BEKP 3653

POWER SYSTEM &

HIGH VOLTAGE
Chapter 4
Per-Unit System

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 Overview

• Single line diagram

• Impedance diagram
• Per Unit Quantities

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 Single Line Diagram

• Single-line diagram is a simplified notation for

representing a three- phase power system

• The theory of three-phase power systems tells us that as

long as the loads on each of the three phases are
balanced, we can consider each phase separately.

• Instead of representing each of three phases with a

separate line or terminal, only one conductor is
represented

• Largest application in power flow studies

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 Single Line Diagram
• It is a form of block diagram graphically depicting the paths for power flow
between entities of the system

• Electrical elements such as circuit breakers, transformers, capacitors, bus

bars, and conductors are shown by standardized schematic symbols

• Elements on the diagram do not represent the physical size or location of

the electrical equipment

• A one-line diagram is usually used along with other notational

simplifications, such as the per-unit system

• Advantage  the simpler diagram leaves more space for non-electrical, such
as economic, information to be included.

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Symbols

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Symbols

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Impedance Diagram

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Single Line
Diagram

Impedance
Diagram

Per-Unit
System

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 Per-Unit System
The advantages of the per-unit system:

• The per-unit system gives us a clear idea of relative

magnitudes of various quantities, such as voltage, current,
power and impedance.
• The per-unit impedance of equipment of the same general type
based on their own ratings fall in a narrow range regardless of
the rating of the equipment.
• The per-unit values of impedance, voltage and current of a
transformer are the same regardless of whether they are
referred to the primary or the secondary side. The different
voltage levels disappear and the entire system reduces to a
system of simple impedance.
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 Per-Unit System

• The per-unit system are ideal for the computerized analysis

and simulation of complex power system problems.

• The circuit laws are valid in per-unit system, and the power
and voltage equations as given are simplified since the factors
of 3 and 3 are eliminated in the per-unit system.
based on their own ratings fall in a narrow range regardless of
the rating of the equipment.

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• Four quantities involved
• Kilovoltampers (S, MVA)
• Voltage (V, kV)
• Current (I, kA)
• Impedance (Ohm, )

• Selection of base values for any two of them determines the

base values of the remaining two

• Normally, we specify Sb (MVA) and Vb (kV)

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11
 The Per-Unit System

The Per-unit value of any quantity is defined as

actual quantity
Quantity in per - unit 
base value of quantity
For example,
S V I Z
S pu  V pu  I pu  Z pu 
SB VB IB ZB
The three-phase base are given by
SB VB / 3
IB  and ZB 
3VB IB

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 The Per-Unit System cont.
Substituting IB from equation before, the base impedance becomes


VB 
2
kVB 
2
ZB or ZB 
SB MVAB
The circuit law are valid, i.e.,
S pu  V pu I *pu and V pu  Z pu I *pu
Per-unit for the complex load power, S L (3 ) given by
S L (3 )  3V p I *p
And the phase current
Vp
Ip 
Zp
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 The Per-Unit System cont.

The load impedance

2 2
3V p VL  L
Zp  *

S L ( 3 ) S L* (3 )

The load impedance in per-unit

2
Zp VL  L SB
Z pu  
ZB VB S L* (3 )
2
V pu
Z pu 
S L* (3 )

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 Change of Base
The load impedance
Z S Bold
old
Z pu  old  Z old 2
ZB (VB )
Z S Bnew
new
Z pu  new  Z new 2
ZB (VB )
Relationship between the old and new per-unit value:
2
new
S V old

Z new
pu Z old
pu
B
old
 B
new

S
B V B 
If the voltage bases are the same:
S Bnew
new
Z pu  Z pu
old

S Bold
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 Choice of Base Values

• Need base value for all quantities

• Power, Voltage, Current, Impedance, Admittance

• Base values do not have to be the same for all equipment in the
system

• Wise choice helps simplify the analysis

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16
 Rules for Choosing Base Values
• Choose ONE base power for the entire system
• Arbitrary choice
• Eg. 400V use 100kVA, 11kV use 10 MVA, 132kV use 100MVA and 400kV use
1000MVA
• If network contains multiple voltages, select base power based on ‘section of
most interest’

• Choose ONE base voltage for each voltage level

• Choose the nominal voltage

• Other base value chosen to get the same relations between per unit
quantities as between actual quantities

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17
 Example 1
3 zones of a single phase circuit are identified in Figure 6.11. The zones are connected by transformers T1 and T2,
whose ratings are also shown. Using base values of 30 kVA and 240Volts in zone 1, draw the per-unit circuit and
determine the per-unit impedance and the per-unit source voltage. Then, calculate the load current both in per-unit
and amperes. Transformer winding reactance and shunt admittance branches are neglected.

Determine:
•Per-unit impedances
•Per-unit source voltage
•Draw the per-unit current
•Load current (in per-unit and amperes).

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 Solution-1
Solution;
Step 1 :
Select common base:
Sbase = 30kVA
Vbase = 240V ( in zone 1)

Step 2 :
Find voltage base for each zone:
VB1 = 240V ......Zone 1
VB2 = 480V x 240V = 480V .......Zone 2
240V

VB3 = 115V x 480V = 120V ........zone 3

460V

Step 3 :
Calculate Xpu for generator and transformers:
Formula: Zpu new= Zpuold x [ SBnew ] x [ VBold ]2
SBold VBnew

Xg1 = Zpuold is not given = not necessary to calculate because there is

no generator impedance.
2
XT1 = 0.1 x [ 30 ] x [240 ] = 0.1pu
30 240

XT2 = 0.1 x [ 30 ] x [460 ]2 = 0.1378pu

20 480
Or

= 0.1 x [ 30 ] x [115 ]2 = 0.1378pu

20 120

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 Solution-1
Step 4:
Find Xline pu = Xact
Zbase

Z act  2
2
VB 480 V 2
Z base    7.68 
SB 30 kVA
2
X Line, pu   0.2604 pu
7.68

Step 5 :
Find Xpu load:
2
VB 120V 2
Z base    0.48 
SB 30 kVA
0.9  j 0.2 
 X load, pu   1.875  j 0.4167 pu
0.48

Step 6 :
Draw the per-unit impedance circuit.

j0.1 j0.2604 j0.1378

I XT1 XLINE XT2 I

0.9167<00 XLOAD=1.875 + j0.4167

Fig. 6.12
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 Solution-1
Step 7 :
Find per-unit source voltage:
Vact 22000 V
V pu    0.916700 pu
Vbase( zone1) 240V

Step 8 :
Find the load current: 0.91670
I = 0.9467  0o .

( j0.1 + j0.2604 + j0.1378 + 1.875 + j0.4167 )

= 0.9167 0o .
1.875 + j0.9149

= 0.4395  - 26.01o pu.

Step 9 :
Find the actual load current:
S B 30 kV
Ibase =   250 A
VB 120
140 V

;. Iact = ( 0.4395  -26.01o ) x 250 A

Iact = 109.875  -26.01o A #

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Tips

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Example 2

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23
Solution-2

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Solution-2

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25
 EXAMPLE 3
1 T1 2 3 T2 4
Line
1
220k
G T3 V T4 M
Line
2 Load
110k
5 V 6
The one line diagram of a three-phase power system is
shown in figure above. Select a common base of
100MVA and 22kV on the generator side. Draw an
impedance diagram with all impedances including the
load impedance marked in per-unit. The manufacturer’s
data for each device is given as follow:

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G : 90MVA 22kV X=18%
T1 : 50MVA 22/220kV X=10%
T2 : 40MVA 220/11kV X=6%
T3 : 40MVA 22/110kV X=6.4%
T4 : 40MVA 110/11kV X=8%
M : 66.5MVA 10.45kV X=18.5%
LINE 1: 48.4Ω
LINE 2: 65.43Ω

3-PHASE LOAD : 57MVA, 0.6 PF LAG AT 10.45kV

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SOLUTION 3:

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SOLUTION 3:

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SOLUTION 3:

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 SOLUTION 3:
j0.2 j0.1 j0.1
5
j0.1 j0.5 j0.2
j0.2 6 4 j0.2
5

G 0.95 M

j1.2667

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