𝐴(𝜃, 𝜙) = 𝑎0 + 𝑎0 (𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛾1 + 𝑗𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛾1 ) + 𝑎1 (𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝛾1 + 𝛾2 ) + 𝑗𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝛾1 + 𝛾2 ))

+ 𝑎2 (𝑐𝑜𝑠(2𝛾1 + 2𝛾2 ) + 𝑗𝑠𝑖𝑛(3𝛾1 + 2𝛾2 ))

+ 𝑎3 (𝑐𝑜𝑠(3𝛾1 + 3𝛾2 ) + 𝑗𝑠𝑖𝑛(4𝛾1 + 3𝛾2 ))

Component of coefficient 𝑎1 : (𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝛾1 + 𝛾2 ) + 𝑗𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝛾1 + 𝛾2 ))

𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝛾1 + 𝛾2 ) + 𝑗𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝛾1 + 𝛾2 ) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛾1 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛾2 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛾1 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛾2 + 𝑗(𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛾1 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛾1 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛾2 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛾1 )

Component of coefficient 𝑎2 :(𝑐𝑜𝑠(2𝛾1 + 2𝛾2 ) + 𝑗𝑠𝑖𝑛(3𝛾1 + 2𝛾2 ))

𝑐𝑜𝑠(2𝛾1 + 2𝛾2 ) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝛾1 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝛾2 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝛾1 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝛾2

= (2𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝛾1 − 1)(2𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝛾2 − 1) − 4𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛾1 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛾1 ∙ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛾2 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛾2

= 4𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝛾1 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝛾2 − 2𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝛾1 − 2𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝛾2 + 1 − 4𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛾1 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛾1 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛾2 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛾2

Similarly;

𝑗𝑠𝑖𝑛(3𝛾1 + 2𝛾2 ) = 𝑗𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝛾1 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝛾2 + 𝑗𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝛾2 𝑐𝑜𝑠3𝛾1

= (3𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛾1 − 4𝑠𝑖𝑛3 𝛾1 )(2𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝛾2 − 1) + (2𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛾2 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛾2 )(4𝑐𝑜𝑠 3 𝛾1 − 3𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛾1 )

On expansion becomes;

𝑗6𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛾1 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝛾2 − 𝑗8𝑠𝑖𝑛3 𝛾1 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝛾2 − 𝑗3𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛾1 − 𝑗4𝑠𝑖𝑛3 𝛾1 − 𝑗8𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛾2 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛾2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 3 𝛾1

− 𝑗6𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛾2 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛾2 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛾1

Component of coefficient 𝑎3 : (𝑐𝑜𝑠(3𝛾1 + 3𝛾2 ) + 𝑗𝑠𝑖𝑛(4𝛾1 + 3𝛾2 ))

cos(3𝛾1 + 3𝛾2 ) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠3𝛾1 𝑐𝑜𝑠3𝛾2 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝛾1 𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝛾2

= (4𝑐𝑜𝑠 3 𝛾1 − 3𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛾1 )(4𝑐𝑜𝑠 3 𝛾2 − 3𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛾2 ) − (3𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛾1 − 4𝑠𝑖𝑛3 𝛾1 )(3𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛾2 − 4𝑠𝑖𝑛3 𝛾2 )

= 16𝑐𝑜𝑠 3 𝛾1 𝑐𝑜𝑠 3 𝛾2 − 12𝑐𝑜𝑠 3 𝛾1 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛾2 − 12 cos 𝛾1 𝑐𝑜𝑠 3 𝛾2 + 9𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛾1 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛾2 − 9𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛾1 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛾2
+ 12 sin 𝛾1 𝑠𝑖𝑛3 𝛾2 + 12 sin 𝛾2 𝑠𝑖𝑛3 𝛾1 − 16𝑠𝑖𝑛3 𝛾1 𝑠𝑖𝑛3 𝛾2

And,

𝑗𝑠𝑖𝑛(4𝛾1 + 3𝛾2 ) = 𝑗𝑠𝑖𝑛4𝛾1 𝑐𝑜𝑠3𝛾1 + 𝑗𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝛾1 𝑐𝑜𝑠4𝛾1

= 𝑗[(4𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛾1 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛾1 − 8𝑠𝑖𝑛3 𝛾1 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛾1 )(4𝑐𝑜𝑠 3 𝛾2 − 3𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛾2 )

+ (3𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛾2 − 4𝑠𝑖𝑛3 𝛾2 )(8𝑐𝑜𝑠 4 𝛾1 − 8𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝛾1 + 1)]

On expansion;

= 𝑗16𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛾1 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛾1 𝑐𝑜𝑠 3 𝛾2 − 𝑗12𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛾2 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛾1 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛾1 − 𝑗32𝑠𝑖𝑛3 𝛾1 𝑐𝑜𝑠 3 𝛾2

+ 𝑗24𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛾2 𝑠𝑖𝑛3 𝛾1 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛾1 + 𝑗24 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛾2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 4 𝛾1 − 𝑗24𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛾2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝛾1 + 𝑗3𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛾2
− 𝑗32𝑠𝑖𝑛3 𝛾2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 4 𝛾1 + 𝑗32𝑠𝑖𝑛3 𝛾2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝛾1 − 𝑗4𝑠𝑖𝑛3 𝛾2
In order to simplify expressions X,y z, we assume only radiation pattern perpendicular to the
𝑧 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 is considered i.e. 𝜃 = 90° and the gaps are in fractions of the wavelength, 𝜆 as we
shall point out shortly.

Therefore, from;

𝛾1 = 𝑘𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜙 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝛾2 = 𝑘𝑦𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜙 ;

𝛾1 = 𝑘𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜙 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝛾2 = 𝑘𝑦𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜙