕska ;udf.a mqreÿ kej; i,ld n,d yev.iajd .ekSug
yelshdjla ,efí' fuys ,d w.h lghq;= .=Kh jkafka i;sfha
we;s iqL.%dys nj;a tuÕska ;ud weia mkdmsg w;aolsk foag
iïmQ3⁄4K wjOdkh wNsuqL lrùug;a tuÕska i;sfha we;s jydu
;Skaÿjlg fkd t<öfï .=Kh wkqj jyd m%;sl%shd fkd lsÍu
jeo.;a fõ'
fï wkqj i;sfha we;s iqL.%dys nj fyj;a ,sys,aj
ta;a;= .kakd nj wdrïNl wÈhf3⁄4§ u fhfok ksid mqreoao
wkqj isÿfjk foaj,a ms<sn|j ±kqj;aùu;a" tuÕska ;ud fldhs
;rï ÿrg wfÉ;kslj" hdka;%slj fuka l%shd lrkafka ± hs
;lafiarejla lsÍug bvla wef3⁄4' fuh;a wruqK ms<sno f;dard
fírd ms<s.ekSfï" j3⁄4Khlg hg lsÍfï i;sh i;= .=Kh ms<sìUq
lrkakls' fï wkqj fu;=jla l,a yqÿ weoySï u; úYajdih u;
fldf;la ÿrg ;ud fkd ±k kuq;a t,anf.k isáfha ± hs ±ka
±ka w;aolsk m%;HCIh wkqj fy,sorõ fõ' wiïNdjk l%shd
fyj;a weíneyshlg wkqj fyda bfíg isÿfjk - isÿlrk l%shd
yd há isf;a uekSï yd .eUqre m%Yak lrk ;;a;ajhka biau;=
lrf.k" tajd kej; i,ld ne,Sfï" kej; yev.iajd .ekSfï
bv m%ia:djla i;sh ,nd fok nj fuhska fmfka'
i;sh i;= fuu wmCImd;S jq o" uOHia; jQ o" .=Kh
iuyr úg f;aÍulg fkd t<öu fyj;a ;SrKhlg blauka
fkdùu (Choicelessness) hehs olajd we;' ;SrKhlg blauka
fkjQ kuq;a mQ3⁄4K wjOdkfhka lsisu m%;sl%shdjlg fkd t<ö miq
ùu fuhska woyia flf3⁄4' fujka wmCImd;S fukau WfmaCId
iys; ksÍCIKhla iQ;% msglfha fjk;a ;ekl ±lafjkafka"
levm;l Wmudfjks60' nqÿmshdKka jykafia iajlSh
udkisl;ajh ms<sn| t<U isá wjOdkh ;udf.au uqK ne,Sug
fhdod .kakd lKakdählg Wmud lsÍfuka levm; ;ud fj;g
m;a fohla lsisu f;aÍulg ,la fkd fldg ms<sôUq lrkakd
fia fhda.djprhd wdidjlska fyda wukdmhlska fyda fkd ueã
t<fUk udkisl;ajh WfmaCIdfjka hqla;j n,hs hkak foaYKd
lrk fial'
fuf;la bÈßm;a lrk ,o f;dr;=re ms`vq lr.;a
l,ays" i;sh ;yjqre ùfï§ zzúmrïldÍZZ njla olajk kuqÿ"
th iqL.%dys fyj;a iqL kuH" ,sysÉp ksÍËKhla njg m;a
22
fõ' WfmaËl nj yd yqÿ wjOdk ud;%hla jYfhka" tys ,ËK
fmfka' ±kqj;aùfï uq,a lD;Hfha uq,a wÈhrfha§ u jdf.a
fhfok fuu i;sh kï ffp;islh l,n, fkdù m%fõYfuka
jeäh hq;= w;r" tuÕska wjOdkfha jO_kh iqLkuH f,i
we;slrjhs' tys,d jeo.;a ,ËKhla f,i wmËmd;S jQ jgyd
.ekSñ ud;%h" ks;r úmrïldÍ ùu' mq¿,a fukau újD; Ndjh
±laúh yel' fuuÕska isÿ lrk m%Odk lD;Hhla jkafka
iajhxl%Shj flfrk mqreÿ-m%;sl%shd l%ufhka neyer,Su;ah i;sh
fuf,i ta;a;= .ekSfï ;lafiare lsÍfï jev ms<sfj, m%.;sYS,Sj
m%;sjHqy.; lsÍula yryd we;a; we;s ieáfhka ±lsfï ksrdl+,
njla" fyj;a wúCIsma; o3⁄4YKhla olajñka ksudj igyka
lrhs' fuu fkd.efgk iq¨ kuq;a úmrïldÍ" iqL kuH kuq;a
fkd mels< .ekSu iys; i;sh tu wkqN+;skaf.a wka;3⁄4.;h fkd
blaujñkao" jyd m%;sl%shd lsÍfukaa je<lSfukao" hqla; ù uOHu
m%;smodjg m%fõYhla fukau mokulao i,ihs'
i;sh i;= iuyrla ,CIK ms<sn| jQ fuu úuiqug
wk;=rej l%shdldÍ i;sh hkak i;r i;smÜGdkhg wkqj
ú.%yhlg nisuq' Bg iqÿiq miqìula iQodkï lsÍula jYfhka
m%:ufhka i;smÜGdkh hk moh ú.%y lruq'
4' i;smÜGdk'
i;smÜGdk hk moh i;s+WmÜGdk hk f,ig fnod
oelaúh yel' fuys§ iajrf,damh isÿùfuka ZZWZZ hkak f,dma fõ'
WmÜGdk hk md<s jpkh ZZt<U isàuZZ hk w3⁄4:h okjk w;r
Wla; iïm%fhda.fha§ i;sh iuÕ hulg t<öu fyda i;sfhka
hqla;j fmkS isàu woyia flf3⁄4' iQ;% O3⁄4u w;r zzWmÜGdkZZ
hk fï l%shd moh t<öu fyda Wmia:dkh hk mohkaf.a úúO jQ;a
ishqï jQ;a w3⁄4: fNao iys;j fkdfhla ;ekaj, ±lsh yel'61-62'
fuf,ig f;areï fíreï lr.;a úg i;smÜGdkh hehs lshkafka
úoHdudk wjia:djg ,xj isàfï w3⁄4:fhka i;sh t<U isàu yd
ZZwf;a ÿßkaZZ kuq;a iQodkñka isák w3⁄4:fhka Wmia:dkh fõ'
fjk;a wdldrhlg olajf;d;a i;smÜGdkh hkq t<U isá isysh
fyda i;sh;a iuÕ Wmia:dkh hk w3⁄4:hhs' flfia kuq;a wÜG
l;d j, i;smÜGdkh hkak mÜGdkh hk mohg wkqj w3⁄4:
olajk w;r mÜGdkh hkq moku" fya;=j hk w3⁄4: okjhs63'
wÜG l;dj, ±lafjk fuu ú.%yhg wkqj i,ld n,kafka kï
iïm%hqla; moh i;smÜGdkh fkdj zzi;smamÜGdkhZZ úh hq;=
23
neúka fuh úh yels hehs is;Sug wmyiq njla fmfka' ;j
ÿrg;a mÜGdk hk l%shd moh lsis úfgl;a i;s hkak iuÕ fh§
we;s ;eka iq;% msGlfha yuq fkdfõ' wvq ;rñka mÜGdk hkak
mjd uq,a iQ;%j, lsis;ekl fhoS ke;s w;r miq ld,SK wNsOïu
yd wÜG l;dj, muKla yuq jk mohls' ixikaokd;aulj
i<ld ne,Sfï§ iQ;%j, ks;r ks;r i;s hkak WmÜGd;s hk l%shd
moh iuÕ fhfok ksid WmÜGdk hkak ksrela;s Ydia;%hg wkqj
ksje/È zzjHq;amkakhZZ fõ64' fuhg wkq.dó ixialD; moh
jk ZZiauD;Hqmia:dkZZ hkak fuh jvd;a m%lg lrhs' fï fhÿu
md<sfha Wmia:dk hkakg iudk jk w;r iïm%hqla; mohg
ksje/È ú.%yhla o imhhs'
Wla; wÜG l;d újrKh uÕska mek kÕsk .eg¿j
jkafka" i;smÜGdkh hkak wjOdkfha úfYaI wdldrhla hk
f;areug jvd i;sfha moku fyj;a i;sh msysgqùu i|yd jk
fya;=j hk w3⁄4:h §uhs' tuÕska" wjOdkh l%shdldß;ajfha isg
wruqK foig udre lsÍula lrhs' kuq;a i;smÜGdkh jkdys
i;sh i|yd yqÿ fya;=j fyda moku muKla fkdfõ65' ulaksido
h;a i<dh;k úNx. iQ;%fha§ nqÿmshdKka jykafia i;r
i;smÜGdkhg wu;rj ;j;a i;smÜGdk ;=kla foaYkd fldg
we;s fial' fï ;=k;a i;smÜGdk jYfhka u kï fldg we;af;a"
i;smÜGdkh hkq wruqKq f;aÍula ms<sn| m%Yakhla jkjdg jvd
;yjqre lr.; hq;= wod, udkisl .=K ,S,djla jk neúkah'
5' i;r i;smÜGdkh'
i;smÜGdk lD;Hfha§ i;sh fCIa;% y;rla ms<sn|j
ie<ls,su;a fõ' tajd kï lh" fõokd" is; yd Oïu hk fCIa;%
y;rhs' fï y;r ;=<ska Oïu hkak kSjrK hgm;a lsÍu"
fndaÊ®x. jeãu" mxp ialkaOhka jgyd .ekSu" i<dh;k iy
wd3⁄4h i;Hhka y;r hk nqoaO foaYkdfõ úfYaI jákdlula
we;s W.ekaùï woyia flf3⁄4'
iómj mÍCId lsÍfï§ fuu i;r i;smÜGdkhka
;=< .eíù we;s l%ñl;ajh mshjfrka mshjr bÈßhg hEula
ksrEmKh lrhs'^igyk wxl 02 n,kak& ldhdkqmiaikdj
YdÍßl bßhõ yd YÍr.; l=Km fldgia úNd. fldg ne,Su
jeks m%:ñl wNHdij,ska mgka f.k bosßhg .uka lrhs'
fõokdkqmiaikdj wjêh i|yd fu,i l%ufhka ÈhqKqjk
ixfõ§ ;djhlg moku i,ihs' i;sh fuf,i jyd jgyd .;
24
yels ldhsl w;a±lSï" ´<dßl foaj, isg jvd ixfõ§ w;a±lSï bÈßm;a jk kSjrK O3⁄4u fõ'
jk fõokd fyj;a úúO úkaok lrd wNsuqL lrhs' jvd ishqï jQ
idjOdk wruqKq fj;g fhduqj ,nd foa' fuf,i Ndjkdjg n,mdk kSjrK O3⁄4u úNd.
zzfõokdkqmiaikdjZZ ;ud l%shd;aul jk iajNdjh jk lsÍulg wk;=rej zzOïudkqmiaikdjZZ wNHka;r.; w;a±lSï
iqL" ÿlaL" iy wÿlaLuiqL hk ;=ka wdldrhg u iSud fkdù úYaf,aIKh lsÍu foúêhlg isÿ lrhs' tkï m[apialkaO
f,!lsl yd f,!lsl fkdjk isoaê olajd u me;sf3⁄4' f,!lsl jYfhka yd Iâ bkaøsh O3⁄4u jYfhks' fï úYaf,aIkh
fkdjk fuu fõokd ms<sn| Ndjkdj wdpdr O3⁄4u ms<sn| fndÊ®x. Ndjkdjg myiqlr w;aje,la imhhs' ta i;smÜGdk
úNd.hg wdrïNh ,nd foa' fï wkqj i;sh l=i, wl=i, hk Ndjkdfõ ó<Õ mshjrhs' wjidk jYfhka wjfndaOh uqÿkam;a
ffp;islhka fjkafldg ±k .ekSu olajd j3⁄4Okh fõ' fuf,i lrñka p;=rd3⁄4h i;Hh ms<sn| Ndjkdj ksudj igyka lrhs'
fodrgq újr lrkafka Ñ;a;dkqmiaikdjgh'
fï wkqj i;smÜGdk Ndjkdj zz´,dßlZZ ;ekska
i;smÜGdk Ndjkd úldYh $ bÈß .uk mgkaf.k l%ufhka zziQCIuZZ ;eklg wkql%ñlj ÈhqKq lrhs'
igyk wxl 02 fï f3⁄4Çh wkql%ñl ÈhqKqj m%dfhda.sl mokula fkdue;sj
ldh lrk yqÿ ufkdauh ks3⁄4foaYhla fkdfõ' WodyrKhla f,i
wdkdmdk mín � zzldhdkqmiaikdjZZ m%drïN wNHdihla f,i i,ld uQ,slj
bßhdm: mín � i;sh jeãfï wruqKla f,i bÈßm;a lrk w;r wjidk
iïmc[a[ mín � jYfhka ±lafjk p;=rd3⁄4Hh i;Hh ms<sn| wNHdihg
fo;sia fldÜGdY ksfrdaOh o wvx.= jk neúka i;smÜGdkfha uqÿkam;aùu thska
� idCId;a fõ'
Od;= ukisldr mín �
kjiSjÓl mín fõokd tfia kuqÿ flfia fyda fuu l%uh u i;smÜGdk m%.;sh
úkaok .=K � i|yd we;s tlu l%uh hehs woyia fkd flf3⁄4' i;smÜGdk
wdpdr O3⁄4u � Ñ;a; Ndjkdfõ ,d ix.%y ù we;s wkqms<sfj,;a we;a;gu Ndjkd
ldudjpr is; � lrk fhda.djprfhl=f.a W;aidyh wkqj isÿjk l%ñl
uy;a.; is; � Oïu j3⁄4Okh;a i,ld ne,Sfï§ mqoa.,slj fhda.djprfhl= w;aolsk
kSjrK � m%foaYh n,j;a f,ig iSud jQ tlla nj fmfka' ta fhda.djprhd
ialkaO � w;a±lSïj,g f.dÿre jk iSñ; ixisoaê yd w;a±lSï muKla
wdh;k Tyqf.a i;sh jO_kfhys ,d wruqKq jYfhka l%shd lrhs' kuq;a
� i;smÜGdkfha m%Odk ,CIKh jkqfha bÈßm;a jk ixisoaêh
fndcaCOx.
� l=ula fyda fõjd" thg we;s ieáfhkau idjOdk ùuhs' tjka
wd3⁄4h i;Hh
� wjOdkhla iajNdjfhka u ´,dßl ;eklska mgkaf.k ishqï
zzÑ;a;dkqmiaikdjZZ jkdyS isf;a f,daN" fodaI" fuday" ;ek lrd bÈßhg .uka l<;a" Ndjkdfõ fh§ .; lrk úg
WoaoÉp hk ffp;isl we;s-ke;s nj ±k .ekSu hk ;ekska tu iQ;%fha ±lafjk wkqms<sj,ska fjkiaj .uka lsÍug iEfyk
mgkaf.k l%ufhka ÈhqKq ù f.dia uy.a.; is;a y;frys we;s bvla we;af;ah'
- ke;s nj olajd wkqmiaikdjla f,i jefâ' fuu uy.a.;
is;a ms<sn| Ndjkdj iajNdjfhkau .eUqre iudêhla ,nd wkq.ukh lrk ms<sfj, l=ula jQj;a" iQLkuH jQ;a"
.ekSu j,lajk ndOl O3⁄4u ms<sn| úia;r úNd.hlg bfíu wx. iïmQ3⁄4K jQ;a i;smÜGdk ÈhqKqjla i|yd ish¿u j3⁄4.-
bv i,ihs' fïjd jkdyS zzOïudkqmiaikdfjysZZ ,d m%:ufhka u j, w;a±lSïj,ska iukakd.; úh hq;= fõ' flfkl= Ndjkd
25 26
lrk úg Ndjkd ÈhqKqj;a iuÕ ta ta i;smÜGdkhka wod<
f,i ld3⁄4h idOkh lrhs' WodyrKhla f,i ldhdkqmiaikd
fldgi Ndjkdfõ u;= wjêhl § w;yer ±óug fyda neyer
lsÍug isÿfõ hehs fkd lshefõ' ulaksido h;a th ry;a
W;=uka jykafia,dg;a tlfia jeo.;a jk neúks' ij_{ jQ
nqÿ mshdKka jykafia mjd wdkdmdki;s Ndjkdj jßka jr jevQ
njg we;s idOl fï nj ;yjqre lrhs66' fuf,i i;smÜGdk
iQ;%fha ,d wvx.= jk Ndjkd zzl3⁄4uia:dkZZ tlsfklg wfkHdkH
jYfhka WmldÍ nj fmfka' tla tla fhda.djprhdf.a pß;hg
WÑ; f,ig l3⁄4uia:dk wkqms<sfj, fjkiaj fhfoa'
fuf,i i;smÜGdk i;r tlsfkld wfkHdkH jYfhka
Wmldr jkjdla fuka u ta ish,a, tlu i;smÜGdk zzmj_hlaZZ;=<
iuia;hla f,i tlg tl;= fldg ±laùug o yelshdj we;'
wdkdmdk iQ;%fha § tlu wdkdmdki;s Ndjkd fldgfia§ ish¨
i;smÜGdkhka jefvk fia bÈßhg hEula iQ;%.; jd3⁄4;dj,
we;67' fuu újrKh tlu Ndjkdjla ;=< i;r i;smÜGdkh
u ix.%y jk nj yqjd olajhs'
wdkdmdk i;s iQ;%hg wkqj tlu Ndjkd wruqKlska
úúO i;smÜGdk jeäh yels jk w;r jev ms<sfj, ksudj olsk
úg ish¨ i;smÜGdkhka iïmQ3⁄4K njg m;ajkq we;' fï ksid
tla tla i;smÜGdkhla fyda tla tla lugykla fldf;la ÿrg
Ndjkd l< hq;= ±hs m%Yakhla mek kÕS'
tl i;smÜGdkhla u jeãfuka i;HdjfndaOh isÿùfï
isoaê iQ;% lSmhl u jd3⁄4;dù we;68' we;a; jYfhka ´kE u
Ndjkd l%uhlg wkqj i;sh ÈhqKq ùfï § wjOdkfha lemS
fmfkk j3⁄4Okhla wkdhdifhka u ie,fik w;r tuÕska
idudkH jg msgd ;;aa;ajh ms<sn| wjÈ nfõ .=Kd;aul jO_khla
ie,fia' we;a; jYfhka u tu idudkH wjfndaOh ;udf.a uQ,
l3⁄4uia:dkhg u isud ù ,nkakla fkd fõ' fuf,i i;smÜGdkh
hgf;a úfYaIfhka kï jYfhka i|yka fldg fkdue;s fldgia o
;ud jvk uQ, l3⁄4uia:dkh jeãfï § w;=re M,hla f,i i;sfha
wjOdkhg ,laùu isÿ fõ'
wdkdmdk iQ;%hg wkqj ;jÿrg;a .uka lsÍfï§ yqiau
ms<sn| wjOdk ud;%h muKska flfkl=g ish¿ u i;smÜGdkhka
27
ms<sn|j mßphla ,nd§ug fmdfydi;a jk njla wksjd3⁄4fhka
fkd lshefõ' nqÿ mshdKka jykafia tys,d u;=lr,Sug W;aidy
lrkafka ukd f,i ;yjqre lr .;a i;sh wdkdmdkfha isg jvd
mD:q, mrdihlg" úúO m%;HCI wjfndaOhka yryd uÕ fy<s
lrkafkah" hk woyihs' ±la jQ mßÈ úúO mD:q, mrdihlg
wh;a jk wx.hka wdjrKh l< yels jkafka ta i|yd u is;
fhdod lrk Ndjkdfjka nj fuys,d úfYaIfhka ioyka fldg
ke;' tu ksid u ish¨ wNsu; w3⁄4:hka bIag lr.ekSu i,ld
iïmQ3⁄4K iQ;%h u foaYkd l< nj jgyd .; hq;= h'
fï ksid tla zzmj_hlaZZ fyj;a mqrella uQ, lu_ia:dkh
jYfhka f;dard .kafka kuq;a" i;r i;smÜGdkhka u Ndjkd
lsÍu" i;rg u is; fhdod Ndjkd lsÍu kqjKg yqre h' oaú;Sh
l3⁄4uia:dkh jYfhka i,ld fyda tfia Ndjkd lsÍu fyd| h'
fï woyi i;smÜGdk iQ;%fha wjidk ks.ukd;aul fldgfia
lshfjk ksjk ms<sn| wkd.; jdlHh ±lafjk fldgi yd
iudk njla olajhs' tu.ska w3⁄4y;a M,h i|yd fyda wkd.dó
M,h i|yd i;r i;smÜGdkhka u jeäh hq;= nj wjOdrKh
lrhs70' fuf,i i;smÜGdk y;rla u we;=<;a fldg foaYkd
lsÍfuka zz.uHzz jkafka W;=ï i;HdjfndaOh idlaId;a lr
.ekSug kï i;rdx. iukakd.; iuia; Ndjkdj u tl
fia jeäh hq;= njhs' fï ldrKh i;smÜGdk zzixhqla;fhaoZZ
±lafjk w;r" iuyrla fldgia jYfhka muKla f.k lrk
Ndjkdj my< M, {k wjfndaOhkag fya;= jk nj jeä ÿrg;a
olajd we;71'
wdkdmdk ixhq;;fha ±lafjk mdGhlg wkqj i;r
i;smÜGdkhka i;r È.ska meñfKk r:j,g Wmud fldg we;'
iEu me;a;lskau meñfKk r:" ykaÈh yryd .uka lsÍu ksid
y;r ux ykaÈh ueo /iaj ;sfnk hï ¥ú,s f.dvla úh yels
kï th úisÍ hkafkah72' ta wkqj iEu i;smÜGdkhlau hï fia
úúO È.ska meñfKk r: uÕska yxÈh ueo frdlaj we;s ¥ú,s
úiqrejd yßkafka o" tf,ig u kSjrK Ou_ hgm;a lsÍug yeu
w;ska u iu;a jkafka h' fuu Wmudj uÕska i;r i;smÜGdk
tl tll wfkHdkH iyfhda.h olajhs' túg i;r ux ikaêhl
ueo tl;=ùug bv we;s ¥ú,s úúO Èidj,ska meñfKk r:
uÕska hï fia b;sßjla ke;sj msi yßkafka o tfia u jkafkah'
fï wkqj tla tla i;smÜGdkhla" tla tla mj_hla
28
.eUqre úmiaikdjg nei .ekSug m%fõYhla ,nd fokafka h'
i;r i;smÜGdkh u iïmQ3⁄4K lsÍug flfkla .kakd W;aidyh
lrK fldg f.k" flfia kuq;a" iQ;%fha ±lafjk úúO Ndjkd
fldgia j, ta ta iqúfYaI .=Kj,g iudkqmd;slj Ndjkd m%.;sh
fõ.j;a jkjdla fukau wx. iïmQ3⁄4K ùu;a" iunr;djhg m;a
ùu;a wkql%ufhka isÿ fõ'
i;smÜGdk tl tll we;s úúO .=Kdx.hkag wkqj
úúO l3⁄4;jHhka i,id fok ksid mQ3⁄4K;ajh i|yd ish,af,a
iduQysl j3⁄4Okh ke;sj neß fohla fõ' fk;a;smamlrKfha yd
tys wgqjdfõ fï ldrKh jd3⁄4;d lrkafka" tla tla i;smÜGdkhg
wod, iïnkaO;d j.=jla f,isks' igyk wxl 03 n,kak'
wÜG l:d ±laùug wkqj i;smÜGdk tl tlla ialkaO
tl tllg wkqrEm fõ' rEm ialkaOh" fõokd ialkaOh yd
i[a[d ialkaOh wkqms<sfj,ska uq,a i;smÜGdk ;=kg wkqrEm
fõ' i[a[d ialkaOh yd ixialdr ialkaOh Oïudkqmiaikdjg
wkqrEm fõ72'
igyk wxl 03 i;smÜGdk i;f3⁄4 mriamr iïnkaO;d
ldhdkqmiaikdj fõokdkqmiaikdj Ñ;a;dkqmiaikdj Oïudkqmiaikdj
ialkaO ldh fõokd Ñ;a; i[a[d$ixialdr
ks3⁄4foaYh ÿj_, m%n, f,daN ÿ3⁄4j, Ñ;lal m%n, Ñ;lal
f,daN pß;hdg pß;hdg pß;hdg pß;hdg
msysgqùu ÿl wks;Hh wkd;au nj
málal+, nj
jvd iómj ne,Sfï §" flfia kuq;a" fuu mriamr
iïnkaO;d t;rï n,j;a ke;s nj fmfka' ulaksido h;a"
;=kajk i;smÜGdkh jk É;a;dkqmiaikdj ish¨u kdu
O3⁄4uhka iïnkaO lrf.k mj;skakla jk w;r yqÿ ú[a[dK
ialkaOhg iSud fkd fõ' tfia u Oïudkqmiaikdj;a iajNdjfhka
ish¿ ialkaOhka u wdjrKh lrkakla ksid olajd we;s f,ig
i[a[d$ixialdr hk ialkaO folg jvd jeä mrdihla mqrd
me;sr mj;skakls' flfia kuq;a fuys § olajkakg W;aidy
29
lrkafka iajlSh m%;HCI Ndjkd w;a±lSï iïnkaO ish¿ u
wx. i;r i;smÜGdkhka ;=<ska u;= lr .ekSu úh yel'
tf,iska i<ld n,k l," fuu m%h;akh jkdyS ;u Ndjkd
m%;HlaIh m[apialkaOh yd i;r i;smÜGdk jYfhka .,md
ne,Sula fõ' fuu m%h;akhka foflkau fhda.djprhdf.a wd;aóh
udhdj Èhdre lr,Su isÿ fõ' fhda.djprhd m%;HCIhkag
úúOdldrfhka i;sh fhduq lr,Su uÕska ;u w;a±lSu u h,s;a
wruqKq lsÍfuka tajdfha ieÕù we;s >K i[a[djka yd uu h
hk wd;aóh idrhka ì§ úisr hdug mgka .kS' ;udf.a u wd;au
.; w;a±lSï wruqKla f,i olsk úg jvd;a uu h - udf.a h
hk uudhkh ÿj_, fõ' tla tla ialkaOhla ;jÿrg;a ufula
jYfhka ±l.; fkd yels jk ;rug fyj;a ufula we; hk
i[a[djg ieÕù isáh fkd yels ;rug ±ä f,i mßCIdjg
,la lrk fuka nqÿmshdKka jykafia lrk wkqYdikdj fuh
iuÕ lÈug .e<fma74' ialkaO O3⁄4uhka w;r mriamr
iïnkaO;djhkag;a jvd wÜG l:d uÕska i;smÜGdk tl tlla
ta ta pß; i|yd ks3⁄4foaY lsÍula lrhs' ta wkqj" ldh-fõokd
hk i;smÜGdkhka f,daNdêl pß;hdg m%Odk m%;smodj úh hq;=
w;r' Ñ;a;-Oïu hk i;smÜGdkhka nqoaê pß;" Ñ;lal pß;
we;a;kag fhda.H f,i wjOdrKh fldg we;75' fï wkqj m<uq
yd fojk i;smÜGdk fol yeÕSïnr pß;j,g iqÿiq jk w;r
b;sß fol m%{d pß;hlg fyj;a nqoaê pß;hlg ks3⁄4foaY
flf3⁄4' fï wjia:d fofla u ;SCIK m%{djka;hdg Ñ;a;-Oïu
hk jvd ishqï wkqmiaikdjka o" okaOm[[ mqoa.,hd i|yd
jvd ´,dßl jQ ldh-fõokd hk wkqmiaikdo ks3⁄4foaY lsÍu jvd
m%{d f.dapr nj .efÕa' fïjd pß; jYfhka fuys ±lafj;;a
wjia:dfõ mj;sk udkisl jd;djrKh wkqj;a tf,i iqÿiq fia
fhdod .; yelaflah' ta wkqj l=iS; jQ o" wdidjkaf.ka uevqkd jQ
o wjia:dj,g ldhdkqmiaikdj iqÿiq nj ksoiqkla f,i ±laúh
yelafla h'
fkma;smamlrKh yd úiqoaê u.a. hk .%ka: foflys u'
i;r i;smÜGdkhka i;rdldr jQ úm,a,di j,g m%;HCI O3⁄4u
f,i msysgqjd we;af;a h' tu úm,a,di jkdyS" wiqN" ÿlaL"
wks;H" wkd;au jQ foaj,a iqN" iqn" ks;H" wd;au jYfhka jrojd
.ekSu fõ76' fïjdg wkqj ldhdkqmiaikdj wiqNh u;=lr
±laúu ;u mrud3⁄4:h fldg we;' fõokdkqmiaikdj flfkl=
w;Dma;slrj iem ¨yqne| hEug tÈßj l%shd lrhs' úúO jQ
30
Ñ;a; iajNdjhka ;u wd;au.; w;a±lSï jy jyd fjkia jk
iq¨ wks;Hh nj;a" wjidk jYfhka Oïudkqmiaikdj iaÓridr
jQ wd;auhla lsis ;ekl;a fkd ,eìh yels nj;a olajhs' fï
bÈßm;a lsÍug wkqj tl tl i;smÜGdkhla úfYaIfhka iqN"
iqn" ks;H" wd;au hk úm,a,dihka fyj;a uq,djka ÿre lsÍug
iu;a nj m%ldY lrhs' wod< úmiaikdjka wkq,a,x>kSh f,i
tl tlla i;smÜGdkhg iSudù ke;;a" tla úm,a,dihla wêlj
l%shd lrk fhda.S pß;hla i|yd l=uk i;smÜGdkhla .e,mS
hkafkao hkak i<ld ne,Sfï§ fuuÕska bÕshla iemfha'
wjidkfha§ ish¨u k.roajdrhka tlu k.rhlg
m%fõYh ,nd fokakd fia i;r i;smÜGdkhka u tlu ksjka
mqrhg m;a lr,Sug" tlu fCIau N+ñhg fhduq lr,Sug fldgia
lrefjda fj;a77' wÜG l:dj olajk ksoiqklg wkqj WK ng
úhkakd tl u WK nïnqj y;rg m,d l=vhla úhkakd fia fuu
y;rg fn§u jkdyS tl tll lD;Hh yd l%shdldß;ajh wkqj
lrk fn§uls78'
i;sh i;smÜGdkfha § ;SrKd;aul jkakdla fiau iu:
Ndjkdfõ§ o úfYaI N+ñldjla olajhs' ta iïnkaOfhka fu;eka
mgka wjOdkh fhduq lrjuq'
06' i;sh yd iudêh
ukd f,i ;yjqre lr.;a i;sfha wLKav
meje;au OHdk m%;s,dNh i|yd ke;sj neß fohls79' úiqoaê
u.a.fha ±lafjk mßÈ i;sfha Wmldrh fkd ,nk iudêh
.eUqre uÜgulg wj;S3⁄4K fkdfõ'80' .eUqre iudêfhka keÕS
isá kej; wdj3⁄4ckh" mÉpfplaLKh lsÍfï§ fuu i;sh
Wmldr fõ81' fuf,i OHdkhlg iu je§fï § tys .; lrk
wjia:dfú § fukau ke.S isàfï § fuu i;sh w;HdjYHh'
;=kajk OHdkfha § i;sh úfYaIfhka wjYH fõ 83'
i;rjk OHdkhg muqKqjd.;a is; fyd¢ka jYS Ndjhg m;a lr
.;af;a kï th wNs[a[d i|yd mdol lr .; yelaflah' tys§ o
i;sh .eUqre WfmaCIdj weiqre lrk ksid úfYaI f,i iqoaêhlg
m;a fõ84' iQ;% msGlfha lsysm ;ekl § u OHdk bmehsug;a"
bka wk;=rej;a wNs[a[d ,dNh msKsi;a i;smÜGdkh moku
i,ik nj olajd we;85' iudê Ndjkdfõ § i;smÜGdkfha
31
N+ñldj wkqms<sfj,ska bÈßhg hEu olajk iïu; l%uhg wkqj
uQ,sl mshjr jYfhka lh ms<sn| zziïmc[a[ZZ fldgi OHdk
m%;s,dNhg fya;= jk nj olajhs' tys,d wjidkhg olajk i;r
jk zziïmc[a[hZZ jkdys Oïudkqmiaikdj jYfhka kSjrK
Ou_ yÿkd .ekSug;a" tajdfha ÿre ù hEu ±l .ekSug;a wdOdrl
fõ'
i;smÜGdkh zzOHdkZZ uÜgug ÈhqKqùu" iúia;rj
w;=re wjia:d;a iys;j oka; N+ñ iQ;%fha ±lafõ' fuys oelafjk
w;=re wjia:dj, § o lsisu is;sú,a,lg bvla fkd;nd86 ldh-
fõokd-Ñ;a;-Oïu hk wkqmiaikdjka È.g bÈßhg úldYkh
fõ' ixl%uK wjêfha § i;smÜGdk iQ;%fha § i;sh iómj
weiqre lrk ffp;islhka jYfhka i|yka jk wd;dms-
iïmcdfkd hk fïjd fkdmej;Su lemS fmfkk ,CIKhls' fuu
ke;s nj ksid fuu wjêfha§ Ndjkdj ;jÿrg;a i;smÜGdkh
fkdjk nj;a"
ixl%uK wjêh nj;a olajhs' fuu is;sú,sj,ska f;dr ixl%uK
wjêh i;smÜGdk iQ;%fha ±lafjk ,sys,a jQ;a" uOHia: jQ;a
ksÍCIK .=Khg iudk njla olajk w;r u i;smÜGdkh
.kakd wruqK u .kS' ta jdf.a u fuh úmiaikdfjka iudêhg
yerùfï wjêh meyeÈ<sj i<l=Kq lrhs' fuu ixl%uKh;a
iuÕ u ZZkshuZZ i;smÜGdkfha isg jvd;a Ydka; jQ Ndjkdjlg
yeÍfï§ zzOHdkZZ m%;s,dNhg bv ie,fia'
fuu wjia:djka i,ld ne,Sfï § i;sh iu: Ndjkdfõ
§ o jeo.;a ld3⁄4h Nd3⁄4hla bgq lrk nj meyeÈ,s fõ' zzpQ,
fõo,a,ZZ iQ;%fha § i;smÜGdkh iudêfha ksñ;a; f,i olajd
we;af;a fï ldrKh ksid úh yelaflah87' Wiia iudê Ndjkduh
jYS Ndjhlska u ,nd .;hq;= oCI;djhla jk wfkl=;a Njhkays
isák i;ajhka ±l .ekSfï wNs[a[d Yla;sh w;ska w.% ta
i|yd ta;o.a. md<sfhka msÿï ,;a wkqreoaO uy ry;ka jykafia
iudêh jeäfï § i;smÜGdkfha we;s j,x.= Ndjh wdo3⁄4Yu;a
f,i u;= lr fmkajhs'88' ;u yelshdj ms<sn| m%Yak kÕk
yeu jdrhl§u Wka jykafiaf.a wkdhdi W;a;rh jkafka tajd
i;smÜGdk iudêfha wdksixY jk nj h89'
tajdf.au i;smÜGdkh Y=oaO iu: wNHdihla f,i
ie,lSu iSudj blaujd hEula jk w;r" tjka ie,lSulska iu:h
32
jeãu i|yd mokï lr.; yels foaj,a yd zzkshuZZ iu: Ndjkd
fCIa;%hg wh;a iSudjka fudkjdo hk jeo.;a lreKq fol
w;r fjki mjd .s,syS hdu isÿ úh yel' i;sfha yd iudêfha
fm!oa.,sl ,CIK jkdyS tlsfklg fjkia h' iudêh ±kqï
mrdih iSud lsÍu ;=<ska isf;a f;aÍfï fyj;a jrKh lsßfï
lD;Hh ÈhqKq lsßu yd iïnkaO jk w;r" i;sh wjOdkfha
mrdih mq¿,a lsßu uÕska iaurKh lsÍfï yelshdj ÈhqKq lrhs'
fuu mriamr jq udkisl lD;Hhka fol fud,fha isú fofla
md,k hdka;%kh yd wkql+, njla olajhs' fï fol tlsfklg
fjkia jQ lD;Hhka folla jqjo tajd tlsfkl tÈß jQ úfrdaë
foaj,a fkd fõ' OHdk ,dNh i|yd fï fol u tlsfklg fhÈh
hq;= nj u thg idCIshls' tkuq;a OHdk iudm;a;sfha § i;sh
t<U we;s uq;a mj;akd iudêfha n,j;alu ksid tald.%;dj ksid
tys mq¿,a nj hï muKlg iSud ù we;'
i;smÜGdk iQ;%fha ,d fhdod.kakd jpk ud,dj uÕska fï
ffp;isl fofla fjki olajhs' fuys,d i;smÜGdk Ndjkdfõ
§ úCIsma; jQ fyda l=is; jQ is;a my< jQfha kï ;djld,slj
Ndjkdj iu: wruqKlg udre lrk f,ig nqÿmshdKka jykafia
wkqYdikd lrk fial' tu.ska we;=<; m%fudaoh yd miaioaêh
my< lr,Su tu wkqYdikdfõ mrud3⁄4:hhs' fï ioyd nqÿ
mshdKka jykafia Wmfhda.S lr .kafka mKsOdh Ndjkd - is;
fhduq fldg fyj;a is; msysgqjd lrk Ndjkdj hk fh§uhs'
flfia fyda is; wfmaCIs; mßÈ tuÕska Ydka; Ndjhg m;a ù kï
wmKsOdh fyj;a is; fhduq fkd l< fyj;a is; fkd msysgqjd
lrk Ndjkdjg fjk;a jpkhlska lshkjdkï i;smÜGdk
Ndjkdjg kej; is; fhduq l< hq;=hs90' fufia is; msysgqjd
yd fkd msysgqjd lrk Ndjkd w;r fmkajd fok fjki uÕska
fhdackd jkafka tajd tlsfklg meyeÈ,s jYfhka fjkia jk
nj h' tfia jQjo uq¨ iq;%h u wjOdrKh lrkafka fï l%u
fol oCI f,i iïnkaO lr .ekSu ksid tajd w;r fudk ;rï
mriamr njla ;snqfka ù kuq;a ta foa tlsfklg iïnkaO jk
w;r u m%;s Wmldrl nj fmfka'
iudêfha ,CIKh jkafka is; fhoùu yd fhduqlrùu
hk fol jk w;r" ta i|yd tl wruqKla fj;g wNsuqL lrjñka
ndysr oE neyer lr,Suhs' fuf,i ukfia tald.%;dj j3⁄4Okh
ùu wkqj fmdÿ-idudkH w;a±lSï jk jia;=j wdrïuKh hk
33
foflka wdrïN fldg l%ufhka tald;añl w;a±lSula foig
wNsuqL lrjhs' fï l%shdj,sfha § flfia kuq;a iudêh yd ixisoaê
w;r mq¿,a ±kqu yd tajd w;r wka;3⁄4 iïnkaO;d neyer
lr,hs' tfia kuqÿ" tu wka;3⁄4 iïnkaO;d fuka u isoaê w;r
jk mq¿,a iïnkaO;d ms<sn| wjfndaOh" úuqla;shg fhduqj fok
wjfndaOfha .;s ,l=Kq ms<snoj ±kqj;aùu iïnkaOfhka i,ld
n,k l," úfYaIfhka w;HjYHh fï zzikao3⁄4NhZZ yuqfõ'
i;sh i;= iqn.%dys nj úfYaI jákdlula Wiq,hs'
fuf,i i;sh OHdk m%;s,dNh msKsi ke;sj neß
wdldrfha N+ñldjla ±lajqj o" th Bg u wdfõKsl jQ ,CIK
w;ska iudêfhka lemS fmfkk f,i fjkia jq ffp;islhls'
we;af;ka u b;d Wiia OHdk iudêhla jqj o úuqla;sodhs
úmiaikdjg iul< fkdyels jkafka" i;sfha fuu wúfrdaê
ksÍCIK .=Kh .eUqre iudêfha we;s hf:dla; flakaø.;
lsÍfï" n,fhka ksfYaOkh flfrk ksid úh yelafla h'
iudêh yd i;smÜGdkh ioyd i;sfha N+ñldj i,ld
ne,Sfï§ mQ¿,A mrdihl ;u yelshdjka ±laùfï .=Kh fyj;a
yqrenqyqá nj uekúka lemS fmfka' iu: Ndjkd fCIa;%fha§
i;sfha ld3⁄4hNdrh jkdyS kSjrK Ou_ biau;= jk úg" ta nj
yÿkd.kakd ;eka mgka Wiia u OHdkh f;la me;sr mj;S'
fujeks u mq¿,a mrdihla ;=< l%shd;aul ùula i;smÜGdk
fCIa;%fha § i;sh olajhs' tys,d b;du;a ´,dßl ;ek mgka
tkï" leisls<s - jeisls<s lD;Hfha mgka b;du;a W;=ï wjia:dj
jk ksj_dkdjfndaOh isÿjk wjia:dfõ tu isf;a mj;sk
ffp;islhla jk ;ek olajd i;sh ish fufyh wLKavj bgq
lrhs'
we;a; jYfhka u i;sh i;= fuu ueÈy;a fkdùfï
.=Kh wkql%ufhka j3⁄4Okh lsÍu kï jk i;smÜGdkh
ks3⁄4jdKdjfndaOh ioyd m%{dj wx.iïmQ3⁄4K lsÍug" W;a;u
jQ i;=g g zzúIhl%dka;ZZ jq úuqla;shg we;s Rcq jq taldhk
ud3⁄4.hhs92'
34
fuu mßÉfÊofhys ,d i;sfha ,ËK .fõIKh lsÍug
leue;af;ñ' m%:ufhka ;%smsglfha úúO zzWoaOD;ZZ wkqj i;sh
fkdue;slfï" wi;sfha wd§kj fmkajd fokafkñ' wk;=rej
i;sh wdrËdj iïmdokh lr fok wldrh o" wjidk jYfhka
i;sh yd u;lh w;r iïnkaO;djh o f.kyer olajk w;r"
th óg l,ska lrk ,o zzi;smÜGdkhZZ kue;s uf.a uq,a fmdf;a
o iEfyk ÿrg ilÉPd lrkakg fhÿKq lreKls'
wi;sh fyj;a i;sh ke;s nj ^uqÜGiai;s&
uq,a nqoAOd.fï i;sfha fyj;a isysfha wdksYxi w.h
lsÍu i|yd l%uhla jYfhka" wi;su;a nj fyj;a" uq<d isysfha
wd§kj f.kyer mEu isÿ flf3⁄4' wi;su;aùu ksid isÿfjk
ydksh ms<sn| úia;r i,ld ne,Sfuka miq" jl% f,i i;sfha
lD;Hh jgyd .; yelsh' ks;r yuqjk tjka ;%smsgl mdGhkag
wkqj wi;su;a nj fyj;a" uq<d isysh ksid ldu wdYdjkag hg
ùu f.k yer olajhs'
fï wkqj i;su;a nfõ tla lD;Hhla jk wdrCIl
lD;Hh ksid iodpdrd;aul yd wdpdr O3⁄4udkql+, wdksYxihla
fhda.shdg ,efí' ixhqla; ksldfha fuka u tys uydhdk fmd;
jk ixhqla; wd.fuys ±lafjk tla iQ;%hlg wkqj wi;su;aj
uq<d isysfhka hqla;j msKavdmd;fha jeä NsCIqjlg isÿjQ tla
weneoaÈhla olajd we;' ixhqla; ksldfha ta WoaOD;h fufiah'
fudav fukau fkd±kqj;a lñka hqla; .fï msKavmd;fha
fhfok fï NsCIqj Wofha isjqre fmdrjd md;%h f.k ms`vq msKsi
.ug msúfikafka yslauùfuka hqla;j ;udf.a b÷rka ixjr
lrf.k fkd fõ' i;su;aj fkd fõ'
ldka;djl ±l wfhdaksfida ukisldrfhka hqla;j
wef.a wÕ miÕ n,d zzrd.ks#Y%s;jZZ ldudYdjkaf.ka ueã is;
wehg jiÕ fõ' is; rd.ks#Y%s; ùfuka rd. .skafkka ±ú
is; lh ;=< odyh yg .kS' ixhqla; ksldfha fuka u ixhqla;
wd.u fmdf;a tk mßÉfÊofha we;s mßÈ i;su;a nj" bkaøsh
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isà kï flfkla yg wdpdr O3⁄4u yd b`ÿrka ms<sn`o ixjrh
bfí ilia fõ' iqmÜÀ; i;sh fyda wLKav i;sh ;sfí kï
35
flfkl=g isf;a my<jk pxp," lïmk" wixjr;d jyd
jegfykak mgka .kS' ^ix'ks 4$228&
by; ixisoaêfha §" tu NsCIqj ;uka lrk foa u;l
ke;sùu" fuu wi;sh ksid isÿ jQ njla fkd lshefõ' Tyqg
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^ix'ks'2$416& ta wkqj i;su;a nj fuys yqjd olajk wdldrhg
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36
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;eka j, ß<jqkag-j÷rkag úiSug yels kuq;a ñksiqkag msúiSug
37
fkdyel' ;j;a ;ekaj, ß<jqka o" j÷rkaa o" ñksiqka o jdih
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,dgqfjys fkd we<S isàug kï i;sh keu;s YsLrfhys jdih
weÕg .=K h'
38

i;smÜGdkfha ;j;a ksoiqklg wkqj ;udf.a wdrCIdj
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ixhqla; wd.u iqq;%h ta fjkqjg ;udf.aa u mudj ^wi;su;anj&
39
wk;=rg fyaa;=j jYfhka yqjd olajhs' fuu ±laùsug wkqj fï
ksoiqfkaa m%Odk ldrKh tkï" ;udf.a f.daapr wÊ®;a;fhka
- f.dÿre ìfuka ^i;r i;smÜGdkfhka & neyerj mudjg jeà
fkd isàu i;=rdg yiq fkdù isàug ldrKh njhs'
tu ksoiqkg wkqj i;smÜGdkfha wdrCIdj fCIau N+ñhlaa f,i
±laùu" flfkl=g ldu ks#Y%s; wruqKq jYSNdjfhka .e,ù
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tfiau fyf;u uqrldj,a i|yd fodrgq md,lhka isõ fofkla
i;r uqr ljq¿j,g m;a lrhs' ta iEu fodrgq md,lfhla u
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40
k.rhg msúiqï ud3⁄4. i;rls' ta ud3⁄4.j,ska k.rdêm;s isák
uKavmhg <Õd úh yelsh' bÈka fmr È.ska mKsúvlrefjl=
meñfKkafka fodrgq md, fufia úuihs'
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fohs'
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;ks fodrgq md,lfhla f,i olajd we;' fyf;u lh ms<sn|
isysh fyj;a ldh.;di;sh ksfhdackh lrhs'
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k.rdêm;s hkq ú[[dKh f,i iEu fmd;l u fmdÿfõ
kï flf3⁄4' fodrgq md,l f,i fuys ,d ±lafjk iu:h fyda
41
úmiaikdj u i;sfha we;s ukisldr lD;Hh f,i f.k yer
oelafõ' i;sh fuu ldhdkqmiaikdj muKla fyda fõjd" i;r
i;smÜGdkh u fõjd" th Wmfhda.s lrf.k flfkla iu: -
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hq;=h'
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wdrCId lsÍfï lD;Hh lr fokakla f,i ie,lSu wkqj is;g
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fmdf;a oelafjk ;j;a ksoiqklg wkqj" i;sh fodrgq md,l
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úrE foaj,a isys lsÍfï yelshdj olajhs' ^wx'ks4$440&
fuu kso3⁄4Ykhkag wkqj fmr weiQ úrE" l< úrE foaj,a kej;
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m%:ufhka ;udf.a Ôú; l;dj yd iïnkaaO merKs
u;lhkaa lshefõ' fmr weiQ úrE oE u;la lsÍfï yelshdj"
merKs bkajh nyqY%e; Ndjh olajhs' fmr úiQ NdKl NsCIQqka
jykafia,d fuf,i lg mdvï fldg u;l ;nd .ekSfï
oCI;djh yryd nqoaO jpkh yd foaYkd u;= mrmqrg odhdo
42
lf<da h' fï wkqj" merKs nqÿ oyu yd wm%udo m%;smodj fuu
fndfyda l,lg fmr l< lS oE u;lfha ;nd .ekSfï yelshdj
u; m%dfhda.slj r|d mej;s nj myiqfjka jgyd .; yelsh'
i;sh yd u;lh
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meyeÈ,s ke;' Wmud Wmfïh .e,mSu wkqj oajdr md,lhdf.a
i;sh krl foa oek we;=<g fkd .ekSfï iy fyd| foa we;=<g
.ekSsfïÈ isÿ lrk jdrKh m%lg h' u;lh fuys ,d lrfok
l3⁄4;jHh jgyd .ekSug ;jÿrg;a úuid ne,SSu jà'
we;=<g .; hq;= iy fkd.;hq;= wh ms<sn|j fyda
tys ,d iqÿiqlï ms<sn|j fodrgq md,lhdg ;u w;Ss; u;lh
u; rod mej;Su idudkHfhka fld;klg;a wod< h' fodrgq
md,lhdf.a rdcldßh fyda tÈfkod lghq;= hehs úfYaIhla
fkdue;' ojfia jev ksu ùs wdmiq ksji n,d hk uÕ oek
.ekSug;a th wjYH jkjd fia u fyg;a Wofha u kej;
uqrfmd<g" meñKSug;a uf.a uqrfmd<-uf.a /lshdj hk
u;lh wjYH h'
fuf,i u;lh iïnkaOfhka isf;a l%shd lrk
ffp;islh i[[djhs' i[[dj j3⁄4;udk w;aoelSï ;=<ska
.;a foa merKs woyia iuÕ .e<msu" ieiÈu lrhs' fuh
ish¿u udkisl ;;a;ajhka j,g tl fia jeo.;a fõ' fï
wkqj lsis u zzifÉ;kslZZ l%shdjla fuf,i merKs w;aoelSsï"
woyia yd u; j,ska f;drj isÿfjk njla is;Su mjd W.yg
h' fuf,i fuu w;S; u;l" woyia yd is;eÕs j3⁄4;udk
i;sh iuÕ .e<mSSu tl w;lska m%Yaklr h' ulaksido h;a
i;shg tjeks lsisu w;S; u;lhla fyda tjka woyila
fkdue;sj zziaffjÍj;ajZZ lghq;= l< yels ksid h' fuf,i
i;sfha ffki3⁄4.sl ,CIK ms<sn| ukd jegySula ,nd .ekSug
kï" uu ys;kafka" fuu uQ,sl b.ekaùu wkqj;a" i;sh jkdyS
flfkl= úYsIag W;aidyfhka u Wmhd imhd .; hq;a;la
njhs' fuys oelafjk ldrKdjkag wkqj yqÿ zzixl,amZZ kej;
isyshg keÕSu i;sfha w;Hka; wx.hla f,i wjOdrKfhka
fkd lsh fõ' by; § we;s jQ ksoiqkg wkqj oajdr md,lhdf.a
rdcldßfha y÷kd .ekSfï yelshdj u;= lr fkd olajk w;r
43
hym;a wh we;=¿ lr ùug;a whym;a wh msgux lsÍug;a
we;s yelshdj flfrys wjOdrKh lrhs'
fjk;a me;a;lska" fodrgq md,lhdg ;u rdcldßh
l=ulaoehs u;la lr §u u u;lh yd iïnkaO fldg fuys
olajhs' fuh ksoiqk wkqj h;;a" Bg miqj flfrk úia;rj,g
wkqj tu iïnkaOh t;rï meyeÈ,s ke;' ta úia;rhg wkqj
ksoiqk f.k olajk Wmfïh kï i;sh wkqj flfkl=g fndfyda
l,lg fmr isÿ jQ foh u;l ;sîuhs' fuh flfkla úiska
l<hq;= Rcq iïnJOhla fkdolajhs'
fï ;dla lreKq wi;su;a nj fkd olajk fþofha
oelafõ' kuq;a ksoiqfka flfkla msg;a jq ldrKh l=ula oehs
wu;lùula .ek fkd lsh fõ' fodrgq md,lhdg ;udf.a
l<hq;= rdcldß l%shdjla lsÍfï ,d" tkï fyd| wh we;=<;a
lr,Sug;a" krl wh we;=<;a fkd lsßug;a k.roajdrfha
isÿfjk oE iïnkaOfhka wjOdkh wjYH h' fï fudfydf;a
ljqreka k.rhg we;=¿ jkafka oehs hkak ms<sn| wjOdkh
w;Ss; u;l ksid j,au;a fkd úh hq;=h' fï wkqj ug
kï jegfykafka" oajdrmd,lhdf.a i;sh fyj;a j3⁄4;udk
fudfyd;g t<U isàu" tkï krl wh msgqjy,a lr,Sfï ,d
Rcqj wjYH jk ,CIK njhss' tf,i fodrgq md,lhdf.a
ksoiqfka oelafjk i;sh wdrCIl lD;Hh j÷rdf.a iy leg
l=re,a,df.a Wmudfõ oelafjk lD;Hhg iudkh'
fï wkqj i;sh yd kej; u;lhg keÕSu w;r iïnkaOh
iïnkaO lsÍfï È ^ f.dvke.Sfï §& j3⁄4;udk fudfyd;g mq3⁄4K
f,i wjÈùu i|yd w;SS; u;lhg msúisug myiqúu ;=<ska
iajNdúlj u u;= fõ' flfkla ;ud okakd foa muKla isys
le|ùug i;shg yelshdj ;sfí' oekSu jeä u kï isys le|ùu
jvd;a id3⁄4:lh' i;sh msysgqù kï" w;S;fha l< lS oE fld;rï
wE; w;s;fha jQj;a u;la lsÍu myiq fõ'
wdrCIl fodrgqfõ isÿfjk foa iïnkaOfhka oek
.ekSug kï fodrgq md,lhd Tyqf.a fudfyd;g t<eU isáu
iúiaa;r yd mq¿,aa úh hq;=h' tys ,d Tyq fj; meñfKk tla
flfkl=g muKla jeä wjOdkhla fhduq lsÍug hEfuka
fodgqfõ tyd fuyd hk tk whf.a wkHhka .ek fkd
44
i,ld yeÍu l< fkd yels h' m%Odk fodrgq md,lhdf.a
ksoiqkg wkqj" ;udf.a fodrgqj fj; fhduq jQ wjOdkh ksid
iuia;hla f,i tys isÿjk ish,a, fj; wjOdkh isud fkdfõ'
tf,i mj;soa§;a Tyq mKsúvlreg k.rdêm;s yuqùfï
ud3⁄4f.damfoaaYh ksjeßÈj lrhs' ta w;r u fodrgqfõ /£ isák
w;r j3⁄4;udkfhaa isÿfjk ish,a, flfrys wjOdkh fhduq
lsÍfï hq;=lu meyer fkdyeÍu wkqj fyd| hym;a whf.ka
whym;a krl wh fjka lr .kSS'
m%dfhda.slj fuhska woyia jkafka" flfklaa ksis
wjOdkfhkaa hqla;j hula lrkafka kï th miqj u;la lsÍug
myiq nj;a" ta wkqj i;sh wdrCIdjk nj;aa h' Ndjkd Yd,djg
weúof.k hk .uka ug .uk .ek i;su;a úh yels jkjdla
fuka u is; msg hEu ksid is;sú,s w;r w;ruxùu;a isÿ úh
yelsùu wkqj miq.sh u;l igykaj, .e,S isàul=;a o ke;'
ta w;r wkql%ufhka uu Ndjkd Yd,djg <.d jqKs kï uu
.uk isÿ l, nj meyeÈ,s h' uu .uk .ek i;su;a fkdjqKs
kï ug .uka l< wdldrh ms<sno u;lh wjÈ l< fkd yels
úh yelsj ;snqKs' fï isoaêhg wkqj uu oekaa Ndjkd Yd,djg
<Õd ù we;s ksid uf.a .uk isÿú we;s nj wkqudk l< yels
w;r" .uk .ek u i;su;a jQjd kï .ufka úia;r jHxck
wkq jHxck iys;j u;la l< yels jkq we;' mdf3⁄4 mshjrla
mshjrla mdid u;la l< yels njla ke;;a Ndjkd Yd,djg <Õd
ùu u;la l< yelsùu fmkajd fokaafkaa" tu l%shdj,sh ms<sn|
w;a±lSu$w;aú§u wjOdkfhka isÿl< nj hs' i;su;aa fkdjqk
o" .ufka§ hï m%udKhl wjOdkhla ;sìh hq;= h' tfia
fkdjqKfyd;a uÕ jer§u fyda mshjr udre lsÍfï wmyiq;d
u;=jkq we;' mqreoaog lrk fujka lghq;= i|yd wjYH
lrk wjOdkh t;rï .eUqre tlla fkdfõ' isf;a fndfyda úg
wu;r foaj,a fh§ ;sîu idudkH h' ^Wod# oj,a isysk" merKs
u;lhka" bÈß ie<iqï"& hfula ilauka Ndjkd lrk úg i;sh
mshjfrys fh§ .uka lrk úg is; újD; kï idor kï"
mshjf3⁄4 w;aoelSu w;a olsk w;r" tys úia;r ksje/Èj oek
.kS' fuf,i wjOdkfhka hqla;j .uka lrk úg ukisldrh
úÑ;%h' iuia:h oek .kakd w;r tllg muKla is; zzwdmd;
.;zz ù b;sßh is;ska .s,syS hEug bv we;' fujka újD;
idor wjÈ;djhla we;a; jYfhka u ilaufka § isÿù miqj
45
isyslr ne,Sfï§ u;lhg keÕSu isÿúh yelsh' fujka mq¿,a
wjênj;aa" idor nj;a" we;a; jYfhka u miqj u;la lr
ne,SfïÈ ;udg u tys fjki jegfyk ;rï h'
fuf,i w;aoelSfï .eUqr yd mq¿,a nj tlsfklg iïnkaOh'
fyd¢ka i;su;aj" m%;sl%shdj,ska f;drj" úksYaphkaf.ka f;drj
isák úg" is; m%m[p lsÍfuka f;drj u j3⁄4;udk fudfydf;a
úúO me;slv oel n,d .ekSu úIfhys ukisldrh bfí we§
hhs' tjka wjia:d j,È is; úis;=re úúO wdldr iy iajNdúl
,CIKh Wlyd .kS' th ;yjqre f,i msßisÿ ldphla iys;
leurdjlska .;a PdhdrEmhla fia meyeÈ,s úia;r iys; h'
i;smÜGdk Ndjkdj me;af;ka n,k úg" iuia:hla f,i
i;sfha u;l ;nd .eksu flfrys olajk myiqlu" olajk
wjOdkfha ;Sj%;dj;a" mq¿,a nj;a j3⁄4;udk ixisoaêhg ,nd
§u wkqj jegySu ireùu wkqj miqj u;laa lsÍsug myiqj
i<ihs' fuu j3⁄4;udk fudfydf;a i;sh t<U isàfï ksjeßÈ
nj wkqj úúO i;smÜGdkhka yryd bÈß iïnkaO;djh
f.dvkÕhs' ;udf.a YÍrh ms<sn| wjêh yd isf;a j3⁄4;udk
yrialv hk fïjd yryd iïnkaO;djh f.dv k.hs'
fï i;sfha we;s j3⁄4;udk w;aoelSfï .=Kdx." is;
;nd .ekSfï .=Kdx.hg wu;rj" th u;l igyka .nvd
lrkjdg;a jvd we;s iyiïnkaO;djka miqj u;lfha
.e<mSug o WmldÍ fõ' fï rpkfha m%:u fldgfia ,d fhdackd
l< mßÈ i;sfha fuu .=Kh jvd;a m%lg jkafka" flfkla
hula i|yd wêl wjOdkhla fhduqlr u;la lrk úfgl th
h,s u;lhg kÕd .ekSsug wmyiq jk wjia:djl§ h'
m%Yakh mfil ;nd is;g ksis kskafoa újD;j mq¿,a f,i
th is;kakg yeÍfuka bfíg u tu lrKh u;la fõ' i;sfha
fuu w;S; u;lhka fj; isys t<ùfï lD;Hh wkq.%y lsÍu
fyj;a zzwkqiai;shZZ i;smÜGdk Ndjkdjg iDcq iïnkaOh
ÿ3⁄4j,h' fï me;slv fol fndfyda fmdÿfõ Ndjkdjg wod,
kuq;a i;smÜGdk Ndjkdfõ § jvd lemS fmfkkafka wms,dmk
,CIKh fyj;a t<ô fudfyd;g" wruqKg lsod nisk .=Kh
hs' fkd b,smafmk .=Kh hs' tys ,d i;sfha lD;Hh f,i ;u
YÍrh" lh j3⁄4;udk jYfhka .fõYKh lsÍu" j3⁄4;udkfha
46
flfkla úÈk ú§u" isf;a j3⁄4;udk l%shdldß;ajh ms<sn|
.fõIKh w;S; u;lh isysm;a lsÍug jvd i;smÜGdkfha§
jeo.;a fõ' fuf,i j3⁄4;udk fudfydf;a wjê Ndjh
i;smÜGdkfha § jvk w;r" th ud3⁄4. wx.hla f,i ksjkg
fhduq lrjhs'
bÈka" i;sh yqÿ w;S; u;l isysm;a lsÍug u" isñ;
kï i;smÜGdkh fldgia i;rl wkqms<sfj, l%shdud3⁄4.hla
yryd iïud i;sh j3⁄4Okh lsÍfula wjYH ke;' w;S;h
isysm;a lsÍu ÈhqKq lsÍug kï" iQ;%-md<s lg mdvï lsÍu"
wkd.; mrmqrg nqoaO jpkh f.k hdu i|yd" w;S; nqÿ
oyfï flrekq wdldrh fyd|g u m%udKj;a h' fõo Ydia;% yd
uka;%" mrmqfrka mrmqrg f.k hEfï È Ndú;d l< ta l%uhg
wkqj" Tjqkaf.a m%Odk;u mqyqKqj jQfha u;l ;nd .ekSfï
yelshdj ÈhqKq lsÍuhs' zukqiauD;sZ W.ekaúïj,g wkqj w;S;
wd;auNdj oel .ekSug kï fõo uka;% lgmdvïfldg isf;a
;nd .ekSu ;mi yd p3⁄4hdj fuka u" wjYH h' i;smÜGdk
Ndjkdj wkqms<sfj,ska fuf,i bÈßm;a lsÍfuka fmkShkafka"
uq,a nqÿ oyug wkqj i;sh hkq w;S;h isys lsÍfï yelshdj
muKla u fkdùu h' i;sh i;smÜGdkfha ,d w;S;h u;la
lsÍfï lD;Hh biau;= lr fkd olajkjd fuka u" tf,i u;la
lsÍfï lD;Hfhys il%sh f,i fh§ .; lsÍu wjOdrKh lr
fkd olajhs' wfkl=;a ^uydhdk& fmd;a j, o úúO ^i;smÜGdk&
Ndjkd l%u j, i;sh .ek oelaùfï§ ta ta l%uj, id3⁄4:l ksudj
;jÿrg;a i;sh ;yjqre lr,Sug" fhduq jk njla jegfya' fï
l%u j, È i;sh il%sh wNHdihla f,i bÈßm;a fkd lrhs'
ta fjkqjg wm%ud§j wdikakj ukfia t<U isàu" idor nj"
i;sfhka ,efnk wkq.%yh f,i ta ta Ndjkd lrk úg ^i;sh&
isÿ lr foa'
md<s jd.aud,dj wkqj" i;smÜGdk iQ;%fha Rcq
wkqYdikdjkag wkqj" i;smÜGdk Ndjkdjg wod< l%shdldrlï
j, § fhda.djprhd-mcdkd;s zzoek.kSZZ" - mÉpfjlaL;s
- zzi,ld n,hsZZ Wmixyr;s - ZZii|d n,hsZZ' fuu i,ld
ne,Su" ii|d ne,Su" m<uq i;smÜGdk l%u ;=kg ^´,dßl
ldhdkqmiaikd& idOdrKh' tkï b;sß isshqï i;smÜGdk l%u
j, È fhda.djprhdf.a ld3⁄4hh mcdkd;s -zzoek .ekSuhsZZ'
tjka oek .ekSu" i,ld ne,Su yd ii|d ne,Su" ukfia
47
i;sh msysgqùu j3⁄4;udkfha Yla;su;aj w;mh È.yer isàu
;=<" il%sh fõ' fï wkqj" i;smÜGdkh hkq" i;sh ;yjqrej
msysgqùu yd wdrCId lsßu m%Odk lr .;a lD;Hhls' fjk;a
úêhlg lsjfyd;a i;sh hfula lrk fohla fkd fõ' jvd;a
u i;smÜGdkh hkq i;sfhka isàug ^i;sh uq,a;ek isàug&
.kakd fufyhquls'
fuf,i i;su;a ù isàu fndÊ®x.hla fõ' fuf,i
jgyd .;a úg i;r i;smÜGdkhka hkq i;s fndÊ®x.h
;yjqre Ndjhg f.k taug lrk m%h;akhls' fï wkqj" wkq.dó
fndÊ®x. fm< .efik w;r ta wkqj fndaêh idlaId;a ùu
isÿ fõ' m%Odk .=Kh ta wkqj j3⁄4;udkhg t<U i;sfhka isàSu
hs'
ukfia m%nqoaO Ou_ wjêùug;a jvd" i;sh j;_udkfha
t<eU jdih lrk úg" tÈfkod Ôú;fha § ,efnk f,dal Ou_
bÈßfha wk;=rlg ,la fkdù isàfï yelshdj o ,efí' i;sfha
fuu .=Kdx.h ixhqla; ksldfha tk r:hl Wmudjg wkqj
r:dpdH_ jrhdg iu lr olajhs' ixhqla; wd.u fmdf;a thg
iudka;r iQ;%hlg wkqj fuh iïud i;sh f,i olajd we;'
th fufia h' iïud i;sfhka wdvH kï" yßhg fyd| oCI
r:dpdH_jrfhl= jf.a h'
i;s wdrCL idr;s ix'ks' 5-1$10
fuys oelafjk lreK ms<sn|j" ;jÿrg;a is; fhdod
n,k úg fyd| mfriaiïldß r:dpd3⁄4hjrhd ish,a,g u
m<uq j;_udk fudfyd;g t<U isà' ndysr lror uqyqK È
we;s j.lSug wjysrhla lr fkd .kSs' iïmQ3⁄4Kfhkau t<U
isàfuka r:dpd3⁄4h jrhdg wfkl=;a ud3⁄4." jdyk ;onoh
ms<sn| wjfndaOh ,nd foa' ;ud weia mkd msg fmfkk foa
okakjd muKla fkdj me;af;ka yd miqmiska tk foaj,a o
m%udKhlg fidhd n,hs' r:h j3⁄4;udkfha yeisrùu" yd
meoùu" ksishdldr ÈYd.; ùs we;' .uk hd hq;= ;ek okS'
we;s ud3⁄4." jdyk" ndOd b,lalh lrd hEfï läuqäh ksid
zzbÉPdNx.;ajhgZZ m;a fkd úug j. n,d .kS' Èidj fkd
±kSu wk;=reodhl úh yels h' r:pd©Hjrhd hd hq;= ;ek
fkd ±kSu wjia:dkql+,j j3⁄4;udk Ndjkdj yiqrejd .ekSug
neß ;rï Ndjkdfõ m%;sM, wfmaCId lsÍu yd iudkh' fï
48
ish,a, ;udf.a i;smÜGdkhg fl,ska u wod< Èidj oek
.eksug jqjukdjg jvd m%;sM, wfmaCId fkd lsßu yd .,md
ieiÈh hq;= h' ish,a,g u uq, j;_udkhg t<eU isàuhs' tys
,d i;shg meyeÈ,s nj iy mq¿,a nj iyfhda.S úh hq;=h'
fldáka lshf;d;a" j3⁄4;udkhg t<U úish hq;= h' i;su;aúh
yels úúO l%u i;r i;smÜGdkfha úia;r fõ'
iudf,dapkh
i;sh fkdue;s ùu ksid flfkla m[pldu .=Kfhys
we,S .e,S meg,S f.k fudav jÿfrl= f,i úkdihg m;a fjhs'
flfkl=f.a wjOdkh rd. ks#Y%s; wruqKqj,g jYS ùfuka
;udf.a mdrïmßl f.dÿre ìu blaujd .sh leg l=re,af,l=
f,i f.dÿrla njg m;a fõ' fhda.djpr f.d÷re ìu kï
iqm;sÜÀ; i;sh hs' th oCI fodrgq md,lfhl= f,i ;udf.a
is; wdrCId lrhs' fï nj fyd¢ka jgyd .kakd flkd miq
lf,l fï ish,a, ukd fldg isysm;a lrhs'

49
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