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High Voltage Techniques Course PDF
High Voltage Techniques Course PDF
TECHNIQUES
Dr. K. Çağatay Bayındır
Course Content
1)Introduction
Definition of High Voltage and Standard Voltage Ranges
Transmission of Electric Energy (AC and DC)
Standards and Regulations
Power transfer for large systems, whether in the context of interconnection of large
systems or bulk transfers, led engineers invariably to think in terms of high
voltages.
The rapidly increasing transmission voltage level in recent decades is a result of the
growing demand for electrical energy, coupled with the development of large
hydroelectric power stations at sites far remote from centres of industrial activity and
the need to transmit the energy over long distances to the centres.
Introduction
In order to meet the growing demand, more and more power stations, substations
and transmission lines are being built and the transmission voltages are being raised
for efficient transmission.
It is desirable to increase the transmission voltage to obtain higher efficiency, but “the
insulation of high voltage system “ limits this desire. The insulation of all parts of high
voltage power system (generators, transformers, cables, insulators, circuit breakers,
etc.) should be preserved in order to provide an “uninterruptable energy supply”or
continuous energy flow.
Gas, liquid and solid insulating materials are utilized for the insulation of high voltage
systems. The loss of insulation is technically called “breakdown”. Mechanisms of
electrical breakdown of insulation is one of the subjects of this course.
Introduction
Low Voltage is the phase-phase voltage with rms value of 1000 Volts and less than
1000 Volts
High Voltage is the phase-phase voltage with rms value of greater than 1000 Volts
These voltage ranges are also valid for IEC (International Electrotechnical Commission)
Definition of some important standardized rated insulation levels for high voltage
equipment according to IEC 62271-1 is given above
Introduction
Rated voltage: Upper limit of the highest voltage of the network for which a switching
device is rated.
Rated short duration power frequency withstand voltage : rms value of the sinusoidal
a.c voltage at operating frequency that the insulation of a device must withstand
under the specified test conditions for 1 minute.
Rated lightning impulse withstand voltage: peak value of the standard voltage surge
1.2/50us that the insulation of a device must withstand
Rated switching impulse withstand voltage: peak value of the unipolar standard
voltage surge 250/2500us which the insulation of a device with a rated voltage of 300
kV and above must withstand.
Introduction
Table of 154 kV and 380 kV insulation levels and table of electrical parameters used for
design of power distribution substations as stated in “Elektrik İletim Sistemi Arz
Güvenilirliği ve Kalitesi Yönetmeliği” is given below .
1.Anma Değerleri
3.İzolasyon Değerleri
(Güç Trafosu için)
HVDC transmission can transmit more power per line and is much more efficient and
cost effective over large distances. In addition the losses are quite low.
Transmission of Electric Energy
Today’s HVDC transmission schemes can carry up to 3000 MW of power over distances
between 1000 – 1500 km. Atypical scheme consists of two stations that convert AC to
DC and vice versa. It uses overhead lines or cables with only two conductors.
Transmission of Electric Energy
Increasing demands and strict environmental regulations mean that more and more
remote hydro power plants are being considered. There is an almost unlimited source
of solar power. If it could be harnessed properly and combined with hydro, wind and
pump storage a totally renewable electrical system is possible.
Transmission of Electric Energy
Transmission of Electric Energy
Standards and Regulations
Standardization work for the field of electrical engineering is conducted almost
entirely on an international level.
Some of IEC standards related with hih voltage systems is listed below.
Standards and Regulations
• IEC 60038 Standard Voltages
• IEC 60265-1 High Voltage Switches - Switches for Rated
Voltages above 1 KV and less than 52 KV
• IEC 60265-2 High Voltage Switches for Rated Voltages of 52
KV and above
• IEC 60282-1 High Voltage Fuses – Current Limiting Fuse
• IEC 62271-1 Common specifications for high voltage
switchgear and controlgear standards
• IEC 62271-100 High voltage switchgear and controlgear -
high voltage alternating current circuit breakers
• IEC 62271-102 High voltage switchgear and controlgear -
alternating current disconnectors and earthing switches
Standards and Regulations
Besides standards there are also local regulations for
transmission, distribution of electric energy and energy market.
In Turkey EPDK is the regulating agency. Below are some
important local regulations for energy market.
This "something" is the insulator. It was developed and improved upon over the years
to meet those basic requirements is most commonly made of glass or porcelain
Insulators
There are a lot of insulator types used for various purposes:
• Post insulators
• Pin type insulators
• String insulators
• Transformer bushing insulators
• Lightning arrester insulators
• Wall bushing insulators
• Capacitive voltage transformer bushings
• Special type insulators.
Insulators
Insulators
Insulators
Insulators
Insulators
Disconnectors
Disconnectors are used for galvanic isolation of networks or sections of
switchgear installations. As an independent air insulated-device, they form a
visible isolating distance in their open position.
More than 10 different designs are in use around the world. The most
important are:
• knife -contact disconnectors
• rotary disconnectors
• two column vertical break disconnectors
• single-column disconnectors.
Disconnectors
Knife-contact disconnectors
The classic design of the disconnector is the knife-contact disconnector. Their
moving contacts have the knife shape. There are indoor and outdoor types.
They can be actuated manually and in remotely operated installations by
motor or compressed air drives.
Indoor knife-contact disconnectors
Indoor types are used in switchgears in buildings. Control arm is brought out
to a safe distance .
They are used in 10,15,30,45 KV systems with current ratings of 400, 630 and
1250 Amps. They have a simple and standard structure. The parts are:
chassis, post insulator, fixed and moving contacts and armed moving
mechanism.
Outdoor knife-contact
disconnectors
Outdoor types are used out of the buildings and are subject to environmental
conditions like rain, dust, wind etc.
Disconnectors with fuse
These connector include a pair of fuse for protection against short circuits.
There are indoor and outdoor knife-types.
They are used at the feeders of consumers with low power demand, at
measuring voltage transformer feeders, and at auxiliary transformer feeders
for substations.
Two column rotary disconnectors
This disconnector type is used for rated voltages of 72.5 to 420 kV preferably
in smaller installations and also in larger switchgear installtions as incoming
feeder or sectionalizing disconnector. An earthing switch can be installed on
both sides.
Two rotating bases are mounted on a sectional steel frame and connected by
a braced tie-rod. Post insulators are fixed to the rotating bases and carry the
swivel heads with the arms and the high-voltage contacts. Both arms swivel
90 degrees with their insulators during the switching movement.
The two post insulators are mounted on a frame. The gearbox with contact
arm and high-voltage terminal and the fixed contact with high-voltage
terminal are mounted on them. The rotating insulator fastened to the rotary
bearing transfers the actuating force to the gearbox, which transmits the
force into a torque for opening the contact arm.
Rated normal current: The current that the main circuit of a switching device
can continuously carry under specified conditions.
Standardized rated normal currents: 200, 250, 400, 500, 630, 800, 1000,
1250, 1600, 2000, 2500, 3150, 4000, 5000, 6300A.
Standardized rated short-time currents: 6.3, 8, 10, 12.5,16, 20, 25, 31.5, 40,
50, 63, 80, 100 kA.
Electrical Characteristics
Rated voltage: upper limit of the highest voltage of the network for which a
switching device is rated.
Standardized rated voltages: 3.6, 7.2, 12, 17.5, 24, 36, 52, 72.5, 100, 123,
145, 170, 245, 300, 362, 420, 550, 800 kV.
Peak making current: peak value of the first major loop of the current in one
pole of a switching device during the transient period following the initiation
of current during a making operation.
Rated insulation level: standardized combination of the rated values for the
lightning impulse voltage, the switching impulse withstand voltage and the
short time power frequency withstand voltage assigned to a rated voltage.
Electrical Characteristics
Rated short duration power frequency withstand voltage : rms value of the
sinusoidal a.c voltage at operating frequency that the insulation of a device
must withstand under the specified test conditions for 1 minute.
Circuit breakers must be capable of making and breaking all-short circuit and
service currents occurring at the operational site.
Vacuum circuit breakers
Vacuum circuit breakers are available for short circuit breaking currents up to
63 KA with rated currents from 400 to 4000 A with rated voltages 12, 17.5, 24
and 36/40.5 KV.
Vacuum circuit breakers
Vacuum circuit breakers
The components of the main current path (upper breaker terminal, vacuum
interrupter, lower terminal etc.) are embedded in cast resin and thus
completely enclosed by insulating material. The contacts are
copper/chromium composite material, a copper base containing evenly
distributed fine-grained chromium particles, which has a good extinguishing
and arc-resistant response when switching short-circuit currents.
Vacuum circuit breaker contains no arc extinguishing and quenching media.
Vacuum circuit breakers
Actuating systems
The travel of the moving contact between the open and closed positions in
the vacuum circuit breaker is between 8 and 14 mm depending on the rated
voltage. At the end of closing stroke , the energy for tensioning the contact
pressure spring is required. The relatively low total energy requirement for
vacuum circuit breaker is generally provided by mechanical spring stored
energy operating mechanisms. Tripping is initiated by magnetic releases or
manually.
SF6 circuit breakers
Sulphur hexafluoride (SF6) is an inert, heavy gas having good dielectric and
arc extinguishing properties. The dielectric strength of the gas increases with
pressure and is more than of dielectric strength of oil at 3 kg/cm2.
The puffer type arc quenching principle provides an effective arc-quenching
gas flow by a mechanically driven piston.
SF6 circuit breakers
During the arcing period SF6 gas is blown axially along the arc. The gas
removes the heat from the arc by axial convection and radial dissipation. As a
result, the arc diameter reduces during the decreasing mode of the current
wave. The diameter becomes small during the current zero and the arc is
extinguished. Due to its electronegativity, and low arc time constant, the SF6
gas regains its dielectric strength rapidly after the current zero, the rate of rise of
dielectric strength is very high and the time constant is very small.
SF6 circuit breakers
SF6 circuit breakers
Switchgear
There are two types of switchgear commonly applied today for switching and
protection of high voltage power distribution systems. One is metal-clad
switchgear using draw-out circuit breakers and relays for protection. The
other is metal enclosed switchgear using interrupter switches for load
switching and power fuses for fault protection. Metal-clad switchgear
contains drawout circuit breakers which are removed for required scheduled
maintenance and removal of a breaker interrupts its load. Metal-clad
switchgear also contains insulated bus which, when tested periodically,
requires a shutdown of the gear.
Metalenclosed switchgear is available with interrupter switches and fuses
that require no scheduled maintenance, and the air-insulated bus does not
require periodic dielectric testing. Annual maintenance normally
consists of little more than a visual inspection through the windows of the
gear. This switchgear should be seriously considered if only infrequent
Interruptions can be tolerated by plant operations.
Switchgear
Switchgears are designed to comply with fixed minimum clearances of live
components from one another, from earth potential and from protecting
barriers.
Their function is to transform high voltages and currents to values that can
be unified or measured safely with low internal losses. With current
transformers , the primary winding carries the load current, while with
voltage transformers, the primary winding is connected to the service voltage.
The choice of a current transformer is based on the values of the primary and
secondary rated current, the rated output of the transformer cores at a given
accuracy class rating and the overcurrent limit factor or accuracy limit factor.
Selection of the values for the primary and secondary rated currents should
be based on standard levels. Secondary rated currents of 1A, 2A or 5A are
available. Modern protection devices and measuring instruments have a
relatively low burden, and so 1A is becoming the most frequently used
secondary current.
Instrument transformers for
switchgear installations
Measuring instruments or meters, for instance KW,KVAR or KWH measure
under normal load conditions. These devices require high accuracy, a low
burden and low saturation. They normally function in the range of 5-120% of
the rated current in accordance with accuracy classes 0.2 to 0.5.
For protection relays and disturbance recorders, the information about the
fault on the primary side has to be transmitted to the secondary side.
Measurement under fault conditions in the overcurrent range requires lower
accuracy, but the ability to transmit high fault currents which enable the
protection relay to measure and selectively shut down the fault. Typical
classes are 5P, 10P or TP.
Several measuring and protection cores can be combined in each transformer.
Instrument transformers for
switchgear installations
Instrument transformers for
switchgear installations
Depending on the design of primary winding , current transformers are
divided into various types. This basically depends on the application (high or
low voltage).High voltage transformers are as a rule designed with oil-paper
or SF6 insulation.
Instrument transformers for
switchgear installations
Instrument transformers for
switchgear installations
Instrument transformers for
switchgear installations
Instrument transformers for
switchgear installations
Voltage transformers can fundamentally be divided into two groups:
inductive and capacitive voltage transformers. Inductive voltage transformers
are the most economical solution for voltages up to 145 KV and above that
level capacitive transformers have advantages.
The magnetic field around the conductor rotates the polarization plane of the
light, whose phase difference is proportional to the magnetic field intensity H.
The phase difference at the end of the path in the glass body is directly
proportional to the current.
Instrument transformers for
switchgear installations
Surge arresters
Surge arresters are used for protection of important equipment, particularly
transformers, from atmospheric overvoltages and switching overvoltages.
Arresters are primarily selected on the basis of two basic requirements:
-the arrester must be designed for stable continuous operation
-it must provide sufficient protection for the protected equipment.
Today surge arresters are based on metal oxide (MO) resistors, which have an
extremely nonlinear U/I characteristic and a high energy absorption capability.
They are known as metal oxide surge arresters.
The metal oxide arrester is characterized electrically by a current/voltage
curve. The current range is specified from the continuous operating range
(range A of the curve, order of magnitude 10-3 A) to a minimum of the double
value of the rated discharge current (order of magnitude 103 A). The MO
arrester corresponding to the characteristic is transferred from the high
resistance to the low resistance range at rising voltage without delay. When
the voltage returns to the continuous operating voltage or below, the arrester
becomes high ohmic.
Surge arresters
Surge arresters
Surge arresters are preferably installed parallel to the object to be protected
between phase and earth.Because of the limited protection distance with
steep lightning voltages, the arresters must be installed adjacent to the
equipment that is to be protected as much as possible.
Monitoring systems (surge counters) may be used to monitor surge arresters.
They are installed in the ground conductor of the arrester.
Surge arresters
Surge arresters
Transformers
Transformers
Oil Immersed Type Distribution Transformers
Iınside view
Dry Type Distribution Transformers
Inside view
1.Core limbs
2.LV winding
3.HV winding
4.Tapping winding
5.Conductors
6.LV bushings
7.HV bushings
8.Pressing equipment
9. On-Load tap changer
10.Motor-drive mechanism
11.Oil conservator
12.Radiators
Lifting up of the core with special apparatus.Three
Stacking of core laminations
limbed transformer
Single
phase
reactor
core
Winding apparatus for layer winding
Winding apparatus for disc winding
Bucholz relay
CF 050
BUCHHOZ
CL060oil level
CP096 pressure relief valve for OLTC
OLTC bucholz relayCF 061
RADIATOR
CP081 pressure relief valve for main tank
Main Tank
HV Bushing
turret
CT033 winding temp. indicator
BQ010 Thermometer pocket
CT031 oil temp. indicator
BQ011Thermometer pocket for wind. Temp.
SECTION .2 - CONSTRUCTION
RADIATORS
•Lifting eye
Transformer
Tank
Radiators are important part of the cooling of the transformers.Radiators have two ducts for connection to transformers.
On upper and bottom connection pipes ,there are butterfly valves.
On upper side there is a ventilation plug.
On bottom side there is a draining plug.
On top of it, there is a lifting eye.
SECTION .2 - CONSTRUCTION
RADIATOR
CONTROL FAN
FAN
CUBICLE
TANK
Transformer Power Efficiency can be increased by adding fans. They are built under radiators to blow air upwards
for cooling the oil inside the radiators. They are operated automatically / manually when the oil temperature rise.
The basically cooling operations;
ONAN (Oil Natural Air Natural) (without fan or pumps)
ONAF (Oil Natural Air Forced) (air forced with fan)
OFAF (Oil Forced Air Forced) (air forced with fan or oil forced with pumps)
OLTC - MR Type SECTION .2 - CONSTRUCTION
Transformers
Transformers
Transformers
Transformers
Transformers
Transformers
Transformers
Transformers
Transformers
Transformers
Transformers
HV Substations and Design Principles
HV Substations and Design Principles
HV Substations and Design Principles
HV Substations and Design Principles
HV Substations and Design Principles
HV Substations and Design Principles
HV Substations and Design Principles
HV Substations and Design Principles
HV Substations and Design Principles
HV Substations and Design Principles
HV Substations and Design Principles
HV Substations and Design Principles
HV Substations and Design Principles
HV Substations and Design Principles
HV Substations and Design Principles
HV Substations and Design Principles
HV Substations and Design Principles
HV Substations and Design Principles
HV Substations and Design Principles
HV Substations and Design Principles
HV Substations and Design Principles
HV Substations and Design Principles
HV Substations and Design Principles
HV Substations and Design Principles
HV Substations and Design Principles
HV Substations and Design Principles
HV Substations and Design Principles
HV Substations and Design Principles
Generation of High Voltages