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Acoustic Combustion Chamber PDF
Acoustic Combustion Chamber PDF
$OME$CLATURE
I$TRODUCTIO$
a area ratio (aperture area / resonator area)
A cross-sectional area of aperture, m2 Combustion instability is recognized as one of
c velocity of sound, m/s the major problems frequently faced by engineers
Dch chamber diameter, m during the development of either liquid or solid
f eigenfrequency, Hz propellant rocket engines. The performance of these
le effective aperture length, m engines can be highly affected by high frequencies
instabilities, possibly leading the rocket to an
Lch chamber length, m
explosion.
q longitudinal eigenvalue Although the problem has been unceasingly
R acoustic resistance studied for the past four decades, no theoretical
S orifice area
general rules have yet been established for designing
uˆ A peak velocity amplitude in the open end stable combustor systems. Therefore, concerns on
V cavity volume combustion instabilities are still present in every
X acoustic reactance chamber design; the sooner this problem is detected
Z acoustic impedance during the development phase, the smaller are the
additional expenses with delays in the project.
Greek symbols Combustion instability results from a coupling
of the combustion process and the fluid dynamics of
βmn transversal eigenvalue the engine system. By this coupling, the combustion
δ length end correction, m process delivers energy to pressure and velocity
∆l length correction, m oscillations in the combustion chamber. So,
ε fraction of surface with acoustic impedance Z combustion instability can be severely mitigated or
even eliminated by reducing the coupling of these
γA ratio of specific heat of gas in the aperture
oscillations, or also, by increasing the engine system
Γ coefficient that varies with resonator type
damping. This can be achieved by means of the use
ω angular frequency of oscillation
of baffles or acoustic absorbers. Baffles are believed
ρ time-averaged gas density
to reduce coupling, while acoustic absorbers are
assumed to increase damping.
Subscripts The main goal while studying combustion
chambers instability, either by means of baffles or
A aperture acoustic absorbers, is to achieve the stability needed
C cavity using the simplest possible manner (Culick, 1995 and
ch chamber Flandro, 2002).
m tangential With the purpose of studying combustion
n radial chambers instabilities, this paper presents the design
q longitudinal of acoustic absorbers, which act on the chamber as
damping systems, reducing the amplitude of a given Lch is the chamber length and c is the velocity of
eigenfrequency and resonant frequencies must be sound.
known previously.
Since the discussion of acoustic absorbers (and Baffles
baffles as well) will make frequent references to the
acoustic of combustion chamber, a short discussion Injector-face baffles, as depicted on Fig. 1, are
of classical acoustics at the next section will be intended for working as damping devices at high
proven helpful in understanding subsequent frequency modes of instability as the transverse
experimental procedures and results. modes. These modes of instability are characterized
by oscillations parallel to the injector face. The
THEORY stabilization effects identified with regard to the
transverse mode instability by injector-face baffles
Acoustic resonators and baffles are damping are:
devices successfully used to reduce or even eliminate (i) the modification of the acoustic properties of
oscillations caused by combustion instability. the combustion chamber;
Resonators are narrow-band absorbers that must be (ii) restriction of the oscillatory flow patterns
tuned accurately to discrete acoustic eigenfrequencies between baffle blades, thus protecting the sensitive
of the combustion chamber. Thus, these frequencies pre-combustion processes;
should be known at the beginning of laying out (iii) damping of the oscillations by vortex
resonating cavities, and they may be determined generation, separation or frictional effects.
using cold-test results, for example. One of major concern in the design of an
Baffles can affect drastically configuration of an effective baffle is the location of the blades and hubs
existing engine. The use of them necessitates relative to particle paths, since the baffle constitutes
discontinuities in injection patterns, which produces an obstruction to particle motion.
irregularities in the combustion-product flow field
and therefore produce poor performance. That is the
reason why baffles interact directly with injector and
chamber design.
Acoustic absorbers, on the other hand, are
assumed to increase the damping in the engine
system. The acoustic liners, series of acoustic
absorbers one beside another sharing the same
resonator volume, have a damping effect because
they allow a normal velocity at the wall which has a
component in phase with the pressure oscillation; this
means that work is done over each cycle in moving
the fluid back and forth at the boundary. This work is
equal to the energy dissipated due to friction. Figure 1. Combustion Chamber with a baffle.
small passage connecting the combustion chamber to where Vc is the volume of cavity; γA is the ratio of
a resonator cavity; the cavity dimensions are large specific heats of gas in the aperture; ω is the angular
compared with the passage width, but small frequency of oscillation; AA is the cross-sectional area
compared with a wavelength. of aperture; ρ A is time-averaged gas density in the
resonator open end; uˆ A is the peak velocity amplitude
in the open end; Γ is the coefficient that varies with
resonator type.
For Helmholtz resonator,
Γ = 0, 37 c1
2
(8)
Z = Z c + Z A = ( RC + RA ) + i ( X C + X A ) (3)
Z = RA + i ( X A + X C ) (4)
where,
ω ω0
X = X A + X C = ρ Aω 0 le − (5)
ω0 ω
Figure 3. Position of Helmholtz resonators in
combustion chamber.
RA = Γ ρ A uˆ A (6)
and,
1/ 2 1/ 2
γ P A A
ω0 = A A . A = cA A (7)
ρ A le VC le VC
EXPERIME$T
Frequencia (Hz)
70
2,0
bandwidth. Therefore, consider the configurations in
Fig. 11.
1,5
1,0
2 resonator rows
f = 500,00 Hz
100
0,5 f = 1293,75 Hz
90 f = 2837,50 Hz
0,0 7 resonator rows
0 800 1600 80 f = 500,00 Hz
Frequency (Hz) 20 resonator rows
60
Figure 9. Conductance behavior of an under-,
50
optimized-, and over-damped system.
40
60
Helmholtz resonators have been extensively
used as sound filters, noise suppression, in the
50
suppression of combustion instabilities and
40 nowadays, as damping devices for unstable liquid-
30
propellant rocket engines.
Acoustic liners are important damping devices:
20
energy is dissipated on account of the jet formation in
10 the flow through the liner orifices. In liner design,
0
various factors must be considered which include
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500 environmental factors sizing of the resonators and the
Frequency (Hz) number and placement of these resonators.
The preceding discussions leads to conclusions
Figure 10. Absorption Coefficient for different among which features that acoustic tests in air under
eigenfrequencies.
REFERE$CES