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  • Dewan - Modern Open Hole Log Interpretation-Pages-24-32

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    Rita Susanti
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    Well Logging

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    Dewan - Modern Open Hole Log Interpretation-pages-24-32

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    Well Logging

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
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    9 views9 pages

    Dewan - Modern Open Hole Log Interpretation-Pages-24-32

    Uploaded by

    Rita Susanti
    Well Logging

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
    Flag for inappropriate content
    of 9
    Chapter 3 PERMEABLE ZONE LOGS hefirststepin analyzing a set oflogs, asoutlined previouly, isto pick ‘ot the permeable zane, which may be sands or carbonates, and ‘iseard the impermeable shales. The logs wed for this purpose are the Spontaneous Potential (SP) and the Gamma Ray (GR). They arealways recorded in Track “The two logs distinguish shales from nonshales by quite different mocha- num, The SP isan electrical measurement and heGR isanuclear messure- tment, Sometimes the logs are virtually identical; sometimes they are vasthy diferent, Fortunately, when one s poor, the other is usually gv. ig. 3-1 compares SP and GH logs in typical sft rock serd-and-shale sequence, Both curves are good inthis case and clearly distinguish theshales| ‘on the right from the permeable sands on the let. In soft rock the SP ienerally gives a more black-and-white distinction between the sheles nd thesands than does the CR, The latter shows more variability in both shale and sapd readings. ‘By contrast, in hard limestone formations the SP may be alazy, poorly eveloped curve that hardly resolves permeable and impermeable zones. ‘The GR is superior under these conditions giving goed shale-carbonate distinction and bed resolution ‘Both eurvesare used to indicattheshalecontent ofa permeablezone for shay formation interpretation (chapter 1). The GR is more quastitative than the SP in this rexpost. On the other hand the SP may be usedto give the formation water resistivity required for saturation calculations, SPONTANEOUS POTENTIAL (SP) LOG ‘The SP logiea recording ofthe difference in lectrica potential between fied electrode at thesurace and a movable electrode inthe borehole. The hole must be illed with conductive mud. NoSP can be measured in ol-base mud, empty holes, or cased holes. The seal ofthe SP logis in millivolts. ‘There ino absolute zero; only changes in potential are recorded ESSENTIALS OF MODERN OPEN-HOLE LOG INTERPRETATION Measurement ofthe SP issimple, but understanding thelogisnotso easy. ‘he og isthe one curve among modern logs whose boundary response and bed definition vary widely with formation and sud properties. The SP ‘curve s used to * select permeable zones * provide Rvalues . * etimate the degree of shalines of reservoir rock ‘SOURCE OF SPONTANEOUS POTENTIAL ‘The potential sensed is a combination of four electrical potentials st in ‘motion when the dilhole penetrates the formations. These are shown in Fig. 3-2 with polarities appropriate for the usual fresh-mud ease where Tea oo Fig. 3-1 Comparison of ° and Gtiogs eo formations (om Applied Opennote og interpretation, courtesy OW. Hich), PERMEABLEZONE LOGS a [qi Ryo They are, in order of importance ° an electrochemical potential, Es, existing across the impermeable ‘hale between its horizontal interface with a permeable one snd its vertical interface with the borehole + an electrochemical potential, Ey, existing across the transition between invaded and noninvaded zones in the permeable bed + an eleotokinetic potentil,E., existing across the mud eake * fn electrokinetic potentil, Ey existing ucros a thia layer of shale ‘ext tothe borehole o o Shao base tre ig, 3-2 Origin of spontaneous potential 8 ESSENTIALS OF MODERN OFEN-HOLELOG INTERPRETATION Electrochemical Potentiats'=? ‘The potontial Ey is « membrane potential asociaed with selective passageof onsin the shale. Because of layered clay etructure end charges on ‘the layers, shales pass Na+ ions but retain Cl fons. When shale separates Sodium chloride solution of different concentrations, the Na+ lors move through the shale from the more-concentrated solution (normally the for. ‘ation water to the les-concentrated solution (normally the mud). This constitutes a current flow. The magnitude of the potential causing thistlow ‘sa function ofthe ione activities of the two solutions; these in turn are related to thelr resistivities, For sodium chloride solutions at 77°F, the potential in mliols i Eq = ~59.1 og a/R) en) Ry and R, are equivalent resistivities closely related to actual valuesof R,cand R. The negativesign means the potentials negative relative tothe value observed in a thick shale far from a boundary. ‘The potential E, isa liguid junction or effusion potential that exists scrosthe interface of solutions of different salinity. Cl~ lons have greater mobility than do Na+ ions, so there i a net flow of negative charges {tom the mor concentrated formation water tothe le concentated ned trate, This is equivalent toa curent low inthe oppaste direction The magni tude of the corresponding potential, millivolts, for sodium chloride solu lone at 77°F is ~ 1S log Rule) oy ‘This potential asthe same dependency as Fy but is only one-fifth as large, Itisofsuch polarity ato add to Ey. ‘Combining the two, the total electrochemical potential is any y= —K log (Raw/ Ba) 6) , which is proportional to absolute temperature, i given by K-61 +0197 oa where T sin dagrees Fahrenheit, ‘Typically, 1s 70-100 my for fesh mud and saline formation waters. PERMEABLE ZONE LOGS ” Hectrotttration Potentials ‘The potential E, across the mud cake is ofa different nature, Its an clectrofiltratin or steaming potential thts produced by aflow af ectro- Iyte, themud filtrate, through porous medium, the mudeake.”Themagnl- tude cannot be predicted with any accuracy. However, an approrimate relation for is value in mv, hes been given as By = 0.04» APR co) where [AP = pressure differential between borehole and formation, psi FR, = mud cake resistivity, ohm-m tee = mud eakethieknes, in £" = APL water loss ofthe mad, 0/90 min With AP = 200, Ra = 1s to = 0.5, and conditions, Ea. 3.8 gives B= 8 mv. “Typically E,qis afew milveltsand addsto forthe normal case of Fi, > Ry, However its partially counterbalanced by a similar potential, Ey Gf opposite polarity atthe shale-borehole boundary where the shale isl Sete lk cae with very low water ns. Conseuety the net

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