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Vol1 No3 9 PDF
Vol1 No3 9 PDF
Research Article
epidemiological studies have strongly suggested that properties bestow high medicinal activities on the extracts. It
consumption of certain plant materials rich in phenolic has also been shown that saponins are active antifungal agents
compounds may reduce the risk of chronic diseases related to [23]. This therefore supports the earlier finding that extracts of
oxidative stress on account of their antioxidant activity and the plant used in the present work may be useful in the
thus promote general health benefits. Therefore, the significant chemotherapy of mycotic infections.
antibacterial, anticandida and antioxidant activities of
Agarwood plant could be related to the presence of phenolic Presence of tannins suggests the ability of this plant to play a
compounds. major role as antidiarrhoec and antihaemorrhagic agent [24].
The presence of mimosa tannin as a low carbon steel corrosion
Catechin, epigallocatechin gallate, epicatechingallate, inhibitor in sulphuric acid media was tested [25] in
epigallocatechin and epicatechin that constitute Mangrove concentrations from 10–5 to 10–1 mol/l, at the temperature of
tannins were investigated in an aerated HCl, the monomers 298 °K in the solutions of pH 1, 2 and 3. The inhibitor
were found to be mainly cathodic inhibitors and the inhibition effectiveness increases with increase in concentration.
efficiency was dependent on concentration.
Beside the anti corrosion activity of methanol soluble leaf
Saponin has the property of precipitating and coagulating red extracts, the present study indicates the usefulness of
blood cells. Some of the characteristics of saponins include agarwood tree for medicinal purposes. The presence of
formation of foams in aqueous solutions, hemolytic activity, phytochemicals indicates its potential source of useful drugs
cholesterol binding properties and bitterness [22]. These (further study is recommended).
Table 2
Summary of the phytochemical screening of crude Methanolic Extracts of Agarwood leaves (before and after inoculation)
Before Inoculation After Inoculation
Extract→
(MOB) (MOA)
Result
Test↓ Observation Observation Result
Alkaloids test
Orange red ppt. + Reddish brown ppt +
(Dragndorff’s Reagent)
Table 3
Summary of the phytochemical screening tests on Methanolic crude extracts of Agarwood leaves (Before and After inoculation)
Flavonoids
Alkaloids test Triterpenoid / Saponin Tannin test
Alkaloids test Saponin test
test (Harbone Steroid test (Harbone,
Crude (Dragndorff’s (Emulsion
(Mayer’s and (Salkowski- (Froth Braemer’s
Extract Reagent) test)
Reagent) Sofowora Liberman) test) methods)
methods)
MOB
+ + + +T ++ ++ +
MOA
+++ ++ ++ ++T + + ++
Characterization by Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) Absorption band appeared at 827 cm-1 assigned to (S–OR)
analysis esters. Furthermore, the adsorption band around ~ 1200–900
cm-1 and~ 1100–700 cm-1 may represents to the 1,2-
The infrared spectra of all the extracts were taken and
disubstituted and 1,3-disubstituted benzene ring [26], (Figure
compared. The spectrums did not shows significant changes of
1a).
peaks for Agarwood leaves before and after inoculation
process. Figures 1a, 1b show the IR spectrum of MOB, MOA
respectively. Figure 2 shows the infrared spectra for all the
FTIR spectrum of methanol only extract after inoculation
methanolic extracts of Agarwood leaves before and after
(MOA) shows (Figure 1b) the main characteristic absorption
inoculation process with its adsorption characteristic region for
broad band appeared at 3384 cm-1 assigned to the presence of
–OH, C=C and C-O groups (in horizontal line). The spectrums
(O–H/NH) group; the presence of the methyl (–CH3) and
did not show significant changes of peaks for Agarwood
methylene (–CH2) aliphatic saturated (C–H) sharp asymmetric
leaves before and after inoculation process.
and symmetric stretching ba nd which are observed at 2923
FTIR spectrum of methanol only extract before inoculation cm-1 and 2851 cm-1, respectively. The (C=O) stretching band is
(MOB) shows the main characteristic absorption broad band observed at 1708 cm-1; it is due to the presence of carboxylic
appeared at 3388 cm-1 assigned to the presence of (O–H/NH) acid group. The band at 1618 cm-1 shows the presence of
group; the presence of the methyl (–CH3) and methylene (– aromatic ring (C=C).The peak at 1463 cm-1 is due to aromatic
CH2) aliphatic saturated (C–H) sharp asymmetric and (C–C) stretching band. The peak at 1290 cm-1 is due to
symmetric stretching band which are observed at 2924 cm-1 aromatic (C–O–C) band. The (C–N) medium stretching band
and 2852 cm-1, respectively. The (C=O) stretching band is and/or P–H phosphine band were observed at 1078 cm-1. The
observed at 1709 cm-1; it is due to the presence of carboxylic aromatic bending band occurs at the range of 827-787 cm-1.
acid/ketones groups. The band at 1621 cm-1 shows the Absorption band appeared at 827 cm-1 assigned to (S–OR)
presence of aromatic ring (C=C).The peak at 1455 cm-1 is due esters. Furthermore, the adsorption band around ~ 1200–900
to aromatic (C–C) stretching band. The peak at 1280 cm-1 is cm-1 and~ 1100–700 cm-1 may represents to the 1,2-
due to aromatic (C–O–C) band. The (C–N) medium stretching disubstituted and 1,3-disubstituted benzene ring [26], (Figure
band and/or P–H phosphine band were observed at 1076 cm-1. 1b).
Journal of Applied and Industrial Sciences, 2013, 1 (3): 78-88, ISSN: 2328-4595 (PRINT), ISSN: 2328-4609 (ONLINE) 83
66.4
65
60
55
827
50 787
611
%T
45
1167
40 1280
1377
1455
2852
1076
35
1621
3388 2924
29.4
4000.0 3000 2000 1500 1000 500 370.0
cm-1
Fig. 1a: FTIR Spectrum for Agarwood methanolic extract before inoculation (MOB)
76.4
74
72
70
610
%T 68
66
1730
64 1708
2851 1290
3384 14631380 1078
62
2923 1618
60.1
4000.0 3000 2000 1500 1000 400.0
cm-1
Fig. 1b: FTIR Spectrum for Agarwood methanolic extract after inoculation (MOA)
The presence of atheroline alkaloids was supported by using Hexadecanoic acid was one of the most common saturated
FTIR studies. It showed the presence of aromatic rings (C=C fatty acids found in animals and plants, and was reported to
stretching bands) between 1621 and 1624 cm-1 and the O-Me have potential antibacterial and anti fungal activity. In one
group appeared from 1383 to 1075 cm-1. Moreover, a broad study by Saidana, [27], Hexadecanoic acid had been reported
band of the FTIR spectrum at around 3400 cm-1 showed the to exhibit antibacterial activity against Gram-positive and
presence of N-H groups. Gram-negative bacteria comparable to ampicillin and in the
case of Streptococci, greater than that of ampicillin. In another
Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) Analysis study by [28], Hexadecanoic acid was considered as the major
Fourteen different compounds were identified by GC-MS antibacterial compound in the ethyl acetate root extract of
analysis of the Agarwood leaves methanolic extracts. Pentanisia prunelloides. Thus, the presence of Hexadecanoic
Hexadecanoic acid was found to be one of the major acid could justify the use of Agarwood leaves methanolic
compounds in Agarwood leaves methanolic extracts. It was extracts as antibacterial and anti fungal as well as anti
eluted at the same retention time with large abundance. corrosion especially in that type of corrosion caused by
Journal of Applied and Industrial Sciences, 2013, 1 (3): 78-88, ISSN: 2328-4595 (PRINT), ISSN: 2328-4609 (ONLINE) 84
bacteria in underground pipes. So further study of were 1, 4, 7, 10, 13-Pentaoxacyclopentadecane (Rt 2.52,
Hexadecanoic testing as anti corrosion in microbiological 13.9%); 1, 4, 7, 10, 13, 16-Hexaaoxacyclooctadecane (Rt 4.44,
corrosion is recommended. 8.17%), Acetic acid (Rt 6.2, 6.87%) and Hexadecanoic acid
(Rt 19.82, 4.15%); in MOA were 1, 4, 7, 10, 13-
The gas chromatograms of the methanolic extracts of A. Pentaoxacyclopentadecane (Rt 2.52, 20.6%), Hexaethylene
Malaccensis leaves are shown in Figures 3a and 3b while the glycol monododecyl ether (Rt 3.8, 21.56%) and 2, 6, 10, 14,
compounds and their corresponding mass spectra are shown in 18, 22- tetracosahexaen, 2, 6, 10, 15, 19, 23-hexamethyl- (Rt
Table 5 and 6, the retention times (Rt) were reported in 21.17, 4.43%);
minutes. The major compounds identified in MOB extract
Table4
The summary of characteristic peaks bands on FTIR spectra for all the methanolic extracts
Wavenumber (cm-1)
Functional groups
(bands)
MOB extract MOA extract
3388 3384
–OH (stretch)
(b),(str) (b),(str)
C–H alkane stretching 2924(str) 2923(str)
C=O stretching 1709(m) 1708(str)
C=C aromatic 1621 1618
stretching (b), (str) (b), (str)
Asymmetric
1511(str) 1509(str)
R–COO- stretching
C–C stretching 1455(str) 1463(str)
Aromatic hydroxyl
1377(str) 1380(str)
deformation
C–O–C cyclic ether 1280(str) 1290(str)
Aromatic C–O
1167(m) 1166(str)
stretching
Aliphatic C–O/C–N/P-
1076(str) 1078(str)
H stretching
(Note; (b): broad, (s): strong, (m): medium, (w): weak)
C=C C-O
OH
Fig2: Fourier transform infrared spectrum. The black spectrum) methanolic extract corrosion inhibitor (MOB) (uninoculated
leaves); and the blue spectrum) methanolic extract corrosion inhibitor (MOA) (inoculated leaves);
Journal of Applied and Industrial Sciences, 2013, 1 (3): 78-88, ISSN: 2328-4595 (PRINT), ISSN: 2328-4609 (ONLINE) 85
Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis of electrons in their molecules as these atoms are regarded as
plant extracts led to the identification of 14 components from centers of adsorption onto the metal surface. However, the
the two types of Agarwood leaves extracts (Table 7). It is highly complex chemical compositions of the plant extracts
interesting to see here that all identified compounds from plant make it rather quite difficult to assign the inhibitive effect to a
extracts contained oxygen and/or π-electrons in their particular compound present in plants extracts. Having
molecules. Moreover, from the previous studies on the confirmed the corrosion inhibition effectiveness of these plants
phytochemical constituents of the plant extracts it was extracts, further detailed investigation for each plant extracts
established that the plant extracts used in this study also through inhibitive assay guided isolation using surface
contain a mixture of organic compounds containing O, N or π- analytical techniques will enable the characterization of the
electrons in their molecules. Hence, the corrosion inhibition of active compounds in the adsorbed layer and assist in
carbon steel through these studied plants may be attributed to identifying the most active phytochemicals.
the adsorption of the phytochemicals containing O, N or π-
Fig. 3a: Gas chromatogram of the Methanolic extracts of Agarwood leaves before inoculation (MOB)
Fig. 3b: Gas chromatogram of the Methanolic extracts of Agarwood leaves after inoculation (MOA)
Journal of Applied and Industrial Sciences, 2013, 1 (3): 78-88, ISSN: 2328-4595 (PRINT), ISSN: 2328-4609 (ONLINE) 86
Table5:
Results of the GC-MS analysis of Agarwood leaf extract (MOB)
Percent
No. Rt(min) of total Compound Structure
(%)
n-Hexadecanoic
1 19.816 4.153
acid, methyl ester
9,12,15-
2 23.207 3.382 octadecatrienoic
acid,(Z,Z,Z)-
2,3,Dihydro-3,5-
Dihydroxy-6-
3 14.632 -
methyl-4H-pyran-
4-one
Table6:
Results of the GC-MS analysis of Agarwood leaf extract (MOA)
Percent
No. Rt(min) of total Compound Structure
(%)
n-Hexadecanoic
1 19.816 3.876 acid, methyl
ester
1,2,3-
3 14.992 0.921
propanetriol
Journal of Applied and Industrial Sciences, 2013, 1 (3): 78-88, ISSN: 2328-4595 (PRINT), ISSN: 2328-4609 (ONLINE) 87
Table 7:
Chemical components identified in Agarwood leaves methanolic extracts by GC-MS.
Molecular
No. Component MOB MOA
Formula
C5H10O4 - -
1 1,2,3-propanetriol, monoacetate
C12H16O6 - -
2 Phenyl-β-D-glucoside
4 Glycerine C3H8O3
+ +
5 Squalene C12H24O6
+ +
3,7,11,15-Tetramethyl-2-Hexadecen-
7 C20H40O +
1-ol (Phytol) +
2,3-Dihydro-3,5-Dihydroxy-6-methyl-
9 C6H8O4 + +
4H-pyran-4-one
6-ethyl-5-hydroxy-2,3n,7-
10 C15H16O6 + -
trimethoxynaphthoquinone
12 Squalene C30H50
+ +
14 1-Tetradecanol C14H30O
+ +