oe University Practical Physics Apparatus : A CRO, trans; i _CRO, transparent graph paper, variable voltage transformer, decade resistance box, decade capacitance box, connecting leads. Theory : The phase difference between two voltage signals of the same frequency can be directly obtained by connecting them to the horizontal and vertical inputs and observing the shape of the Lissajous figure. The shape depends on the relative phase and the amplitudes of the signals. fe phase shift network or RC-network is used for the study of phase angle between two signals. A signal V, is applied to the RC-network input. This is impressed on the VER-INPUT of CRO. The V, splits into two components-V, actoss capacitor C, and V, across resistor R. Either V, or V, is connected to HOR-Input. If V, is connected to the HOR-INPUT, the phase shift 6 is given by Ye _ Ke _ lec _ 1 ~V~ XR RR OCR. or @ = tan" (1/@CR). . Gi) If V, is connected to the HOR. INPUT, as shown in Fig. 25.5, A tano= Y= xo Wot or $=tan' (@CR). . (ii) 2] Method : Disconnect ‘nw _the sweep generator by setting the sweep control to Ext. : i INPUT position. Switch on the Ve CRO and focus the spot and set at the centre of the screen. - Horwontal TQ measure the phase LV Tt difference between two signals, connect the signals to the vertical and horizontal inputs. Sketch the Lissajous pattern obtained on the screen xD on a mm graph paper. The Fig. 25.5. Phase Shift network. slope of the figure so obtained depends on the relative phase of the signals and their amplitudes. For the phase shift measurement, connect the two signals from the phase shift network to the vertical and horizontal inputs and put the sweep circuit at the off position. Obtain the Lissajous figures by varying the resistance R and trace them on the tracing paper or a transparent graph paper.CRO and hs Uses 41s Analysis and Criticism : I the signals connected to horizon be the deflections on x Tespectively, then x= V, sin of and y= V, sin (ot + 8). At point 4 on the Lissajous figure x = 0, therefore V, sin wt = 0 or sin wt =0 and y= OA=a=V,sin0. The maximum amplitude of the y-axis = V, = OB = b. a =bsin@ orsinO@=a/b ... . (iii) In this way by measuring OA and OB along the y-axis, difference 6 between two signals can be obtained. fv, = V, sin wt and v, = V, sin (ws + 6) be tal and vertical inputs respectively. If x and y and Y-axes due to horizontal and vertical signals Similar procedure may be adopted for finding phase difference between the two signals from the phase shift network. The phase angle 6 is calculated by the relation @ = in? for the each oe ee ie traced on the tracing Paper. It is compared with the corresponding theoretical value using either Eqn. (i) or (ii), depending whether vy, or V. is connected to horizontal input of CRO. Fig. 25.6. Phase angle measurement EXPERIMENT NO. 25.7 Object : To trace B-H curves for different magnetic materials using CRO and to find the magnetic parameters from these Step-dow former with different output voltages, aratus : Step-down trans‘ Senne (0-2.5A), small resistance (10, 2A rating), decade ae box (1 to 1K), known capacitance (2-4 1), different magnetic eae in the form of thin rods, a pickup coil, CRO and connecting leads. materials Theory : If an alternating current ¢ = J, sin ot is passed through a i ver length L, which is at least 10 times snoid having N turns wound over length L, jenoid having ee pat larver than its diameter, the instantaneous m given by He (NL) 1 sin of “i