Torque on Current Loop

a
Î Consider rectangular current loop
‹ Forces in left, right branches = 0
‹ Forces in top/bottom branches cancel b
‹ No net force! (true for any shape)
b B
Î But there is a net torque!
‹ Bottom side up, top side down (RHR) a
‹ Rotates around horizontal axis Plane normal is ⊥ B here
τ = Fd = ( iBa ) b = iBab = iBA
Îμ = NiA ⇒ “magnetic moment” (N turns)
‹ True for any shape!!
‹ Direction of μ given by RHR

PHY2054: Chapter 19 21
General Treatment of Magnetic Moment, Torque
Îμ = NiA is magnetic moment (with N turns)
‹ Direction of μ given by RHR

ÎTorque depends on angle θ between μ and B

τ = μ B sin θ
PHY2054: Chapter 19 22
 Torque Example
ÎA 3-turn circular loop of radius 3 cm carries 5A current in
a B field of 2.5 T. Loop is tilted 30° to B field.

30°

Î μ = 3iπ r = 3 × 5 × 3.14 × ( 0.03 ) = 0.0339 A ⋅ m

2 2 2

Îτ = μ B sin 30 = 0.0339 × 2.5 × 0.5 = 0.042 N ⋅ m

ÎRotation always in direction to align μ with B field

PHY2054: Chapter 19 23
 Trajectory in a Constant Magnetic Field
ÎA charge q enters B field with velocity v perpendicular to
B. What path will q follow?
‹ Force is always ⊥ velocity and ⊥ B
‹ Path will be a circle. F is the centripetal force needed to keep the
charge in its circular orbit. Let’s calculate radius R

x x x x x x x x x x x x x x
B
x x x x x x x x x x x x x x
x x x x x x x x x x x x x x
v
x x x x x x x x x x x x vx x
v F F F q

R
PHY2054: Chapter 19 24
Circular Motion of Positive Particle
x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x
x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x v
B
x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x
x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x F q
x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x
x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x
x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x
x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x
2 mv
mv R=
= qvB
R qB
PHY2054: Chapter 19 25
 Cosmic Ray Example
ÎProtons with energy 1 MeV move ⊥ earth B field of 0.5
Gauss or B = 5 × 10-5 T. Find radius & frequency of orbit.

K= 1 mv 2
2
⇒ v=
2K ( )( )
K = 106 1.6 × 10−19 =1.6 × 10−13 J
m
m = 1.67 × 10−27 kg

R=
mv
=
2mK R = 2900 m
eB eB

1 v v eB
f = = = = f = 760 Hz
T 2π R 2π ( mv / eB ) 2π m

Frequency is independent of v!
PHY2054: Chapter 19 26
 Helical Motion in B Field
ÎVelocity of particle has 2 components
G G G
‹ v = v& + v⊥ (parallel to B and perp. to B) v||
‹ Only v⊥ = v sinφ contributes to circular motion
‹ v|| = v cosφ is unchanged v
v⊥
ÎSo the particle moves in a helical path B
‹ v||is the constant velocity along the B field φ
‹ v⊥ is the velocity around the circle

mv⊥
R=
qB

PHY2054: Chapter 19 27
Helical Motion in Earth’s B Field

PHY2054: Chapter 19 28
 Magnetic Field and Work
ÎMagnetic force is always perpendicular to velocity
‹ ThereforeB field does Gno work! G
G G
‹ Why? Because ΔK = F ⋅ Δx = F ⋅ ( v Δt ) = 0

ÎConsequences
‹ Kinetic energy does not change
‹ Speed does not change
‹ Only direction changes
G G
‹ Particle moves in a circle (if v ⊥ B)

PHY2054: Chapter 19 29
 Magnetic Force
ÎTwo particles of the same charge enter a magnetic field
with the same speed. Which one has the bigger mass?
‹A
‹B
x x x x x x x x x x x x
‹ Bothmasses are equal
x x x x x x x x x x x x
‹ Cannot tell without more info
x x x x x x x x x x x x
x x x x x x x x x x x x
mv x x x x x x x x x x x x
R= x x x x x x x x x x x x
qB
A B
Bigger mass means
bigger radius

PHY2054: Chapter 19 30
Mass Spectrometer

PHY2054: Chapter 19 31
 Mass Spectrometer Operation
ÎPositive ions first enter a “velocity selector” where E ⊥ B
and values are adjusted to allow only undeflected particles
to enter mass spectrometer.
‹ Balance forces in selector ⇒ “select” v

qE = qvB
v= E/B 2

‹ Spectrometer:Determine mass 1
from v and measured radius r

m1v
r1 =
qB
m2v
r2 =
qB
PHY2054: Chapter 19 32
 Mass Spectrometer Example
ÎA beam of deuterons travels right at v = 5 x 105 m/s
‹ What value of B would make deuterons go undeflected through a
region where E = 100,000 V/m pointing up vertically?
eE = evB
B = E / v = 105 / 5 × 105 = 0.2T
‹ If the electric field is suddenly turned off, what is the radius and
frequency of the circular orbit of the deuterons?

mv 2
= evB ⇒ R =
mv
=
( )( ) = 5.2 ×10
3.34 × 10−27 5 × 105
−2

(1.6 ×10 ) ( 0.2)

m
R eB −19

1 v 5 × 105
f = = = = 1.5 × 106 Hz
(
T 2π R ( 6.28 ) 5.2 × 10−2 )
PHY2054: Chapter 19 33