The Book of Fractions: Iulia & Teodoru Gugoiu

Iulia & Teodoru Gugoiu
The Book of
Fractions
Copyright © 2006 by La Citadelle

www.la-citadelle.com
Iulia & Teodoru Gugoiu
The Book of Fractions
ISBN 0-9781703-0-X
© 2006 by La Citadelle
4950 Albina Way, Unit 160
Mississauga, Ontario
L4Z 4J6, Canada
www.la-citadelle.com
info@la-citadelle.com
Edited by Rob Couvillon
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be

reproduced, in any form or by any means,
without permission in writting from the
publisher.
Content
Page Topic
5 Understanding fractions
6 The graphical representation of a fraction
7 Reading or writing fractions in words
8 Understanding the fraction notation
9 Understanding the mixed numbers
10 Reading and writing mixed numbers in words
11 Understanding mixed number notation
12 Understanding improper fractions
13 Understanding improper fraction notation
14 The link between mixed numbers and improper fractions
15 Conversion between mixed numbers and improper fractions
16 Whole numbers, proper fractions, improper fractions and mixed numbers
17 Understanding the addition of like fractions
18 Understanding the addition of like fractions (II)
19 Adding proper and improper fractions with like denominators
20 Adding mixed numbers with like denominators
21 Adding more than two like fractions
22 Understanding equivalent fractions
23 Finding equivalent fractions
24 Simplifying fractions
25 Checking fractions for equivalence
26 Equations with fractions
27 Adding fractions with unlike denominators
28 Adding fractions with unlike denominators using the LCD method
29 Understanding the subtraction of fractions with like denominators
30 Subtracting fractions with like denominators
31 Subtracting mixed numbers with like denominators
32 Subtracting fractions with unlike denominators
33 Subtracting fractions with unlike denominators using the LCD method
34 Order of operations (I)
35 Multiplying fractions
36 More about multiplying fractions
37 The order of operations (II)
38 Reciprocal of a fraction
39 Dividing fractions
40 Division operators
41 Order of operations (III)
42 Order of operations (IV)
43 Raising fractions to a power
44 Order of operations (V)
45 Converting fractions to decimals
46 Converting decimals to fractions
47 Order of operations (VI)
48 Time and Fractions
49 Canadian coins and fractions
50 Fractions, ratio, percent, decimals, and proportions
51 Fractions and Number Line
52 Comparing fractions
53 Solving equations by working backward method
54 Final Test
55 Answers
Preface
“The Book of Fractions" presents one of the primary concepts of middle and high school mathematics: the
concept of fractions. This book was developed as a workbook and reference useful to students, teachers, parents,
or anyone else who needs to review or improve their understanding of the mathematical concept of fractions.
The structure of this book is very simple: it is organized as a collection of 50 quasi-independent worksheets and
an answer key. Each worksheet contains:
· a short description of the concepts, notations, and conventions that constitute the topic of the worksheet;
· step-by-step examples (completely solved) demonstrating the techniques and skills the student should
gain by the end of each worksheet; and
· an exhaustive test to be completed independently by the students.
The concept of fractions and the relations between fractions and other types of numbers, like many abstract
mathematical concepts, is not always easy to understand. Bearing this in mind, the authors of this book introduce
each topic gradually, starting with the basic concepts and operations and progressing to the more difficult ones.
Geared specifically to help the beginners, the first part of the book contains graphical representations of the
fractions.
The techniques for solving both simple and complex equations implying fractions are explained. As well,
complete worksheets are provided, starting with very simple and basic equations and progressing to extremely
complex equations requiring the application of a full range of operations with fractions.
"The Book of Fractions" also presents the link between fractions and other related mathematical concepts, such
as ratios, percentages, proportions, and the application of fractions to real life concepts like time and money.
The importance of the concept of fractions comes both from its link to natural numbers and its link to more
complex mathematical concepts, like rational numbers. As such, the concept of fractions is a milestone in the
mathematical evolution of a student, being a concept that is simultaneously concrete (as a part of a whole) and
abstract (as a set of two numbers and a hidden division operation).
The concept of equivalent fractions is an essential part of understanding fractions, and a full range of techniques
is presented, starting with graphical representations (suitable for students in lower grades) and progressing to
advanced uses, like the factor tree method of finding the LCD.
The order of operations is also presented, gradually, after each main operation with fractions: addition,
subtraction, multiplication, and division; using multi-term expressions; expressions containing grouping symbols
of one or more levels; and more complex operations with fractions, like powers with positive and negative
exponents.
Single-step questions (requiring a basic knowledge and understanding of the topic presented in the worksheets)
and multi-step questions (requiring a complete understanding of all of the concepts presented in the worksheets
to that point) are presented throughout the entire book.
Combining more than 15 years of academic studies and 30 years of teaching experience, the authors of this book
wrote it with the intention of sharing their knowledge, experience and teaching strategies with all the partners
involved in the educational process.
Iulia & Teodoru Gugoiu,

Toronto, 2006
The Book of Fractions Iulia & Teodoru Gugoiu
Understanding fractions
1. A fraction represents a part of a whole. 2. The corresponding fraction is:
Example 1.
3 The numerator represents how many parts are taken.
Fraction line or division bar
The whole is divided into four equal parts.
Three part are taken (considered). 4 The denominator represents the number of
equal parts into which the whole is divided.
F01. Write the fraction that represents the part of the object that has been shaded:
a) b) c) d) e)
f) g) h) i) j)
k) l) m) n) o)
p) q) r) s) t)
0 1
u) v) w) x) y)
© La Citadelle 5 www.la-citadelle.com
The graphical representation of a fraction

1. A fraction represents a part of a whole. 2. A corresponding graphical representation
Example 1. (diagram) is:
3 The numerator represents how many parts are taken.
Fraction line or division bar
The whole is divided into four equal parts.
4 The denominator represents the number of
Three part are taken (considered).
F02. Draw a diagram to show each fraction (use the images on the bottom of this page):
1 1 1 2 1 2 0
a) b) c) d) e) f) g)
2 3 4 5 6 4 3
2 5 2 9 1 3 4
h) i) j) k) l) m) n)
9 6 12 10 1 3 6
3 4 5 4 2 8 5
o) p) q) r) s) t) u)
4 12 10 9 4 12 13
5 1 7 37 11
v) w) x) y) z)
16 8 49 100 18
0 1
Reading or writing fractions in words

1. You can use words to refer to a part of a whole. Example 1.
So one whole has: 3
2 halves 7 sevenths 12 twelfths 100 hundredths The fraction
3 thirds 8 eighths 13 thirteenths 1000 thousandths
4
4 quarters 9 ninths 20 twentieths 1000000 millionths can be written in words as:
5 fifths 10 tenths 30 thirtieths 1000000000 billionths
6 sixths 11 elevenths 50 fiftieths three quarters
F03. Write the following fractions in words:

2 3 1 1 3 3 1
a) b) c) d) e) f) g)
3 100 10 2 7 20 1000
4 8 8 8 5 5 7
h) i) j) k) l) m) n)
5 30 13 9 6 8 1000
3 2 21 6 7 11 11
o) p) q) r) s) t) u)
50 5 100 12 11 50 1000000
2 7 11 2 9
v) w) x) y) z)
9 10 12 50 1000000000
F04. Find the fraction written in words:
a) one third b) one half c) one sixth
d) two fifths e) four sevenths f) seven eighths
g) eleven fiftieths h) seven twentieths i) five twelfths
j) eight ninths k) six tenths l) nine thousandths
m) fifteen millionths n) eight sixths o) three fiftieths
p) eleven billionths q) twenty-three hundredths r) seven thirteenths
s) eleven twelfths t) three billionths u) thirteen thirtieths
v) one fifth w) one eleventh x) eight ninths
y) six tenths z) six twelfths
Understanding the fraction notation

1. A fraction also represents a divident Example 1. The dividend (numerator) is 3.
quotient of two quantities: divisor 3 The divisor (denominator) is 4.
4 The fraction in words is three quarters.
2. The dividend (numerator) represents how many parts
are taken. A possible graphical representation of this fraction is:
The divisor (denominator) represents the number of
F05. Fill out the following table:

Fraction Numerator Denominator Graphical representation
(Dividend) (Divisor) The fraction written in words
2
a) 3 2 3 two thirds
b) 1 4
c) three fifths
d)
e) 3
f) 5 2
2
g) 5
3
h) .......... quarters
i) five ..........
3
j)
k) 4 .......... sixths
l) 5 three ..........
Understanding the mixed numbers

1. A mixed number is an addition of wholes and a part of a whole. fraction part
Example 1. The numerator indicates how many parts
whole-number part 3 are taken from the last whole.
(the number of
complete wholes)
1 The denominator represents the number
There are one complete whole and
three quarters of the second whole
4 of equal parts into which the whole is
divided.
F06. Find the mixed number that corresponds to the shaded region:
a) b) c)
d) e) f)
g) h) i)
j) k) l)
m) n) o)
p) q) r)
s) t) u)
v) w) 0 1 2 x) 0 1 2 3
F07. Find a possible graphical representation of each mixed number:

2 1 5 4 3 5 5
a) 1 b) 3 c) 2 d) 3 e) 3 f) 1 g) 4
3 2 6 5 7 8 11
1 2 2 2 3 6 3
h) 3 i) 2 j) 2 k) 2 l) 1 m) 6 n) 1
6 9 5 10 20 10 6
5 7 7 4 1 5 7
o) 3 p) 1 q) 2 r) 2 s) 5 t) 2 u) 3
8 16 10 5 1 6 10
1 1 7 3 3
v) 1 w) 5 x) 3 y) 2 z) 6
6 2 9 8 4
Reading and writing mixed numbers in words

1. You can use words to refer to a part of a whole. Example 1.
So one whole has: 3
2 halves 7 sevenths 12 twelfths 100 hundredths The fraction 2
3 thirds 8 eighths 13 thirteenths 1000 thousandths
4
4 quarters 9 ninths 20 twentieths 1000000 millionths can be written in words as:
5 fifths 10 tenths 30 thirtieths 1000000000 billionths two wholes and three quarters or
6 sixths 11 elevenths 50 fiftieths two and three quarters
F08. Write the following mixed numbers in words:

1 1 1 3 5 3 5
a) 1 b) 2 c) 1 d) 2 e) 1 f) 2 g) 3
2 3 4 5 6 7 8
5 3 2 5 2 7 9
h) 1 i) 2 j) 1 k) 3 l) 1 m) 3 n) 2
9 10 11 12 15 20 30
7 3 9 7 3 7 5
o) 2 p) 2 q) 3 r) 2 s) 1 t) 2 u) 3
50 100 1000 1000000 40 19 16
3 5 1 3
v) 2 w) 4 3 x) 2 y) 2 z) 2
17 14 15 60 90
F09. Find the mixed numbers written in words:
a) two and two thirds b) three and one half c) five and five sixths
d) two and one third e) four and five sevenths f) seven and five fiftieths
g) two and three quarters h) three and two ninths i) six and seven hundredths
j) nine and one half k) eight and eleven fiftieths l) one and five billionths
m) one and two elevenths n) eight and five sixths o) three and two twelfths
p) five and three millionths q) twenty and three hundredths r) six and four fifteenths
s) eleven and four thirtieths t) eight and seven tenths u) four and one third
v) one and two fifths w) three and two elevenths x) eight and six ninths
y) five and nine tenths z) one and eleven twelfths
Understanding mixed number notation

1. A mixed number is represented by the expression: Example 1. The whole-number part is 2
(the number of complete wholes).
numerator 3 The numerator is 3.
wholes 2 The denominator is 5. 3
denominator 5
This mixed number written in words is two wholes and three fifths. The fraction part is: 5
A possible graphical representation of this mixed number is:

Mixed Number Numerator Denominator The mixed number Graphical representation
Number of wholes in words
3 2 3 5 two and three fifths

a) 2
5
1
b) 2
3
1 3 4
c)
d)
2 3
e) 5
2 5
f) 3
2 2
g) 3
three and a half

h)
6
i) two and four ...........
j) 3 .......... and three fifths
k) 2 four and .......... thirds
l) 2 .......
Understanding improper fractions

1. For an improper fraction the number of parts taken (the numerator) is equal to or greater than the number of
parts the whole is divided into (the denominator).
5
Example 1. This is a possible graphical representation of this improper fraction:
3
F11. Find the improper fraction that corresponds to the shaded region:
a) b) c)
d) e) f)
g) h) i)
j) k) l)
0 1 2 3
m) n) o)
0 1 2
p) q) r)
s) t) u)
v) w) x)
F12. Find a possible graphical representation of each improper fraction:

3 4 5 7 7 11 8
a) b) c) d) e) f) g)
2 3 2 3 5 4 6
10 20 12 22 25 30 40
h) i) j) k) l) m) n)
8 9 5 10 12 16 24
21 28 11 40 55 25 17
o) p) q) r) s) t) u)
6 13 3 18 49 6 9
30 15 17 24 13
v) w) x) y) z)
12 4 5 10 3
Understanding improper fraction notation

1. An improper fraction is represented by the expression: Example 1. 5 The numerator is 5
numerator The denominator is 3
3
denominator The improper fraction in words is five thirds. A possible
graphical representation of this improper fraction is:
where the numerator is equal to or greater than the
denominator.

Fraction Numerator Denominator The fraction in words Graphical representation
5
a) 4 5 4 five quarters
b) 7 4
c) seven fifths
d)
e) 16 ........
f) 5 12
7
g) 5
11
h) .......... quarters
i) seven .......... ........
13
j)
k) 13 .......... sixths
l) 5 thirteen ..........
The link between mixed numbers and improper fractions

1. There is a direct link between a mixed number and an improper fraction. A mixed number is a short way to write
the sum of a whole number and a fraction.
5 2 2 9 3 3
Example 1: = 1 = 1+ Example 2: = 1 = 1+
3 3 3 6 6 6
F14. Find the mixed number and the improper fraction that correspond to each picture:
a) b) c)
d) e) f)
g) h) i)
j) k) l)
0 1 2 3
m) n) o)
0 1 2
p) q) r)
s) t) u)
v) w) x)
Conversion between mixed numbers and improper fractions

1. To convert a mixed number to an improper fraction, 3. To convert an improper fraction to a mixed number,
use the formula: divide the numerator n into the denominator d to obtain
the quotient q and the remainder r. Then write:
n w×d + n
w=
d d n r
=q
3 2 × 5 + 3 10 + 3 13 d d
Example 1. 2 = = =
5 5 5 5 9 1
2. Fractions that have a denominator of 0 are not Example 2. =2
defined. 4 4
F15. Write each mixed number as an improper fraction:

1 2 3 1 3 3 3
a) 1 b) 2 c) 3 d) 3 e) 2 f) 5 g) 5
2 3 4 2 7 20 10
3 7 5 8 5 5 7
h) 5 i) 2 j) 1 k) 2 l) 3 m) 2 n) 12
4 30 13 9 6 8 100
3 4 21 1 2 49 11
o) 2 p) 4 q) 2 r) 2 s) 3 t) 2 u) 2
50 5 100 12 11 50 100
2 0 2 3 15
v) 0 w) 2 x) 3 y) 3 z) 2
9 10 0 3 10
F16. Write each improper fraction as a mixed number:
3 4 5 9 13 33 125
a) b) c) d) e) f) g)
2 3 4 2 7 20 10
14 8 80 80 50 60 17
h) i) j) k) l) m) n)
5 3 13 9 6 8 10
13 22 21 16 70 111 111
o) p) q) r) s) t) u)
5 5 10 12 11 50 10
0 7 11 20 70
v) w) x) y) z)
9 0 7 15 9
Whole numbers, proper fractions, improper fractions and mixed numbers

n 2
1. Although written in fraction notation, 3. A proper fraction is: where n < d Example:
some numbers are actually whole numbers. d 3
10 3 An improper fraction is: n 7
where n ³ d Example:
Example 1: =5 Example 2: 2 =3 d 3
2 3
2. A whole number can be converted into a fraction. A mixed number is: n 5
w Example: 4
This conversion is not unique. d 3
A mixed number n 2
50 10 3 30 14 in standard form is: wwhere n £ d Example: 5
Example: 5= =4 =4 =2 =3 d 3
10 10 3 10 7 4. Fractions that have a denominator of 0 are not defined.
F17. Convert fractions to whole numbers. Identify the expressions that are not defined.
1 2 7 4 9 24 100
a) b) c) d) e) f) g)
1 2 7 2 3 3 10
1 3 24 9 55 16 300
h) 1 i) 2 j) 2 k) 3 l) 4 m) 2 n) 2
1 3 12 3 5 8 100
0 2 0 5 0 0 0
o) p) q) r) 0 s) 2 t) 0 u) 0
1 0 0 5 9 6 0
F18. Convert whole numbers to fractions (the conversion is not unique, so give at least
two solutions):
a) 1 b) 3 c) 7 d) 4 e) 2 f) 5 g) 10
h) 0 i) 25 j) 100 k) 11 l) 8 m) 13 n) 17
F19. Identify each of the following expressions as a whole number, a proper fraction,
an improper fraction, a mixed number, or a not defined expression:
3 5 2 1 33 25
a) b) 1 c) d) e) 2 f) g) 2
2 4 9 7 20 10
4 0 80 5 5 17
h) i) j) 0 k) l) m) 3 n) 2
0 3 9 16 8 10
3 22 16 70 11 0
o) 2 p) q) 30 r) s) t) 1 u)
3 5 2 11 50 10
3 22 10 16 7
v) 2 w) x) y) z)
5 5 11 2 1
Understanding the addition of like fractions

Two fractions with the same denominators are called like fractions. When you add two fractions, you add the parts
of the whole they represent.
Example 1. 1 2 3
+ =
4 4 4
So, by adding 1 quarter and 2 quarters you get 3 quarters.
F20. Add the fractions that correspond to the shaded regions:
a) b) c) d) e)
f) g) h) i) j)
k) l) m) n) o)
p) q) r) s) t)
0 1
u) v) w) x) y)
Understanding the addition of like fractions (II)

1. Sometimes when you add two like fractions, the number of parts you add exceeds a whole. The result is an
improper fraction or a mixed number.
Example 1. + =
Or, in mathematical symbols: 3 3 6 2

+ = =1
4 4 4 4
F21. Add the fractions that correspond to the shaded regions. Express the result both as an
improper fraction and as a mixed number.
a) b) c) d) e)
f) g) h) i) j)
k) l) m) n) o)
p) q) r) s) t)
u) v) w) x) y)
Adding proper and improper fractions with like denominators

1. To add proper or improper fractions with like
1 2 3
Example 1. + =
denominators (called like fractions), add the numerators 5 5 5
and keep unchanged the denominator, according to the
rule: 2. If the result is an improper fraction, you can
change it to a mixed number.
n1 n2 n1 + n2
+ = 3 2 5 1
d d d Example 2. + = =1
4 4 4 4
F22. Add the fractions:

2 1 1 1 2 1 3 5 1 2
a) + b) + c) + d) + e) +
4 4 3 3 5 5 11 11 6 6
2 3 5 7 20 10 6 23 2 10
f) + g) + h) + i) + j) +
7 7 19 19 100 100 35 35 41 41
0 11 21 11 2 3 5 4 3 10
k) + l) + m) + n) + o) +
13 13 54 54 10 10 12 12 17 17
0 0 3 2 7 3 7 11 5 2
p) + q) + r) + s) + t) +
4 4 13 13 20 20 25 25 9 9
2 5 2 3 7 13 3 8 15 25
u) + v) + w) + x) + y) +
19 19 10 10 30 30 13 13 100 100
F23. Add the fractions. Write the result as a mixed number in standard form.
2 2 3 2 3 4 3 5 3 5
a) + b) + c) + d) + e) +
3 3 4 4 5 5 6 6 7 7
5 7 7 8 7 7 8 10 9 5
f) + g) + h) + i) + j) +
8 8 9 9 10 10 11 11 12 12
10 11 4 19 10 20 44 44 99 11
k) + l) + m) + n) + o) +
15 15 20 20 25 25 50 50 100 100
7 6 8 9 33 19 4 9 15 9
p) + q) + r) + s) + t) +
9 9 10 10 40 40 3 3 10 10
12 5 20 12 22 77 13 12 15 34
u) + v) + w) + x) + +
9 9 10 10 50 50 3 3 y) 10 10
Adding mixed numbers with like denominators

1. To add mixed fractions with like denominators, add Example 1. 2 3 + 3 4 = ( 2 + 3) 3 + 4 = 5 7 = 6 2
separately the wholes and separately the 5 5 5 5 5
numerators, and keep the denominator unchanged:
2. In the same way you can add whole and mixed numbers.
n n n +n
w1 1 + w2 2 = ( w1 + w2 ) 1 2
d d d 1 0 1 0 +1 1
Example 2. 2 + 3 = 2 + 3 = (2 + 3) =5
4 4 4 4 4
F24. Add the mixed numbers. Write the result as a mixed number in standard form or as
a whole number:
1 1 1 1 1 2 1 3 3 2
a) 1 + 2 b) 1 + 2 c) 1 + 2 d) 1 + 3 e) 2 + 1
2 2 3 3 4 4 5 5 6 6
3 2 2 3 2 1 5 3 5 6
f) 2 + 3 g) 2 + 3 h) 3 + 0 i) 2 + j) 3 +2
7 7 8 8 9 9 10 10 15 15
3 7 4 6 1 12 12 11 8 8
k) 2 + l) 4 + 2 m) 2 +3 n) 2 +5 o) 3 +3
5 5 7 7 10 10 20 20 11 11
2 8 22 11 11 22 7 9 15 25
p) 5 + 2 q) 2 +5 r) 3 +2 s) 3 + 2 t) 2 +3
9 9 10 10 30 30 3 3 10 10
21 12 10 41 2 22 33 22 15 95
u) 2 +1 v) 2 +5 w) 3 +1 x) 4 +2 y) 1 +2
19 19 30 30 23 23 35 35 100 100
F25. Add the wholes and the mixed numbers. Write the result as a mixed number in standard form
or as a whole number.
1 2 1 2 5
a) 2 + 1 b) 1+ 2 c) 1+ 3 d) 2 + 5 e) 5 + 2
2 3 4 5 6
9 5 10 1 0
f) 5+3 g) 7 +6 h) 3+ i) 1 + 11 j) 0+2
7 8 9 10 15
9 8 11 22 13
k) 3 +2 l) 5 +1 m) 1 +3 n) 2+2 o) 13 + 13
5 7 10 20 11
19 100 11 10 4
p) 9 +9 q) 20 + 10 r) 11 + 3 s) 9+3 t) 4 +4
9 10 30 3 10
19 14 40 37 111
u) 1+ 9 v) 4 +5 w) 2+2 x) 1+ 1 y) 111 + 1
19 30 23 35 100
Adding more than two like fractions

1. To add more than two fractions or whole numbers, start to add in order, from left to right.
Example 1. 2 5 æ 2ö 5 2 5 7 3
1 + 3 + = ç1 + 3 ÷ + = 4 + = 4 = 5
4 4 è 4ø 4 4 4 4 4
2. Because the addition is a commutative operation, the order in which you add the fractions is not important.
So, group them conveniently.
2 3 1 2 æ 2 1ö æ 3 2ö
Example 2. + 2 +1 + 2 +1 = 2 + ç +1 ÷ + ç 2 +1 ÷ = 2 + 2 + 4 = 8
3 5 3 5 è 3 3 ø è 5 5 ø
F26. Add the fractions:
1 2 3 4
a) 1 + 3 + 3 1 b) 1 2 3
+ + c) 3 5 1
1 + +2 +2 d) 1 1
3 + 2 +1
1
e) +1 + 2 + 3
2 2 4 4 4 4 4 4 2 2 2 5 5 5 5
1 2 3 7 3 17 5 3 3 7 3 1 3 5 7
f) 1+ + + g) 2 + +2 h) 2 +3+ i) 2 +2 + j) 1 +2 +3 +4
3 3 3 10 10 10 2 2 50 50 50 6 6 6 6
3 4 1 5 2 1 2 3 3 5 7 1 3 5 7 9
k) 1 + + 1 l) 1 + +1 m) 1 + 2 + 3 n) 2 + +1 o) + + + +
5 5 9 9 9 3 3 3 12 12 12 11 11 11 11 11
1 7 1 3 5 1 3 5 21 31 5 10 15 20
p) 1 + + 2 q) 1 + +2 r) 1 +2 +5 s) 1+ 2 +3 t) 2 +1 + + 3
9 9 10 10 10 2 2 2 100 100 10 10 10 10
1 4 8 1 3 5 3 2 1 1 3 5 1 2 3 4 5 6
u) 0 + + 1 v) 3 + 2 +1 w) 3 + 2 + 1 x) 2 +1 + 0 y) + + + + +
9 9 9 4 4 4 3 3 3 10 10 10 7 7 7 7 7 7
F27. Add the whole and the mixed numbers. Write the result as a mixed number in standard form
or as a whole number.
1 3 2 1 3 3
a) 1+ + b) +2+ c) 1 + 1 + 3 + 2 d) 1 1
+ +2 e) +1+ + 2
2 2 4 4 4 4 2 2 5 5
2 4 7 7 11 9 7
f) 1+ +2+ g) 1 + +2 h) 7 + 2 + 5 i) 1 +3+ j) 1 + + + 2
3 3 10 2 2 50 50 6 6
2 2 3 4 2
k) 1 + 1 + 2 l) 2 +1 + 3 m) 2 + 1 + 2 n) 1 5 + 1 7 + 2 o) 1 2 + 2 + 3 4 + 2 + 1 8
5 9 9 3 3 12 12 11 11 11
7 8 5 7 11 22 4 7
p) 2 +1 +1 q) 1 + 2 +3 r) 1 3 + 2 5 + 5 7 + 1 s) 3 + 2 + +1 t) 1 +3+ + 2
9 9 10 10 2 2 2 100 100 10 10
2 7
u) 0 + 2 +1 v) 3 5 + 1 5 + 2 w) 2 4 + 1 1 + 2 x) 1 9 + 2 7 + 0 y) 2 9 + 1 7 + 1 + 3 5
9 9 4 4 3 3 10 10 10 10 10
Understanding equivalent fractions

1. Two fractions are considered equivalent if they represent the same part of the whole.
We’ll see later that equivalent fractions are equal in value and correspond to the same decimal number.
Example 1.
The shaded region can be expressed as: So these fractions are considered equivalent (equal),
and you can write:
1 or 2 or 3 or 6 1 2 3 6
= = =
2 4 6 12 2 4 6 12
F28. For each image find the equivalent fractions that correspond to the shaded part:
a) b) c) d) e)
f) g) h) i) j)
k) l) m) n) o)
p) q) r) s) t)
u) v) w) x) y)
Finding equivalent fractions

There are two methods to find equivalent fractions. Method 2. Divide both the numerator and the
Method 1. Multiply both the numerator and the denominator by a common factor, according to the
denominator by the same number, according to the formula: n n¸a
formula: =
n ná d d ¸a
=
Example 1. d d á Example 2.
1 1´ 2 2 1 1´ 3 3 3 ´ 5 15 6 6¸2 3 3¸3 1
= = = = = = = = = =
2 2´ 2 4 2 2 ´ 3 6 6 ´ 5 30 12 12 ¸ 2 6 6 ¸ 3 2
So: 1 = 2 = 3 = 15 So: 6 3 1
= =
2 4 6 30 12 6 2
F29. Find at least three equivalent fractions by using the method 1:

1 1 2 1 3
a) b) c) d) e)
2 3 3 4 4
1 3 1 5 1
f) g) h) i) j)
5 5 6 6 7
2 1 1 5 2
k) l) m) n) o)
7 10 100 12 11
2 3 5 2 4
p) q) r) s) t)
9 7 11 15 5
5 1 3 3
u) v) w) x) 3
7 30 50 200 y)
1000
F30. Find equivalent fractions by using the method 2:

2 3 4 5 6
a) b) c) d) e)
4 9 16 25 36
10 4 20 4 15
f) g) h) i) j)
100 12 25 6 20
30 25 18 60 60
k) l) m) n) o)
45 40 60 90 150
20 75 66 56
p) q) r) s) t) 32
35 120 154 420
128
27 63 22 225 64
u) v) w) x)
81 77 121 625 y) 1024
Simplifying fractions
To simplify (or reduce) a fraction means to find the Method 2. You can simplify a fraction by division of the
equivalent fraction having the simplest form (in lowest numerator and denominator by the Greatest Common Factor
terms). (GCF). n n ¸ GCF
Method 1. You can simplify a fraction by repetitive = = fraction in lowest terms
division of the numerator and the denominator by a d d ¸ GCF
common factor. To find the GCF build the factor trees for the numerator and
denominator. 24 = 23 ´ 31
n n¸a Example 2.
= = ... where a is a common divisor of n and d
d d ¸a 24 60 60 = 2 2 ´ 31 ´ 51
Example 1. 2 12 2 30 GCF = 2 2 ´ 31 = 12
2 6 2 15
24 24 ¸ 2 12 12 ¸ 2 6 6¸3 2 24 24 ¸ 12 2
= = = = = = 2 3 3 5 = =
60 60 ¸ 2 30 30 ¸ 2 15 15 ¸ 3 5 60 60 ¸ 12 5
F31. Write each fraction in lowest terms by using the method 1:

6 18 50 32 60
a) b) c) d) e)
72 42 75 128 80
32 54 22 200 21
f) g) h) i) j)
160 90 132 240 147
36 75 105 512 24
k) l) m) n) o)
126 350 135 4096 132
50 48 60 48
p) q) r) s) t) 135
225 112 264 360
270
180 126 264 45
u) v) w) x) 336
252 270 600 300 y)
480
F32. Write each fraction in lowest terms by using the method 2:
18 48 54 90 56
a) b) c) d) e)
24 60 81 120 72
28 32 48 28 64
f) g) h) i) j)
98 60 120 52 80
30 25 18 60 60
k) l) m) n) o)
45 40 60 75 150
20 75 66 56
p) q) r) s) t) 32
45 120 154 420
128
27 630 22 225
u) v) w) x) 64
81 770 121 625 y)
1024
Checking fractions for equivalence

Given two or more fractions, you can check whether or not they are equivalent (equal).
1. Express each fraction in lowest terms and then 2. For two fractions you can use the cross-multiplication
compare them. If you get the same fraction, the method. If the cross-products you get are equal then the two
original fractions are equivalent. fractions are equivalent.
Example 1. 24 and 15 and 21
a c
32 20 30 and are equivalent if a´d = bć
b d
In lowest terms 3 and 3 and 7 Example 2.
they are: 4 4 10
3 21
So: 24 15 24 21 15 21 and are not equivalent because 3 ´ 30 ¹ 4 ´ 21
= ¹ ¹ 4 30
32 20 32 30 20 30
F33. Check if the fractions are equivalent (use the lowest terms method):
a) 2 3 b) 2 3 c) 2 6 d) 4 8 e) 5 6
; ; ; ; ;
4 6 6 9 3 8 6 12 10 18
f) 30 48 g) 30 20 h) 24 15 i) 9 15 j) 40 30
; ; ; ; ;
75 120 35 24 56 35 25 40 70 54
k) 25 15 l) 100 30 m) 14 ; 56 n) 15 40 o) 25 40
; ; ; ;
80 50 220 66 24 96 40 104 45 75
p) 10 16 20 q) 6 18 25 r) 25 5 40 s) 10 6 12 t) 60 15 25
; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ;
15 24 30 10 30 40 30 6 48 21 15 35 96 24 40
u) 1 4 7 5 v) 3 8 10 12 w) 33 ; 21 ; 15 ; 3 x) 1 2 4 8 y) 1 2 3 4
; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ;
2 8 14 10 4 10 12 14 44 28 20 4 2 4 8 16 2 3 4 5
F34. Check if the fractions are equivalent (use the cross-multiplication method):
a) 1 ; 2 b) 2 4
; c) 6 4
; d) 12 15
; e) 12 4
;
2 3 4 8 12 10 16 20 35 12
f) 5 6 g) 9 3 h) 4 12 i) 5 7 j) 30 48
; ; ; ; ;
4 5 12 4 10 30 7 5 35 56
k) 40 ; 72 l) 24 36
; m) 40 ; 49 n) 5 2
; o) 4 9
;
45 80 40 60 64 81 20 8 9 20
p) 1 3 ; 9 q) 125 200
; r) 11 13
; s) 65 40
; t) 105 15
;
4 5 15 24 13 15 85 51 133 19
u) 3 ; 9 ; 15 v) 4 5 6
; ; w) 4 ; 8 ; 12 x) 12 18 30
; ; y) 10 25 40
; ;
4 12 20 5 6 7 8 12 16 20 30 50 14 35 56
Equations with fractions

Method 1. You can solve simple equations with Method 3. This is the best method for solving simple
fractions if you use two properties of equivalent equations with fractions:
fractions: To get a term of a fraction, multiply the adjacent terms and
n n¸a n ná divide by the opposite term.
= =
d d ¸a d d á x b a´b
Example 1: Solution: = Û x=
a c c
3 ? 3 3´ 3 9 Example 3 (the result is a whole number):
= = =
16 48 16 16 ´ 3 48 x 2 15 ´ 2 30
Method 2. When applying the method 1, sometimes = Û x= = = 10
you need first to express the fraction in the lowest
15 3 3 3
terms: : Example 4 (the result is a fraction):
Example 2: Solution: x 3 2´3 6
= Û x= =
4 ? 4 1 1´ 5 5 2 7 7 7
= = = =
8 10 8 2 2 ´ 5 10
F35. Find the unknown factor of the fraction using the method 1:
1 6 2 3 12 3 12
a) = b) = c) = d) = e) =
2 8 3 9 4 32 16 5
6 30 12 8 8 40
f) = g) = h) 2= i) 3= j) =
40 4 5 12
5 25 6 18 3 9 11 12
k) = l) = m) = n) = o) =
75 18 10 100 16 128 5
F36. Find the unknown factor of the fraction using the method 2:
2 3 7 8 10 12 3 5
a) = b) = c) = d) = e) =
4 6 9 12 28 21 10
9 12 24 12 16 18 60 40
f) = g) = h) = i) = j) =
12 20 15 42 72 48 56
F37. Solve for x using the method 3 (see example 3 above):
a) 1 x b) 2 10 c) 3 12 d) 4 20 e) 3 15
= = = = =
3 6 3 x x 20 5 x x 35
f) 15 g) 4 3 h) x 15 i) 20 15 j) 16 24
5= = = = =
x x 6 16 20 x 18 x 45
k) 45 40 l) x m) 30 80 n) 40 x o) 28 = x
= 6= = =
72 x 6 x 48 25 30 20 25
F38. Solve for x using the method 3 (see example 4 above):
a) 1 x b) 2 x c) 4 5 d) 1 5 e) 9 x
= = = 1 = =
2 3 5 3 3 x 2 x 16 3
f) 6 x g) 12 x h) 20 3 i) 16 x j) 20 x
= = = = 2 =
7 8 16 5 24 x 64 2 35 15
Adding fractions with unlike denominators

To add fractions with different denominators, you must first replace them with equivalent fractions having the same
denominators.
Method 1. This is a general method that works for Method 2. First, express the fractions in lowest terms and
two fractions and uses cross-multiplication then write down equivalent fractions by multiplication until you
according to the formula: get the lowest common denominator:
Example 2: 2 3
a c a´d + bć + =?
+ = 4 15
b d b´d 2 1 3 4 5 3 1 2
= = = = = ... = = = ...
Example 1: 4 2 6 8 10 15 5 10
2 3 2 ´ 4 + 5 ´ 3 8 + 15 23 3 So: 2 3 5 2 7
+ = = = =5 + = + =
5 4 5´ 4 4 4 4 4 15 10 10 10
F39. Add the fractions using the method 1:
a) 1 1 b) 2 + 3 c) 1 2 d) 1 + 1 e) 2 + 3
+ +
2 3 3 4 4 5 5 6 5 7
f) 3 5 g) 3 + 5 h) 5 3 i) 3 1 j) 1 2
+ + + +
7 8 8 9 9 10 10 11 10 11
k) 3 4 l) 10 + 3 m) 5 2 n) 1 2 o) 3 4
+ + + +
10 15 3 10 9 3 10 15 15 20
p) 1 2 q) 2 + 2 4 r) 5 3 s) 110 + 11 t) 1 2 + 2 1
1 + 1 +2
2 3 3 5 3 6 11 10 5 4
u) 1 4 v) 1 3 + 8 w) 5 3 x) 2 1 + 1 3 y) 1 1 + 3
+ +1
20 16 40 25 12 4 6 8 16 32
F40. Add the fractions using the method 2:
a) 1 2 b) 2 + 1 c) 3 2 d) 2 + 5 e) 6 1
+ + +
2 3 6 4 4 10 5 6 10 7
f) 8 3 g) 4 + 3 h) 5 5 i) 2 3 j) 5 2
+ + + +
14 8 8 9 9 10 10 9 10 12
k) 2 5 l) 10 + 3 m) 5 2 n) 1 2 o) 3 6
+ + + +
10 15 3 12 9 3 10 15 15 20
p) 1 12 q) 1 2 + 2 3 r) 4 3 s) 1 2 + 8 t) 1 3 + 2 3
1 + 1 +2
2 18 3 5 3 6 3 10 5 4
u) 4 4 v) 1 5 + 5 w) 4 4 x) 2 2 + 1 6 y) 1 5 + 5
+ +1
20 16 40 25 12 16 6 8 16 48
Adding fractions with unlike denominators using the LCD method

1. First find the Least (Lowest) Common Denominator 2. You can use the LCD method to add more than two
(LCD), and then add fractions. fractions.
Example 1: Example 2:
24 30 12 45 40
5 2
+ =? 2 12 2 15 1 1 1 2 6 3 15 2 20
24 30 + + =?
2 6 3 5 12 45 40 2 3 3 5 2 10
24 = 23 ´ 31 2 2
3 5
1 1
30 = 2 ´ 3 ´ 5 1
120 ¸ 24 = 5 12 = 2 2 ´ 31 45 = 32 ´ 51 40 = 23 ´ 51
LCD = 23 ´ 31 ´ 51 = 120 120 ¸ 30 = 4 LCD = 23 ´ 32 ´ 51 = 360
5 2 5´ 5 2´ 4 25 8 33 11 1 1 1 1´ 30 1´ 8 1´ 9 47
+ = + = + = = + + = + + =
24 30 24 ´ 5 30 ´ 4 120 120 120 40 12 45 40 12 ´ 30 45 ´ 8 40 ´ 9 360
F41. Add the fractions using the LCD method (see example 1 above):
a) 1 + 5 b) 2 + 3 c) 1
+
3 d) 4 + 1 e) 3 3
+
4 6 6 16 16 20 15 12 10 14
f) 3 5 g) 3 5 h) 5 2 i) 3 1 j) 1 2
+ + + + +
14 4 16 18 12 9 10 22 6 33
k) 3 4 l) 7 3 m) 5 5 n) 1 2 o) 2 4
+ + + + +
10 15 12 20 9 30 10 25 15 25
p) 1 7 q) 1 3 r) 5 3 s) 1 1 + 1 t) 3 1
1 + +2 1 +2 1 +2
25 30 30 50 36 16 15 50 50 45
u) 3 3 v) 7 3 w) 7 3 x) 2 1 + 1 3 1 3
+ 1 + +1 1 +
y) 48 64
20 16 40 25 12 40 14 84
F42. Add the fractions using the LCD method (see example 2 above):
1 2 3 1 5 3 1 3 7 1 5 7 3
a) + + b) + + c) + + d) + + +
2 3 4 4 6 8 6 8 10 4 6 12 16
3 3 1 3 1 1 5 2 2 1 1 1 1 1
e) + + f) + + g) + + h) + + + +
4 10 12 10 15 30 12 9 14 2 3 4 5 6
3 4 3 1 3 2 1 1 1 1 1 5 2 3
i) + + j) + + k) + + l) + + + +
10 15 16 12 20 15 9 30 36 4 6 12 15 20
1 5 3 3 1 1 1 2 2 1 3 1 5 3
m) + + n) + + o) + + p) + + + +
3 6 10 10 25 6 15 25 35 15 4 20 32 50
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 3 7 3 1 3 1 3 1
q) + + + r) + + + s) + + + t) + + + +
2 3 4 5 3 4 5 6 5 10 15 20 5 10 15 20 25
Understanding the subtraction of fractions with like denominators

1. When you subtract two fractions, you subtract the parts of the whole they represent.
Example 1.
3 2 1
- =
4 4 4
So, by taking 2 quarters away from 3 quarters you get 1 quarter.
F35. Subtract the fractions that correspond to the shaded regions using the pattern:
all shaded parts - all light shaded parts=all dark shaded parts
a) b) c) d) e)
f) g) h) i) j)
k) l) m) n) o)
p) q) r) s) t)
0 1
u) v) w) x) y)
Subtracting fractions with like denominators

1. To subtract proper or improper fractions with like 2. To subtract mixed numbers with like denominators, first
denominators, subtract the numerators and keep the change mixed numbers to improper fractions, and then
denominators unchanged. subtract the numerators. Keep the denominators
unchanged.
n1 n2 n1 - n2
- =
d d d Example 2. 1 2 7 5 2
2 -1 = - =
Example 1. 3 2 1 3 3 3 3 3
- =
5 5 5
F44. Subtract the fractions (write the results in lowest terms):

2 1 4 2 4 1 10 3 5 2
a) - b) - c) - d) - e) -
4 4 3 3 5 5 11 11 6 6
5 2 13 11 19 17 23 13 7 3
f) - g) - h) - i) - j) -
7 7 19 19 10 10 35 35 40 40
5 1 7 1 7 1 11 7 23 9
k) - l) - m) - n) - o) -
12 12 54 54 9 9 32 32 7 7
3 1 15 3 13 7 19 7 5 1
p) - q) - r) - s) - t) -
4 4 16 16 24 24 40 40 1000 1000
13 3 7 1 17 7 13 2
u) - v) - w) - x) - 13 7
100 100 30 30 50 50 33 33 y) -
60 60
F45. Subtract the mixed numbers (write the results in lowest terms):
1 2 1 3 1 3 5 2
a) 1 - b) 2 - c) 2 4 - 1 3 d) 3 -2 e) 5 -3
3 3 2 2 5 5 11 11 6 6
5 11 1 11 3 13 3 5
f) 3 - 1 g) 2- h) 10 - i) 2 - j) 4 -2
7 19 10 10 35 35 40 40
5 7 7 3 1 5 11 17 2 9
k) 2 - l) 3 - m) 5 - 2 n) 2 -1 o) 3 -2
12 12 14 14 9 9 32 32 7 7
1 3 15 5 3 7 19 9 5 3
p) 2 - q) 5 - r) 1 - s) 3 -1 t) 2 -1
4 4 16 16 24 24 40 40 1000 1000
13 17 7 1 13 7 1 4
u) 3 -2 v) 5 -2 w) 3 -2 x) 3 -2 13 7
100 100 30 30 50 50 33 33 y) 5 -2
60 60
Subtracting mixed numbers with like denominators

Method 1. To subtract mixed numbers with like Method 2. If the numerator of the first fraction is less than
denominators, subtract separately the wholes, and the numerator of the second fraction, you must rewrite the
separately the numerators. Keep the denominator first fraction as an improper fraction by exchanging one
unchanged, according to the rule: whole.
n1 n n -n Example 2:
w1 - w2 2 = ( w1 - w2 ) 1 2
d d d
Example 1: 1 2 4 2 4-2 2
3 - 1 = 2 - 1 = (2 - 1) =1
3 1 3 -1 2 3 3 3 3 5 5
3 - 1 = (3 - 1) =2
5 5 5 5
F46. Subtract the mixed numbers using the method 1 (write the results in lowest terms).
2 1 3 1 3 1 10 5 4 1
a) 2 - 1 b) 5 -3 c) 10 - 2 d) 11 -5 e) 4 -2
3 3 2 2 5 5 11 11 6 6
5 2 11 1 9 1 17 12 17 7
f) 5 - 2 g) 6 -5 h) 5 -2 i) 3 -2 j) 5 -3
7 7 19 19 10 10 35 35 40 40
7 5 7 3 7 1 17 9 5 2
k) 4 -1 l) 5 -3 m) 3 - 2 n) 10 -7 o) 4 -1
12 12 14 14 9 9 32 32 7 7
3 1 15 7 17 5 27 17 37 17
p) 5 - 2 q) 7 -3 r) 4 -2 s) 7 -5 t) 5 -2
4 4 16 16 24 24 40 40 1000 1000
47 27 17 11 11 5 11 5
u) 5 -3 v) 9 -7 w) 5 - x) 2 - 37 17
100 100 30 30 50 50 33 33 y) 7 -5
60 60
F47. Subtract the mixed numbers using the method 2 (write the results in lowest terms):
1 2 1 3 3 4 2 5 2 5
a) 2 -1 b) 5 -2 c) 5 -2 d) 4 -1 e) 7 -2
3 3 7 7 5 5 11 11 6 6
1 5 11 1 11 3 13 3 5
f) 3 -1 g) 2- h) 10 - i) 2 - j) 4 -2
9 9 19 10 10 35 35 40 40
5 7 9 2 2 5 11 27 3 6
k) 2 - l) 6 -1 m) 7 - 5 n) 7 -5 o) 8 -5
12 12 14 14 9 9 32 32 7 7
3 7 17 13 17 39 29 17 7
p) 5 -1 q) 5 - r) 2 -1 s) 5 -2 t) 3 -1
4 16 16 24 24 40 40 1000 1000
13 17 1 7 3 17 11 23 7 15
u) 6 -2 v) 9 -3 w) 5 - x) 2 -1 y) 4 -1
100 100 30 30 50 50 33 33 60 60
Subtracting fractions with unlike denominators

To subtract fractions with unlike denominators, first you must replace the fractions with equivalent fractions having
like denominators.
Method 1. This is a general method that works for Method 2. First, express the fractions in lowest terms and
two fractions and uses cross-multiplication then write down equivalent fractions by multiplication until you
according to the formula: get the lowest common denominator:
Example 2: 2 3
a c a´d -bć - =?
- = 4 15
b d b´d 2 1 3 4 5 3 1 2
= = = = = ... = = = ...
Example 1: 4 2 6 8 10 15 5 10
3 2 3 ´ 5 - 4 ´ 2 15 - 8 7 So: 2 3 5 2 3
- = = = - = - =
4 5 4´5 20 20 4 15 10 10 10
F48. Subtract the fractions using the method 1:
a) 1 1 b) 3 - 2 c) 2 1 d) 1 - 1 e) 3 - 2
- -
2 3 4 3 5 4 5 6 7 5
f) 5 3 g) 5 - 3 h) 5 3 i) 3 1 j) 2 1
- - - -
8 7 9 8 9 10 10 11 11 10
k) 3 4 l) 2 3 m) 2 5 n) 2 1 o) 3 4
- - - - -
10 15 3 10 3 9 15 10 15 20
p) 1 2 q) 2 4 - 2 r) 5 3
s) 110 - 11 t) 2 1 - 1 2
1 - 1 -2
2 3 5 3 3 6 11 10 4 5
u) 4 3 v) 1 3 - 8 w) 3 5 x) 2 1 - 1 3 1 3
- 1 - y) 116 - 32
16 20 40 25 4 12 6 8
F49. Subtract the fractions using the method 2:
a) 2 1 b) 2 - 1 c) 3 2 d) 5 - 2 e) 6 3
- - -
3 2 6 4 4 10 6 5 10 7
f) 8 3 g) 4 - 3 h) 5 5 i) 3 2 j) 5 5
- - - -
14 8 8 9 9 10 9 10 10 12
k) 5 2 l) 2 5 m) 2 5 n) 3 2 o) 6 3
- - - - -
15 10 3 12 3 9 10 15 20 15
p) 1 12 q) 3 2 - 2 3 r) 4 3 s) 1 2 - 8 t) 3 3 - 2 3
1 - 2 -1
2 18 3 5 3 6 3 10 5 4
u) 7 4 v) 1 5 - 5 w) 4 4 x) 2 2 - 1 6 5 5
- 2 -1 y) 16 - 48
1
20 16 40 25 12 16 6 8
Subtracting fractions with unlike denominators using the LCD method

1. First find the Least (Lowest) Common Denominator 2. You can use the LCD method to add or subtract more
(LCD), then subtract fractions. than two fractions.
Example 1. Example 2.
24 30 12 45 40
5 2
- =? 2 12 2 15 1 1 1 2 6 3 15 2 20
24 30 + - =?
2 6 3 5 12 45 40 2 3 3 5 2 10
3 1
24 = 2 ´ 3 2 3 2 5
2 1 2 1 3 1
1 1
30 = 2 ´ 3 ´ 5 1
120 ¸ 24 = 5 12 = 2 ´ 3 45 = 3 ´ 5 40 = 2 ´ 5
LCD = 23 ´ 31 ´ 51 = 120 120 ¸ 30 = 4 LCD = 23 ´ 32 ´ 51 = 360
5 2 5´ 5 2´ 4 25 8 17 1 1 1 1´ 30 1´ 8 1´ 9 29
- = - = - = + - = + - =
24 30 24 ´ 5 30 ´ 4 120 120 120 12 45 40 12 ´ 30 45 ´ 8 40 ´ 9 360
F50. Subtract the fractions using the LCD method (see the example 1 above):
a) 5 - 1 b) 2 - 3 c) 3 1
- d) 4 - 1 e) 3 - 3
6 4 6 16 20 16 15 12 10 14
f) 5 3 g) 5 3 h) 5 2 i) 3 1 j) 1 2
- - - - -
4 14 18 16 12 9 10 22 6 33
k) 3 4 l) 5 3 m) 4 5 n) 1 2 o) 4 2
- - - - -
10 15 12 20 9 30 10 25 25 15
p) 1 7 q) 1 3 r) 5 1 s) 1 1 t) 3 2
1 - 2 -1 1 - 2 -2 1 -1
25 30 30 50 36 16 15 50 50 45
u) 5 3 v) 3 3 w) 1 3 x) 2 1 - 1 3 y) 1 1 - 3
- 1 - -
20 16 40 25 12 40 14 84 48 64
F51. Add and subtract the fractions using the LCD method (see the example 2 above):
1 2 1 3 1 3 5 3 3 3 1 7 3
a) + - b) - + c) - - d) - + -
2 3 4 4 6 8 6 8 10 4 6 12 16
3 3 1 3 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
e) - + f) - - g) + - h) - + - +
4 10 12 10 15 30 12 9 14 2 3 4 5 6
3 2 3 5 3 2 1 1 1 1 1 5 2 3
i) - + j) - - k) + - l) - + - +
10 15 16 12 20 15 9 30 36 4 6 12 15 20
2 1 3 3 2 1 2 3 1 13 3 1 1 7
m) - - n) - - o) - + p) - - - -
3 6 10 10 25 6 15 25 35 15 4 20 32 480
1 1 1 4 1 1 1 1 2 3 7 3 2 3 1 3 2
q) 2 - -1 - r) + - - s) - + - t) - - + -
2 3 4 5 3 4 5 6 5 10 15 20 5 10 15 20 25
Order of operations (I)

1. Additions and subtractions are operations of the 3. By convention the order in which the brackets appear is
same priority, so the order in which they are done is { [ ( ) ] }.
not important. Example 3:
By convention, these operations are done one by 3 ìï 4 é æ 1 1 öù üï 3 ì 4 é 1 ùü
+ í - ê1 - ç - ÷ú ý = + í - 1 - ý=
one from left to right. 2 ïî 3 ë è 3 4 øû ïþ 2 î 3 êë 12 úû þ
Example 1.
3 ì 4 11 ü 3 5 11
3 1 1 æ 3 1ö 1 7 1 5 = +í - ý= + =1
- + = ç - ÷ + = + =1 2 î 3 12 þ 2 12 12
2 3 4 è 2 3 ø 4 6 4 12 4. One single type of brackets is enough to change the order
2. To change the order of operations, use: of operations.
parentheses ( ), brackets [ ] or braces { }. An inner Example 4:
bracket has a greater priority. 1 æ æ 1 æ 1 1 ööö 1 æ æ 1 1 öö
+ ç1 - ç - ç - ÷ ÷ ÷ = + ç1 - ç - ÷ ÷ =
Example 2: 2 çè çè 2 è 3 4 ø ÷ø ÷ø 2 çè è 2 12 ø ÷ø
3 æ 1 1 ö 3 7 11 1 æ 5ö 1 7 1
-ç + ÷ = - = = + ç1 - ÷ = + = 1
2 è 3 4 ø 2 12 12 2 è 12 ø 2 12 12
F52. Solve each exercise by following the proper order of operations:
a) 1 + 1 + 1 + 1 b) 1 - 1 + 1 - 1 c) 1 + 2 1 - 1 1 + 4 1 - 3 1 + 5
2 3 4 5 2 3 4 5 2 3 4 5
7 æ 3ö
3 2 3
d) 1 - 1 + 1 - 1 + 1 e) 5 - çè1 - 5 ÷ø f) æç 2 - ö÷ - æç1 - ö÷
2 3 4 5 6 è 4ø è 4 4ø
1 æ1 1ö æ1 1ö æ 1 1ö æ 1 1 1ö
2 1 1
g) 2 - æç + 1 ö÷ h) 2 - çè 3 - 4 ÷ø - çè 5 - 6 ÷ø i) 1 + çè 2 - 3 ÷ø - çè 4 + 5 - 6 ÷ø
3 è 3 3ø
1 2 1 5 1 1 é 1 æ 1 1 öù æ æ 1 1 1 öö
j) 1 - æç + ö÷ - æç - ö÷ k) - -ç - ÷ l) 2 - ç1 - çç - æç - ö÷ ÷÷ ÷
2 è 3 2ø è6 2ø 2 êë 3 è 4 5 øúû ç
è è 2 è 3 4 øøø
÷
3 4 é 3 5 ù 1 éæ 1 1 ö æ 1 öù
m) æç 8 - 2 ö÷ - ê5 - æç 3 - 1 ö÷ú n) 1 + 2 - êç1 + ÷ - ç1 + 1÷ú
è 7 7 ø ë è 4 7 øû 2 ëè 3 4 ø è 5 øû
3 é7 1 1 ù ì 1 é 1 æ 4 3 öù ü 2 ìæ 2 5 ö éæ 2 5 ö æ 5 1 öù ü
o) + ê - ( + )ú - í - ê - ç - ÷ú ý p) 2 - íç + ÷ - êç - ÷ - ç - ÷ú ý
5 ë10 2 5 û î 2 ë10 è 5 4 øû þ 9 îè 3 6 ø ëè 3 9 ø è 12 6 øû þ
ì é 3 1 7 3 ù 1ü 3 ìé 3 æ 8 3 öù æ 3 öü æ 1 7 ö
q) í3 - ê2 - æç1 - ö÷ + - æç - ö÷ú + ý + r) í ê - ç - ÷ ú + ç1 - ÷ ý - ç - ÷
î ë è 8 ø 2 è 10 5 øû 10 þ 4 îë 5 è 25 20 øû è 5 øþ è 4 50 ø
æ1 æ4 æ3 4 3 2ö 1ö 1ö æ 1 2 1 ö
s) 1 - ç - ç - çç - æç - ö÷ - ÷÷ - ÷ - ÷ + çç1 - - æç - ö÷ ÷÷
ç 2 ç 3 è 4 è 5 4 ø 3 ø 2 ÷ 5 ÷ è 2 è 3 4 øø
è è ø ø
ì 1 é 2 1 ù 1 ü ì é2 3 1 ù é 2 ù 3ü
t) í2 - ê1 - æç - ö÷ú - æç1 - ö÷ý - í1 - ê - æç - ö÷ú - ê1 - æç1 - ö÷ú - ý
î 2 ë è 3 2 øû è 3 øþ î ë 5 è 5 2 øû ë è 5 øû 10 þ
ìé 1 1 1 ù é 1 1 1 1 ù ü ìé 1 1 1 1 ù é 1 1 1 1 ùü
u) íêæç1 - ö÷ - æç - ö÷ú - êæç - ö÷ - æç - ö÷ú ý - íêæç - ö÷ - æç - ö÷ú - êæç - ö÷ - æç - ö÷ú ý
îëè 2 ø è 2 3 øû ëè 3 4 ø è 4 5 øû þ îëè 2 3 ø è 3 4 øû ëè 4 5 ø è 5 6 øû þ
Multiplying fractions
1. To multiply two proper or improper fractions, you 2. To multiply mixed numbers, first convert them to
multiply the numerators first and then the improper fractions.
denominators, according to the rule: Example 2:
1 5 3 5 3 ´ 5 15 7
n1 n2 n1 ´ n2 1 ´ = ´ = = =1
´ = 2 4 2 4 2´ 4 8 8
d1 d 2 d1 ´ d 2 3. To multiply a whole and a fraction, rewrite the whole as
Example 1: a fraction.
2 4 2´ 4 8 Example 3: 4 2 4 2´ 4 8 3
´ = = 2´ = ´ = = =1
3 5 3 ´ 5 15 5 1 5 1´ 5 5 5
F53. Multiply the proper or improper fractions (write the results in lowest terms):
a) 1 ´ 3 b) 1 2
´ c) 1 ´ 3 d) 2 ´ 15 e) 3 ´ 1
2 4 2 3 4 5 5 4 2 4
f) 4 3 g) 1 2 h) 1 ´ 1 i) 3 ´ 5 j) 1 5
´ ´ ´
3 2 2 4 2 4 4 6 10 20
k) 1 ´ 8 l) 3 12
´ m) 5 ´ 22 n) 4 ´ 21 o) 3 ´ 2
2 9 6 15 11 5 7 5 4 6
F54. Multiply the mixed numbers or fractions (write the results in lowest terms):
a) 1 1 ´ 1 b) 1
´2
1 c) 1 1 ´ 5 d) 2 2 ´ 1 e) 2 ´1 3
2 2 2 3 5 3 5 3 3 4
f) 1 1 ´1 3 g) 1 1 ´ 2 1 h) 1 2 ´ 2 2 i) 1 1 ´ 2 3 j) 2
2
´1
1
5 12 2 2 3 5 4 2 11 12
k) 1 1 ´ 2 2 l) 5
1 ´2
2 m) 1 1 ´ 5 n) 1 3 ´ 14 o) 2 1 ´1 2
2 3 6 5 10 11 7 5 4 6
p) 1 1 ´ 2 2 q) 1 3
2 ´ r) 1 4 ´ 4 2 s) 1 3 ´ 14 t) 1 5
2 ´1
2 9 6 13 11 5 7 5 4 3
F55. Multiply the wholes and fractions (write the results in lowest terms):
a) 3´ 1 b) 1
´2 c) 2´ 2 d) 2 ´ 5 e) 3´ 5
4 2 5 5 4
f) 5´ 3 g) 1
´6 h) 3´ 2 i) 3 ´ 6 j) 15´ 4
15 2 9 4 20
k) 1 1 ´ 3 l) 5´ 2
2 m) 3´ 2 5 n) 1 4 ´14 o) 2´1 1
2 15 6 7 6
More about multiplying fractions

1. Although the most common multiplication operator is 2. When multiplying fractions, first try to cancel out the
“x”, there are two other acceptable operators: “of” and “×” common factors between numerators and denominators.
2
1 3 1 3 1´ 3 3 1 4 1´ 2 2 1
of = ´ = = ´ = =
2 5 2 5 2 ´ 5 10 2 5 1´ 5 5 2 5
1 4 15 2 ´1 2
Example 2: ´ = =
1 3 1× 3 3 3. This process of cancellation can 9 10 3 ´1 3
× = = be applied more than one time. 3 2
2 5 2 × 5 10 Example 4: 1
F56. Multiply the fractions (write the results in lowest terms):
a) 2 of 1 b) 2
of
3 c) 1
of
1 d) 2
of
4 e) 1
of
1
3 2 3 4 5 5 3 5 5 3
f) 5 of 3 g) 3
of
3 h) 4
of
5 i) 1
of
2 j) 2
of
9
2 4 2 2 5 4 2 4 3 6
k) 2 of 90 l) 10 of
1 m) 2 of 3 n) 1
1 of
1 o) 2 1 of 1 1
3 2 3 4 5 2
a) 1 × 2 b) 2 3
× c) 3 5
× d) 1 2
1 × e) 1 1 × 2 1
2 3 3 4 5 3 2 5 2 3
f) 3 × 14 g) 1 5
× h) 4 15
× i) 3 12
× j) 1 1
×
7 6 10 2 5 20 5 9 4 5
k) 1 × 2 l) 1 1
× m) 5 18
× n) 10 22
× o) 6
× 30
2 1 2 2 12 15 12 30 21
F58. Cancel out the common factors and then multiply the fractions:
a) 1 ´ 15 b) 2 3
´ c) 2 10
´ d) 3 14
´ e) 5 6
´
5 4 3 2 5 4 7 9 3 10
f) 5´ 3 g) 2
´8 h) 3 12
´ i) 33 40
´ j) 4 121
´
15 6 4 9 4 44 22 20
k) 1 1 ´ 2 l) 2
1 ´1
6 m) 15 ´ 2 4 n) 1
1 ´ 21 o) 1 1 ´ 2 2
2 3 3 15 7 5 7 2 3
p) 1 1 ´ 2 2 q) 1 3
2 ´ r) 1
4 5
´ s) 1
3 25
´ t) 2
1
´2
4
2 9 6 13 10 8 20 23 40 18
The order of operations (II)

1. Because multiplication is a commutative operation, 3. If the expression contains addition, subtraction and
the order in which you multiply them is not important. multiplication, do the multiplication first.
By convention, the order is from left to right. Example 3:
Example 1:
4 1 3 5 1 æ 3 5ö 1 5 9 1
+ ´ = +ç ´ ÷ = + = =1
2 4 1 æ 2 4ö 1 8 1 4 2 4 6 2 è 4 6ø 2 8 8 8
´ ´ = ç ´ ÷´ = ´ =
3 5 2 è 3 5 ø 2 15 2 15 4. If the expression contains brackets, replace the
1 brackets with the result of the operation(s) inside the
1 1
brackets.
2. Do not forget to cancel out 1 3 2 Example 4:
the common factors, before 2 15 6 1
multiplying the fractions . ´ ´ =
5 9 8 2 æ 1 3 ö 5 5 5 25 1
Example 2: ç + ÷´ = ´ = =1
1 3 4 è 2 4 ø 6 4 6 24 24
1 2

a) 1 ´ 2 ´ 3 b) 1 ´ 2 ´ 3 c) 4 ´ 3 ´ 3 d) 1 ´12 ´ 3 e) 2 ´ 1 ´ 2
2 3 4 3 5 2 9 8 4 3 4 5 3 4
f) 1 1 ´ 2 ´ 2 3 g) 2 1 ´ 2 ´1 3 h) 2 1 ´1 2 ´ 3 i) 2 1 ´ 2 ´ 2 j) 1 1 ´ 2 ´ 15
2 3 4 2 5 4 2 3 5 4 9 5 3 8
k) 1 ´ 4 ´ 10 ´ 15 l) 1 2 3 4 5
´ ´ ´ ´ m) 1 ´ 4 ´ 8 ´ 10 ´ 14 n) 1 3 5 7 9
´ ´ ´ ´
2 5 16 8 2 3 4 5 6 2 6 10 12 16 2 4 6 8 10
F60. Find the value of each expression (write the results in lowest terms):
a) 1 + 1 ´ 4 b) 1 ´ 2 + 5 c) 2 - 1 ´ 1 d) 1 ´ 2 - 1 e) 4 ´ 1 ´ 2 - 1
2 2 5 4 3 6 3 2 3 2 3 6 5 3 4 10
f) 1 + 1 ´ 2 - 1 g) 1 - 1 ´ 2 + 1 h) 2 + 1 - 1 ´ 2 i) 3 ´ 15 + 5 - 2 j) 2 3 3 5
´ + ´
3 2 3 2 2 2 3 3 3 2 2 3 5 9 6 3 3 4 5 6
k) 1 ´ 2 - 2 ´ 3 l) 1 3 2 2
´ ´ + m) 2 - 1 ´ 1 ´ 3 n) 1 1 ´ 2 + 6 ´1 2 o) 1 - 2 ´1 3 + 1 3 ´ 15
2 3 3 8 2 4 3 3 3 2 3 4 2 3 5 3 7 4 5 8
F61. Find the value of each expression (write the results in lowest terms):
a) æç 1 + 1 ö÷ ´ 4 b) 1 æ2 1ö
´ç + ÷ c) æ2 1ö 3
ç - ÷´ d) 3 ´ æç 1 - 1 ö÷ e) æ 3 2ö æ 3 2ö
ç + ÷´ç - ÷
è2 3ø 5 5 è 3 6ø è 3 2ø 5 2 è2 3ø è 4 3ø è 4 3ø
æ1 1ö 3 1 1 1 æ2 1ö æ2 1 1ö 2 4 æ1 1ö 1 2 æ 1 1ö 6
f) ç + ÷´ - g) - ´ç + ÷ h) ç +1 - ÷´ i) ´ç + ÷ - j) ´ç + ÷´
è3 2ø 5 2 2 7 è 3 2ø è 3 2 6ø 3 7 è3 4ø 5 5 è 2 3ø 7
k) 1 1 ´ æç 1 - 1 ´ 2 ö÷ l) 3 æ 3 2 1ö
´ç ´ + ÷ m) æç 2 - 1 ´ 2 ö÷ ´ 3 n) 5 æ 2 6 2ö
´ç + ´ ÷ o) æ 2ö æ 1 3ö 1
ç1 - ÷ ´ ç + ÷ ´ 1
4 è3 2 5ø 5 è 4 3 3ø è3 2 3ø 4 11 è 3 5 3 ø è 5ø è 2 3ø 9
1 1 é 1 æ 2 3ö 1 1ù 2 ìï 3 é 2 1 æ 1 1 ö 1 ù é 5 æ 3 1 ö 1 ù üï 2
p) 1 ´ - ê1 ´ ç - ÷ + 1 ´ ú ´ q) í ´ ê1 + 1 - ç + ÷ ´ 3 ú - ê ´ ç - ÷ - ú ý ´
3 4 ë 2 è 3 4 ø 2 4û 3 ïî 2 ë 2 3 è 4 5 ø 3 û ë11 è 5 2 ø 4 û ïþ 7
Reciprocal of a fraction
1. The reciprocal of a fraction is the fraction obtained by 3. To find the reciprocal of a whole number, express
interchanging its numerator and denominator. it as an improper fraction and then interchange
So, the reciprocal of (invert) the numerator and the denominator.
n d
is
d n 3 1
Example 3. The reciprocal of 3= is
Example 1: 1 3
3 4
The reciprocal of is
4 3 4. If you multiply a fraction by its reciprocal, the
product is always 1. Thus, the reciprocal of a fraction
2. To find the reciprocal of a mixed number, express it as is called also the multiplication inverse of that
an improper fraction and then interchange the numerator fraction.
and the denominator (invert the fraction). Example 4:
3 7 4 3 4
Example 2. The reciprocal of 1 = is ´ =1
4 4 7 4 3
F62. Find the reciprocal of each fraction:

1 2 5 7 0
a) b) c) d) e)
2 3 4 3 10
7 13 2 3 3
f) g) h) i) j)
6 3 4 5 0
F63. Find the reciprocal of each mixed number:

1 2 2 1 2
a) 1 b) 2 c) 2 d) 1 e) 3
2 3 5 7 3
3 2 5 1 3
f) 3 g) 2 h) 2 i) 1 j) 3
3 11 7 4 4
F64. Find the reciprocal (multiplication inverse) of each whole number:

a) 1 b) 2 c) 5 d) 100 e) 0
F65. Check if the pair of fractions are reciprocal:

1 2 1 2 7 1 1 3 2
a) and b) 1 and c) and 2 d) and 3 e) and 2
2 1 2 4 3 7 3 5 5
1 3 1 3 5 3 6 3 15
f) 3 and g) 10 and h) and i) and j) 1 and
3 11 10 5 2 9 2 5 24
F66. Find the unknown fraction (f):

1 1 2 5
a) f ´ = 1 b) ´ f =1 c) f´ =1 d) f ´ 5 = 1 e) f ´1 = 1
4 2 5 4
2 2 3 4
f) f´ =1 g) 7 ´ f = 1 h) f ´1 = 1 i) 1 ´ f = 1 j) f ´2 =1
7 9 4 5
Dividing fractions
1. To divide two proper or improper fractions, change the 2. To divide mixed numbers, first change them to
divisor to its reciprocal and then multiply, according to improper fractions.
the rule: Example 2:
n1 n2 n1 d 2 1 2 5 5 5 3 3 1
¸ = ´ 2 ¸1 = ¸ = ´ = = 1
d1 d 2 d1 n2 2 3 2 3 2 5 2 2
3. To divide a whole number and a fraction, rewrite the
In short, invert the divisor and multiply. whole as a fraction.
2 4 2 5 5 4 2 4 2 5 5 1
¸ = ´ = 2¸ = ¸ = ´ = =2
3 5 3 4 6 5 1 5 1 4 2 2
F67. Divide the proper or improper fractions (write the results in lowest terms):
a) 1 ¸ 3 b) 1 1
¸ c) 2 4
¸ d) 2 8
¸ e) 3 ¸ 6
2 4 2 3 3 9 5 15 2 5
f) 4 12 g) 5 3 h) 1 1 i) 10 5 j) 1 3
¸ ¸ ¸ ¸ ¸
3 5 2 4 2 4 4 6 10 20
k) 1 ¸ 8 l) 3 12
¸ m) 5 25
¸ n) 4 16
¸ o) 3 ¸ 6
3 9 6 15 11 22 7 21 4 16
F68. Divide the mixed numbers or fractions (write the results in lowest terms):
a) 2 1 ¸ 1 b) 1 1 ¸ 2 1 c) 1
1 ¸1
1 d) 2 3
2 ¸ e) 2 ¸ 1 1
2 2 2 4 5 15 5 5 3 6
f) 1 1 ¸ 1 3 g) 1 1 ¸ 2 1 h) 2 1
1 ¸1 i) 1
1 ¸6
3 j) 2 3 ¸ 1 3
5 15 2 4 3 9 4 2 11 22
k) 1 1 ¸ 2 2 l) 5
1 ¸3
2 m) 1 2 ¸ 3 n) 3 10
1 ¸ o) 2 1 ¸ 1 5
2 8 6 3 10 25 7 21 4 16
p) 1 1 ¸ 2 2 q) 1
2 ¸3
1 r) 1
2 5
¸ s) 3 8
1 ¸ t) 2 1 ¸ 2 1
3 9 6 4 13 26 7 35 4 3
F69. Divide the wholes and fractions (write the results in lowest terms):
a) 1¸ 1 b) 1
¸2 c) 4¸
4 d) 5
¸ 15 e) 32 ¸ 5 1
2 3 5 2 3
f) 5 ¸ 2 1 g) 1
¸2 h) 3¸2
2 i) 3
¸6 j) 15 ¸ 6 2
7 3 5 4 3
k) 1 1 ¸ 3 l) 5¸2
3 m) 13 ¸ 3 5 n) 4
1 ¸ 44 o) 5 ¸ 3
2 11 7 7
Division operators
There are four operators used to express the division operation between two numbers or fractions.
1. The operator is ¸ _ 1
3. The operator is
Example 1. 3 9 3 10 2
¸ = ´ =
(the division line) 2 = 1´4 = 2
5 10 5 9 3 3 2 3 3
Example 3.
4
2. The operator is : 4. The operator is /
3 6 3 21 3 3 9 3 25 5 2
Example 2. : = ´ = Example 4. / = ´ = =1
7 21 7 6 2 5 25 5 9 3 3
F70. Divide the fractions (write the results in lowest terms):
a) 2 ¸ 4 b) 1 1 ¸ 2 c) 2
1 ¸2
1 d) 2¸
2 e) 4 ¸ 5
3 5 2 3 3 2 7
a) 1 : 1 b) 1 1 : 1 c) 1
1 :2
1 d) 2
:4 e) 3 : 7
2 3 2 4 5 10 5
2 4 2 3 1
1 1
a) 3= b) 5 = c) 9 = d) 5 = e) 2 =
4 8 4 1 3
2 2
6 15 6 10 4
2 5 3 3 5
f) = g) = h) = i) = j) =
4 10 1 1 2
2 1
6 3 4 3 3
2 5 4 1 2
1 2
k) 3 = l) 2= m) 5= n) 3= o) 5=
4 4 10 3 4
a) 1 / 2 b) 2 3
/ c) 5 3
/ d) 1 3
/ e) 5 / 3 1
2 3 3 5 3 5 4 8 3
f) 3 / 2 1 g) 1
/2 h) 1
2 /3 i) 2/5 j) 1 2 / 3 3
4 3 4 3 4
k) 5 / 15 l) 2 1
4 /1 m) 3 /1
1 n) 2
2 /4 o) 7 / 2
7 14 3 6 3 7
Order of operations (III)

1. Division is not a commutative operation, so the order 2. Division and multiplication are considered operations
in which you divide numbers (or fractions) is important. If of equal priority. If an expression contains both division
an expression contains more than one division and multiplication, then by convention the operations
operation, then by convention the divisions must be must be done, one by one, from left to right.
done, one by one, from left to right. Example 2:
Example 1:
1 2 5 æ1 2ö 5 3 5 3 4 1 2 æ4 1ö 2 2 2 3
¸ ¸ =ç ¸ ÷¸ = ¸ = ´ ¸ =ç ´ ÷¸ = ¸ =
2 3 4 è 2 3ø 4 4 4 5 5 2 3 è5 2ø 3 5 3 5
3. Division and multiplication are considered operations of greater priority than addition and subtraction. If an
expression contains all these kinds of operations, do the multiplication and division first, then the addition and
subtraction.
Example 3: 3 2 6 3 6 3 æ 2 6 ö æ3 6ö 3 2 1 1
1 - ´ + ¸ =1 -ç ´ ÷+ç ¸ ÷ =1 - + =1
5 3 10 5 1 5 è 3 10 ø è 5 1 ø 5 5 10 10
F74. Use the correct order of operations to find the value of each expression (see example 1):
a) 1 ¸ 2 ¸ 4 b) 2 ¸ 3 ¸ 5 c) 1 ¸ 2 ¸ 3 ¸ 4 ¸ 5 d) 3 1
2 ¸ ¸4
1
2 3 5 5 15 3
e) 1 ¸ 3 ¸ 5 ¸ 7 f) 1 ¸ 1 ¸ 3 ¸ 2 ¸ 4 g) 1 ¸ 2 ¸ 3 ¸ 4 ¸ 5 h) 1 2 3
1 ¸2 ¸3 ¸4
4
2 4 6 8 2 3 2 3 4 5 6 2 3 4 5
i) 2 4 2 15 j) 1 2 ¸ 2 1 ¸ 3 3 ¸ 4 1 k) 1 1 ¸ 6 ¸ 4 ¸ 6 l) 3 6 5 3
¸ ¸ ¸ ¸1 ¸ ¸1
3 3 5 4 3 4 5 6 11 22 9 7 21 6 5
a) 1 ¸ 3 ´ 5 b) 2 3 ´ 2 ¸ 4 c) 1 3 5 7 9
´ ¸ ´ ¸ d) 1´ 2 ¸ 3 ´ 4 ¸ 5
2 4 6 4 5 15 2 4 6 8 10
e) 1 ´ 2 ¸ 3 ¸ 4 f) 1 1 ´ 2 3 ¸ 3 3 ¸ 4 4 g) 3 ¸ 2 ´ 3 ¸ 9 h) 1 1 1 1 1
1¸ ´ ¸ ´ ¸
5 5 5 5 2 3 4 5 2 3 16 8 2 4 8 16 32
i) 1 3 5 1 3 6 j) 2 3 12 3 3 3 k) 3 ¸ 6 ´ 9 ¸ 3 ´ 15 ¸ 12 ´ 3
¸ ´ ´ ¸ ´ ¸ ´ ¸ ¸ ´
2 4 6 2 4 5 5 5 5 10 4 20 2 4 6 2 10 8 2
a) 1 + 3 - 5 ´ 2 ¸ 1 b) 1 + 2 ´ 6 - 3 ¸ 6 c) 1 2 - 3 ´ 10 ¸ 3 + 2 ¸ 1 - 1
2 4 6 15 9 3 8 5 10 15 5 12 2 5 3 2
d) 5 + 1´ 2 ¸ 3 - 4 + 5 ´ 6 ¸ 7 e) 1 1 ´ 2 ¸ 2 + 1 ¸ 1 ´1 1 f) 1 ¸ 1 - 2 ´ 3 + 1 ¸ 1
2 3 2 6 4 2 3 4 4 2
g) 1 1 ´ 1 - 1 ¸ 2 - 1 ´ 1 + 1 ¸ 1 + 1 ¸ 4 h) 1 1 3 3 1 3 1 1 1 1 6 1
+1 ´ ¸ + ¸ ´ - ´ - 2 ¸ +
2 2 3 4 2 2 6 12 2 4 4 2 4 2 2 2 2 2 12
Order of operations (IV)

1. You can change the order of operations using 2. When an expression contains fraction (division) lines, the
brackets. numerators and the denominators must be calculated
Example 1: independently.
Example 2:
1 1 1 2
-
æ1 2ö æ1 1ö 7 7 1 7 1 2 3+ 2 1 2 2 4 1 8 25 7
ç + ÷´ç - ÷ ¸ = ´ ¸ = = 6 + 1 = ´ + ´ = + = =2
è 2 3ø è 2 4ø 3 6 4 3 8 4 1 1 1 3 1 1 6 3 1 3 9 3 9 9
2¸ + ´ +
3 2 2 2 2 2 4
F77. Solve each exercise by following the proper order of operations (see example 1):
15 æ 1 2 ö æ 3 2 ö 5 é1 æ 3 1 ö 8ù æ 2 1 ö 3 æ 10 5 ö 2 5
a) ´ç + ÷ -ç - ÷ ¸ b) ê + ç - ÷´ ú ¸ç + ÷ c) ´ ç ¸ ÷ - ´ ¸ (1 ¸ 3)
3 è 2 5 ø è 4 3 ø 12 ë2 è 4 6 ø 7û è 3 2 ø 5 è 9 27 ø 25 6
11 2 æ 1 2 ö é 1 æ 2 3 ö 6 ù ì 1 1 éæ 1 1 ö 1 1 ù 1 1 ü é 1 3 æ 3 2 ö ù
d) + ´ç + ÷ ¸ ê + ç - ÷ ¸ ú e) í2 - ¸ êç - ÷ ¸ - ú ´ - ý ¸ ê + ¸ ç - ÷ ¸ 6ú
25 17 è 6 5 ø ë 3 è 5 10 ø 5 û î 4 2 ëè 2 3 ø 2 4 û 3 6 þ ë 2 4 è 4 3 ø û
éæ 1 ö æ 1 3 öù 5 éæ 3 1 ö 3 1 2 ù æ 1 1 ö 6 1
e) êç 2 + 1÷ ¸ ç 2 + 4 ÷ú ´ 4 ¸ êç 4 + 2 ÷ ¸ 4 ´ 2 - 6 ú ´ ç 2 - 3 ÷ ¸ 5 + 12
ëè ø è øû ëè ø û è ø
1 é 2 1 æ 3 1 3 ö 1 2 ù é1 3 æ 2 3 ö 2 ù æ 5 2 8 ö
f) ´ ê + ´ç - ¸ ÷ ¸ + ú - ê + ¸ç - ÷´ ú´ç - ¸ ÷
2 ë 5 2 è 2 5 10 ø 2 3 û ë 5 10 è 3 5 ø 5 û è 6 3 9 ø
F78. Solve each exercise by following the proper order of operations (see example 2):
æ1ö æ 2ö
ç ÷ ç ÷
è 2ø æ 3ö è 3ø 3
ç ÷ æ 3ö æ 3ö
æ 3ö è 4ø æ1ö
ç ÷ ç ÷ ç ÷ ç ÷
a) è 4ø = b) 5 = c) è5ø = d) è 2ø = e) è 5 ø ¸æ 3 ö´ 3
ç ÷ =
5 2 6 æ1ö 2
æ ö è ø 4 æ 2 ö
ç ÷ ç ÷ 8¸ç ÷
6 5 è 3ø è 3ø è 3 + 1/ 2 ø
æ 2ö
ç ÷
è 3ø
2 3 2 2 3 9 1 2 15 1 2 2
+ ´ ¸ ´ - ´ - ¸ +
f) 3 4 9 g) 2 ´ 3 - 4 ¸ 3 h) 3 2 8 3 i) 5 8 2 3 3
3 5 1¸ 2´ 3 + 2 5 15 2 1 1 3 9 3 1
3¸ - ¸ - ´ + ¸ ´ -
4 3 3 6 3 2 2 2 4 4 3
3 1 8 3 1 5 2 10 2 1 3 1
1 - ´ - ¸ ´ + ¸ -
j) 4 2 3 ¸ 4 ¸ 5 +1 ´ 9 k) 5 2 4+ 5 6 3 ¸ 5 10 3
1 5 3 2 13 15 1 5 1 1 1 4 1 9 2
- ´ + ¸ + ¸ ´ -1 + ´ -1
2 12 5 9 15 2 4 5 2 3 3 2 4 3
Raising fractions to a power

1. If you multiply a fraction by itself k times, you can use 3. You can use also the following rule to calculate the
exponential notation to make the expression more value of a fraction raised to a power:
compact (simpler): k
n ´L
n1´42 43ń
n n n ænö nk k times
n n n ænö
k
´ ´ L´ = ç ÷ = k =
n ´L
n1´42 43´ n = nk ´ ´ L´ = ç ÷ d
14 d 244
4 d èdø
3 d d ´L
d1´42
4 43´d
4
k times d4
1 d 244
4 d èdø
3 k times k times
k times 2 2
Example 4: æ 3ö 3 3´ 3 9
The left side is the expanded notation and the right side ç ÷ == 2 = =
is the exponential notation. è 4ø 4 4 ´ 4 16
4. If the exponent is negative, replace the fraction with its
Example 1: 3 ´ 3 ´ 3 ´ 3 = 34 reciprocal raised to a positive exponent according to the
3 rule: -k k
Example 2:
1 1 1 æ1ö ænö ædö
´ ´ =ç ÷ ç ÷ =ç ÷
2 2 2 è 2ø èdø ènø
-3 3
2. To calculate the value an expression written in 2 5
Example 5: æç ö÷ = æç ö÷ =
53 125 5
3
= = 15
exponential notation, rewrite it in expanded notation and è5ø è 2ø 2 8 8
do the multiplication.
4 5. By convention, any number (including a 0
Example 3. æ 2ö 2 2 2 2 16 fraction) raised to the power of 0 equals 1. æ 4ö
ç ÷ = ´ ´ ´ = ç ÷ =1
è 3ø 3 3 3 3 81 Example 6: è5ø
F79. Write each expression in exponential notation:

a) 1 ´ 1 ´ 1 ´ 1 b) 3 ´ 3 c) 3 ´ 3 ´ 3 ´ 3 ´ 3 d) 3 3 3 3
´ ´ ´
2 2 2 2 4 4 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
e) 2 ´ 2 ´ 2 ´ 2 f) 1 2 ´1 2 ´1 2 g) 4 ´ 4 h) 1 1 1 1 1
´ ´ ´ ´
3 3 3 5 5 4 4 4 4 4
F80. Write each expression in expanded notation:
2 4 3 -2
a) æç 3 ö÷ b) æç 5 ö÷ c) æç 1 ö÷ d) æ 2ö
ç ÷
è 4ø è 3ø è5ø è 3ø
2 3 -1 3
e) æç 3 ö÷ f) æç 3 ö÷ g) æç 5 ö÷ h) æ 4ö
ç ÷
è7ø è 2ø è 4ø è5ø
F81. Calculate the value of each expression:
0 3 2 3
a) æç 3 ö÷ b) æç 3 ö÷ c) æç 2 ö÷ d) æ 3ö
ç ÷
è7ø è 2ø è5ø è5ø
4 4 4
e) 23 f) æç 1 ö÷ g) æç 2 ö÷ h) æ 3ö
ç ÷
è 3ø è1ø è 2ø
F82. Calculate the value of each expression:
-2 -4 -3
a) 3-2 b) æç 5 ö÷ c) æç 1 ö÷ d) æ 2ö
ç ÷
è1ø è 2ø è 3ø
-2 -1 -2 -3
e) æç 3 ö÷ f) æç 5 ö÷ g) æç 4 ö÷ h) æ 2ö
ç ÷
è 4ø è7ø è 3ø è5ø
Order of operations (V)

1. If the base of a power contains other operations, 2. If the exponent of a power contains other operations,
replace the base with the result of that operations, then replace the exponent with the result of that operations,
raise the new base to the exponent. then raise the base to the new exponent.
2 2 1+ 2´2 5
Example 1. æ 1 1ö æ 5ö 25 Example 2. æ 2ö æ 2ö 32
ç + ÷ =ç ÷ = ç ÷ =ç ÷ =
è 2 3ø è 6ø 36 è 3ø è 3ø 243
3. If an expression contains addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, and powers, do the powers first.
2
1 16 6 æ 2 ö 1 16 6 4 1 16 6 9 1 1
Example 3. + ´ ¸ ç ÷ -1 = + ´ ¸ -1 = + ´ ´ -1 = + 3 -1 = 2
2 9 8 è 3ø 2 9 8 9 2 9 8 4 2 2
4. The order of operations can be changed by brackets.
2 -1-1 -1
1 æç 1 æ 3 ö ö÷ 1 æ 1 9ö 1 æ1ö 1 4 1 1
Example 4. + 2 - 4´ç ÷ ¸8 = + ç2 - 4´ ÷ ¸8 = + ç ÷ ¸8 = + ¸8 = + = 1
2 çè 2 è 4 ø ÷ø 2 è 2 16 ø 2 è 4ø 2 1 2 2
F75. Calculate the value of each expression (see example 1):

2 2 2 2 2
a) æ1 1ö b) æ 1 15 8 ö c) æ1 6 4ö d) æç 1 - 1 ö÷ + æç 1 + 1 ö÷
ç + ÷ ç ´ ´ ÷ ç ´ ¸ ÷
è3 4ø è5 4 7ø è3 5 5ø è 2 3ø è 2 3ø
3 2 -1 -2 1 2
e) æ1 3ö æ1 1ö f) æ 2 1 4ö g) æ2 5 1ö h) æç 1 - 1 ö÷ + æç 2 - 1 ö÷
ç ´ ÷ ´ç ¸ ÷ ç - ´ ÷ ç + - ÷
è3 2ø è3 2ø è5 4 5ø è 3 6 2ø è 2 3ø è 3 4ø
1 1 1 1 2 1 1 3 3
3´1- 4´ ¸ -1 ´6 + ¸ ( ´3+ ) ¸
a) æ 2ö 2
b) æ 3 ö2 6
c) æ 1 ö3 3 3
d) æç 2 ö÷ 2 2 2
ç ÷ ç ÷ ç ÷
è 3ø è5ø è 2ø è5ø
1 1 1 1 2 1 3 2 2
- ¸ ¸ ´( ´ 2 - )
e) æ 2 2 ö2 2
f) æ 1 3 ö3 6
g) æ 1 3 ö3 6
h) æç 3 - 2 ö÷ 2 3 3
ç + ÷ ç + ÷ ç ´ ÷
è 3 3ø è 2 4ø è3 2ø è 4 3ø
-1 0 1 -2 0 2 1 2 1
a) æç 1 ö÷ + æç 1 ö÷ + æç 1 ö÷ b) æç 2 ö÷ ´ æç 2 ö÷ ´ æç 2 ö÷ c) æç 1 ö÷ + æç 2 ö÷ ´ æç 3 ö÷ ¸ æç 1 ö÷
è 2ø è 2ø è 2ø è 3ø è 3ø è 3ø è 2ø è 3ø è 4ø è 3ø
2 2
æ 3 ö é 4 3 æ 3 öù 3 2 3 5 2
d) ç ÷ ´ ê + ¸ ç ÷ú e) 1 + æç 2 ö÷ ´ 25 - 3 + æç 1 ö÷ ´ 2 f) 1 + æç 3 ö÷ ¸ æç 1 ö÷ ´ æç 1 ö÷ - 1
4
è ø ëê 3 2 ç 2 ÷
è øûú è5ø 5 è 2ø è 4ø è 2ø è 3ø 2
2 2 3 2 2
æ1ö æ 3ö æ 3ö æ1 1 3ö æ1ö 2 æ4 1 ö
2
ç ÷ +ç ÷ ¸ç ÷ ç + ´ ÷ ç ÷ + ç + ÷ -1
è 2ø è 4ø è 2ø = 4 2 2 3 9
g) h) è ø ´ è ø = i) ç 5 10 ÷ ¸ 3 - æç 1 ö÷ =
é 3 æ 3 ö -1 ù 2
æ1ö 3 æ1 2 4ö
2
ç 3 ÷ 4 è 2ø
2´ ê - ç ÷ ú ç ÷ + ç + ¸ ÷ ç ÷
êë 4 è 2 ø úû è 2ø 4 è6 9 3ø è 5 ø
2 3 2 -2
é ù é ù
k) ê12 ´ æç 1 ö÷ ´ æç1 - 1 ö÷ - 2 - 2 ú ¸ ê 3 ¸ 1 - æç 1 ö÷ ú ¸ 52 =
2
æ 2ö
ç ÷ è 2ø è 4ø
j) è 3 2ø ´
33 ëê ûú êë 4 2 è 2 ø ûú
2
= 2 3
2 æ 3ö ìïæ 3 2 ö é 7 æ 1 1 öù -1 æ 1 ö 2 üï éæ 1 ö 2 æ 1 ö -3 æ 1 ö 2 ù æ 3 ö 2
ç ÷
è 4ø l) íçè 4 - 3 ÷ø ´ ê 6 - çè 2 + 3 ÷øú + çè 2 ÷ø ý ¸ êçè 2 ÷ø ´ çè1 - 2 ÷ø - çè 2 ÷ø - 1ú ´ çè 2 ÷ø =
ïî ë û ïþ ëê ûú
Converting fractions to decimals

1. The fraction line is a division operation, so to write a 3. If the denominator of the fraction written in 1.212...
fraction as a decimal, divide the numerator (dividend) by lowest terms has factors other than 2 or 5, 33 40.000
the denominator (divisor). the fraction can be written as a non-
0.375 terminating repeating decimal. 33
2. Usually we are dealing with the
decimal system (the base is 10). The 8 3.000 Example 2: 70
single prime factors of 10 are 2 and 5. 24 40 66
33 = 3 ´ 11 = 1.2121... = 1.21
If the denominator of the fraction written 60 33 40
in lowest terms has only 2 or 5 as prime 56 4. The part of the decimal that repeats is 33
factors, then the fraction can be written called the period. The period is 21 in
as a terminating decimal. 40 70
example 2. The number of repeating digits is 66
Example 1: 40 the length of the period. The length of the
3 4...
8 = 2´ 2´ 2 = 0.375 00 period is 2 digits in example 2.
8
F86. Build the factor tree for the denominator and classify each fraction as
a terminating or a non-terminating decimal:
a) 1 b) 2 c) 3 d) 4 e) 5
2 3 4 5 6
f) 2 g) 7 h) 3 i) 8 j) 2
7 9 10 11 15
k) 11 l) 3 m) 3 n) 13 o) 25
20 6 40 100 120
F87. Write each fraction as a terminating decimal:
a) 1 b) 3 c) 5 d) 1 e) 3
2 4 8 5 20
f) 11 g) 13 h) 1 i) 3 j) 1
80 100 125 500 625
F88. Write each fraction as a non-terminating repeating decimal. Use a bar over the repeating
decimals:
a) 1 b) 1 c) 11 d) 7 e) 2
3 6 36 9 11
f) 1 g) 7 h) 2 i) 2 j) 1
15 30 7 13 27
F89. Write each fraction as either a terminating or non-termonating repeating decimal. Use a
bar over the repeating decimals:
a) 1 b) 6 c) 7 d) 1 e) 7
1 1
2 15 21 75 3
f) 5 g) 5 h) 1 i) 3 j) 1
1
4 64 32 64 128
k) 3 l) 1 m) 20 n) 5 o) 3
2
250 7 14 12 13
Converting decimals to fractions

1. To convert a terminating decimal to a fraction, use 2. A faster method to convert a terminating decimal to a fractions
the place value of each digit of the decimal part. is:
Example 1: a) the numerator is the number without the decimal point
b) the denominator is 1 followed by a 0 for each digit of the
2 5 1 1 5 1 decimal part
1.25 = 1 + + = 1+ + =1 =1 1625 13 5
10 100 5 20 20 4 Example 2: 1.625 = = =1
1000 8 8
3. To convert a non-terminating repeating decimal to
a fraction, you can use algebra. 4. A faster method to convert a non-terminating repeating
Example 3: decimal to a fraction is the following:
1) the numerator is a mixed number:
x = 0.666... = 0.6 a) the whole is the decimal written without the decimal
point and the period
10 x = 6.666... b) the numerator is the period
10 x - x = 6.666... - 0.666... c) the denominator is one 9 for each digit of the period
2) the denominator is 1 followed by one 0 for each digit between
9x = 6 the decimal point and the period
Example 4:
45
6 2 6123
x= = 6.12345 = 99 = 6 679
9 3 1000 5500
F90. Write each terminating decimal as a fraction in lowest terms (see the example 1):
a) 0 .1 b) 0 .5 c) 1 .4 d) 1.25 e) 0.75
f) 0.035 g) 2.125 h) 10.125 i) 5.075 j) 100.725
F91. Write each terminating decimal as a fraction in lowest terms (see the example 2):
a) 0.625 b) 1 .5 c) 0.125 d) 0.4 e) 2.16
f) 0.275 g) 0.24 h) 0.35 i) 2.45 j) 0.640625
F92. Write each non-terminating decimal as a fraction in lowest terms (see the example 3):
a) 0.3 b) 1.2 c) 0.12 d) 1.21 e) 4.025
f) 0.23 g) 1.25 h) 2.012 i) 0.123 j) 1.23456
F93. Write each non-terminating decimal as a fraction in lowest terms (see the example 4):
a) 0.7 b) 1.3 c) 2.53 d) 1.32 e) 1.129
f) 0.12 g) 3.01 h) 1.312 i) 6.12345 j) 1.0123
Order of operations (VI)

1. If an expression contains only decimal numbers, you 2. If an expression contains operations with non-terminating
can do all the operations using decimal numbers. repeating decimal numbers, convert decimal numbers to
Example 1: fractions and do all the operations with fractions.
Example 2: 1
3
1 25 533
1 .2 + 0 .5 ´ 1 .6 - 2 .4 ¸ 2 = 1 .2 + 0 .8 - 1 .2 = 0 .8 1.3 ´1.25 - 0.31 = 1 ´1 - 9 = 1 @ 1.359
3 99 10 1485
3. If an expression contains both fractions and decimal numbers, it is recommended that you first convert the decimal
numbers to fractions, and do all the operations with fractions.
Example 3:
2 4 3 6 2 1 4 3 3 7
1 .2 + - 0 .5 ´ + ¸ 1 .5 = + - ´ + ¸ = = 1 .4
5 5 10 5 5 2 5 10 2 5
F94. Find the value of each expression (only use operations with decimals):
a) 0.25 + 0.15 = b) 0.50 - 0.15 = c) 2 .4 ´ 0 .5 = d) 0.10 ¸ 0.05 = e) 0.5 2 + 0.25 =
F95. Find the value of each expression by converting decimals to fractions:
a) 0.75 + 1.25 = b) 0.60 - 0.25 = c) 0 .5 ´ 1 .4 = d) 1.2 ¸ 0.75 = e) 1 - 0.4 2 =
F96. Find the value of each expression by converting repeating decimals to fractions:
a) 1.3 + 0.6 = b) 2.4 - 0.45 = c) 0.5 ´ 2.2 = d) 0.28 ¸ 0.01 = e) 0.6 2 - 0.32 =
F97. Find the value of each expression by converting fractions to decimals:

1ö 3
a) 2 + 0.5 ´ 1 ¸ 0.2 - 0.2 b) 2 1
1 .5 ´ ¸ - 0 .5 2 c) 4
- 0.3 ¸ 1.5 + 0.82 d)
æ
ç 0 . 1 + ÷ ´ - 0 .2
2
5 2 5 2 5 è 5 ø 10
3
a) 1 + 0.20 ´ 3 b) 5
0.25 ¸ - 0.15 ´
2 c) 2 1
¸ 0.25 ´ - 0.3 d) æ1ö
0.52 - ç ÷ ´ 0.8
4 2 6 3 3 4 è 2ø
a) 1 + 0.5 ´ 3 - 3 ¸ 1.5 ´ 2 b) 1.25 ¸ 5 ´ 0.5 + 0.5 ´ 0.752 ´ 2 c) 4 ´ 0.5 ´ 5 - 0.3 ´ 1 + 0.25 ´ 1 ´ 4

2 5 4 5 4 3 5 3 2 3
2
æ 2 5 3ö æ 1ö 3 æ3 ö æ3 ö
ç1.5 ´ - ÷ ¸ 24 ç 0.25 + ÷ + ç - 0.1÷ ¸ ç - 0.5 ÷
d) è 6 8ø e) è 2 ø 16 f) è 5 ø è4 ø ´3
´ 0.5
3 æ4 ö æ 1ö æ1 ö 4
0.4 ´ - 0.25 ç - 0.3 ÷ ´ 3 ç1.25 - ÷ ´ ç + 1.25 ÷
4 è5 ø è 2ø è 4 ø
2 5 3 2
é 2 ù 3 2
g) êæç + 1.3 ö÷ ¸ 5 - 0.4ú ´ æç1.6 - ö÷ + 0.2 ¸ h) é2.5 ¸ æç 4 + 0.7 ö÷ + 1 ù ¸ éæç1.8 - 3 ö÷ ´ 5 ù + 1
ê ú ê 5 ø 2 úû 9
êëè 3 ø úû è 5ø 3 ë è5 ø 3 û ëè
3 2
é 4ù 2 1 æ1ö 3
êë2.4 - 9 úû ´ 0.5 0.6 ´ 0.3 + 2 0 .2 - ç ÷ + 0 .6 ´ -1
9 ¸ 52 0.1´ 0.25 ¸ 0.4 è5ø 5 æ1ö -5
i) ¸ 2
j) -1
+ - 7 ¸ ç ÷ ´2
æ 2ö æ 1ö é 1 1 æ 1 öù æ 2 ö è 3ø
2.4 - ç1.2 + ÷ 1.5 + ÷ 1 .6 ´ ç 0 .4 - ´ 0 .5 ÷
è 5ø ç
9ø ê 2 ´ 5 ¸ ç 2 ÷ú è 5 ø
è ë è øû
Time and Fractions

1. One hour has 60 minutes. This relation can be written 4. To make conversions between minutes and seconds,
in two ways: use the formulas above.
1h 1 Example 3:
1 h = 60 min 1 min = = h
60 60 3 3
2. To make conversions between hours and minutes,
0.25 min = min = ´ 60 s = 45 s
4 4
use the formulas above. Example 4:
Example 1:
1 100 5
1 4 4 100 s = 100 ´ min = min = min
1 h = h = ´ 60 min = 80 min 60 60 3
3 3 3
Example 2: 5. The conversion between seconds and hours is a two-
1 25 5 step task.
25 min = 25 ´ h= h= h
60 60 12 1 1 1
3. One minutes has 60 seconds. This relation can be
4500 s = 4500 ´ min = 75 min = 75 ´ h =1 h
60 60 4
written in two ways:
1 min 1
1 min = 60 s 1s = = min
60 60
F100. Convert hours to minutes. Write the results as mixed numbers in lowest terms:
a) 0.5 h b) 1 h c) 1.75 h d) 2 3 h e) 0.1 h
3 4
f) 5 g) 2.25 h h) 3 h i) 7 j) 1.23 h
h h
6 8 15
F101. Convert minutes to hours. Write the results as mixed numbers in lowest terms:
a) 5 min b) 10 min c) 15 min d) 25 min e) 50 min
f) g) h) 3 i)
j)
70 min 36 min 250 min min 2.5 min
4
F102. Convert minutes to seconds. Write the results as mixed numbers in lowest terms:
a) 1.5 min b) 1 2 min c) 0.25 min d) 1 2 min e) 1.15 min
3 5
f) 7 g) h) 5 i) 11 j)
min 1.75 min min min 7.3 min
12 12 45
F103. Convert seconds to minutes. Write the results as mixed numbers in lowest terms:
a) 12 s b) 10 s c) 45 s d) 90 s e) 200 s
f) 1 g) 0.75 s h) 3 i) 100 j)
s
10 15 s s 20.6 s
2 4 3
F104. Do the required conversions:
a) 500 s = ? h b) 1500 s = ? h c) 9000 s = ? h d) 0 .2 h = ? s e) 1.75 h = ? s f) 0.15 h = ? s
g) 2 h 10 min = ? s h) 15 min 5 s = ? s i) 0.5 h 15 s = ? min j) 2 h 10.5 min 10 s = ? min

3
Canadian coins and fractions

1. One dollar (loonie or $) has 100 cents (pennies): 1$ 1
1 $ = 100 cents 1 cent = = $
1 1 100 100
Example 1: 125 cents = 125 ´ $ =1 $
100 4 1 twonie 1
2. One twonie (or toonie) has 200 cents: 1 twonie = 200 cents 1 cent = = twonie
175 200 200
Example 2: 1.75 twonies = ´ 200 cents = 350 cents
100 1 nickel 1
3. One nickel has 5 cents: 1 nickel = 5 cents 1 cent = = nickel
1 6 5 5
Example 3: 1 nickels = ´ 5 cents = 6 cents
5 5 1 dime 1
4. One dime has 10 cents: 1 dime = 10 cents 1 cent = = dime
1 1 10 10
Example 4: 25 cents = 25 ´ dimes = 2 dimes
10 2 1 quarter 1
5. One quarter has 25 cents: 1 quarter = 25 cents 1 cent = = quarter
2 2 25 25
Example 5: quarters = ´ 25 cents = 10 cents
5 5
F105. Convert dollars to cents. Write the results as mixed numbers in lowest terms:
a) 0.12 $ b) 1 c) 1.02 $ d) 1 2 $ e) 0.07 $ f) 7

$ $
125 75 150
F106. Convert cents to dollars. Write the results as mixed numbers in lowest terms:
a) 25 cents b) 20 cents c) 45 cents d) 160 cents e) 450 cents f) 5.5 cents
F107. Convert twonies to cents. Write the results as mixed numbers in lowest terms:
a) 0.02 twonies b) 0.95 twonies c) 3 d) 11 e) 1 3 twonies f) 1.2 twonies

twonies twonies
100 150 10 25
F108. Convert cents to twonies. Write the results as mixed numbers in lowest terms:
a) 125 cents b) 250 cents c) 40 cents d) 120 cents e) 500 cents f) 10.2 cents
F109. Convert nickels to cents. Write the results as mixed numbers in lowest terms:
a) 0.2 nickels b) 1.2 nickels c) 7 nickels d) 7 nickels e) 2 3 nickels f) 10.5 nickels

20 5 20 2
F110. Convert cents to nickels. Write the results as mixed numbers in lowest terms:
a) 15 cents b) 25 cents c) 75 cents d) 4 cents e) 1.5 cents f) 0.5 cents
F111. Convert quarters to cents. Write the results as mixed numbers in lowest terms:
a) 0.2 quarters b) 1.6 quarters c) 3 quarters d) 9

quarters e) 1 3 quarters f) 1.2 quarters
25 125 5 5
F112. Convert cents to quarters. Write the results as mixed numbers in lowest terms:
a) 50 cents b) 125 cents c) 100 cents d) 20 cents e) 0.5 cents f) 55 cents
F113. Do the required conversions:

a) 3 quarters = ? nickels b) 1.5 dimes = ? nickels c) 2.5 dimes = ? quarters d) 0.2 quarters = ? dimes
e) 8 nickels = ? dimes f) 15 nickels = ? dimes g) 1 quarters 2 dimes = ? nickels h) 5 quarters = ? dimes
Fractions, ratio, percent, decimals, and proportions

1. A fraction is a comparison between a part and the whole. For example 40/100
2. A ratio is a comparison between two numbers. For example 40:100
3. A percent is a comparison between a number and 100. For example 40%
4. A decimal is a comparison between a number and 1. For example 0.40
5. The same number can be written as a fraction, ratio, percent, or decimal. To convert the number from one
expression to another, use this two-step algorithm:
1) Express the number as a fraction
2 7 7 140 7 14 7
Ex. 1 1 = Ex. 2 7 to 5 = 7 : 5 = Ex. 3 140 % = = Ex. 4 1 .4 = =
5 5 5 100 5 10 5
2) Convert the fraction using a proportion and the cross-multiplication rule
7 2 7 x 7 ´ 35 7
Ex. 5 =1 Ex. 6 = x to 35 = ; x = = 49; so = 49 to 35
5 5 5 35 5 5
7 7 x 7 ´100 7
Ex. 7 = 1 .4 Ex. 8 = ; x= = 120; so = 120%
5 5 100 5 5
F114. Fill out the table:
Fraction Ratio Percent Decimal
a) 1/ 4 ... to 20
b) 1/ 3 ... out of 21
c) 3/ 2 12 to ...
d) 5/6 15 out of ...
e) 3/ 5 42 out of ...
f) 2 out of 5
g) 10 to 45
h) 3 out of 12
i) 18 to 15
j) 7 to 10
k) ... to 70 30 %
l) 36 out of ... 80 %
m) ... to 30 130 %
n) ... out of 5 10 %
o) ... out of 64 75 %
p) ... to 10 0.15
r) ... out of 35 1.4
s) 6 to ... 0.08
t) 80 out of ... 0.64
u) ... out of 256 0.125
Fractions and Number Line

1. To create a number line assign points to 0 and 1: 4. Number lines can be used to compare numbers
(fractions). Example 3: 3 2
<
0 1
1/3 2/3 5 3
0 1
2. Each number corresponds to a point on the number 1/4 2/4 3/4
line. 3 0 1
Example 1: 1/5 3/5
5 0 2/5 4/5 1
0 1 5. To calibrate a ruler means to assign numbers to the
3. Each point on the number line corresponds to a points on the ruler.
number. 2 Example 4:
1 1 3 1 3
Example 2: 1 1
5 4 4 4 4
0 1 2 0 1 1 1
1 2
2 2
F115. Use the number line to compare fractions (use > = or < symbols):
0 1 1 1 1 5 1 7 2 3 5 11 13
1
12 6 4 3 12 2 12 3 4 6 12 12
1 1 3 2 3 7 4 9 11
10 5 10 5 5 10 5 10 10
a) 1 6 b) 1 3 c) 3 7 d) 4 5 e) 11 9
2 12 3 10 5 12 5 6 12 10
f) 2 5 g) 4 3 h) 1 1 i) 4 3 j) 1 1
5 12 5 4 6 5 5 4 12 10
0 F116. Find a point on the number line corresponding to each fraction: 1
A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z a b c d e f g h i j
a) 1 b) 3 c) 1 d) 1 e) 3
1
2 4 12 4 8
f) 3 g) 7 h) 1 5 i) 1 j) 1
1 1
24 12 24 12 8
F117. Find the fraction corresponding to each point on the number line:
B D F H J
0 1
A C E G I
F118. Calibrate the ruler:
0 1
Comparing fractions
1. Fractions are ordered numbers. That means you can 4. To compare two fractions in the general case:
compare them and decide if they are equal (=) or which n1 n2
one is greater (>) or less (<) than the other. ?
d1 d2
The main idea is that a small number is less (<) than a
big number: use cross multiplication to convert the initial comparison to
small < big (1) another equivalent one:
Example 1: 1< 3 5>2 4=4
n1 ´ d 2 ? n 2 ´ d1
2. If you divide relation (1) by any number a, you’ll get:
3 2
small big Example 4: > because 3 ´ 5 > 4 ´ 2
< ( 2) 4 5
a a
So, if you compare two fractions having the same 5. To compare two fractions in the general case, you can
denominator, the smallest one has the smallest also find the LCD (Least or Lowest Common Denominator),
numerator. 2 4 7 5 3 3 convert the original fractions to equivalent fractions having
< > = like denominators and then use the relation (2).
Example 2: 5 5 11 11 4 4 Example 5: 5 7 5 20 21 7
3. If you cross exchange the factors in relation (2), you’ll < because = < =
get: a a 12 16 12 48 48 16
< (3)
big small 6. You can use the LCD method when you have to order a
So, if you compare two fractions having like numerators, set of fractions:
the smallest fraction has the biggest denominator. Example 6:
1 1 2 2 3 3 2 3 5 2 8 3 9 5 10
Example 3: < > = < < because = < = < =
3 2 5 7 8 8 3 4 6 3 12 4 12 6 12
F119. Compare the whole numbers. Use <, =, and > operators :
a) 2 and 9 b) 10 and 10 c) 1 and 0 d) 7 and 5 e) 123 and 132 f) 0 and 3 g) 12 and 21
F120. Compare the fractions (see example 2):
a) 3 and 5 b) 5 and 1 c) 2 and 1 d) 3 and 5 e) 13 and 23 f) 1 2 and 4 g) 2 4 and 14
7 7 6 6 6 3 11 11 25 25 3 3 5 5
7 5
h) 2 and i) 1 and j) 1 5 and 2 1 k) 3 and 2 4
2
l) 1
2 and 3 m)3 and 2 4
1
n) 11 and 2 1
3 5 4 4 5 5 5 3 3 4 4
a) 1 and 1 b) 2 and 2 c) 1 1 and 3 d) 3 1 and 2 3 e) 4
and
4
f) 10 and 10 g) 2 4 and 2 4
2 3 7 5 2 2 4 5 7 3 7 11 7 5
5 5 7
h) and i) 1 and j) 3 and 3 2
2
k) 1 and
1
l) 4
and 4 m) 1 and 7
2
n) 13
and 2
3
4 6 9 7 3 3 5 5 6 7 5
a) 2 and 3 b) 4 and 6 c) 1 1 and 1 3 d) 3 and 5 e) 1
and
3 f) 7 and 8 g) 3
and
4
3 4 5 7 2 5 4 7 2 4 10 11 8 9
5 7
h) 5 and 15 i) and j) 2 and 2 5
2
k) 3
and
2
l) 4
1 and
27
m) and 4
3
n) 3
and
4
4 12 6 9 5 2 2 3 5 15 10 13 5 7
a) 3 and 8 b) 3 and 11 c) 3 and 5 d) 4 and 7 e) 4 and 5 f) 5 and 7 g) 2 and 4
5 15 8 24 4 6 15 20 12 15 6 10 9 15
F124. Write each set of fractions in order from least to greatest:
a) ìí 2 , 1 , 3 üý b) ìí 3 , 3 , 3 üý c) ìí 3 , 2 , 1 , 4 üý d) ìí 5 , 3 , 2 üý e) ìí 1 , 7 , 3 , 4 üý f) ìí1 1 , 1 5 , 1, 11 , 1 5 üý
î7 7 7 þ î 5 11 7 þ î4 3 2 5þ î12 10 5 þ î 2 12 4 15 þ î 4 24 8 6þ
F125. Write each set of fractions in order from greatest to least:
a) ìí 3 , 4 , 1 üý b) ìí 2 , 2 , 2 üý c) ìí 5 , 3 , 2 , 6 üý d) ì1 3 1ü
í , , ý e) ìí 7 , 3 , 2 , 9 üý f) ìí1 1 , 1 3 , 1 1 , 1 5 , 1 11 üý
î5 5 5 þ î7 5 6 þ î6 4 3 7 þ î4 5 3þ î12 4 3 10 þ î 4 8 2 16 32 þ
Solving equations by working backward method

The working backward method requires to identify the 5. If the operation is an inversion then apply another
operations applied to the unknown quantity x, and do inversion.
the opposite operations in the opposite order. Example 5:
1. If the operation is an additions with a number then 1 2 x 3 3
= so = so x=
apply a subtraction with the same number. x 3 1 2 2
Example 1: 6. If more than one operation are implied then identify
1 3 3 1 1 the operations and the order in witch they appear and
x+ = so x= - =
2 4 4 2 4 then do the opposite operations in the opposite order.
2. If the operation is a subtraction with a number then Example 6:
apply an addition with the same number. 2
x-
Example 2: 3=1 so x-
2 1
= ´ 4 = 2 so x = 2+
2 8
=
1 1 1 1 5
x- = so x= + = 4 2 3 2 3 3
2 3 3 2 6 Example 7:
3. If the operation is a multiplication by a number then
apply a division by the same number. 1 4
Example 3: +
1 3
2 3 3 2 9 3´ x -
x´ = so x= ¸ = 2 1 4 1 8
3 4 4 3 8 = 2 so + = 4 so =
2 1 3 1 3
4. If the operation is a division by a number then apply a 3´ x - 3´ x -
multiplication by the same number. 2 2
Example 4: 1 3 7 7
3 4 4 3 12 so 3 ´ x - = so 3 ´ x = so x=
x¸ = so x= ´ = 2 8 8 24
5 7 7 5 35
F126. Solve for x working backward:
a) x + 2 = 1 b) 1 4
x- = c) x´
1 1
= d) x ¸ 4 = 2 1 e) 1 = 5
5 2 3 5 2 3 7 3 x 7
x 2 3 x 2 4
f) 2 ´ x + 2 = 4 g) 3´ x -
1 1
= h) ´ = i) ¸ = j) 1
=
2
3 5 2 3 3 3 4 3 3 5 x-2 3
1 3
k) x + 1 = 2 l) x 2 1
- = m) ( x - 1) ´ 1 = 4 n) æ 1ö 2 1
çx+ ÷¸ = o) =
1 4
3 2 3 5 3 2 2 5 è 5ø 3 2 x+
3
2 1 æ 1ö æx ö
p) x ´ 3 - 3 1 4 q) x´2 +
2 -1 =1 r) ç x´2 - ÷ 2 4
2 ÷´ = s) ç -1 2 ÷ 3 2
+ = ç ç2 - ÷¸ =
2 3 5 3 2 3 ç 2 ÷ 3 5 ç 3 3÷ 5 5
ç ÷ ç ÷
è ø è ø
1 1 æ x´3 1 1 ö 1
x´2 ¸ - ç ¸ - ÷ x¸2-
t) 3 2´2 = 4 u) ç 4 2 3 ÷´ 2 = 4 v) 2 ¸2=1 w) 2 3
=
2 1 3 3 ç 1 1 ÷ 3 5 3 3 6 x -1 2 4
- ç + ÷ -
3 2 è 2 3 ø 2 3
F127. Solve for x working backward:
x´3 5 1 1 3 1
- ¸ ¸ -
a) 8 8 2 ´ æç 1 - 1 ö÷ = 1 ´ 3 - 1 b) 2 2 6 ¸ æç 2 - 1 ö÷ - æç 4 - 2 ö÷ = 1 + 2 ¸ 5
3 2 è 2 6ø 2 4 4 1 1 4 è 3 4ø è 5 3ø 5 3 4
- - ´
4 3 x´3 2 3
ìé 1 1 ù ü æ ö
ïê 1 - ú ï ç
ï 4 5 ú ´ 4 + 1ï ¸ 3 = 1 æ1 4 3 1ö ç 1 2 ÷÷ æ 2 3 2 ö
c) í ê + ý d) ç ´ ¸ - ÷¸ - -ç ¸ + ÷ = 0
5 1 3 ÷ è 5 10 3 ø
ïê10 2 ¸ æç x - 2 ö÷ ú 5 5 ï 5 2 è3 5 5 9ø ç
ç + ÷
ïîêë 3 è 5 ø úû ïþ è x´2 +3 5 ø
Final Test
Find the fractions:
1) 2) 3) three eights 4) five out of seven 5) four and three quarters

Express the numbers as improper fractions:
1 2 10
6) 7) 2 8) 3 9) 3 10) five and two thirds 11) 2.4 12) one and five thirds
3 5 7
Express the numbers as mixed numbers:
10 15 5 15
13) 14) 15) 16) 1 17) eight fifths 18) 1.25 19) 20) eleven quarters
4 4 3 7
Write the fractions in lowest terms: Check each pair of fractions for equivalence:
24 20 12 18 10 15 4 5 100 75
21) 22) 23) 24) 25) and 26) and 27) and
36 8 18 32 12 20 12 15 64 48
Add the fractions:
2 2 1 1 5 1 3 10 5 2 3 5 2
28) 1+ 2 29) + 30) 1 + 2 31) + 32) +1 33) 1 +2 34) +1
3 5 5 6 6 3 4 3 6 15 20 4 3
Subtract the fractions:
2 10 5 3 3 2 4 7 1 2 9 1
35) 1- 36) -2 37) - 38) - 39) 3 - 2 40) 5 - 2 41) -1
3 3 7 7 4 3 5 10 4 3 5 4
Multiply the fractions:
2 3 3 1 2 2 2 3 4 5 2 3 1
42) ´ 43) 2´ 44) 1 ´ 45) 1 ´1 46) ´ 47) ´1 48) 1 ´1
3 5 5 2 3 3 5 4 9 3 3 4 3
Divide the fractions:
2 3 2 8 4 6 1 1 22 5 1 2
49) ¸ 50) 2 ¸ 51) ¸4 52) 1 ¸ 53) 1 ¸3 54) ¸1 55) 2 ¸2
3 4 5 9 5 10 6 2 3 6 4 5
Convert each fraction to a decimal:
2 2 4 15 2 2 5 7 100
56) 57) 2 58) 59) 60) 61) 1 62) 63) 64)
5 5 10 12 3 7 16 8 32
Convert each decimal to a fraction:
65) 0.12 66) 1.5 67) 2.25 68) 0.0125 69) 0.4 70) 1.63 71) 0.725 72) 1.65 73) 0.875
Do the required conversions (use a fraction to express the result if possible):
74) 0.45 min = ? s 75) 0.1 h = ? min 76) 100 s = ? min 77) 2000 s = ? h 78) 20 min 20 s = ? h
79) 1.5 dimes = ? nickels 80) 7.5 quarters = ? $ 81) 0.35 $ = ? twonies 82) 1 $ 1 quarter = ? dimes
2 1 1 3 2
83) = ? twelfths 84) = ? tenths 85) 1 = ? sixths 86) = ? eighths 87) = ? fifteenths
3 5 2 16 3
Do the required operations:
1 1 1 1 4 1 2 5 2 1 3 1
88) - + 89) ´ - 90) 1 ¸ + 91) 2 ¸3 ´
2 3 4 2 3 6 3 6 3 2 4 2
æ2 1ö 2 2 æ 1 5ö æ 2ö æ 4ö æ1 1ö æ2 3 ö
92) ç - ÷ ´ 93) ¸ ç1 - ÷ 94) ç1 - ÷ ´ ç 2 ¸ ÷ 95) ç ¸2 ÷-ç - ÷
è 3 4ø 3 3 è 3 6ø è 3ø è 3ø è2 2 ø è 5 10 ø
Solve for x:
1 1 1 2 x 5 2 3 1 2
96) x- = 97) x¸ = 98) = 99) = 100) =
3 4 3 5 3 6 x -3/ 2 4 2 + 3/ x 5
Answers
1 2 1 5 58 6 5 4 2 1 6 1 2
F01. a) b) c) d) e) f) g) h) i) j) k) l) m)
2 3 4 9 100 10 6 6 6 3 18 1 5
6 2 9 1 3 7 21 6 0 12 7 10
n) o) p) q) r) s) t) u) v) w) x) y)
10 4 13 4 8 9 49 12 12 12 10 16
F02. The answers may vary.
a) b) c) d) e) f)
g) h) i) j) k) l)
m) n) o) p) q) r)
s) t) u) v) w) x)
y) z)
F03.
a ) two thirds b ) three hundredths c ) one tenth d ) one half e) three sevenths f ) three twentieths g ) one thousandth
h ) four fifths i ) eight thirtieths j ) eight thirteenths k ) eight ninths l ) five sixths m) five eighths n ) seven thousandths
o ) three fiftieths p ) two fifths q ) twenty - one hundredths r ) six twelfths s ) seven elevenths t ) eleven fiftieths
u ) eleven millionths v ) two ninths w) seven tenths x ) eleven twelfths y ) two fiftieths z ) nine billionths
1 1 1 2 4 7 11 7 5 8 6 9 15
F04. a) b) c) d) e) f) g) h) i) j) k) l) m)
3 2 6 5 7 8 50 20 12 9 10 1000 1000000
8 3 11 23 7 11 3 13 1 1 8 6 6
n) o) p) q) r) s) t) u) v) w) x) y) z)
6 50 1000000000 100 13 12 1000000000 30 5 11 9 10 12
2 1 3 3 3 2 2 3 5 3 4 3
F05. a) b) c) d) e) f) g) h) i) j) k) l)
3 4 5 6 12 5 7 4 12 10 6 5
1 1 2 1 3 1 5 7 33 7 1 2
F06. a) 1 b) 2 c) 1 d) 2 e) 1 f)2 g) 3 h) 6 i ) 1 j) 1 k) 4 l) 2 m) 3
2 4 3 3 6 4 6 9 100 10 6 5
8 6 3 9 13 5 6 6 10 3 7
n) 1 o) 5 p) 6 q) 2 r) 2 s) 3 t) 2 u) 1 v) 5 w) 1 x) 2
18 10 4 13 49 9 8 12 16 10 10
a) b) c) d) e) f)
g) h) i) j) k) l)
m) n) o) p) q) r)
s) t) u) v) w) x)
y) z)
F08.
a ) one and one half b ) two and one third c ) one and one quarter d ) two and three fifths e) one and five sixths
f ) two and three sevenths g ) three and five eighths h ) one and five ninths i ) two and three tenths j ) one and two elevenths
k ) three and five twelfths l ) one and two fifteenths m) three and seven twentieths n ) two and nine thirtieths
o) two and seven fiftieths p ) two and three hundredths q ) three and nine thousandths r ) two and seven millionths
s ) one and three fourtieths t ) two and seven nineteenths u ) three and five sixteenths v) two and three seventeenths
w) four and three fourteenths x) two and five fifteenths y ) two and one sixtieth
z ) two and three ninetieths
F09. a) 2 2 b) 3 1 c) 5 5 d ) 2 1 e) 4
5
f)7
5
g) 2
3
h) 3
2
i) 6
7
j) 9
1
k) 8
11
l) 1
5
m) 1
2
3 2 6 3 7 50 4 9 100 2 50 1000000000 11
5 2 3 3 4 4 7 1 2 2 6 9 11
n) 8 o) 3 p) 5 q ) 20 r) 6 s ) 11 t) 8 u) 4 v) 1 w) 3 x) 8 y) 5 z) 1
6 12 1000000 100 15 30 10 3 5 11 9 10 12
3 1 3 4 3 2 2 1 4 3 2 3
F10. a) 2 b) 2 c) 1 d)1 e) 2 f)3 g) 2 h) 3 i) 2 j) 3 k) 4 l) 2
5 3 4 6 5 5 3 2 6 5 3 4
F11. a) 5 b) 3 c) 11 d ) 15 e) 10 f)
25
g)
5
h)
14
i)
10
j)
6
k)
33
l)
11
m)
19
n)
21
o)
42
p)
13
3 1 4 6 6 9 2 4 3 5 10 8 4 10 18 10
17 15 31 48 32 133 74 62
q) r) s) t) u) v) w) x)
10 6 9 13 12 100 16 49
a) b) c) d) e) f)
g) h) i) j) k) l)
m) n) o) p) q) r)
s) t) u) v) w) x)
y) z)
5 7 7 4 16 12 7 11 7 13 13 13
F13. a) b) c) d) e) f) g) h) i) j) k) l)
4 4 5 3 12 5 5 4 3 10 6 5
F14. 7 1 3 1 9 1 20 2 13 1 23 5 7 1 11 3 8 2
a) =2 b) = 1 c) = 2 d) =3 e) =2 f) =2 g) = 2 h) = 2 i) = 2
3 3 2 2 4 4 6 6 6 6 9 9 3 3 4 4 3 3
12 2 25 5 20 4 15 3 21 1 24 6 13 3 34 4
j) =2 k) =2 l) =2 m) =3 n) =2 o) =1 p) =1 q) =3
5 5 10 10 8 8 4 4 10 10 18 18 10 10 10 10
16 4 24 6 32 6 24 136 36 54 6 111 13
r) =2 s) =2 t) =2 u) = 2 v) =1 w) =3 x) =2
6 6 9 9 13 13 12 100 100 16 16 49 49
3 8 15 7 17 103 53 23 67 18 26 23 21
F15. a) b) c) d) e) f) g) h) i) j) k) l) m)
2 3 4 2 7 20 10 4 30 13 9 6 8
1207 103 24 221 25 35 149 211 2 20 12 35
n) o) p) q) r) s) t) u) v) w) x) not defined y) z)
100 50 5 100 12 11 50 100 9 10 3 10
1 1 1 1 6 13 5 4 2 2 8 2 6
F16. a) 1 b) 1 c) 1 d) 4 e) 1 f )1 g ) 12 h) 2 i) 2 j) 6 k) 8 l) 8 m) 8
2 3 4 2 7 20 10 5 3 3 9 6 8
7 3 2 1 4 4 11 1 0 4 5 7
n) 1 o) 2 p) 4 q) 2 r) 1 s) 6 t) 2 u ) 11 v) 0 w) not defined x) 1 y) 1 z) 7
10 5 5 10 12 11 50 10 9 7 15 9
F17. a ) 1 b ) 1 c ) 1 d ) 2 e) 3 f ) 8 g ) 10 h) 2 i ) 3 j ) 4 k ) 6 l ) 15 m) 4 n) 5 o) 0 p ) not defined

q ) not defined r ) 1 s ) 2 t ) 0 u ) not defined

2 5 6 9 14 21 8 12 2 12 10 45 100 30 0 0 50 125 100 700
a) ; b) ; c) ; d) ; e) ; f) ; g) ; h) ; i) ; j) ;
2 5 2 3 2 3 2 3 1 6 2 9 10 3 2 3 2 5 1 7
22 55 16 24 26 39 34 51
k) ; l) ; m) ; n) ;
2 5 2 3 2 3 2 3
F19. a ) improper b) whole c) improper d ) proper e) mixed f ) improper g ) mixed h) not defined i ) proper
j ) whole k ) improper l ) proper m) mixed n) mixed o) mixed p ) improper q ) whole r ) improper s ) improper
t ) mixed u ) proper v) mixed w) improper x) proper y ) improper z ) improper
2 3 5 52 7 4 5 4 2 10 4 3 7 3 10 3
F20. a ) 1 b) c) d) e) f) g) h) i) j) k) l) m) n) o) p) q)
3 4 9 100 10 6 6 6 3 18 6 5 10 4 13 4
6 7 25 10 5 6 7 12
r) s) t) u) v) w) x) y)
8 9 49 12 9 12 10 16
2 4 1 9 1 12 3 120 20 24 4 8 2 20 2 7 1
F21. a) = 1 b) = 1 c) = 2 d) =1 e) =1 f) =2 g) = 1 h) =3 i) = 1
2 3 3 4 4 9 9 100 100 10 10 6 6 6 6 6 6
4 1 19 1 19 1 6 1 13 3 5 1 15 2 10 2
j) = 1 k) =1 l) =3 m) = 1 n) =1 o) = 1 p) =1 q) =2
3 3 18 18 6 6 5 5 10 10 4 4 13 13 4 4
10 2 13 4 63 14 19 7 13 4 18 6 28 12 8 2
r) =1 s) =1 t) =1 u) =1 v) =1 w) =1 x) =1 y) =1
8 8 9 9 49 49 12 12 9 9 12 12 16 16 6 6
F22. a) 3 b) 2 c) 3 d ) 8 e)
3
f)
5
g)
12
h)
30
i)
29
j)
12
k)
11
l)
32
m)
5
n)
9
o)
13
p)
0
q)
5
4 3 5 11 6 7 19 100 35 41 13 54 10 12 17 4 13
10 18 7 7 5 20 11 40
r) s) t) u) v) w) x) y)
20 25 9 19 10 30 13 400
F23. a) 1 1 b) 1 1 c) 1 2 d ) 1 2 e) 1 1 f )1
4
g) 1
6
h) 1
4
i) 1
7
j) 1
2
k) 1
6
l) 1
3
m) 1
5
n) 1
38
o) 1
10
3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 15 20 25 50 100
4 7 12 1 4 8 2 49 1 9
p) 1 q) 1 r) 1 s) 4 t) 2 u) 1 v) 3 w) 1 x) 8 y) 4
9 10 40 3 10 9 10 50 3 10
F24. a) 4 b) 3 2 c) 3 3 d ) 4 4 e) 3 5 f)5
5
g) 5
5
h) 3
3
i) 2
8 11
j) 5 k ) 4 l) 7
3
m) 6
3
n) 8
3
o) 7
5
3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 15 7 10 20 11
1 3 3 1 14 21 1 20 10
p) 8 q ) 10 r) 6 s ) 10 t ) 9 u) 4 v) 8 w) 5 x) 7 y) 4
9 10 30 3 19 30 23 35 100
F25. a) 3 1 b) 3 2 c) 4 1 d ) 7 2 e) 7 5 f)9
2
g ) 13
5
h) 4
1
i ) 12
1
j) 2 k ) 6
4
l) 7
1
m) 5
1
n) 5
2
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 5 7 10 20
2 1 11 1 4 14 17 2 11
o) 27 p ) 20 q ) 40 r ) 14 s ) 15 t) 8 u ) 11 v) 9 w) 5 x) 3 y ) 113
11 9 30 3 10 30 23 35 100
F26. a) 6 b) 1 2 c) 7 1 d ) 7 1 e) 8 f ) 3 g ) 6 7 h) 9 i ) 4
13
j ) 12
4
k) 3
2
l) 2
8
m) 8 n) 4
3
4 4 2 10 50 6 5 9 12
3 8 9 1 52 4 1 9
o) 2 p) 3 q) 3 r ) 12 s) 6 t ) 11 u ) 2 v) 8 w) 8 x) 3 y) 3
11 9 10 2 100 9 4 10
F27. a) 3 b) 2 3 c) 4 d ) 3 e) 4 1 f ) 5 g) 3
7
h) 8 i ) 4
18
j) 5
4
k) 4
2
l) 6
5
m) 7 n) 5
4 5 10 50 6 5 9
3 6 2 1 33 1 2 2 6 1
o) 10 p) 5 q) 7 r ) 16 s) 6 t) 7 u ) 4 v) 8 w) 6 x) 4 y) 9
11 9 10 2 100 10 4 3 10 10
F28. a) 1 = 2 b) 1 = 2 c) 1 = 2 = 4 d ) 2 = 6 e) 1 = 2 1 3
f) =
1 2
g) = h)
1 2
=
2 6
i) =
1 2
j) =
1 3
k) =
2 4 3 6 2 4 8 3 9 5 10 2 6 2 4 3 6 3 9 4 8 6 18
1 2 4 1 2 1 2 4 1 2 4 8 16 1 5 1 2 1 2 1 2 4 8
l) = = m) = n) = = o) = = = = p) = q) = r) = s) = = =
4 8 16 2 4 6 12 24 2 4 8 16 32 4 20 6 12 4 8 5 10 20 40
1 3 1 2 4 1 3 1 2 4 2 4 8 16 3 6 12 24 48
t) = u) = = v) = w) = = x) = = = y) = = = =
4 12 9 18 36 4 12 4 8 16 3 6 12 24 4 8 16 32 64
2 3 4 2 3 4 4 6 8 2 3 4 6 9 12 2 3 4 6 9 12
a) = = b) = = c) = = d) = = e) = = f) = = g) = =
4 6 8 6 9 12 6 9 12 8 12 16 8 12 16 10 15 20 10 15 20
2 3 4 10 15 20 2 3 4 4 6 8 2 3 4 2 3 4
h) = = i) = = j) = = k) = = l) = = m) = =
12 18 24 12 18 24 14 21 28 14 21 28 20 30 40 200 300 400
10 15 20 4 6 8 4 6 8 6 9 12 10 15 20 4 6 8
n) = = o) = = p) = = q) = = r) = = s) = =
24 36 48 22 33 44 18 27 36 14 21 28 22 33 44 30 45 60
8 12 16 10 15 20 2 3 4 6 9 12 6 9 12 6 9 12
t) = = u) = = v) = = w) = = x) = = y) = =
10 15 20 14 21 28 60 90 120 100 150 200 400 600 800 2000 3000 4000
F30. 1 1 2 1 1 3 2 1 5 2 1 2 1 4 2 3 10 6 2 5
a) b) c) = d) e) = = f) = = g) = h) i) j) k) = = l)
2 3 8 4 5 18 12 6 50 20 10 6 3 5 3 4 15 9 3 8
9 6 3 30 20 12 10 6 4 2 30 20 12 10 6 4 2 4 25 15 5
m) = = n) = = = = = = o) = = = = = = p) q) = =
30 20 10 45 30 18 15 9 6 3 75 50 30 25 15 10 5 7 40 24 8
33 6 3 28 14 8 4 2 16 8 4 2 1 9 3 1 9 2 45 9
r) = = s) = = = = t) = = = = u) = = v) w) x) =
77 14 7 210 105 60 30 15 64 32 16 8 4 27 9 3 11 11 125 25
32 16 8 4 2 1
y) = = = = =
512 256 128 64 32 16
F31. a) 1 b)
3
c)
2
d)
1
e)
3
f)
1
g)
3
h)
1
i)
5
j)
1
k)
2
l)
3
m)
7
n)
1
o)
2
p)
2
q)
3
12 7 3 4 4 5 5 6 6 7 7 14 9 8 11 9 7
5 2 1 5 7 11 3 7
r) s) t) u) v) w) x) y)
22 15 2 7 15 25 20 10
F32. a) 3 b) 4 c) 2 d ) 3 e) 7 f)
2
g)
8
h)
2
i)
7
j)
4
k)
2
l)
5
m)
3
n)
4
o)
2
p)
4
q)
5
4 5 3 4 9 7 15 5 13 5 3 8 10 5 5 9 8
3 2 1 1 9 2 9 1
r) s) t) u) v) w) x) y)
7 15 4 3 11 11 25 16
F33. a ) yes b) yes c) no d ) yes e) no f ) yes g ) no h) yes i ) no j ) no k ) no l ) yes m) yes

n) no o) no p ) yes q ) no r ) yes s ) no t ) yes u ) yes v) no w) yes x) yes y ) no
F34. a ) no b) yes c) no d ) yes e) no f ) no g ) yes h) yes i ) no j ) yes k ) no l ) yes m) no

n) yes o) no p ) no q ) yes r ) no s ) no t ) yes u ) yes v) no w) no x) yes y ) yes
5
F35. a) 4 b) 2 c) 16 d ) 4 e) 20 f ) 8 g ) 3 h) 4 i) 15 j ) 60 k ) 15 l ) 54 m) 30 n) 72 o) 5
11
F36. a ) 3 b) 21 c) 15 d ) 9 e) 6 f ) 15 g ) 30 h) 56 i ) 27 j ) 84
F37. a ) 2 b) 15 c) 5 d ) 25 e) 7 f ) 3 g ) 8 h) 12 i ) 24 j ) 30 k ) 64 l ) 36 m) 18 n) 48 o) 35
1 1 3 1 11 6 3 3 1 4
F38. a) 1 b) 1 c) 3 d) 3 e) 1 f)6 g) 3 h) 3 i) j ) 38
2 5 4 3 16 7 4 5 2 7
F39. a) 5 b) 1 5 c)
13
d)
11
e)
29
f )1
3
g)
67
h)
77 43
i) j)
31
k)
17
l) 3
19
m) 1
2
n)
7
o)
2
6 12 20 30 35 56 72 90 110 110 30 30 9 30 5
1 7 1 1 13 3 79 1 13 5
p) 2 q) 3 r) 5 s) 3 t) 3 u) v) 1 w) 2 x) 3 y) 1
6 15 6 110 20 10 200 6 24 32
F40. a) 1 1 b) 7 c)
19
d)1
7
e)
26
f)
53
g)
5
h) 1
1 8
i) j)
2
k)
8
l) 3
7
m) 1
2
n)
7
o)
1
6 12 20 30 35 56 6 18 15 3 15 12 9 30 2
1 4 5 7 7 9 13 7 1 5
p) 2 q) 4 r) 4 s) 2 t) 4 u) v) 1 w) 1 x) 4 y) 1
6 15 6 15 20 20 40 12 12 12
F41. a) 1 1 b)
25
c)
17
d)
7
e)
18
f )1
13
g)
67
h)
23
i)
19
j)
5
k)
17
l)
11
m)
13
n)
9
o)
22
12 48 80 20 35 28 144 36 55 22 30 15 18 50 75
41 7 47 13 37 27 59 79 3 13
p) 1 q) 2 r) 3 s) 1 t) 3 u) v) 1 w) 1 x) 3 y) 1
150 75 144 150 450 80 200 120 28 192
F42. a) 1 11 b) 1 11 c) 1 29 d)1
41
e) 1
2
f)
2
g)
197
h) 1
9
i)
181
j)
11
k)
31
l) 1
7
m) 1
7
n)
38
12 24 120 48 15 5 252 20 240 30 180 60 15 75
107 199 17 19 7 227
o) p) 1 q) 1 r) s) 1 t)
525 2400 60 20 60 300
F43. a) 2 - 1 = 1 b) 2 - 1 = 1 c) 3 - 2 = 1 d ) 5 - 3 = 2 e) 50 - 20 = 3 f)
7 5 1
- =
5 3 1
g) - =
2 2 2 3 3 3 4 4 4 9 9 9 100 100 10 10 10 5 6 6 3
3 1 1 4 2 1 2 1 1 16 8 4 3 2 1 3 2 1 6 2 2
h) - = i) - = j) - = k) - = l) - = m) - = n) - =
6 6 3 6 6 3 3 3 3 18 18 9 6 6 6 5 5 5 10 10 5
3 1 1 9 4 5 3 2 1 6 2 1 5 2 3 1 23 8 15
o) - = p) - = q) - = r) - = s) - = = t) - =
4 4 2 13 13 13 4 4 4 8 8 2 9 9 9 3 49 49 49
8 4 1 5 2 1 8 2 1 7 3 2 11 4 7
u) - = v) - = w) - = x) - = y) - =
12 12 3 9 9 3 12 12 2 10 10 5 16 16 16
F44. a) 1 b) 2 c) 3 d ) 7 e)
1
f)
3
g)
2
h)
1
i)
2
j)
1
k)
1
l)
1
m)
6 2
= n)
1
o) 2
4 3 5 11 2 7 19 5 7 10 3 9 9 3 8
1 3 1 3 1 1 1 1 1 6 1
p) q) r) s) t) u) v) w) x) y) =
2 4 4 10 250 10 5 5 3 60 10
F45. a) 2 b) 1 c) 1 1 d ) 9 e) 2
1
f)2
5
g) 1
8
h) 9 i ) 1
5
j) 1
19
k) 1
5
l) 3
2
m) 2
5
n)
13
o) 0
3 5 11 2 7 19 7 20 6 7 9 16
1 5 5 1 1 24 1 3 10 1
p) 1 q) 5 r) s) 2 t) 1 u) v) 3 w) 1 x) y) 3
2 8 6 4 500 25 5 25 11 10
F46. a) 1 1 b) 3 c) 8 2 d ) 6 5 e) 2 1 f)3
3
g) 1
10
h) 3
4
i) 1
1
j) 2
1
k) 3
1
l) 2
2
m) 1
2
n) 3
1
o) 3
3
3 5 11 2 7 19 5 7 4 6 7 3 4 7
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 3 2 1
p) 3 q) 4 r) 2 s) 2 t) 3 u) 2 v) 2 w) 5 x) 2 y) 2
2 2 2 4 50 5 5 25 11 3
F47. a) 2 b) 2 5 c) 2 4 d ) 2 8 e) 4
1
f )1
5
g) 1
8
h) 9 i ) 1
5
j) 1
19
k) 1
5
l) 5
1
m) 1
2
n) 1
1
o) 2
4
3 7 5 11 2 9 19 7 20 6 2 3 2 7
1 3 5 1 1 24 4 18 7 13
p) 3 q) 4 r) s) 3 t) 2 u) 3 v) 5 w) 4 x) y) 2
4 8 6 4 100 25 5 25 11 15
F48. a) 1 b) 1 c)
3
d)
1
e)
1
f)
11
g)
13
h)
23
i)
23
j)
9
k)
1
l)
11
m)
1
n)
1
o) 0
6 12 20 30 35 56 72 90 110 110 30 30 9 30
5 2 1 89 17 1 151 1 19 31
p) q) 2 r) s) t) u) v) w) 1 x) y)
6 15 6 110 20 10 200 3 24 32
F49. a) 1 b) 1 c)
11
d)
13
e)
6
f)
11
g)
1
h)
1
i)
2
j)
1
k)
2
l)
1
m)
1
n)
1
o)
1
6 12 20 30 35 56 6 18 15 12 15 4 9 6 10
5 1 5 13 17 1 37 1 7 5
p) q) 1 r) 1 s) t) u) v) w) 1 x) y) 1
6 15 6 15 20 10 40 12 12 24
F50. a) 7 b)
7
c)
7
d)
11
e)
3
f )1
1
g)
13
h)
7
i)
14
j)
7
k)
1
l)
4
m)
5
n)
1
o)
2
12 48 80 60 35 28 144 36 55 66 30 15 18 50 75
121 73 11 7 7 1 191 1 1 187
p) q) r) 1 s) t) u) v) w) x) 1 y)
150 75 144 150 450 16 200 120 28 192
F51. a) 11 b) 23 c) 19 47
e)
8
d) f)
1
g)
31
h)
23
i)
17
j)
2
k)
7
l)
31
m)
1
n)
4
o)
22
12 24 120 48 15 5 252 60 48 15 60 60 5 75 525
1 7 13 5 31
p) q) r) s) t)
48 60 60 12 300
F52. a) 1 17 b) 13 c) 8 13 d ) 23 e) 1 f ) 1 g ) 1 h) 23 i) 53 j) 0 k )
13
l) 1
5
m) 2
25
n) 4
7
o)
3
60 60 60 60 2 60 60 60 12 28 60 20
7 3 18 7 7
p) q) 2 r) s) 1 t ) 1 u)
12 40 25 12 30
3 1 3 3 3 1 1 5 1 4 2 2 1
F53. a) b) c) d) e) f ) 2 g) h) i) j) k) l) m) 2 n) 2 o)
8 3 20 2 8 4 8 8 40 9 5 5 4
F54. a) 3 b) 1 1 c) 2 d ) 4 e) 1 1 f )1
1
g) 3
3
h) 4 i ) 4
3
j) 2
4
k ) 4 l) 4
2
m)
1
n) 4 o) 3
4 6 5 6 2 4 8 11 5 2
1 1
p) 3 q) r ) 6 s) 4 t ) 6
3 2
3 4 3 2 1 1 2 1 1
F55. a) b) 1 c ) d ) 2 e) 3 f ) 1 g ) 3 h) i) 4 j) 3 k ) 4 l ) 10 m) 8 n) 22 o) 2
4 5 4 3 2 2 3 2 3
1 1 1 8 1 7 1 1 1 3
F56. a) b) c) d) e) f )1 g) 2 h) 1 i ) j ) 1 k ) 60 l ) 5 m) 6 n) o) 3
3 2 25 15 15 8 4 4 3 10
1 1 3 1 1 3 4 1 1 1 11 4
F57. a) b) c) 1 d ) e) 3 f ) 1 g) h) i) j) k ) 1 l) m) n) o) 8
3 2 5 2 4 5 5 20 4 2 18 7
F58. a) 3 b) 1 c) 1 d ) 2 e) 1 f ) 1 g ) 2 2 h) 1 i) 7 1 j) 1
1
k ) 1 l) 2
1
m) 6 n) 24 o) 4
4 3 3 2 10 3
1 1 7 1 1
p) 3 q) r) s) 1 t) 4
3 2 8 4 2
1 1 1 1 3 3 1 1 15 1 7 63
F59. a) b) c) d ) 3 e) f)2 g) 1 h) 2 i) 1 j ) 1 k) l) m) n)
4 5 8 15 4 4 2 2 32 6 36 256
9 1 1 1 1 1 5 1 1 11 13 1
F60. a) b) 1 c ) d) e) f) g) h) i) 1 j) 1 k ) l) m) n) 3 o) 3
10 2 6 30 6 2 6 6 12 12 24 2
F61. a) 2 b) 1 c) 1 d)
1
e)
17
f ) 0 g)
1
h) 1
1
i)
2
j)
2
k)
1
l)
1
m)
1
n)
2
o) 1
3 6 10 4 144 3 3 15 7 6 2 4 3
65
p) 0 q)
77
2 1 4 3 6 3 2
F62. a) b) 1 c) d) e) not defined f ) g) h) 2 i ) 1 j ) not defined
1 2 5 7 7 13 3
2 3 5 7 3 1 11 7 4 4
F63. a) b) c) d) e) f) g) h) i) j)
3 8 12 8 11 4 24 19 5 15
1 1 1
F64. a ) 1 b) c) d) e) not defined
2 5 100
F65. a) yes b) no c) no d ) yes e) no f ) no g ) yes h) no i) yes j ) yes

1 1 4 1 1 9 4 5
F66. a) 4 b) 2 c) 2 d) e) f)3 g) h) i) j)
2 5 9 2 7 11 7 14
2 1 1 3 1 5 1 2 3 5 2 3
F67. a) b) 1 c) 1 d) e) 1 f) g) 3 h) 2 i ) 3 j) k) l) m) n) o) 2
3 2 2 4 4 9 3 3 8 8 5 4
F68. a) 5 b) 2 c) 1 1 d ) 4 e) 4 f ) 1 g)
2
h) 1
1
i)
1
j) 2 k )
2
l)
1
m) 10 n) 3 o) 1
5
3 8 7 3 2 6 3 2 7
3 2 1 27
p) q) r ) 6 s) 6 t)
5 3 4 28
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2
F69. a) 2 b) c) 5 d ) e) 6 f)2 g) h) 1 i) j) 2 k) l) 2 m) 3 n) o) 1
6 6 3 6 4 8 4 2 5 2 28 3
5 1 2 4
F70. a) b) 2 c) d ) 7 e)
6 4 3 5
3 4 1 3
F71. a) b) 6 c ) d) e)
2 7 10 7
1 5 2 6 1 1 1 5 9 1 3
F72. a ) 1 b) 1 c) 1 d) e) f ) 3 g) 1 h) 1 i) 9 j ) 3 k ) l) m) n) o)
2 6 7 11 2 3 6 8 50 9 5
3 1 7 2 1 1 1 3 2 4 2 1 4 7
F73. a) b) 1 c) 2 d) e) 1 f )1 g) h) i) j) k) l ) 4 m) 2 n) o)
4 9 9 3 2 3 6 4 5 9 3 4 7 2
15 2 1 32 1 1 1 1 4 3 1
F74. a) b) c) d ) 9 e) f) g) 1 h) i) j) k) l)
16 15 120 35 4 2 32 3 81 2 4
5 1 7 8 1 1 3 4 1 1
F75. a) b) 4 c) d) e) f) g) h) 8 i ) j) 1 k) 1
9 8 16 15 6 4 8 9 15 2
1 1 201 1 1 11
F76. a) b) c) 1 d) 5
e) 4 f ) 2 g) 2 h)
4 2 212 4 2 12
3 2 3 1 1 47
F77. a) 4 b) 1 c ) 3 d) e) f) g)
10 5 5 24 2 60
4 3 5 9 5 1 1 2 1
F78. a) b) c) d ) 12 e) f) g) 1 h) i) 1 j) 1 k) 4
5 8 27 35 14 3 2 3 3
4 2 5 4 3 2 5
1 æ 3ö æ 3ö æ5ö æ 2ö æ 4ö æ1ö
F79. a) æç ö÷ b) ç ÷ c) ç ÷ d) ç ÷ e) 2 4 f ) ç1 ÷ g) ç ÷ h) ç ÷
è 2ø è 4ø è 2ø è 4ø è 3ø è5ø è 4ø
3 3 5 5 5 5 1 1 1 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 4
F80. a) ´ b) ´ ´ ´ c) ´ ´ d) ´ e) ´ f) ´ ´ g) h) ´ ´
4 4 3 3 3 3 5 5 5 2 2 7 7 2 2 2 5 5 5 5
3 4 27 1 1
F81. a ) 1 b) 3 c) d) e) 8 f ) g ) 16 h) 5
8 25 125 81 16
1 1 3 7 2 9 5
F82. a) b) c) 16 d ) 3 e) 1 f )1 g) h) 15
9 25 8 9 5 16 8
49 36 1 13 1 49
F83. a) b) c) d) e) f)5 g ) 1 h)
144 49 4 18 18 144
2 9 1 4 9 1 1
F84. a) b) c) d) e) 1 f ) 1 g) h)
3 25 16 25 16 16 12
1 1 15 1 1 1 1 1
F85. a) 3 b) 1 c ) 1 d) e) 2 f)2 g) 2 h) 3 i ) 1 j) 5 k) l) 1
2 2 16 2 2 3 2 3
F86. Legend : t = terminating ; nt = non - terminating a ) t b) nt c) t d) t e) nt f ) nt g ) nt h) t i ) nt j ) nt

k ) t l ) nt m) t n) t o) nt
F87. a ) 0.5 b) 0.75 c) 0.625 d ) 0.2 e) 0.15 f ) 0.1375 g ) 0.13 h) 0.008 i ) 0.006 j ) 0.0016
F88. a ) 0.3 b) 0.16 c) 0.305 d ) 0.7 e) 0.18 f ) 0.06 g ) 0.23 h) 0.285714 i ) 0.153846 j ) 0.037
F89. a ) 1.5 b) 0.4 c) 1.3 d ) 0.013 e) 2.3 f ) 2.25 g ) 0.078125 h) 0.03125 i ) 0.046875 j ) 0.0078125 k ) 0.012
l ) 0.142857 m) 1.428571 n) 0.416 o) 2.230769
1 1 2 1 3 7 1 1 3 29
F90. a) b) c) 1 d)1 e) f) g) 2 h) 10 i) 5 j ) 100
10 2 5 4 4 200 8 8 40 40
5 1 1 2 4 11 6 7 9 41
F91. a) b) 1 c) d) e) 2 f) g) h) i) 2 j)
8 2 8 5 25 40 25 20 20 64
1 2 11 19 23 23 25 2 41 7811
F92. a) b) 1 c) d)1 e) 4 f) g) 1 h) 2 i) j) 1
3 9 90 90 900 99 99 165 333 33300
7 1 8 29 13 4 1 103 679 41
F93. a) b) 1 c) 2 d)1 e) 1 f) g) 3 h) 1 i) 6 j) 1
9 3 15 90 100 33 99 330 5500 3330
F94. a ) 0.4 b) 0.35 c) 1.2 d ) 2 e) 0.5

7 7 3 21
F95. a ) 2 b) c) d)1 e)
20 10 5 25
98 19 1
F96. a ) 2 b) 1 c) 1 d ) 26 e)
99 81 3
F97. a ) 1.45 b) 0.95 c) 1.24 d ) 0.05
11 1 1 3
F98. a) b) c) d)
20 5 3 20
3 11 5 1 1 1 7 5
F99. a) b) c) d)1 e) f )1 g) h) 1 i ) j) 1
5 16 6 4 4 3 10 6
1
F100. a) 30 min b) 20 min c) 105 min d ) 165 min e) 6 min f ) 50 min g ) 135 min h) 22 min i) 28 min j ) 74 min
2
1 1 1 5 5 3 1 1 1 1
F101. a) h b) h c ) h d ) h e) h f )1 h
h h) 4 h i )g) h j) h
12 6 4 12 6 5 6 6 80 24
2
F102. a ) 90 s b) 100 s c) 15 s d ) 84 s e) 69 s f ) 35 s g ) 105 s h) 25 s i ) 14 s j ) 440 s
3
1 1 3 1 1 7 1 21 5 31
F103. a ) min b) min c) min d ) 1 min e) 3 min f ) min g ) min h) min i ) min j ) min
5 6 4 2 3 40 80 80 9 90
5 5 1 1 2
F104. a) h b) h c) 2 h d ) 720 s e) 6300 s f ) 540 s g ) 7800 s h) 905 s i ) 30 min j ) 50 min
36 12 2 4 3
4 2 2
F105. a) 12 cents b) cents c) 102 cents d ) 102 cents e) 7 cents f ) 4 cents
5 3 3
1 1 9 3 1 11
F106. a) $ b) $ c) $ d ) 1 $ e) 4 $ f ) $
4 5 20 5 2 200
2 3
F107. a ) 4 cents b) 190 cents c) 6 cents d ) 14 cents e) 260 cents f ) 9 cents
3 5
5 1 1 3 1 51
F108. a ) twonies b) 1 twonies c) twonies d ) twonies e) 2 twonies f ) twonies
8 4 5 5 2 1000
3 3 1
F109. a ) 1 cent b ) 6 cents c ) 1 cents d ) 7 cents e) 10 cents f ) 26 cents
4 4 4
4 3 1
F110. a ) 3 nickels b) 5 nickels c) 15 nickels d ) nickels e) nickels f ) nickels
5 10 10
4
F111. a ) 5 cents b) 40 cents c) 3 cents d ) 1 cents e) 40 cents f ) 6 cents
5
4 1 1
F112. a ) 2 quarters b) 5 quarters c) 4 quarters d ) quarters e) quarters f ) 2 quarters
5 50 5
1 1 1
F113. a) 15 nickels b) 3 nickels c) 1 quarter d) dimes e) 4 dimes f)7 dimes g ) 9 nickels h) 12 dimes
2 2 2
F114.
1 1 3 5
a) = 5 to 20 = 25 % = 0.25 b) = 7 out of 21 = 33 .3 % = 0.3 c) = 12 to 8 = 150 % = 1.5 d ) = 15 out of 18 = 83 .3 % = 0.83
4 3 2 6
3 2 2 1
e) = 42 out of 70 = 60 % = 0.6 f ) = 2 out of 5 = 40 % = 0.4 g ) = 10 to 45 = 22 .2 % = 0.2 h) = 3 out of 12 = 25 % = 0.25
5 5 9 4
6 7 3 4
i ) = 18 to 15 = 120 % = 1.2 j ) = 7 to 10 = 70 % = 0.7 k ) = 21 to 70 = 30 % = 0.3 l ) = 36 out of 45 = 80 % = 0.8
5 10 10 5
13 1 3 3
m) = 39 to 30 = 130 % = 1.3 n) = 0.5 out of 5 = 10 % = 0.1 o) = 48 out of 64 = 75 % = 0.75 p ) = 1.5 to 10 = 15 % = 0.15
10 10 4 20
7 2 16
r ) = 49 out of 35 = 140 % = 1.4 s ) = 6 to 75 = 8 % = 0.08 t ) = 80 out of 125 = 64 % = 0.64
5 25 25
1
u ) = 32 out of 256 = 12 .5 % = 0.125
8
F115. a ) = b ) > c ) > d ) < e) > f)< g ) > h) < i ) > j) <
F116. a) M b) S c) C d ) e e) J f)D g ) O h) d i) a j) b
1 1 4 11 1 7 41 47 11 1
F117. A => B => C => D => E => F => G => H => I => J => 1
12 6 15 30 2 12 60 60 12 12
F118.
1 1 3 2 1 3 7 4 9 1 1 3 2
0 1 1 1 1 1
10 5 10 5 2 5 10 5 10 10 5 10 5
F119. a) < b) = c) > d ) > e) < f ) < g ) <

F120. a ) < b ) > c ) = d ) < e) < f)> g ) = h) < i ) = j ) = k ) > l ) < m) = n) >
F121. a ) > b ) < c ) = d ) > e) < f)> g ) < h) > i ) > j ) < k ) > l ) < m) > n) <
F122. a ) < b ) < c ) < d ) > e) < f)< g ) < h) = i ) > j ) < k ) > l ) = m) < n) >
F123. a ) > b ) < c ) < d ) < e) = f)> g) <
1 2 3 3 3 3 1 2 3 4 3 2 5 4 1 7 3 5 1 11 5
F124. a) < < b) < < c) < < < d) < < e) < < < f )1<1 <1 < <1
7 7 7 11 7 5 2 3 4 5 10 5 12 15 2 12 4 24 4 8 6
4 3 1 2 2 2 6 5 3 2 3 1 1 9 3 2 7 1 3 11 5 1
F125. a) > > b) > > c) > > > d) > > e) > > > f )1 >1 >1 >1 >1
5 5 5 5 6 7 7 6 4 3 5 3 4 10 4 3 12 2 8 32 16 4
F126. a) 1 b) 1
2 2
c)d)1
1
e) 1
2
f)
1
g)
5
h) 3
3
i) 1
3
j) 3
1
k)
1
l) 5
5
m) 2
3
n)
2
o) 1
10 15 3 3 5 15 18 8 5 2 2 6 5 15
8 9 11 5 8 2 2
p) q) 1 r ) 1 s) 7 t) u) v) 1 w) 7
15 20 25 36 9 3 3
5 13 11
F127. a) 3 b) c) d)1
12 44 15
2 2 3
5 3 3 7 17 31 17 12 8 2 1 3
FT. 1) 2) 1 3) 4)
5) 4 6) 7) 8) 9) 10) 11) 12) 13) 1 14) 2 15) 3
3 3 8
7 4 2 3 5 7 3 5 3 3 2 4
2 3 1 1 3 2 1 2 9 2 3
16) 2 17) 1 18) 1 19) 2 20) 2 21) 22) 2 23) 24) 25) no 26) yes 27) yes 28) 3 29) 30) 4
3 5 4 7 4 3 2 3 16 3 5
1 1 17 11 1 1 2 1 1 7 11 2 1
31) 1 32) 5 33) 3 34) 2 35) 36) 1 37) 38) 39) 1 40) 2 41) 42) 43) 1 44) 1
12 6 60 12 3 3 7 12 10 12 20 5 5
1 1 7 1 8 2 1 15
45) 2 46) 47) 2 48) 2 49) 50) 5 51) 52) 3 53) 54) 4 55) 56) 0.4 57) 2.4 58) 0.4 59) 1.25
3 3 9 3 9 9 3 16
3 1 1 1 4 7 29 13
60) 0.6 61) 1.285714 62) 0.3125 63) 0.875 64) 3.125 65) 66) 1 67) 2 68) 69) 70) 1 71) 72) 1
25 2 4 80 9 11 40 20
7 2 5 61 7 7 1 1 5
73) 74) 27 75) 6 76) 1 77) 78) 79) 3 80) 1 81) 82) 12 83) 8 84) 2 85) 9 86) 87) 10 88)
8 3 9 180 8 40 2 2 12
1 2 1 5 1 1 1 7 2 1 1
89) 90) 2 91) 92) 93) 1 94) 95) 96) 97) 98) 2 99) 4 100) 6
2 3 3 18 3 2 10 12 15 2 6

The Book of Fractions: Iulia & Teodoru Gugoiu

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The Book of Fractions: Iulia & Teodoru Gugoiu

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Iulia & Teodoru Gugoiu

Copyright © 2006 by La Citadelle

The Book of Fractions

Edited by Rob Couvillon

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be

Iulia & Teodoru Gugoiu,

The graphical representation of a fraction

Reading or writing fractions in words

F03. Write the following fractions in words:

F04. Find the fraction written in words:

a) one third b) one half c) one sixth

d) two fifths e) four sevenths f) seven eighths

g) eleven fiftieths h) seven twentieths i) five twelfths

j) eight ninths k) six tenths l) nine thousandths

m) fifteen millionths n) eight sixths o) three fiftieths

p) eleven billionths q) twenty-three hundredths r) seven thirteenths

s) eleven twelfths t) three billionths u) thirteen thirtieths

v) one fifth w) one eleventh x) eight ninths

y) six tenths z) six twelfths

Understanding the fraction notation

F05. Fill out the following table:

Understanding the mixed numbers

F07. Find a possible graphical representation of each mixed number:

Reading and writing mixed numbers in words

F08. Write the following mixed numbers in words:

F09. Find the mixed numbers written in words:

y) five and nine tenths z) one and eleven twelfths

Understanding mixed number notation

F10. Fill out the following table:

3 2 3 5 two and three fifths

three and a half

j) 3 .......... and three fifths

k) 2 four and .......... thirds

Understanding improper fractions

F12. Find a possible graphical representation of each improper fraction:

Understanding improper fraction notation

F13. Fill out the following table:

i) seven .......... ........

The link between mixed numbers and improper fractions

Conversion between mixed numbers and improper fractions

F15. Write each mixed number as an improper fraction:

F16. Write each improper fraction as a mixed number:

Whole numbers, proper fractions, improper fractions and mixed numbers

Understanding the addition of like fractions

F20. Add the fractions that correspond to the shaded regions:

Understanding the addition of like fractions (II)

Or, in mathematical symbols: 3 3 6 2

Adding proper and improper fractions with like denominators

F22. Add the fractions:

Adding mixed numbers with like denominators

Adding more than two like fractions

F26. Add the fractions:

Understanding equivalent fractions

Finding equivalent fractions

F29. Find at least three equivalent fractions by using the method 1:

F30. Find equivalent fractions by using the method 2:

F31. Write each fraction in lowest terms by using the method 1:

Checking fractions for equivalence

Equations with fractions

F37. Solve for x using the method 3 (see example 3 above):

Adding fractions with unlike denominators

F39. Add the fractions using the method 1:

F40. Add the fractions using the method 2: