Laplace transform

The bilateral Laplace transform of a function f(t) is the function F(s), defined by:

The parameter s is in general complex:

Table of common Laplace transform pairs

Region of
Time domain Frequency domain convergence
ID Function
for causal
systems

1 ideal delay

1a unit impulse

delayed nth
power with
2
frequency
shift

2a nth power

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2a.1 qth power

2a.2 unit step

delayed unit
2b
step

2c ramp

nth power
with
2d
frequency
shift

exponential
2d.1
decay

exponential
3
approach

4 sine

5 cosine

hyperbolic
6
sine

hyperbolic
7
cosine

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 Exponentially-
8 decaying
sine wave

Exponentially-
9 decaying
cosine wave

10 nth root

natural
11
logarithm

Bessel
function
12 of the first
kind,
of order n

Modified
Bessel
function
13
of the first
kind,
of order n

Bessel
function
14 of the second
kind,
of order 0

Modified
Bessel
function
15
of the second
kind,
of order 0

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16 Error function

Explanatory notes:

• , a real number, typically represents time,

• represents the Heaviside step
function.
• represents the Dirac delta function.
although it can represent any independent
dimension.
• is the complex angular frequency.

• represents the Gamma function. • , , , and are real numbers.

• is an integer.
• is the Euler-Mascheroni constant.

• A causal system is a system where the impulse response h(t) is zero for all time t prior to t = 0. In
general, the ROC for causal systems is not the same as the ROC for anticausal systems. See also
causality.

Unilateral Z-Transform
Alternatively, in cases where x[n] is defined only for n ≥ 0, the single-sided or unilateral Z-
transform is defined as

In signal processing, this definition is used when the signal is causal.

Table of common Z-transform pairs

Signal, x[n] Z-transform, X(z) ROC

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 2

10

11

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