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

‫א‬٢٥١
  ٢٥١  ‫א‬
 
  ‫א‬
 
 
 W،،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ 
 
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫؛‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
  ‫א‬        ،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  
‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬    ،  
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 ?   ?    ? ‫א‬ ‫א‬   
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬     ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ? 
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
   W    ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬    ‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
   ٢٥١  ‫א‬
    ‫א‬
 
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬???‫?א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬?Microprocessor‫?א‬W٣١{٥
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬،Intel‫א‬Intel 8085‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EZilog, MotorolaF‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 
 K‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬ J
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 ‫א‬?‫?א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬ J
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬L‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
   ٢٥١  ‫א‬
    ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 ‫א‬L‫א‬‫א‬
 
 K‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 K‫א‬‫א‬
EIntel 8085F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 K‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬EFlowchartF‫א‬‫א‬ J
‫א‬EAssembly languageF‫א‬‫א‬ J
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EOperation codeF‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬ J
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬ J
 K‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 W ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 K‫א‬C‫א‬‫א‬ J

‫א‬
 ‫א‬
١
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬   ‫א‬
 ‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬G
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬G 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬G 
 
 K٪١٠٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٨W‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ •
‫א‬ •
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬ •
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
  
-١-
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬   ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ J١
 ‫א‬‫א‬١ J١
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ELSI : Large Scale IntegrationF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EIC : Integrated Circuits)
،‫א‬‫א‬EVLSI : Very Large Scale IntegrationF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
.‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬٢ J١
EF،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
E ‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬،‫א‬ -
 K‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬
 ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬WE١ J١F 
 
-٢-
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬   ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬ J٢
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W
WEROM : Read Only MemoryF‫א‬ J
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
WERAM : Random Access MemoryF‫א‬ J
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K
WEInput unitF J
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
WEOutput unitF‫א‬ J
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W
،‫א‬Intel 8255‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ECPU : Central Processing UnitF‫א‬‫א‬ J
‫א‬‫א‬ECU : Control UnitF
 KE٢ J١F‫א‬
 
-٣-
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬   ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
.‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W(٢ J١)
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬
ROM
 ‫א‬
RAM
 ‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬W(٣ J١)
-٤-
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬   ‫א‬
 WEBusF‫א‬١ J٢
F5v0v‫א‬،
 KE10 
 
 WEData BusF‫א‬٢ J٢
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ 64/32/16/8F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬EDataFD‫א‬‫א‬،EEBitF
 ‫א‬
 W
 K8‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬D7 D6 D5 D4 D3 D2 D1 D0
 
 
 
 
 WEAddress BusF‫א‬‫א‬٣ J٢
‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
EAddressFA‫א‬‫א‬ 16‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W
 K16‫א‬‫א‬A15 A14 A13……….A2 A1 A0 
 
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬W
 K‫א‬،E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬F ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ E ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬
.‫א‬‫א‬E٤ J١‫א‬F،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
-٥-
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬   ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
١

1111 0101 0000 1100  ‫א‬

‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ 1111 0101 0000 1100

0
11010110
1
1
0
1
0
1 ‫א‬
٣
1 D7 – D0
٢  W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE٤ J١F
 
 EControl BusF‫א‬٤ J٢
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،EWRF‫א‬ERDF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 K‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E‫א‬F‫א‬
EROMRAMF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ MEMR
 ERAMF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ MEMW
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ IOR
 ‫א‬‫א‬ IOW
 
-٦-
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬   ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،?‫א‬‫?א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W 
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W -
 0vMEMR
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W -
 
IOW=5v ; IOR=5v ; MEMW=5v ; MEMR=0v
 
    
 Intel 8085 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٥ J٢

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
WE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬FIntel 8085‫א‬
-٧-
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬   ‫א‬
Intel 8085‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE٥ J١F
 
‫א‬‫א‬Intel 8085‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬?‫?א‬،AD7-AD0‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬?‫א‬‫?א‬‫א‬
 KE٦ J١‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
-٨-
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬   ‫א‬
‫א‬ IO/M
D0 A0
D1 A1
D2 A2
D3 A3
D4 A4
D5 A5
D6 A6
D7  ‫א‬‫א‬ A7
A8
Intel 8085 A9
MEMR A10
A11
MEMW A12
A13
IOR A14
A15
IOW
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
5v
‫א‬
?‫ ?א‬
Intel 8085 ‫א‬ WE٦ J١F 
 
(Input Output / Memory) IO/M ‫א‬١ J٥ J2
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،IO/M ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 0v‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬G
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬G
 5v
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
-٩-
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬   ‫א‬
 W ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٦ J٢
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬G J
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬G
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬ J
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬MEMR‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬ J
 K‫א‬‫א‬E٧ J١F‫א‬
- ١٠ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬   ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ 
‫א‬
‫א‬

MEMR ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE٧ J١F‫א‬
 
 
 W ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٧ J٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K(Quartz Oscillator)‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،2MHz
 K(Million Instructions Per Second = MIPS) MIPS0.37‫א‬
،‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
- ١١ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬   ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W
‫א‬
٣ ٤
‫א‬‫א‬
٥
٢
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J١ ‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J٤

E‫א‬‫א‬F  
??‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٢ ‫א‬ J٥
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٣
‫א‬‫א‬WE٨ J١F‫א‬
 
- ١٢ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬   ‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٣
 W‫א‬‫א‬١ J٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E،F‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬EBit)64/32/16/8 EWordF
KEByteF??‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬8
W‫א‬
 (Binary)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
‫א‬H‫א‬،EHexadecimal ‫א‬‫א‬F ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬

 
 0  0000 0
 1  0001 1
 2  0010 2
 3  0011 3
 4  0100 4
 5  0101 5
 6  0110 6
 7  0111 7
 8  1000 8
 9  1001 9
 A  1010 10
 B  1011 11
 C  1100 12
 D  1101 13
 E  1110 14
 F  1111 15
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ WE٩ J١F ‫א‬

 
- ١٣ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬   ‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢ J٣
W‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ J
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 5v 1 0v0
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ J
 K‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٣ J٣
‫א‬‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W
W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 1
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ B 5
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
- ١٤ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬   ‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
1 0 1 1 0 1 0 1
1 x 20 1 x 20
1 x 21 + 0 x 21 +
0 x 22 + 1 x 22 +
1 x 23 + 0 x 23 +
B 5
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬4
 W‫א‬‫א‬

A15 A14 A13 A12 A11 A10 A9 A8 A7 A6 A5 A4 A3 A2 A1 A0

0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1
0 4 F 7
 4‫א‬‫א‬
- ١٥ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬   ‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J١
 0111H – A01FH – ABCDH – 9812H – 7FE3H – 54H – 69H – A3H – EFH
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٢
0124H-ABCDH-123H-011GH-119H-1FH-0000F-BBEEH-0ABCF-45EFH-ABFH-1235H
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٣
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٤
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬RAM/ROM
 KRAM/ROM
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٥
 W‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٦
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫؟‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٧
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٨
،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 ‫א‬ J‫א‬ J
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J‫א‬ J
 ‫א‬ J‫א‬ J
  J‫א‬ J
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٩
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 ‫א‬‫א‬ J
 
- ١٦ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬   ‫א‬
 W ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٠ J١‫א‬F J١٠
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
IOR MEMW MEMR
E١٠ J١ ‫א‬F
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١١ J١‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬ J١١
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 
- ١٧ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬   ‫א‬
A0 = 1
D0 = 0 A1 = 0
D1 = 1 A2 = 0
D2 = 0 A3 = 0
D3 = 1 A4 = 0
D4 = 0 A5 = 1
D5 = 0 A6 = 0
D6 = 0 A7 = 0
D7 = 0
‫א‬ A8 = 1
A9 = 1
MEMR = 1 A10 = 0
A11 = 0
MEMW = 1 A12 = 0
A13 = 0
IOW = 1 A14 = 1
A15 = 0
IOR = 0
E١١ J١ ‫א‬F
 
- ١٨ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬   ‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬١
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬١ J١
ADDRESS
 W‫א‬‫א‬
DATA ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ON ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ MEMW
OFF MEMR
IOW
 IOR
‫א‬WE١٢ J١‫א‬F
 
 
- ١٩ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬   ‫א‬
 W‫א‬١ J١ J١
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
E‫א‬RAM‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬G
 KE‫א‬(RAM)‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬G
 K‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬G
 
ROM‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬G 
 KE‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬G 
 K‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬G
 
 ‫א‬٢ J١ J١
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 E‫א‬‫א‬F
A3 A2 A1 A0 1
A7 A6 A5 A4 2
A11 A10 A9 A8 3
A15 A14 A13 A12 4
 
- ٢٠ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬   ‫א‬
 ٣ J١ J١
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 E‫א‬‫א‬F
D3 D2 D1 D0 1
D7 D6 D5 D4 2
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬٤ J١ J١
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
MEMR‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 MEMW‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 IOW‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬ J
 IOR‫א‬EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 
- ٢١ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬   ‫א‬
 W‫א‬٢ J١
ADDRESS
 ‫א‬

DATA
 
 W

‫א‬‫א‬

 
 ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ WE١٣ J١ ‫א‬F

  
 W‫א‬١ J٢ J١
 W??‫א‬‫א‬
E‫א‬،‫א‬F‫א‬  J
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J
 ERAM‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬G
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬G J
 EROMRAM‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
- ٢٢ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬   ‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬٣ J١
F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 KE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
1 ‫א‬
  ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
32 ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬E?c?‫א‬?a?‫א‬FEF?‫א‬?
‫א‬‫א‬ WE١٤ J١ ‫א‬F

 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬?‫א‬?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
c a
+5v +5v 1
D1 D0 4
D3 D2 5
D5 D4 6
D7 D6 7
MEMW IOW 9
MEMR IOR 10
A0   16
A2 A1 17
A4 A3 18
A6 A5 19
A8 A7 20
A10 A9 21
A12 A11 22
A14 A13 23
  A15 24
0v 0v 32
- ٢٣ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬   ‫א‬
 W‫א‬ J٢
 W‫א‬١ J٢
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L
 A15 A14 A13 A12 A11 A10 A9 A8 A7 A6 A5 A4 A3 A2 A1 A0
0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 1
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
       
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L
 
A15 A14 A13 A12 A11 A10 A9 A8 A7 A6 A5 A4 A3 A2 A1 A0 ‫א‬‫א‬
  EvoltF‫א‬
 
 ٢ J٢
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L
 D7 D6 D5 D4 D3 D2 D1 D0
0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
   
D7 D6 D5 D4 D3 D2 D1 D0 ‫א‬
  EvoltF‫א‬
 
- ٢٤ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬   ‫א‬
 E10F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٣ J٢
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKELowF‫א‬‫א‬0‫א‬‫א‬
  KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKEHighF‫א‬‫א‬1‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٤ J٢
‫א‬EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 E‫א‬F  E‫א‬F
    MEMW
    MEMR
    IOW
    IOR
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L
 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬WMEMR
 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬WMEMW
 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬WIOW
 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬WIOR
 
 
- ٢٥ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬   ‫א‬
 W‫א‬٥ J٢
 KE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬L
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(1AH)L
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
    MEMW
    MEMR
    IOW
    IOR
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
- ٢٦ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬   ‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J١
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  J
  J
 ‫א‬‫א‬ J
 ‫א‬ J
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 EOpen circuitF J
 EShort circuitF J
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
- ٢٧ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬   ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ J٢
 ‫א‬
 ١ J٢
‫א‬D3‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L
 Kc‫א‬5
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫ א‬‫ א‬‫א‬‫ א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
      00
      01
      02
      03
      04
      05
      06
      07
      08
      09
      0A
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L
 .KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫؟‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
- ٢٨ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬   ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬L
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬D3‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫؟‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬L
 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
F‫؟‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L
 ED3‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 ٢ J٢
 D0‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬L
 KE‫א‬c4‫א‬a4‫א‬‫א‬FD1‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬D3‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 0AH00H‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L
 K‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫ א‬‫ א‬‫א‬‫ א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
      00
      01
      02
      03
      04
      05
      06
- ٢٩ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬   ‫א‬
      07
      08
      09
      0A
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L
 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫؟‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬L
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬D1،D0‫א‬
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
 W‫א‬‫א‬L
 
 
 
 
- ٣٠ -

‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
٢
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥١  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬G
  
 K٪١٠٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١٢W‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ •
‫א‬ •
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
- ٣١ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥١  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E
 F‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬ J١
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١ J١
 W‫א‬١ J١ J١
 EBitF،‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬
Bit
10 W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬WE١ J٢F
 
 W‫א‬٢ J١ J١
‫א‬،E‫א‬F‫א‬ 
 EEByteFEWordFF
0 1 0 1 1 0 1 1
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬WE٢ J٢F
 
- ٣٢ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥١  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬٣ J١ J١
EE٣ J٢FF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
FK‫א‬‫א‬?‫?א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬E??F‫א‬‫ وא‬،(KB
 WE‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 
1K = 210 = 1024
‫א‬‫א‬
 
 E10F
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E‫א‬‫א‬F
‫א‬‫א‬W(٣ J٢)
 K2048‫א‬‫א‬W
 1024‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬
  2048/1024 = 2 ‫א‬ 
2K‫א‬‫א‬2K = 2xK = 2x1024 = 2048‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬??2048‫א‬
 
- ٣٣ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥١  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢ J١
‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
  n
2 Z‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Wn
 
 W١
 8K  4K  2K  K  EKF‫א‬‫א‬
  13   12   11   10
2 2 2 2 2n‫א‬‫א‬
 13  12  11  10  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 E‫א‬‫א‬F2K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٢
A0 A0
A1 A1
A2 A2
A3 A3
A4 A4
A5 A5
A6 A6 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ A7 A7
A8 A8 2K
A9 A9
A10 A10
A11 A11
A12
A13
A14 ?
A15
2K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE٤ J٢F
 
- ٣٤ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥١  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬٢‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
EA15 A14 A13 A12F‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫؟‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬٣ J١
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 EE٥ J٢FF‫א‬
EN=EnableCE=Chip EnableCS=Chip Select
0‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
L L L
CS CE EN
‫א‬ WE٥ J٢F 
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ،E‫א‬‫א‬ F
- ٣٥ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥١  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ROM‫א‬W
ROM ‫א‬ RAM ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬
 CS CS CS CS
0v 5v 5v 5v
‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬WE٦ J٢F
 EBinary DecoderF‫א‬‫א‬٤ J١
‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 2E‫א‬‫א‬FZ‫א‬
 ٨‫א‬٣‫א‬W
I2 I1 I0 O0 O1 O2 O3 O4 O5 O6 O7
0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 EN
0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 O0
0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 O1
0 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 O2
‫א‬‫א‬
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 O3
1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0
‫א‬‫א‬
O4
1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 I2 O5
1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 I1 O6
I0 O7
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬٨‫א‬ ٣ ‫א‬ WE٧ J٢F 
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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥١  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬
WEAddress Range MemoryF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٥ J١

‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫ ﻋﻨﻮان א‬0000  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬0001  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬0002  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬0004  
   
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬xxxx  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬yyyy ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ WE٨ J٢F 

 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١ J٥ J١
 WROM‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١ J١ J٥ J١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬8085Intel‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬
 ‫א‬0000 HZ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 16E١ JE‫א‬‫א‬FFZ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ H
- ٣٧ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥١  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬
 WRAM‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢ J١ J٥ J١

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬RAM‫א‬‫א‬ 
 W‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬FZ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 16E١ JE‫א‬‫א‬FFH‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Z‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ROM
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬ROM‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W
KK‫א‬‫א‬،RAM
 
 W‫א‬
 0000 HZROM‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F03FF HZROM‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F0400 HZRAM‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 07FF H = 03FF H + 0400H ZRAM‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬
 03FF H – 0000 HW03FF H0000 HROM‫א‬‫א‬
 07FF H – 0400 HW07FF H0400 HRAM‫א‬‫א‬
 
- ٣٨ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥١  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٦ J١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬،K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 WE‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬ IO/M
EN CS
O0
O1 ‫א‬
O2
 ‫א‬
O3
O4 
O5
 O6
 I2 O7 CS
I1 ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ I0
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE٩ J٢F

- ٣٩ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥١  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬
‫א‬ROM‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W١
.K‫א‬‫א‬،RAM
 W‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 EA9….A0F10‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬210ZKZ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
  A15 A14 A13 A12 A11 A10 ‫א‬
‫א‬EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 KI2A12،I1A11،I0A10W‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 A15 A14 A13 E‫א‬F‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
IO/M
A15
A14  ‫א‬
A13 
‫א‬
EN ROM
O0 K
O1  ‫א‬ CS
O2
O3 
O4 ‫א‬
O5
RAM
A12 I2 O6
K
A11 I1 O7 CS
A10 I0
A9 – A0
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE١٠ J٢F
- ٤٠ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥١  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١ J٦ J١
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬ J
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 EF‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ROM‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬G
‫א‬A12=0 A11=0 A10=003FF H – 0000 H‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 ‫א‬
‫א‬،O0=1‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 
- ٤١ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥١  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬
IO/M ‫א‬‫א‬
A15
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
A14
0v ‫א‬
A13 
EN O0 CS
O1 ‫א‬
O2 ROM
O3 K
O4
A12 I2 O5
A11 I1 O6
A10 I0 O7
A9 – A0
K‫א‬ROM‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE١١ J٢F
 
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 WE‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬A15=0 A14=0 A13=0W‫א‬‫א‬
 
A15
A14
A13
EN
‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬ WE١٢ J٢F 
- ٤٢ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥١  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬
 RAM‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬G
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬RAM‫א‬E J JF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬O1‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 K١‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٣ J٢F‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬
IO/M ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
A15
A14
0v‫א‬
A13
EN CS
O0 ‫א‬
O1
ROM
O2
K
O3
A12 I2 O4
A11 I1 O5
A10 I0 O6 CS
O7 ‫א‬
RAM
K
A9 – A0
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ WE١٣ J٢F 

 
- ٤٣ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥١  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬
2K‫א‬ROM‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ W 2
‫א‬ROM‫א‬‫א‬F.K‫א‬RAM ‫א‬
 ERAM
 
 W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬ROM‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 RAM‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬RAM‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 K‫א‬
- ٤٤ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥١  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬E١٤ J٢F‫א‬
 
IO/M ‫א‬‫א‬
A15 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 0v ‫א‬
A14
EN CS
O0 ‫א‬
 O1
ROM
O2
 2K
O3
A13 I2 O4
A12 I1 O5 A9–A0
A11 I0 O6 CS
O7 ‫א‬
RAM
A10  K
 A10 – A0
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ WE١٤ J٢F
- ٤٥ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥١  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬
 W‫א‬L‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٢
Intel‫א‬‫א‬ 
 W‫א‬،‫א‬L‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬L‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬A7A0‫א‬‫א‬ J
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬FFH00H‫א‬‫א‬
 K256‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
IO/M ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L‫א‬
5v‫א‬
A0
A1
A2
A3
‫א‬ CS
A4
A5 
A6
A7 ‫א‬L‫א‬
‫א‬L‫א‬‫א‬Intel‫א‬‫א‬WE١٥ J٢F
 
- ٤٦ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥١  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬
 K80 H‫א‬‫א‬L‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬
 A7=1 A6=0 A5=0 A4=0 A3=0 A2=0 A1=0 A0=0
KIO/M = 1 IO/M‫א‬5v‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬L‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
IO/M ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L‫א‬
5v ‫א‬
A0
A1
A2
A3 CS
A4
A5 
A6
A7 ‫א‬L‫א‬
 Intel‫א‬‫א‬WE١٦ J٢F
80 H‫א‬‫א‬L‫א‬ 
 
 W
‫א‬‫א‬?‫א‬L‫א‬?‫א‬ 
،‫א‬‫ א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬

- ٤٧ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥١  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬
 EMemory MapF‫א‬‫א‬ J٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬ 
 W‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬L‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ROM‫א‬‫א‬ J
RAM‫א‬‫א‬ J
‫א‬‫א‬ J
 ‫א‬‫א‬ J
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W
 2KROM‫א‬ -
KRAM‫א‬ -
80 H‫א‬ -
81 H‫א‬‫א‬ -
 
 W‫א‬
 07FF H – 0000 H WROM‫א‬‫א‬ -
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F0BFF H – 0800 H WRAM‫א‬‫א‬ -
EROM‫א‬0800 H
 WEF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ٤٨ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥١  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬
0000 H
‫א‬‫א‬
ROM
07FF H
0800 H
‫א‬‫א‬
RAM
0BFF H
XX80 H ‫א‬
XX81 H
‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ WE١٧ J٢F 

 
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١ J٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W
 E١٧ J٢‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
- ٤٩ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥١  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬
 ROM‫א‬١ J١ J٣
 ‫א‬E0001 HE‫א‬FF
 ‫א‬0800 = 0001 + 07FF
 2.210Z(2)3.(24)2 ‫א‬8.162 ‫א‬‫א‬0800
 2K‫א‬
 
 RAM‫א‬٢ J١ J٣
 ‫א‬E0001 HE‫א‬F JE‫א‬FF
 ‫א‬0400 = 0001 + 0800 - 0BFF
 210 = (22).(24)2‫א‬4.162‫א‬‫א‬0400
 K‫א‬
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
- ٥٠ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥١  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J١
 
 ‫א‬L‫א‬ J٢
 
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١٢ J٣
 
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٤
 
8FFFH-8800H‫א‬،ROM‫א‬7FFFH-0000H‫א‬ J٥
 KRAM‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 ROM‫א‬‫א‬ J
 RAM‫א‬‫א‬ J
 
 K1K‫א‬RAM‫א‬2K‫א‬ROM‫א‬ J٦
 K0000H‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ROM‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬RAM‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 KROM‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 
 
 
 
- ٥١ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥١  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬
 
 WE١٨ J٢F‫א‬E٤٣٢١F‫א‬‫א‬ J٧
A15
CS CS ١
O0
O1
O2 CS
A14 I3 O3
٢
A13 I2 O4
A12 I1 O5
O6 CS ٣
 O7
CS ٤
A11-A0
E١٨ J٢F
 
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬ J
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 
‫א‬‫א‬E٧‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٨
 W‫א‬‫א‬ROM‫א‬
 KF000H-FFFFH ‫א‬CFFFH-C000H ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬DFFFH-D000H ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 K EFFFH-E000H ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EFFFH-E000H ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 KDFFFH-D000H ‫א‬
 ‫؟‬EFEF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KI2‫א‬ -
KI2I1‫א‬‫א‬ -
K٣‫א‬٢‫א‬ -
- ٥٢ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥١  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬
E ‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬E٧F‫א‬‫א‬ J٩

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 03FFH-0000HW١‫א‬‫א‬ J
 07FFH-0400HW٢‫א‬‫א‬ J
 0BFFH-0800H W٣‫א‬‫א‬ J
 0FFFH-0C00H W٤‫א‬‫א‬ J
 
 ‫א‬L‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J١٠
 WE١٩ J٢F
IO/M
A0
A1
A2
A3
CS
A4
A5
A6 L
A7
E١٩ J٢F
 
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J١١
 2K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 4K‫א‬‫א‬ J
 13H‫א‬ J   12H‫א‬ J
 
 
 
 
 
- ٥٣ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥١  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J J
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ERAM : Random Acces MemoryF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 EROM : Read Only MemoryF‫א‬‫א‬ J
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J١
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 EROMF8xK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J
ERAMF8xK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J
‫א‬  J
‫א‬  J
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١ J١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K0000H‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KE‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 E64KF‫א‬‫א‬
،8K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ٥٤ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥١  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬
‫א‬
9FFF-8000 7FFF-6000 5FFF-4000 3FFF-2000 1FFF-0000 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
FFFF-E000 DFFF-C000 BFFF-A000 ‫א‬‫א‬

 
- ٥٥ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥١  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬
 W‫א‬ J٢
 ERAMF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١ J٢
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬0000H ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬L
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬0007H-0000H‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J
EMEMRW‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬  J
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J
.E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
0007H 0006H 0005H 0004H 0003H 0002H 0001H 0000H ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫؟‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢ J٢
 ‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L
 W‫א‬‫א‬ 0006H-0000H
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J
 ‫א‬‫א‬  J
EMEMWW‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬  J
0006H 0005H 0004H 0003H 0002H 0001H 0000H ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 00  00  C3  02 D3 01 DB  ‫א‬
- ٥٦ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥١  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬
 ‫؟‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،ELF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L
0006H 0005H 0004H 0003H 0002H 0001H 0000H  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
00 00 C3 02 D3 01 DB ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫؟‬‫א‬
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 WEROMF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٣ J٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،EROMF‫א‬ERAMF‫א‬‫א‬L
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،0004H-0000H ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
0004H 0003H 0002H 0001H 0000H ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬L
 
0004H 0003H 0002H 0001H 0000H ‫א‬‫א‬
          ‫א‬
 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫؟‬‫א‬
- ٥٧ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥١  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،0000H‫א‬0AH‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L
 ‫؟‬‫א‬،E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
- ٥٨ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥١  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L
 W‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬ J
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬ J
‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
KE‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬ J١
EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 W‫א‬‫א‬،E‫א‬F‫א‬
 K‫א‬W J
 K‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬ J
 
- ٥٩ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥١  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١ J١
  E8bit parallele outputF‫א‬١ J١ J١
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
B0
B1
B2
B3
  ‫א‬
B4
B5
B6
B7

 
 
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EB7 B6-----B1 B0F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F ‫א‬
 KE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬5v0v
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
 KE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ F‫א‬
- ٦٠ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥١  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
1‫א‬ 0‫א‬
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
‫א‬
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬A7 A6 A5 A4 A3 A2 A1 A0 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
A7 A6 A5 A4 A3 A2 A1 A0 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1  ‫א‬‫א‬
 
- ٦١ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥١  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬
 W
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J١
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 12H
 
 
 13H
 
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٢
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
- ٦٢ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥١  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬
  (8 bit parallel inputF٢ J١ J٢

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W ‫א‬
B7 B6-----B1 B0
  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
High level : 1 Low level : 0
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EB7 B6-----B1 B0F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 KHigh level = 5v‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Low level = 0v‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬5v0v‫א‬‫א‬F
 KE‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬
- ٦٣ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥١  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬
 W‫א‬ J٢
 W‫א‬‫א‬١ J٢
 KB5H ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L
 E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J
‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J
E‫א‬
 KIOW‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬B7 B6 B5 B4 B3 B2 B1 B0
     0CH
 0AH
  11H
0BH
0CH
 
 W‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫؟‬‫א‬
 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKW‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬B5H‫א‬‫א‬L
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬
 ‫؟‬‫א‬
 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKW‫א‬
- ٦٤ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥١  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬
 W‫א‬٢ J٢
 K5CH‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L
 E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬11H  J
E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F
 KIOR‫א‬??‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J
 W‫א‬‫א‬IOR‫א‬
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF J
 ‫؟‬‫א‬،E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 ‫א‬ J
 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬L
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
‫א‬‫א‬،IOR‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ J
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
- ٦٥ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥١  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬٣ J٢
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L
،12H‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬09H‫א‬‫א‬ J
 K13H‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
- ٦٦ -

‫א‬
 ‫א‬
٣
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬   ‫א‬
 ‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬G
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬G
 K‫א‬‫א‬G
  
 K٪١٠٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١٢W‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ •
‫א‬ •
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬ •
 K‫א‬‫א‬ •
- ٦٧ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬   ‫א‬
 ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬Intel 8085
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J١
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬
 ‫ א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬
 
‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫ א‬W ‫א‬
‫א‬ W(١ J٣) 

 
 
- ٦٨ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬   ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 W
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬ J
K‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬ J
EHLT : HaltF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
(4)
‫א‬ ‫א‬
(3)   (1)
 ‫א‬
EF
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
E١HF
(2)‫א‬
RESET ‫א‬
W(٢ J٣)
 
- ٦٩ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬   ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ J٢
 ١ J٢
 W‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E‫א‬F،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،E0000H‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬ J
 KE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬EByte‫א‬8F‫א‬‫א‬ J
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،Emicro-instructionsF‫א‬W‫א‬ J
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬
 KE٣ J٣F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ٧٠ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬   ‫א‬
‫א‬ 
‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬W(٣ J٣)
  
 
‫א‬‫א‬٢ J٢
‫א‬ELFEHF‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 KIntel 8085 ‫א‬
- ٧١ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬   ‫א‬
١٦F‫א‬‫א‬  EStack PointerF

 E16 bit  E١٦F
Program Counter
‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

E١٦F
B(8) C(8) Address
‫א‬‫א‬
W(8) Z(8) Register
D(8) E(8)

H(8) L(8)

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ WE٤ J٣F 

 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
EZFEWF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
١٦‫א‬
 ‫א‬EHLF‫א‬(Program Counter = PC)‫א‬‫א‬
 KE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F
 
 KE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬0012H W
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬ J
 EZF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Byte‫א‬‫א‬ J
 EWF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Byte‫א‬‫א‬ J
00 12
W Z
 
Most‫א‬Byte ‫א‬Least‫א‬Byte ‫א‬W
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬ J
- ٧٢ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬   ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ 00 12
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬ J 
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬ 00 13
‫א‬‫א‬ 00 12
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
- ٧٣ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬   ‫א‬
 WE‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬WIntel 8085‫א‬ J٣
 W‫א‬W١ J٣
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E16-bitF١٦‫א‬‫א‬  J
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F  J
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 KE‫א‬‫א‬??
 KHL ، DE ، BCW6  J
 WZW  J
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W(Accumulator)‫א‬‫א‬8A  J
K‫א‬
 E١ J٣‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ J
 
W‫א‬W٢ J٣
Intel ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W8085
 
E1 ByteF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 
E2 BytesF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 
E3 BytesF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 
 KEOperation CodeF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
- ٧٤ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬   ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬Byte‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬Byte‫א‬ 
  
‫א‬ 
Intel 8085A‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE٥ J٣F
E‫א‬F‫א‬ ‫א‬W
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
JMP addr
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
EJMP : JUMPF‫א‬
 
 022A ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،JMP 022A‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،C3‫א‬
- ٧٥ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬   ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  JMP ‫א‬‫א‬ 11000011

 
00101010
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Byte ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Byte ‫א‬ 00000010
JMP 022AWE٦ J٣)
 
 W‫א‬٣ J٣
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١ J٣ J٣
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
EZF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Byte‫א‬ J
EWF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Byte‫א‬ J
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬٢ J٣ J٣
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
EZF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 
 
- ٧٦ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬   ‫א‬
 W‫א‬٣ J٣ J٣
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬EF‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬ J٤
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬L‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 
 W‫א‬L‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١ J٤
 W‫א‬‫א‬L‫א‬‫א‬١ J١ J٤
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
(A) (Port)
A‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬ ‫إﺧﺮاج‬/‫ﻋﻨﻮان ﺟﻬﺎز إدﺧﺎل‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KAE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  (Port)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ٧٧ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬   ‫א‬
IN Port
(Input)
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 
 KIntel 8085A‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W
 
 
 IN 82W
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
 
IN ‫א‬DB 11011011
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬ 82 10000010
 
 
 
- ٧٨ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬   ‫א‬
 W‫א‬L‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢ J١ J4
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
(A) (Port)
A‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
‫إﺧﺮاج‬/‫ﻋﻨﻮان ﺟﻬﺎز إدﺧﺎل‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 EPortF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
OUT Port
EOutputF‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 
OUT 80 W
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ٧٩ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬   ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
 
OUT ‫א‬D3 10110011
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬ 80 10000000
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢ J٤
W‫א‬١ J٢ J٤
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ،EFW
 E‫א‬F‫א‬W
 E‫א‬F‫א‬W
 ‫א‬r ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١ J١ J٢ J٤
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ٨٠ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬   ‫א‬
(r ) (H,L) MOV r,M

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 (H,L)‫א‬
‫إﻟﻰ اﻟﺴﺠﻞ اﻟﻤﺴﻤﻰ‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 MOV B,MW
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
EHLF‫א‬
0022
0022 xx B‫א‬

xx
  xx‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬

B‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢ J١ J٢ J٤

W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
(H,L) (r) MOV M,r
- ٨١ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬   ‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬FErF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬EHLF‫א‬
 
MOV M,C W
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
C‫א‬ ‫א‬
 25
4012  00100101
4012
(HL)‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 EHLF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬C‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬٢ J٢ J٤
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١ J٢ J٢ J٤
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
(HL) (data) MVI M,data
 
EH,LF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EdataF‫א‬‫א‬
- ٨٢ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬   ‫א‬
MVI M,02 W
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
(HL) ‫ﻣﺤﺘﻮى‬
2000
‫א‬
02 ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
02
2000
 
 
 W
F‫א‬‫א‬MVI M,dataMOV M,r‫א‬‫א‬
 K(HL)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬
 W‫א‬٢ J٢ J٢ J٤

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
(r) (data) MVI r,data
 
 r‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬8Fdata‫א‬‫א‬
 
- ٨٣ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬   ‫א‬
 MVI D,54W
 KD‫א‬‫א‬54‫א‬
 W
‫א‬،‫א‬16‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
(rp) data 16 LXI rp,data 16
 
 Krp‫א‬‫א‬pr‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬16F‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 LXI B,0142W
 KBC‫א‬‫א‬0142‫א‬
 KB‫א‬01‫א‬C‫א‬42‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٣ J٤
‫א‬‫א‬،EF‫א‬ 
 W‫א‬‫א‬،MOVW‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
(r1) (r2) MOV r1,r2
 Er1F‫א‬‫א‬Er2F‫א‬
 
 EBF‫א‬‫א‬EAF‫א‬ MOV B,AW
(B) (A) MOV B,A
- ٨٤ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬   ‫א‬
 
A‫א‬ A‫א‬
MOV B,A
0F 0F
11 0F
B‫א‬ B‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ٨٥ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬   ‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٥
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
(F)‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬ (8 bit) ‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬(Flag)

7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
S Z A P CY
C
0 2 4 6 7  ‫א‬‫א‬
CY P AC Z S  ‫א‬
Carry Parity Auxiliary Zero Sign
Carry
‫ א‬‫ א‬‫א‬ ‫ א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 KE53،1‫א‬‫א‬F10‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬١ J٥
 KA‫א‬‫א‬1‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬ J
‫א‬،EA-BF‫א‬05B ‫א‬04‫א‬W
 K1‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F7‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬??E JFK-01
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬1‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬ J
 0
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬1‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬ J
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
- ٨٦ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬   ‫א‬
 EA+BF‫א‬02B‫א‬0E‫א‬W
 00001110 ‫א‬
 H 00000010B‫א‬
Z00010000‫א‬
 
 KED3F‫א‬‫א‬ED4F‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 
EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬1‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬ J
 K
 
 ‫א‬A‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬1‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬ J
 EFFF‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬10B‫א‬FF‫א‬W
 (A) + (B)
 KE53،1‫א‬‫א‬F10‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 11111111‫א‬
 H10000000B‫א‬
 
Z01111111‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(A)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K1
- ٨٧ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬   ‫א‬
 W‫א‬٢ J٥
،‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬ 
 W‫א‬
  …………..ANA r ; ANI data ; XRI data ; ORA W‫א‬‫א‬ J
  ………………………..CMP r ; CPI data ; SUB r W‫א‬‫א‬ J
 W‫א‬٣ J٥
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K،‫א‬‫א‬
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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬   ‫א‬
 EFlowchartF‫א‬ J٦
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 WEProgram FlowF‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 WEProcessF
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 EPredefined ProcessF
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 WEDecisionF‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬   ‫א‬
W
 
W‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
١‫א‬
١ ٢
٢‫א‬


 
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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬   ‫א‬
 (Branch Instructions)  J٧

E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬
 
  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
‫א‬
 
‫א‬
  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 EJUMP InstructionsF‫א‬ J
ECALL InstructionsF‫א‬‫א‬ J
 WEJMP : JUMPF‫א‬١ J٧
 W‫א‬١ J١ J٧
 JMP addrW‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬addr،E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬JMP ‫א‬
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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬   ‫א‬
 W
 JMP F021
 
 
‫א‬‫א‬  
 
 
  ‫א‬
0022 C3  
0023 21 
 
0024 F0
  ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
F021 F021
‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 
 KF021‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬٢ J١ J٧
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 
 J<>addr
 
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬J
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬EaddrF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F
- ٩٢ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬   ‫א‬
  Jump if Zero : JZ ‫א‬W

‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
JZ 0023
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬0023 ‫א‬‫א‬
  Jump if Not Zero : JNZ ‫א‬W
E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
JNZ 01A2
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬01A2 ‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬ (Jump if Negative) JN (Jump if Positive) JP‫א‬
.
 
 K‫א‬W
‫א‬‫ א‬
12 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E F‫א‬‫א‬
13‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ EF ‫א‬

0 Z


0 Z


- ٩٣ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬   ‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 12H‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF‫א‬‫א‬ J١
 13H‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF‫א‬‫א‬ J٢
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF‫א‬‫א‬ J٣
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF‫א‬G 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF‫א‬G 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF
  J١‫א‬‫א‬EF‫א‬G 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF‫א‬G 
 K‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬٢ J٧
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 CALL addr
 
 ‫א‬addr‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬KEsubroutineF
ERETURNF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W
 
- ٩٤ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬   ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬WE٧ J٤F
 
 
 
- ٩٥ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬   ‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٨
 W‫א‬‫א‬١ J٨
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 E٨ J٤‫א‬F‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
ROM‫א‬‫א‬WE٨ J٤F
 
EHI-LO SYSTEM UNIVERSAL PROGRAMMER & TESTERF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬١ J٨
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،??‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٥ J٨‫א‬F
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ٩٦ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬   ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
ROM‫א‬‫א‬WE٩ J٤F
 
- ٩٧ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬   ‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J١
 ‫؟‬K‫א‬
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٢
 
 ‫؟‬HLT‫א‬ J٣
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٤
 ‫؟‬
 
 ‫؟‬ROM‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٥
 
 KEmicro-instructionsF‫א‬‫א‬ J٦
 
 0125H‫א‬  J٧
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 ‫؟‬W Z ‫א‬‫א‬
01 25 25 01
W Z W Z
 
 ‫א‬Byte‫א‬،‫א‬Byte‫א‬،،W‫א‬ J٨
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 ‫א‬‫א‬ J
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 
- ٩٨ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬   ‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٩
MOV  J(A) (Port) ; (A) (Port)  J
  MOV r1,r2 Jr,M
 K‫א‬ J١W‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٢
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٣
 ‫א‬A‫א‬‫א‬ J٤
 A‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٥
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J١٠
 
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J١١
MVI M,45 ; LXI D,F001 ; MOV A,C ; MOV M,E ; MVI D,FC ; MOV C,M
 
‫א‬KKKKKKKKKK‫א‬MOV A,B ‫א‬ J J١٢
 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKMOV B,M‫א‬ J
 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
‫א‬MVI C,1A ‫א‬ J
 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
‫א‬‫א‬1D‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J١٣
7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
S Z A P CY
C
- ٩٩ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬   ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬EA-BF J١٤

 K‫؟‬E١٣F‫א‬‫א‬6‫א‬
 
 K‫א‬ J١٥
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J١٦
،‫א‬B‫א‬12H‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K13H‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬،EJMPF‫א‬ J١٧
 
 ‫؟‬JMP 01FE‫א‬‫א‬01FE ‫א‬‫א‬ J١٨
 
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J١٩
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٢٠
JMP ABCDH ; JMP 012FH ; JMP 12H ; JMP 158GH ; JZ 00FFH ; JP 012FH
 K JM AFF0H ; JMP 013H
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٢١
 E‫א‬0000H‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
81H‫א‬80H‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W
 K‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J
 W11H‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬01H‫א‬‫א‬G
 K11H
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬G
- ١٠٠ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬   ‫א‬
F1H‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 ‫א‬
 KE0032H‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 K‫א‬‫א‬21H , 0BH , 03H‫א‬‫א‬ J
 K‫א‬A‫א‬G
 K‫א‬‫א‬،22H‫א‬ J
- ١٠١ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬   ‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J١
 
  W‫א‬‫א‬١ J١
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،EAssembly languageF
 KIntel 8085‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
IN ‫א‬‫א‬ J
 EInputF
‫א‬OUT‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 KEOutputF
‫א‬JMP‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 KEJumpF
‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬L‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢ J١
 ‫א‬‫א‬١ J٢ J١
 ECPU Intel 8085AF‫א‬ J
 8xK RAM‫א‬‫א‬ J
 ‫א‬ J
  J
 ‫א‬ J
- ١٠٢ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬   ‫א‬
 E‫א‬F‫א‬ J
 W‫א‬‫א‬٢ J٢ J١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫إن‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬L
 ON‫א‬ON/OFF  J
W‫א‬  J
 HLTHLT/RUN J
 OFFEF‫א‬ADDR.STOP J
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
‫א‬ ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J
 K
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬L
‫א‬‫א‬FOFF‫א‬ON/OFF  J
 E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
RUNHLT/RUN‫א‬‫א‬  J
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L
‫א‬‫א‬FOFF‫א‬ON/OFF  J
 E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
RUNHLT/RUN‫א‬‫א‬ J
 ‫א‬STEP‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J
 
 
 
- ١٠٣ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬   ‫א‬
 W‫א‬ J٢
 W‫א‬‫א‬١ J٢
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L
 ‫א‬‫א‬  E‫א‬F‫א‬‫ א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 J
*IN 12 DB  0000H
12 0001H
OUT 13 D3 0002H
13 0003H
 JMP * C3 0004H
00 0005H
00 0006H
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L
 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬‫א‬
  00
01
02
03
04
05
 
 ‫؟‬IN J
 ‫؟‬IN‫א‬‫א‬ J
 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
 ‫؟‬OUT‫؟‬ J
 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
- ١٠٤ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬   ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫؟‬OUT
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ J
 ‫א‬ J
?‫?א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬?‫?א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(OUT)(IN) ‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬?‫?א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
0000H DB * IN 12
0001H 12
0002H ?‫ ?א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
0003H
D3 OUT 13
0004H
13
0005H
C3 JMP *
0006H
00
0007H
00
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
- ١٠٥ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬   ‫א‬
 W‫א‬٢ J
 W‫א‬‫א‬L
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬  E‫א‬F‫א‬‫ א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 J
*IN 12 DB  0000H
12 0001H
INR A 3C 0002H
OUT 13 D3 0003H
13 0004H
 JMP * C3 0005H
00 0006H
00 0007H
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L
‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬‫א‬
  00
01
02
03
04
 05
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 ‫؟‬‫א‬  J
 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK  J
 W‫א‬‫א‬L
 
- ١٠٦ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬   ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  E‫א‬F‫א‬‫ א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬

 J
  J
*IN 12 DB  0000H
12 0001H
DCR A 3D 0002H
OUT 13 D3 0003H
13 0004H
 JMP * C3 0005H
00 0006H
00 0007H
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬‫א‬
  06
05
04
03
02
 01
 
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 ‫؟‬‫א‬ J
 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
 
- ١٠٧ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬   ‫א‬
 W‫א‬٣ J٢
 W‫א‬‫א‬L
 ‫א‬‫א‬  E‫א‬F‫א‬‫ א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 J
*IN 12 DB  0000H
12 0001H
ADI 05  C6 0002H
05 0003H
OUT 13 D3 0004H
13 0005H
 JMP * C3 0006H
00 0007H
00 0008H
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬‫א‬
  00
01
02
03
04
 05
 
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 ‫؟‬‫א‬ J
 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
- ١٠٨ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬   ‫א‬
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬05‫א‬‫א‬  J
 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
 W‫א‬‫א‬L
 ‫א‬‫א‬  E‫א‬F‫א‬‫ א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 J
*IN 12 DB  0000H
12 0001H
SUI 05  D6 0002H
05 0003H
OUT 13 D3 0004H
13 0005H
 JMP * C3 0006H
00 0007H
00 0008H
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L
‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬‫א‬
  0A
09
08
07
06
 05
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 ‫؟‬‫א‬ J
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬05‫א‬‫א‬ J
- ١٠٩ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬   ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ERegisterF‫א‬٤ J٢
 E0010H‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L
 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 W‫א‬‫א‬L
 ‫א‬‫א‬  E‫א‬F‫א‬‫ א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 J
  J
MVI A,55 3E  0000H
55 0001H
STA 0010 32 0002H
 00 0003H
10  0004H
HLT 76  0005H
 
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬L
 0010H‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
0A0001H‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L
 ELFELF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫؟‬‫א‬ J
 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
 ‫؟‬MVI A‫א‬ J
 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
 ‫؟‬MVI A‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
 ‫؟‬MVI A‫א‬‫א‬ J
 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
- ١١٠ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬   ‫א‬
 ‫؟‬STA ‫א‬ J
 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
 ‫؟‬STA ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
 ‫؟‬STA ‫א‬‫א‬ J
 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬  J
 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
- ١١١ -

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٤
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬G
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬G
  
 K٪١٠٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١٢W‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ •
‫א‬ •
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
- ١١٢ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J١
 W16 bits‫א‬‫א‬١ J١
 W8088-8086‫א‬‫א‬١ J١ J١
 16‫א‬،1978‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬،EAD15-AD0‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F  20‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،E1018576 = 220F‫א‬‫א‬
 EQuartzFEIntel 8085‫א‬‫א‬F
 K10MHz‫א‬4.77MHz
8086‫א‬WE١ J٤F
 
 WEiAPX 286‫א‬F80286‫א‬‫א‬٢ J١ J١
 W‫א‬ 24‫א‬ 16‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ J
‫א‬20MHz‫א‬6MHz‫א‬‫א‬ J
 W‫א‬‫א‬ J
- ١١٣ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬
 K 1048576‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬G
EVirtual MemoryF??‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬G
E24F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، 16777216 = 224‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 EHard DiskF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
80286WE٢ J٤F
 
:32 bits‫א‬‫א‬٢ J١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،E32‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬??‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
:‫א‬
 WEVirtual MemoryF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١ J٢ J١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F
،??‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،E‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
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 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬
 WEPaging Virtual MemoryF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢ J٢ J١

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
?? 
??‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ WE٣ J٤F

 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Windows XP‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬W
 
  Pagefile.sys
KEc:/Pagefile.sysF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
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 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬
 32 bits‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٣ J٢ J١

‫א‬‫א‬ 4294967296 = 232‫א‬80386‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 KE32‫א‬‫א‬F
Intel 80386‫א‬WE٤ J٤F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 W
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬
40 MHz – 16 MHz 386 DX
33 MHz – 16 MHz 386 SX
20 MHz – 25 MHz 386 SL
 
 32 bits‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٤ J٢ J١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬Intel 80486‫א‬‫א‬ 
 WEE٥ J٤F‫א‬486DX‫א‬
 E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F32‫א‬G
 ٣٢‫א‬‫א‬G
 K‫א‬50MHz – 33 – 20‫א‬G
‫א‬E‫א‬FIntelE1994 – 1989F‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 486SX2 – 486DX4 – 486EX – 486DX2 – 487SX – 486SXSF – ULP486SX – 486SX
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 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬
i486 DX 50MHz‫א‬WE٥ J٤F

 
 
 W32 bits‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٥ J٢ J١

Ex86‫א‬F‫א‬Intel1993‫א‬‫א‬ 
 WPentium??‫א‬
 32 ‫א‬‫א‬
Intel
Inside
 64‫א‬
pentium
 pentium??WE٦ J٤F
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 K‫א‬??‫א‬‫א‬64G
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ G
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 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬
 K‫א‬ G
 KEcycleF‫א‬G
 
 W32 bits‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٦ J٢ J١
‫א‬،ENetworkF‫א‬1995‫א‬
‫א‬EmasterF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬EslaveF??‫א‬،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
KEPentium ProF??‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 Pentium Pro??‫א‬WE٧ J٤F
‫א‬ ????‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KEGHz‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬2007F200MHz
 
- ١١٨ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬
 :‫א‬ J٢
 W‫א‬ 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 K(Mouse)‫א‬،(Keyboard)‫א‬،(Monitor)‫א‬،(Tower)‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE٨ J٤F
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،?Bios?،‫א‬‫א‬،?Quartz?،‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬
،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 EE٩ J٤F‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ WE٩ J٤F 

 
- ١١٩ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١ J٢
 W‫א‬١ J١ J٢
110220‫א‬ 
 .‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،E-12+12،5F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬WE١٠ J٤F
 
 W‫א‬٢ J١ J٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
- ١٢٠ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 W
‫א‬ E ‫א‬F‫א‬
‫א‬WE١١ J٤F
 
 W‫א‬٣ J١ J٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
 K‫א‬??،‫א‬
 
 
 W?Quartz?‫א‬٤ J١ J٢
 ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ WE١٢ J٤F 

 
 ‫؟‬‫א‬200MHz‫א‬‫א‬W
- ١٢١ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬
E10FEF200000000‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬W
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٥ J١ J٢
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١ J٥ J١ J٢
 
W(Single In-line Memory ModuleF SIMM‫א‬‫א‬١ J١ J٥ J١ J٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W(Dynamic RAM) DRAM
 
SIMM‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE١٣ J٤F
 
 W(Static RAM) SRAM‫א‬‫א‬٢ J١ J٥ J١ J٢
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ١٢٢ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬
 W(Video RAM) VRAM‫א‬‫א‬٣ J١ J٥ J١ J٢

،DRAM‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 (Video Card)?‫א‬‫?א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W(Read Only Memory) ROM‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢ J٥ J١ J٢

?‫?א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 (Basic Input Output System) BIOS
 
W(Basic Input Output System) BIOS?‫?א‬٦ J١ J٢
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬?‫?א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  
 W‫א‬٧ J١ J٢
،?Lithium??Cadmium-Nickel?‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K??
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬٨ J١ J٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 (Serial – Parallel Port)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ١٢٣ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ KKK‫א‬‫א‬
(DRAM)
‫א‬‫א‬WE١٤ J٤F
 
 W(Graphics Card)‫א‬٩ J١ J٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K(Super VGA) SVGA(Video Graphics Array) VGA‫א‬،
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
(Graphics Card) ‫א‬ WE١٥ J٤F 

 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٩ J١ J٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K1.44Mo‫א‬
- ١٢٤ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬
‫א‬ ??E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،?‫א‬?
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬٨‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(Format)‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬E١٦ J٤F‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE١٦ J٤F‫א‬
  
 W‫א‬‫א‬١٠ J١ J٢
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K?‫?א‬
 K(ms)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،E‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
- ١٢٥ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫ א‬WE١٧ J٤F ‫א‬

 
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١١ J١ J٢
‫א‬ 
‫א‬??،‫א‬
 K‫א‬
‫א‬


??
‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬WE١٨ J٤F‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬٢ J٢
 W‫א‬١ J٢ J٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
- ١٢٦ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،Pixel‫א‬‫א‬ J
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،E٠{٢٦F‫א‬
inch١٤‫א‬،E٢{٥٤ZinchF?inch?‫א‬‫א‬ J
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١٧١٥‫א‬
 60Hz‫א‬‫א‬70Hz،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 
 
 
‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬
‫א‬ WE١٩ J٤F ‫א‬

 
 W‫א‬٢ J٢ J٢
 W?‫?א‬‫א‬١ J٢ J٢ J٢
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،
??‫א‬،1??‫א‬،?‫?א‬
  KE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬،0
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 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬
??


‫א‬‫א‬ WE٢٠ J٤F ‫א‬

 
 W?‫?א‬‫א‬٢ J٢ J٢ J٢
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W?‫?א‬‫א‬٣ J٢ J٢ J٢
 W‫א‬?‫?א‬‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
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 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬
 bluetooth‫א‬‫א‬ J
bluetooth،bluetooth‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،EWPAN : Wireless Personal Area NetworkF?‫א‬‫?א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ WE٢١ J٤F‫א‬

 
 W‫א‬٣ J٢ J٢
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬(microcontroller)‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
  K‫א‬ ‫א‬
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 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬WE٢١ J٤F‫א‬

 
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 Bluetooth‫א‬
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 ‫?؟‬16 bits?‫א‬ J١
 ‫א‬‫א‬ 16‫א‬‫א‬ J
 ‫א‬16‫א‬‫א‬ J
 K J
 
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٢
10MHz J
 20MHz J
 
 ‫?؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬?‫א‬‫א‬ J٣
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬? J٤
 ?Quartz?‫א‬ J٥
 
 ‫؟‬333MHz
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٦
 
 ‫؟‬(Bios)‫א‬ J٧
 
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٨
 
 ‫א‬٤‫א‬‫א‬ J٩
 
 K‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ J١٠
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬ J١١
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬ J١٢
- ١٣١ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬،
 
- ١٣٢ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬ J١
 W‫א‬ J
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬MFA
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬ J
 E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K64K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬WE٢٢ J٤F
 
 
- ١٣٣ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ J٢
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ G
 13H‫א‬‫א‬،12H‫א‬‫א‬ J
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬G
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬CMD>|G
 KKKKKKMemory,Load,Save,Go, AssemblerW‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬G
 "Do you want to restart (Y/N)"‫א‬‫א‬"NO"‫א‬‫א‬G
 W‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J١
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 EMFA??‫א‬FMFA‫א‬‫א‬ J
 ..KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫؟‬‫א‬
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 E‫א‬‫א‬F800HF‫א‬Assembler‫א‬ J
 ‫א‬"Enter"‫א‬W
 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 "GO"‫א‬ J
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF‫א‬EF J
 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫؟‬Assembler‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٢
 K J J‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 ‫א‬F‫א‬"SAVE"‫א‬ J
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 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬
 KE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬"My Documents"
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٣
‫א‬F،EMFA‫א‬F‫א‬ J
 E
‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬"LOAD"‫א‬ J
 EMy Documents
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٤
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 EMFA??‫א‬FMFA‫א‬‫א‬ J
 "Memory" J
 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫؟‬‫א‬
 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E
 K"space"‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٥
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E5v‫א‬)،‫א‬
 K‫א‬
E12H‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬D0 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J
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K‫א‬
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 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
MVI A,01
OUT 12
 END
 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫؟‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬ J
* MVI A,01
OUT 12
** MVI A,FF
DCR A
JNZ **
MVI A,00
OUT 12
*** MVI A,FF
DCR A
   JNZ ***
JMP *
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ١٣٦ -

‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
٥
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥١  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬G
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬G
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬G
  
 K٪١٠٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٨W‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ •
‫א‬ •
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
- ١٣٧ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥١  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬
?‫?א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬ J١
‫א‬،????‫א‬ 
 BytesBits‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬
 KKK،‫א‬،‫א‬،
 W‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ J
 ‫א‬‫א‬Bits‫א‬W‫א‬ J
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬ J
 
 W(Simplex transmission)‫א‬١ J١
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 W
 E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
(Simplex transmission) ‫א‬ WE١ J٥F 

 
- ١٣٨ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥١  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬
 W(Half-duplex transmission)‫א‬٢ J١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W(Full-duplex transmission)‫א‬٣ J١
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 
 W(Parallel transmission)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٤ J١
،E8 Bits‫א‬FByte‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K


‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE٢ J٥F
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 W
LPT‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ELPT = Line Printer Port ; Parallel Printer PortF
 
 
 
- ١٣٩ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥١  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬
 W(Serial Transmission)‫א‬‫א‬٥ J١
‫א‬،‫א‬????‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬ J‫א‬ J‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬‫ א‬WE٣ J٥F 
 
 
 W
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 W
 EUSB, COMF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
  (Asynchronous transmission)‫א‬‫א‬٦ J١
 K‫א‬‫א‬ 
 
 W
 K‫א‬‫א‬ 
 
‫א‬??EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K(STOP bit)‫א‬??‫א‬(START bit)
 K‫א‬??‫א‬??‫א‬
 
- ١٤٠ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥١  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬
 W
،‫א‬‫א‬??١٠‫א‬‫א‬،(Byte)??٨‫א‬ 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬ ??٨
START bit STOP bit
11010001 
‫א‬‫א‬ 10001011 ‫א‬ WE٤ J٥F
 
 
W(Synchronous transmission)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٧ J١
‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬SYNC 
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF1000‫א‬SYNC‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
- ١٤١ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥١  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬
 
(00111001)  (00000111)  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE٥ J٥F
 
- ١٤٢ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥١  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬?‫א‬Z‫א‬?
 W،(Ports)‫א‬‫א‬
 
 Serial Port RS232‫א‬‫ א‬-
Parallel Port‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬-
(Universal Serial Bus) USB ‫א‬‫ א‬-
 
(LPT = Line Printer Port ; Parallel Printer Port)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١ J٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬٢٥‫א‬‫א‬، 0v5v ‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬DB25‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE٦ J٥F
- ١٤٣ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥١  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١ J١ J٢
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE٧ J٥F
 
 
 W(Data Register) ‫א‬EF١ J١ J١ J٢
‫א‬،٩‫א‬٢‫א‬ 
 K(Byte)??٨‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K0x378‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
 C‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F1H‫א‬W
OutPortb(0x378,0xF1);
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 
- ١٤٤ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥١  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬
 W(Control)‫א‬٢ J١ J١ J٢

‫א‬،١٧١،١٤،١٦‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 Bits4‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K0x37A‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١٦١٤،١‫א‬E٧ J٥F‫א‬
 ‫א‬(D3-D2-D1-D0)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
0‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬
 KE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 C‫א‬‫א‬X4H‫א‬W
 
OutPortb(0X37A, 0x0F)
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
X4H‫א‬
 
 W(Status)‫א‬٣ J١ J١ J٢
‫א‬،١٥١٠،١١،١٢،١٣‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K??٥‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K0x379‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١٠‫א‬E٧ J٥F‫א‬
 ‫א‬(D7-D6-D5-D4-D3)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬
 
 
- ١٤٥ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥١  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬
  C‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W
 
Byte = InPortb(0x379)
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
??
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬FD7‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K
 
 Serial Port RS232‫א‬‫א‬٢ J٢
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬F٩E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F٢٥
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬
 
 
‫א‬
DB9 ٩‫א‬‫א‬WE٨ J٥F

 
- ١٤٦ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥١  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬٤
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،(Communication)COM4,COM3, COM2,COM1
 W‫א‬
(COM4) 0x2E8 ، (COM3) 0x3E8،(COM2) 0x2F8،(COM1) 0x3F8
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١ J٢ J٢
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،-7.5v - -15v+7.5v - +15v
 ‫א‬‫א‬،0v+5v‫א‬‫א‬
 MAX 232
MAX 232‫א‬‫א‬ WE٩ J٥F 
 W‫א‬‫א‬١ J١ J٢ J٢

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،E‫א‬FC‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
- ١٤٧ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥١  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬W١
hPort=CreateFile(pSerialConfig->ComPort,
GENERIC _READ| GENERIC_WRITE,
0,
NULL,
OPEN_EXISTING,
FILE_FLAG_OVERLAPPED,NULL);
 
 W١‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 (COM1)‫א‬‫א‬ hPort=CreateFile(pSerialConfig->ComPort,
   
 GENERIC _READ| GENERIC_WRITE,
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
   0,
 EF‫א‬  
NULL,
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬
E‫א‬F
‫א‬‫א‬W٢
void CloseSerialPort()
{ if (hPort!=NULL)
{CloseHandle(hPort);
hPort=NULL;
}
}
- ١٤٨ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥١  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬
 W(Universal Serial Bus) USB‫א‬‫א‬٣ J٢

‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬،ERS232‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬USB2.0USB1.1‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 USB2.0‫א‬ USB1.1‫א‬
480 Mbits/s  12 Mbits/s
 1.5 Mbits/s
USB‫א‬‫א‬WE١٠ J٥F‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬١ J٣ J٢
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 EK،‫א‬،‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬ J
EKKKKKKKKKKKKF‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬ J
- ١٤٩ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥١  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬
(VBUS)(+5v)‫א‬ -1
100mA 
(D-)  ،‫א‬ -2
‫א‬ ‫א‬
(D+)،‫א‬ -3
(GND)،‫א‬ -4
USB‫א‬‫א‬WE١٠ J٥F‫א‬
 WUSB‫א‬‫א‬٢ J٣ J٢
 ،15w١‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬"USB Hub"‫א‬
‫א‬
USB Hub
USB ‫א‬
"USB Hub"‫א‬ USB‫א‬WE١١ J٥F‫א‬
 
E‫א‬F??‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W(token ring)?‫א‬?
- ١٥٠ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥١  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،(1ms)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬?‫?א‬‫א‬‫א‬?‫א‬?‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،E7bitsF‫א‬7‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬?‫?א‬
 ?‫?א‬‫א‬‫א‬E??2558F‫א‬ J
 K?‫?א‬‫א‬‫א‬?‫?א‬ J
 
128 ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬7‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬0‫א‬‫א‬،E127=27 0‫א‬‫א‬F
 K127 "USB Hub"‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
‫א‬?‫?א‬‫א‬
USB Hub
token ring?‫א‬?WE١٢ J٥F‫א‬

 
 
- ١٥١ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥١  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬
 W‫א‬ J٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬C
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ JAVA,ADA,PHP,C++,C,FORTRAN,COBOL,PASCAL,BASIC
‫א‬، ،
.‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬١ J٣
 K‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،E‫א‬F‫א‬
‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،[‫א‬‫]א‬.exe
 KE‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

??

‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬WE١٣ J٥F‫א‬
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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥١  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬
 W‫א‬٢ J٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٣ J٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬L‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬   BASIC
‫א‬ ‫א‬ C
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ C++
‫א‬ ‫א‬ FORTRAN
‫א‬ ‫א‬ MATLAB
‫א‬ ‫א‬ MATHEMATICA
‫א‬ ‫א‬ PASCAL
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ JAVA
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬ COBOL
 
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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥١  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J١
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٢
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٣
 
 ‫؟‬USB‫א‬‫א‬،RS232‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٤
 
 ‫؟‬USB‫א‬RS232‫א‬‫א‬ J٥
 
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٦
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٧
 
 ‫؟‬outportb(0x378,0xdata)‫א‬‫א‬ J٨
 
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٩
 
 KMAX232‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J١٠
 
 ‫؟‬USB Hub‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J١١
 
 USB Hub‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J١٢
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٤‫א‬‫א‬ J١٣
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J١٤
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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥١  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،C‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
  W
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬C‫א‬ J
 ‫א‬C-Free 3.5‫א‬‫א‬ J
http://www.bestsoftware4download.com/download/t-free-c-free-download-bonbwrdh.html
 EC‫א‬F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 K‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬C-Free 3.5‫א‬ J
 
 ‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬ J١
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬ J
 
 W‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥١  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ J٤ ‫א‬Project ‫א‬ J١
‫א‬(save)File‫א‬ J٥
.C‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ J٢
Empty Project
OK 
‫א‬‫א‬source files‫א‬ J٦
Add Files to this Folder‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬.C‫א‬
NewFile‫א‬ J٣
‫א‬ J٧
 
- ١٥٦ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥١  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ J
 
 #include <stdio.h>
 void main ()
{Printf("It's the first step to learn practically the C language \n");}
 E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬ J٢
 
#include <stdio.h>
void main ()
{ char name[50]="";
printf("What's your name ?\n");
scanf("%s",name);
printf ("Hello%s !\n",name);}
 EE١٠FF‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬ J٣
#include <stdio.h>
void main ()
{char name[50]="";
int i;
for (i=1;i<=10;i++)}
{printf("What's your name ?\n");

scanf("%s",name);
printf ("Hi….. %s !\n",name);}
- ١٥٧ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥١  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬
٢‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٤
E
#include"conio.h"
#include"dos.h"
#define PORT 0x378
void main()
{ 2 1 kΩ
{
outportb(PORT, 0x01);
delay(5000);
outportb(PORT, 0x00);
delay(5000);
}
}
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
- ١٥٨ -
 ٢٥١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬
  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 ١         ‫א‬‫א‬ J١ 
 ٢         ‫א‬‫א‬ J٢ 
 ١٢      ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٣ 
 ١٥          ‫א‬ 
 ١٨          ‫א‬‫א‬ 
 ١٨         ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 
 ٢٦    ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 ٣٠        ‫א‬‫א‬ J١ 
 ٤٤      ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٢ 
 ٤٦          ‫א‬‫א‬ J٣ 
 ٤٩          ‫א‬ 
 ٥٢          ‫א‬‫א‬ 
 ٥٢        ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 
 ٥٧        ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 
 
 ‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 ٦٦       ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J١ 
 ٦٨       ‫א‬‫א‬ J٢ 
 ٧٢     ‫א‬‫א‬W Intel 8085A‫א‬ J٣ 
 ٧٦        ‫א‬‫א‬ J٤ 
 ٨٥        ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٥ 
 ٨٨          ‫א‬ J٦ 
 ٩٠           J٧ 
 ٢٥١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬
  ‫א‬
 ٩٥       ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٨ 

 ٩٧          ‫א‬
 ١٠٠          ‫א‬‫א‬
 ١٠٠        ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J١ 
 ١٠٢        ‫א‬W‫א‬ J٢ 
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ١٠٥     ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J١ 
 ١١٦          ‫א‬ J٢ 
 ١٢٨          ‫א‬ 
 ١٣٠          ‫א‬‫א‬ 
 ١٣١         ‫א‬‫א‬ J١ 
 ١٣٢       ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬ J٢ 
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 ١٣٥        ‫א‬ J١ 
 ١٤٠     ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٢ 
 ١٥٠         ‫א‬ J٣ 
 ١٥٢          ‫א‬ 
 ١٥٤          ‫א‬‫א‬ 
 

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

1111 0101 0000 1100  ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬ 1111 0101 0000 1100

 Intel 8085 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٥ J٢

Intel 8085‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE٥ J١F

Intel 8085 ‫א‬ WE٦ J١F 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J١ ‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J٤

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ WE٩ J١F ‫א‬

A15 A14 A13 A12 A11 A10 A9 A8 A7 A6 A5 A4 A3 A2 A1 A0

 W ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٠ J١‫א‬F J١٠

‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

IOR MEMW MEMR

‫א‬ WE١٣ J١ ‫א‬F

‫א‬‫א‬ WE١٤ J١ ‫א‬F

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ WE٥ J٢F 

ROM ‫א‬ RAM ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬٨‫א‬ ٣ ‫א‬ WE٧ J٢F 

WEAddress Range MemoryF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٥ J١

 ‫א‬‫ ﻋﻨﻮان א‬0000  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ WE٨ J٢F 

 WRAM‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢ J١ J٥ J١

  ‫א‬‫א‬ WE١٢ J٢F 

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ WE١٣ J٢F 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ WE١٤ J٢F

‫א‬‫א‬ WE١٧ J٢F 

9FFF-8000 7FFF-6000 5FFF-4000 3FFF-2000 1FFF-0000 ‫א‬‫א‬

FFFF-E000 DFFF-C000 BFFF-A000 ‫א‬‫א‬

0006H 0005H 0004H 0003H 0002H 0001H 0000H ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

  (8 bit parallel inputF٢ J١ J٢

  

High level : 1 Low level : 0

 ‫ א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ W(١ J٣) 

١٦F‫א‬‫א‬  EStack PointerF

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ WE٤ J٣F 

  JMP ‫א‬‫א‬ 11000011

JMP 022AWE٦ J٣)

(r ) (H,L) MOV r,M

0022 xx B‫א‬

  xx‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢ J١ J٢ J٤

(H,L) (r) MOV M,r

(HL) (data) MVI M,data

MVI M,02 W

 W‫א‬٢ J٢ J٢ J٤

(r) (data) MVI r,data

(r1) (r2) MOV r1,r2

(B) (A) MOV B,A

 (Branch Instructions)  J٧

  Jump if Zero : JZ ‫א‬W

13‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ EF ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬EA-BF J١٤

 ‫א‬‫א‬  E‫א‬F‫א‬‫ א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬

 WEPaging Virtual MemoryF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢ J٢ J١

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ WE٣ J٤F

 32 bits‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٣ J٢ J١

Intel 80386‫א‬WE٤ J٤F

i486 DX 50MHz‫א‬WE٥ J٤F

 W32 bits‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٥ J٢ J١

 Pentium Pro??‫א‬WE٧ J٤F